Wireless communication devices are becoming the prevalent devices for performing transactions and identifying a user. The ease with which a portable device or mobile device can establish a wireless connection while in a user's pants pocket, jacket pocket, or purse enables a user to enter buildings, perform transactions and authenticate themselves to systems without having to actually contact an interface.
However, the increased use of wireless communication devices, also draws the attention of less scrupulous persons who develop their own wireless devices to intercept the wireless communications to either steal identifying information or, perhaps, decrypt the signals for use to generate false signals that may be used to manipulate a wireless transaction system.
A supposed advantage of some wireless communication systems, like near-field communication (NFC), is their relatively short range, such as 5 centimeters. However, there have been descriptions of devices capable of intercepting the exchange of NFC signals from as far away as 60 centimeters. In addition, devices that utilize NFC communication require a user to take out an NFC-equipped payment card or NFC-equipped mobile device to complete the transaction or authentication. Touchpads also have difficulty because they often require a resistance or capacitance reading.
To combat eavesdropping hardware and software developers have resorted to different forms of biometrics, such as fingerprint detection, facial recognition or voice recognition. The use of biometrics, in particular, fingerprint technology effectively eliminates any chance of a surreptitious interception of an authentication signal because the fingerprint is used as the authentication means and also eliminates the need for a user to remove a device from their pocket or purse. However, even fingerprint readers may be exploited by thieves, for example, there are devices configured to overlay on a fingerprint scanner and copy of the user's fingerprint for later use by the thieves.
Transaction and authentication system developers continually innovate to maintain an advantage over those who aim to steal money and information. However, the less scrupulous persons also continue to innovate for ways to thwart the increased security devices and procedures. There is a need for a more secure system for completing transactions and authenticating identities.
Disclosed is an example of a method including a step of determining, based on receipt of a control signal, that an authentication signal is required to authorize a transaction. In response to the determination that the authentication signal is required, a wearable device may generate a modulated signal using an encryption or digital signing algorithm. The modulated signal may contain authentication information related to the wearable device including a cryptographic token related to the encryption or digital signing algorithm. The modulated signal is output to a biological medium interface of the wearable device. The biological medium interface is coupled to a biological medium of a wearer of the wearable device, and the biological medium is operable to conduct the modulated signal. A receiving device receives the modulated signal. The modulated signal is demodulated. Using the demodulated signal, the authentication information including the cryptographic token related to the wearable device is obtained. Based on the obtained authentication information, the transaction is authorized. An indication that the transaction has been authorized is provided.
Also disclosed is an example of a wearable device. The wearable device may include a logic circuit, a memory, a modulated signal generator, and a biological medium interface. The logic circuit includes an input interface and is operable to perform functions. The memory is operable to store authentication information. The logic circuit, the memory, and the modulated signal generator are coupled to one another. The biological medium interface is coupled to the modulated signal generator. Functions the logic circuit is operable to perform, include functions to, in response to an input received via the input interface, generate an authentication control signal. The logic circuit is also operable to forward the authentication control signal to the modulated signal generator. The modulated signal generator is operable to generate an authentication signal in response to the authentication control signal received from the logic circuit. The authentication signal is a modulated signal containing an encrypted message. The authentication signal is output from the biological medium interface to a biological medium of a wearer of the wearable device. The biological medium interface of the wearable device is substantially in physical contact with the biological medium of the wearer.
A system is disclosed including a wearable device and a signal detector. The wearable device includes a logic circuit, a wearable device communication interface, a memory, a modulated signal generator, and a biological medium interface. The logic circuit, the memory, the wearable device communication interface, modulated signal generator, and the biological medium interface are communicatively coupled to one another. The signal detector includes a processor, a signal detector communication interface, and an input device operable to detect signals. The modulated signal generator is operable to generate an authentication signal in response to a control signal received via the wearable device communication interface. The authentication signal is a modulated signal containing an encrypted message including a cryptographic token. The modulated signal generator outputs the authentication signal from the biological medium interface to a biological medium of a wearer of the wearable device. The biological medium of the wearer is in physical contact with the biological medium interface of the wearable device. The signal detector is operable to receive at the input device the authentication signal emitted via the biological medium of the wearer. The signal detector may demodulate the authentication signal to extract the encrypted message. The encrypted message may be forwarded, via the signal detector communication interface, for processing to authenticate that the wearable device is associated with an authorized user of a payment card account.
The various examples disclose a system, devices, and techniques that utilize a wearer's body to conduct authentication signals to a signal detector. Since the authentication signals are conducted through the body, any eavesdropping of the authentication signal and the respective content is mitigated. Disclose are examples that transmit an authentication signal that are radio-frequency signals, or sonic or ultrasonic signals embedded in the skin and/or tissue including bone, which are in general referred to as “a biological medium.” The authentication signal, whether radio-frequency, sonic or ultrasonic, may be received by a signal detector, which may amplify and process the received signal.
The authentication signal may be encrypted according to examples described herein as well as examples of the encryption key generation techniques described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/205,119, filed Nov. 29, 2018, the entire contents of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The examples described herein include wireless methods of providing authentication information having an increased security factor of being transmitted via a biological medium that minimizes the possibility of surreptitious eavesdropping of the authentication signal. It may be helpful to describe a system implementation.
The system 100 may include a number of components. In the
The user 101 may also have a mobile device 170 that is communicatively coupled with the network 188 via a cellular/wireless link 133 and the wearable device 120. The mobile device 170 may include a mobile device communication interface 176, a processor 174, a memory 172 and other components (shown in other examples). The mobile device memory 172 may securely store authentication information 173. The mobile device communication interface 176 may be coupled to one or more transmitters, receivers or transceivers, such as a cellular transceiver, one or more wireless transceivers, such as Bluetooth™, Wi-Fi, near-field communication (NFC), or the like. The mobile device 170 may communicate with the wearable device 120 via wireless communication link 133, which may be a link using one of: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, or the like. For example, the mobile device 170 may receive via the mobile device communication interface 176 a message indicating authentication information is required from a point of sale device 180. In response, the mobile device 170 may issue a control signal to the wearable device via the wireless communication link 133 instructing the wearable device to output an authentication signal. Additional details are described below.
In the example of
The signal detector 110 may, for example, include a processor 112, a signal detector communication interface 116, and an input device 115 operable to detect signals. In an example, the signal detector 110 may be coupled to a point of sale device 180, a payment receipt device 182 (such as a portable payment device with a touchpad and card reader or the like), an automatic teller machine (ATM) 184, or the like.
The input device 115 may detect either sonic, ultrasonic or radio frequency signals, and may be operable to detect an electrical signal, a sonic signal or an ultrasonic signal. For example, the input device 115 may include a piezo-electric transducer, a micro-electro-mechanical microphone, a radio-frequency antenna, an ultrasonic transducer, or the like and related circuitry, such as an amplifier or the like.
The network 188 may be operable to exchange data and enable communications to be exchanged between the various components of the system 100. For example, the network 188 may include at least one of: a cellular network, a data network, or an enterprise network. In an example, the network 188 may a combination of a cellular network and a data network such as the internet. The network 188 may be communicatively coupled to the signal detector communication interface 116 of the signal detector 110 and also to the mobile device 170 as well as a merchant server 103. For example, purchase transactions between the wearable device 120, via the signal detector 110 and either the point of sale device 180 or the payment receipt device 182, and the merchant server 103 may authenticated via network 188.
The authentication server 145 may also be coupled to the signal detector 110 via the network 188. The authentication server 145 is operable to perform a various functions. With respect to the present example, the authentication server 145 may receive an encrypted message sent by the signal detector 110 via the data network. The authentication server 145 may process the received encrypted message to extract authentication information related to an authorized user 101 of a payment account associated with the wearable device 120. The authentication server may for example, analyze the extracted authentication information to determine the validity of the authentication information. For example, the authentication server 145 may access a data storage 149 coupled to the authentication server 145 to obtain information related the authorized user of a payment account associated with the wearable device 120. The authentication information may be processed, for example, decrypted or some other process, by the authentication server and the decrypted authentication information may be compared to the obtained information to confirm the validity of the information. The authentication server 145 may confirm, using the authentication information, that the wearable device 120 is associated with an authorized user 101 of a payment card account. In response to a confirmation that the wearable device is associated with an authorized user 101 of a payment card account, the authentication server 145 may send, via the network 188, an authorization signal authorizing completion of a transaction to a point of sale device 180, a payment receipt device 182 (which may be a mobile or portable payment receipt device), or an automatic teller machine 184. In the following examples, the authentication signal is a modulated radio frequency signal or a modulated ultrasonic signal.
In an example, the signal detector 110 may be coupled to the point of sale (POS) device 180, the payment receipt device 182 or the ATM 184. For example, the signal detector 110 may be a stand-alone device located in proximity to the POS device 180. Whenever any user interacting with one of the point of sale device 180, the payment receipt device 182 or the ATM 184, the respective device may emit a control signal, which may be transmitted via the signal detector communication interface 116 over a wireless link 136. For example, the signal detector communication interface may include an NFC, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, short range LTE transmitter or the like.
The modulated signal generator 125 is operable to generate an authentication signal which is a modulated signal generated using an encryption algorithm 121. The authentication signal, for example, may contain authentication information 123 related to the wearable device including, for example, a cryptographic token related to the encryption or a digital signing algorithm 121. The authentication information may, for example, further include at least one of: a payment card identifier, an account identifier, an issuer identifier, a cryptographic token, or biometric data. For example, a cryptographic token may be included in the encrypted message (whether transaction, or authentication only message) and may generated using any authentication protocol. Examples of a cryptographic token include digital signatures of the transaction message, encryptions of the authentication information, as well as two-way protocols where the wearable device 120 could sign a challenge from the service (e.g., a purchase point of sale device, an ATM or the like) being authenticated to.
In another example, a digital signing algorithm, such as 121, may be an algorithm that enables authentication of the wearer of the wearable device as an authorized user of a payment account while the wearer uses their finger to “sign” a touchpad, touchscreen, fingerprint reader, or the like to authorize a purchase or complete a transaction.
The authentication signal may include an encrypted message based on, or including part of, the authentication information. The encrypted message may, for example, include information usable to authenticate that the wearable device 120 is associated with a payment account of a user. In another example, the encrypted message may include at least one of: an encrypted payment card identifier, an encrypted account identifier, an encrypted issuer identifier, or encrypted biometric data. The authentication signal may be output from the biological medium interface 127 to a biological medium 130 of a wearer of the wearable device 120. The biological medium interface 127 of the wearable device may be substantially in physical contact with the biological medium 130 of the wearer. In an example, “substantially in physical contact” may be within a range of 0.0-0.5 millimeters, 1-3 millimeters, 1-5 centimeters, or the like.
The signal detector 110 may be operable to receive at the input device 115 the authentication signal emitted via the biological medium 130 of the wearer (e.g. user 101). The signal detector 110 via the processor 112 may demodulate the authentication signal to extract the encrypted message. The signal detector 110 in response to extracting the message, may forward, via the signal detector communication interface 116, the encrypted message for processing to authenticate that the wearable device is associated with an authorized user (e.g., user 101) of a payment card account.
In a further example, the logic circuit 124 may an input interface 192. The input interface 192 may receive inputs from an input device 193. In response to the received inputs, the logic circuit 124 may retrieve the authentication information 123 stored in the memory 122. The authentication information 123 stored in the memory 122 may include at least one of: a cryptographic token, a payment card number, an account number, an issuer identifier, or biometric data. The logic circuit 124 may use the authentication information 123 in the generation of an authentication control signal. In an example, the authentication control signal may include a cryptographic authentication message that may contain at least the cryptographic token. The cryptographic authentication message may include other authentication information either in addition to, or in place of, the cryptographic token. In an example, the authentication control signal may be provided to the modulated signal generator 125 for use in generating a modulated signal for output.
The input device 203 may deliver an amplified modulated signal to the logic circuit 202. The logic circuit 202 may demodulate the modulated signal and extract the authentication information embedded in the embedded RF signal 230. The extracted authentication information may be forwarded to the signal detector (SD) communication interface 205. The SD communication interface 205 may forward the signal to either a POS device, such as 180 of
It may be helpful to describe the wireless wearable device 210 of
The modulated signal generator 224 may also function similar to the modulated signal generator 125 discussed with reference to
The carrier signal upon which is modulated with the authentication information including the cryptographic token or with an encrypted or digitally signed message may be any frequency that enables transmission via the biological medium. For example, since the biological medium is substantially made up of water, low radio frequency carrier signals in the example propagate through the biological medium with less loss. Alternatively, higher frequency carrier signals may be used but with more power than the lower frequency signals and for short durations. Examples of radio frequencies that may be used include 1 kHz, 10, kHz, 100 kHz, a range such as 23 kHz-1 GHz, 2.4 GHz or the like.
The modulation scheme used to generate the embedded RF signal may be an amplitude shifting keying (ASK), a frequency-shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), complimentary code keying (CCK), a pulse code modulation (PCM), techniques that include amplitude shifting across multiple frequencies, or the like. Alternatively, particular phase-shift modulation schemes such as differential PSK (DPSK) or coherent PSK (CPSK), or more specifically, Binary PSK (BPSK), Quaternary PSK (QPSK), 8PSK, 16PSK, Offset Quaternary PSK (OQPSK), SOQPSK (Shaped OQPSK) may be used. Of course, the various modulation schemes may be combined to provide a custom modulation scheme more suited for signal transmission through the biological medium, such as 235 of
For example, the data rate for providing the authentication signal may be low, such as, for example, less than 1 kilobit per second. To provide this data rate, it may be beneficial to utilize a hybrid modulation scheme that combines a temporal modulation scheme, such as a pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme, or the like, with one of the above referenced phase-shift modulation or frequency-modulation schemes. In an example, the combined (temporal with PSK) modulation scheme may be utilized to provide accurate data transmission, acceptable signal loss as the signal passes through the biological medium, and an acceptable data rate. Alternatively, a combined modulation scheme may include a temporal modulation scheme with one of the other modulation schemes ASK, FSK, CCK, PCM or the like.
In addition, one or more short-range wireless communication protocols and frequencies such as near-field communication (NFC), the EMV standard, Bluetooth or the like, and in conformance with ISO/IEC 14443, may be used in the transmission of the modulated signal.
Upon generation of the modulated signal containing the authentication information, the modulated signal generator 224 may forward the modulated signal to the antenna coupling 225 for output to the biological medium 235. The antenna coupling 225 may, for example, be an antenna that has a conductive pad (not shown) configured for maximum power transfer of power with respect to the frequency of the modulated signal. The antenna coupling 225 may be within a distance E of the biological medium 235. The distance E may be less than 1.0 centimeter, for example, 0.5 centimeters, 0.0 centimeters (i.e., essentially touching the biological medium 235) or the like. Alternatively, the distance E may be a range of distances, such as 0.3-0.5 centimeters, 0.0-2.0 millimeters, or the like.
The antenna coupling 225 may output the modulated radio frequency signal 245 which is input to the biological medium 235. The modulated radio frequency signal 245 is transmitted through the bone segments 233A, 233B, 233C, fingernail 237 and tissue 240 including connective tissue. The embedded radio frequency signal 279 is output from the biological medium for detection by the signal detector 204. As discussed with reference to other examples, the signal detector 204 may receive and process the embedded radio frequency signal 279 to obtain the authentication information. The signal detector 204 may forward the authentication information to a point of sale or another device (or to the network).
The system 100 of
Like the wireless wearable device 229, the biological medium interface 226 may include be a transducer that generates modulated sound waves in response the modulated signal output by the modulated signal generator 224. The distance between the biological medium interface 226 and the biological medium 235 may be a distance D. The distance D may be in the range of approximately 0.0-5.0 millimeters, approximately 0.0-5.0 centimeters, or the like. The biological medium interface 226 may output the modulated sound signal 248 for embedding on or into the biological medium 235. The embedded sound signal 278 may propagate through the bone segments 233A-C, tissue 240 including connective tissue, and fingernail 237 for output to the signal detector 204. The signal detector 204 may include a processor 242, a signal detector communication interface 243, and an input device 244. The input device 244 may be a micro-electro-mechanical device, a piezo-electric device, or a similar device that outputs an electrical signal in response to detected sound. The distance between the biological medium 235 and the signal detector 204 for detection of the embedded sound signal by the input device 244 may be a distance less than the distance Y. The distance Y may be, for example, approximately 1.0 centimeter, 5.0 millimeters, 2 centimeters or the like.
The signal detector 204 may be similar to the signal detector 110 of
It may be beneficial to discuss an example of a process performed by the foregoing system and a device examples to better understand the advantages of the disclosed examples. The described process may be implemented on a non-transitory computer readable medium or the like.
In another example, the modulated signal may contain authentication information related to the wearable device including a cryptographic token related to the encryption or digital signing algorithm. At 330, a modulation signal generator, such as 125 of
In an example, the indication that the transaction has been authorized may be presented on a display device coupled to at least one of a mobile device, the receiving device (e.g., signal detector 110), or the wearable device. For example, the indication may be provided to one or more of: a point of sale device, a payment receipt device, an ATM, a mobile device associated with the wireless wearable device, a merchant server, or the like.
As mentioned in the examples of
In addition, in the example of
In another example of process 300, the modulated signal may be a modulated ultrasonic signal as in the example of
The computing architecture 400 includes various common computing elements, such as one or more processors, multi-core processors, co-processors, memory units, chipsets, controllers, peripherals, interfaces, oscillators, timing devices, video cards, audio cards, multimedia input/output (I/O) components, power supplies, and so forth. The examples, however, are not limited to implementation by the computing architecture 400.
As shown in
The system bus 408 provides an interface for system components including, but not limited to, the system memory 406 to the processing unit 404. The system bus 408 can be any of several types of bus structures that may further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. Interface adapters may connect to the system bus 408 via slot architecture. Example slot architectures may include without limitation Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), Card Bus, (Extended) Industry Standard Architecture ((E)ISA), Micro Channel Architecture (MCA), NuBus, Peripheral Component Interconnect (Extended) (PCI(X)), PCI Express, Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA), and the like.
The computing architecture 400 may include or implement various articles of manufacture. An article of manufacture may include a computer-readable storage medium to store logic. Examples of a computer-readable storage medium may include any tangible media capable of storing electronic data, including volatile memory or non-volatile memory, removable or non-removable memory, erasable or non-erasable memory, writeable or re-writeable memory, and so forth. Examples of logic may include executable computer program instructions implemented using any suitable type of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, object-oriented code, visual code, and the like. Examples may also be at least partly implemented as instructions contained in or on a non-transitory computer-readable medium, which may be read and executed by one or more processors to enable performance of the operations described herein.
The system memory 406 may include various types of computer-readable storage media in the form of one or more higher speed memory units, such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, polymer memory such as ferroelectric polymer memory, ovonic memory, phase change or ferroelectric memory, silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) memory, magnetic or optical cards, an array of devices such as Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) drives, solid state memory devices (e.g., USB memory, solid state drives (SSD) and any other type of storage media suitable for storing information. In the illustrated example shown in
The computer 402 may include various types of computer-readable storage media in the form of one or more lower speed memory units, including an internal hard disk drive (HDD) 414 (or, optionally, external hard disk drive (HDD) 413), a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD) 416 to read from or write to a removable magnetic disk 418, and an optical disk drive 420 to read from or write to a removable optical disk 422 (e.g., a CD-ROM or DVD). The HDD 414 or 413, FDD 416 and optical disk drive 420 can be connected to the system bus 408 by an HDD interface 424, an FDD interface 426 and an optical drive interface 428, respectively. The HDD interface 424 for external drive implementations can include at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE 1394 interface technologies.
The drives and associated computer-readable media provide volatile and/or nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and so forth. For example, a number of computer program modules can be stored in the drives and memory 410, 412, including an operating system 430, one or more application programs 432, other program modules 434, and program data 436. In one example, the one or more application programs 432, other program modules 434, and program data 436 can include, for example, the various applications and/or components of the computing architecture 400. At least one computer-readable storage medium may include instructions that, when executed, cause a system to perform any of the computer-implemented methods and processes described herein.
Optionally, when configured as a mobile device or the like, the computing architecture 400 may include additional devices to enable data input and output to a user. For example, a user may enter commands and information into the computer 402 through one or more wire/wireless optional input devices, for example, a keypad 438 and a tactile input device, such as a touchscreen 440. Other input devices may include microphones, infra-red (IR) remote controls, radio-frequency (RF) remote controls, game pads, stylus pens, near-field communication devices, dongles, finger print readers, gloves, graphics tablets, joysticks, keyboards, retina readers, touch screens (e.g., capacitive, resistive, etc.), trackballs, track pads, sensors, styluses, and the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 404 through optional interface 442 that is coupled to the system bus 408 but can be connected by other interfaces such as a parallel port, IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, and so forth.
Another optionally element may be display 444, which may be an organic light emitting diode (OLED), light emitting display (LED), or other type of display device, that is also connected to the system bus 408 via an interface, such as an optional video adaptor 446. The display 444 may be internal or external to the computer 402. In addition to the display 444, a computer typically includes other peripheral output devices, such as speakers, printers, and so forth which may be coupled to the system bus 408 via the optional interface 442.
The computer 402 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections via wire and/or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 448. The remote computer 448 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainment appliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all the elements described relative to the computer 402, although, for purposes of brevity, only a remote memory/storage device 459 is illustrated. The logical connections depicted include wire/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN) 452 and/or larger networks, for example, a wide area network (WAN) 454. Such LAN and WAN networking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, and facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which may connect to a global communications network, for example, the Internet.
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 402 may be connected to the LAN 452 through a wire and/or wireless communication network interface or adaptor 456. The adaptor 456 can facilitate wire and/or wireless communications to the LAN 452, which may also include a wireless access point disposed thereon for communicating with the wireless functionality of the adaptor 456.
When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 402 can include a modem 458, or is connected to a communications server on the WAN 454 or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN 454, such as by way of the Internet. The modem 458, which can be internal or external and a wire and/or wireless device, connects to the system bus 408 via the interface 442. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 402, or portions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device 459. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers can be used.
The computer 402 is operable to communicate with wired and wireless devices or entities using the IEEE 802 family of standards, such as wireless devices operatively disposed in wireless communication (e.g., IEEE 802.11 over-the-air modulation techniques). This includes at least Wi-Fi (or Wireless Fidelity), WiMax, and Bluetooth™ wireless technologies, near-field communication (NFC), among others. Thus, the communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE 802.11x (a, b, g, n, etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wire networks (which use IEEE 802.3-related media and functions). The wireless technologies may couple to the computer 402 via one or more transceivers (not shown) within for example the interface 442 or communication interface 456 that facilitate the use of the Wi-Fi, WiMax, NFC, Bluetooth wireless technologies as well as others.
The various elements of the devices as previously described with reference to
As used in this application, the terms “system” and “component” are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution, examples of which are provided by the exemplary computing architecture 400. For example, a component can be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, a hard disk drive, multiple storage drives (of optical and/or magnetic storage medium), an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution, and a component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. Further, components may be communicatively coupled to each other by various types of communications media to coordinate operations. The coordination may involve the uni-directional or bi-directional exchange of information. For instance, the components may communicate information in the form of signals communicated over the communications media. The information can be implemented as signals allocated to various signal lines. In such allocations, each message is a signal. Further examples, however, may alternatively employ data messages. Such data messages may be sent across various connections. Exemplary connections include parallel interfaces, serial interfaces, and bus interfaces.
It will be appreciated that the exemplary devices shown in the block diagrams described above may represent one functionally descriptive example of many potential implementations. Accordingly, division, omission or inclusion of block functions depicted in the accompanying figures does not infer that the hardware components, circuits, software and/or elements for implementing these functions would be necessarily be divided, omitted, or included in examples.
Some examples may be described using the expression “one example” or “an example” along with their derivatives. These terms mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the example is included in at least one example. The appearances of the phrase “in an example” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same example. Moreover, unless otherwise noted the features described above are recognized to be usable together in any combination. Thus, any features discussed separately may be employed in combination with each other unless it is noted that the features are incompatible with each other.
With general reference to notations and nomenclature used herein, the detailed descriptions herein may be presented in terms of program procedures executed on a computer or network of computers. These procedural descriptions and representations are used by those skilled in the art to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art.
A process is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. These operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic or optical signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It proves convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. It should be noted, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to those quantities.
Further, the manipulations performed are often referred to in terms, such as adding or comparing, which are commonly associated with mental operations performed by a human operator. No such capability of a human operator is necessary, or desirable in most cases, in any of the operations described herein, which form part of one or more examples. Rather, the operations are machine operations.
Examples may be described using the expression “coupled” and “connected” along with their derivatives. These terms are not necessarily intended as synonyms for each other. For example, the terms “connected” and/or “coupled” may be used to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. The term “coupled,” however, may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other.
As used in this application, the terms “system” and “component” are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution, examples of which are provided by the examples in
Various examples also relate to apparatus or systems for performing these operations. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purpose and may be selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. The procedures presented herein are not inherently related to a particular computer or other apparatus. The structure for a variety of these machines will appear from the description given.
It is emphasized that the Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow a reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, various features are grouped together in a single example for streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed examples require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed example. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate example. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein,” respectively. Moreover, the terms “first,” “second,” “third,” and so forth, are used merely as labels and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.
What has been described above includes examples of the disclosed architecture. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components and/or methodologies, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, the novel architecture is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
4683553 | Mollier | Jul 1987 | A |
4827113 | Rikuna | May 1989 | A |
4910773 | Hazard et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
5036461 | Elliott et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
5363448 | Koopman, Jr. et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
5377270 | Koopman, Jr. et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
5533126 | Hazard | Jul 1996 | A |
5537314 | Kanter | Jul 1996 | A |
5592553 | Guski et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
5616901 | Crandall | Apr 1997 | A |
5666415 | Kaufman | Sep 1997 | A |
5763373 | Robinson et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5764789 | Pare, Jr. et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5768373 | Lohstroh et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5778072 | Samar | Jul 1998 | A |
5796827 | Coppersmith et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
5832090 | Raspotnik | Nov 1998 | A |
5883810 | Franklin et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
5901874 | Deters | May 1999 | A |
5929413 | Gardner | Jul 1999 | A |
5960411 | Hartman et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
6021203 | Douceur et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
6049328 | Vanderheiden | Apr 2000 | A |
6058373 | Blinn et al. | May 2000 | A |
6061666 | Do et al. | May 2000 | A |
6105013 | Curry et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
6199114 | White et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6199762 | Hohle | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6216227 | Goldstein et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
6227447 | Campisano | May 2001 | B1 |
6282522 | Davis et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
6324271 | Sawyer et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
6342844 | Rozin | Jan 2002 | B1 |
6367011 | Lee et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6402028 | Graham, Jr. et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
6438550 | Doyle et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
6501847 | Helot et al. | Dec 2002 | B2 |
6631197 | Taenzer | Oct 2003 | B1 |
6641050 | Kelley et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
6655585 | Shinn | Dec 2003 | B2 |
6662020 | Aaro et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
6721706 | Strubbe et al. | Apr 2004 | B1 |
6731778 | Oda et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
6779115 | Naim | Aug 2004 | B1 |
6792533 | Jablon | Sep 2004 | B2 |
6829711 | Kwok et al. | Dec 2004 | B1 |
6834271 | Hodgson et al. | Dec 2004 | B1 |
6834795 | Rasmussen et al. | Dec 2004 | B1 |
6852031 | Rowe | Feb 2005 | B1 |
6865547 | Brake, Jr. et al. | Mar 2005 | B1 |
6873260 | Lancos et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
6877656 | Jaros et al. | Apr 2005 | B1 |
6889198 | Kawan | May 2005 | B2 |
6905411 | Nguyen et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
6910627 | Simpson-Young et al. | Jun 2005 | B1 |
6971031 | Haab | Nov 2005 | B2 |
6990588 | Yasukura | Jan 2006 | B1 |
7006986 | Sines et al. | Feb 2006 | B1 |
7085931 | Smith et al. | Aug 2006 | B1 |
7127605 | Montgomery et al. | Oct 2006 | B1 |
7128274 | Kelley et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
7140550 | Ramachandran | Nov 2006 | B2 |
7152045 | Hoffman | Dec 2006 | B2 |
7165727 | de Jong | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7175076 | Block et al. | Feb 2007 | B1 |
7202773 | Oba et al. | Apr 2007 | B1 |
7206806 | Pineau | Apr 2007 | B2 |
7232073 | de Jong | Jun 2007 | B1 |
7246752 | Brown | Jul 2007 | B2 |
7254569 | Goodman et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
7263507 | Brake, Jr. et al. | Aug 2007 | B1 |
7270276 | Vayssiere | Sep 2007 | B2 |
7278025 | Saito et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
7287692 | Patel et al. | Oct 2007 | B1 |
7290709 | Tsai et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
7306143 | Bonneau, Jr. et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
7319986 | Praisner et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
7325132 | Takayama et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
7373515 | Owen et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
7374099 | de Jong | May 2008 | B2 |
7375616 | Rowse et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
7380710 | Brown | Jun 2008 | B2 |
7424977 | Smets et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
7453439 | Kushler et al. | Nov 2008 | B1 |
7472829 | Brown | Jan 2009 | B2 |
7487357 | Smith et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
7568631 | Gibbs et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
7584153 | Brown et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
7597250 | Finn | Oct 2009 | B2 |
7628322 | Holtmanns et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
7652578 | Braun et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
7689832 | Talmor et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
7703142 | Wilson et al. | Apr 2010 | B1 |
7748609 | Sachdeva et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
7748617 | Gray | Jul 2010 | B2 |
7748636 | Finn | Jul 2010 | B2 |
7762457 | Bonalle et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
7789302 | Tame | Sep 2010 | B2 |
7793851 | Mullen | Sep 2010 | B2 |
7796013 | Murakami et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
7801799 | Brake, Jr. et al. | Sep 2010 | B1 |
7801829 | Gray et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
7805755 | Brown et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
7809643 | Phillips et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
7827115 | Weller et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
7828214 | Narendra et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
7848746 | Juels | Dec 2010 | B2 |
7882553 | Tuliani | Feb 2011 | B2 |
7900048 | Andersson | Mar 2011 | B2 |
7908216 | Davis et al. | Mar 2011 | B1 |
7922082 | Muscato | Apr 2011 | B2 |
7933589 | Mamdani et al. | Apr 2011 | B1 |
7949559 | Freiberg | May 2011 | B2 |
7954716 | Narendra et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
7954723 | Charrat | Jun 2011 | B2 |
7962369 | Rosenberg | Jun 2011 | B2 |
7993197 | Kaminkow | Aug 2011 | B2 |
8005426 | Huomo et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
8010405 | Bortolin et al. | Aug 2011 | B1 |
RE42762 | Shin et al. | Sep 2011 | E |
8041954 | Plesman | Oct 2011 | B2 |
8060012 | Sklovsky et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
8074877 | Mullen et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
8082450 | Frey et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
8095113 | Kean et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
8099332 | Lemay et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
8103249 | Markson | Jan 2012 | B2 |
8108687 | Ellis et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
8127143 | Abdallah et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
8135648 | Oram et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
8140010 | Symons et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
8141136 | Lee et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
8150321 | Winter et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
8150767 | Wankmueller | Apr 2012 | B2 |
8186602 | Itay et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
8196131 | von Behren et al. | Jun 2012 | B1 |
8215563 | Levy et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
8224753 | Atef et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
8232879 | Davis | Jul 2012 | B2 |
8233841 | Griffin et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
8245292 | Buer | Aug 2012 | B2 |
8249654 | Zhu | Aug 2012 | B1 |
8266451 | Leydier et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
8285329 | Zhu | Oct 2012 | B1 |
8302872 | Mullen | Nov 2012 | B2 |
8312519 | Bailey et al. | Nov 2012 | B1 |
8316237 | Felsher et al. | Nov 2012 | B1 |
8332272 | Fisher | Dec 2012 | B2 |
8365988 | Medina, III et al. | Feb 2013 | B1 |
8369960 | Tran et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
8371501 | Hopkins | Feb 2013 | B1 |
8381307 | Cimino | Feb 2013 | B2 |
8391719 | Alameh et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
8417231 | Sanding et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
8439271 | Smets et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
8475367 | Yuen et al. | Jul 2013 | B1 |
8489112 | Roeding et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
8511542 | Pan | Aug 2013 | B2 |
8559872 | Butler | Oct 2013 | B2 |
8566916 | Bailey et al. | Oct 2013 | B1 |
8567670 | Stanfield et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
8572386 | Takekawa et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
8577810 | Dalit et al. | Nov 2013 | B1 |
8583454 | Beraja et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
8589335 | Smith et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
8594730 | Bona et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
8615468 | Varadarajan | Dec 2013 | B2 |
8620218 | Awad | Dec 2013 | B2 |
8667285 | Coulier et al. | Mar 2014 | B2 |
8723941 | Shirbabadi et al. | May 2014 | B1 |
8726405 | Bailey et al. | May 2014 | B1 |
8740073 | Vijayshankar et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
8750514 | Gallo et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
8752189 | de Jong | Jun 2014 | B2 |
8794509 | Bishop et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
8799668 | Cheng | Aug 2014 | B2 |
8806592 | Ganesan | Aug 2014 | B2 |
8807440 | von Behren et al. | Aug 2014 | B1 |
8811892 | Khan et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
8814039 | Bishop et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
8814052 | Bona et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
8818867 | Baldwin et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
8850538 | Vernon et al. | Sep 2014 | B1 |
8861733 | Benteo et al. | Oct 2014 | B2 |
8880027 | Darringer | Nov 2014 | B1 |
8888002 | Marshall Chesney et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
8898088 | Springer et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
8934837 | Zhu et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
8977569 | Rao | Mar 2015 | B2 |
8994498 | Agrafioti | Mar 2015 | B2 |
9004365 | Bona et al. | Apr 2015 | B2 |
9032501 | Martin | May 2015 | B1 |
9038894 | Khalid | May 2015 | B2 |
9042814 | Royston et al. | May 2015 | B2 |
9047531 | Showering et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
9069976 | Toole et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
9081948 | Magne | Jul 2015 | B2 |
9104853 | Venkataramani et al. | Aug 2015 | B2 |
9118663 | Bailey et al. | Aug 2015 | B1 |
9122964 | Krawczewicz | Sep 2015 | B2 |
9129280 | Bona et al. | Sep 2015 | B2 |
9152832 | Royston et al. | Oct 2015 | B2 |
9203800 | Izu et al. | Dec 2015 | B2 |
9209867 | Royston | Dec 2015 | B2 |
9251330 | Boivie et al. | Feb 2016 | B2 |
9251518 | Levin et al. | Feb 2016 | B2 |
9258715 | Borghei | Feb 2016 | B2 |
9270337 | Zhu et al. | Feb 2016 | B2 |
9306626 | Hall et al. | Apr 2016 | B2 |
9306942 | Bailey et al. | Apr 2016 | B1 |
9324066 | Archer et al. | Apr 2016 | B2 |
9324067 | Van Os et al. | Apr 2016 | B2 |
9332587 | Salahshoor | May 2016 | B2 |
9338622 | Bjontegard | May 2016 | B2 |
9373141 | Shakkarwar | Jun 2016 | B1 |
9379841 | Fine et al. | Jun 2016 | B2 |
9413430 | Royston et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
9413768 | Gregg et al. | Aug 2016 | B1 |
9420496 | Indurkar | Aug 2016 | B1 |
9426132 | Alikhani | Aug 2016 | B1 |
9432339 | Bowness | Aug 2016 | B1 |
9455968 | MacHani et al. | Sep 2016 | B1 |
9473509 | Arsanjani et al. | Oct 2016 | B2 |
9491626 | Sharma et al. | Nov 2016 | B2 |
9553637 | Yang et al. | Jan 2017 | B2 |
9619952 | Zhao et al. | Apr 2017 | B1 |
9635000 | Muftic | Apr 2017 | B1 |
9665858 | Kumar | May 2017 | B1 |
9674705 | Rose et al. | Jun 2017 | B2 |
9679286 | Colnot et al. | Jun 2017 | B2 |
9680942 | Dimmick | Jun 2017 | B2 |
9710804 | Zhou et al. | Jul 2017 | B2 |
9740342 | Paulsen et al. | Aug 2017 | B2 |
9740988 | Levin et al. | Aug 2017 | B1 |
9763097 | Robinson et al. | Sep 2017 | B2 |
9767329 | Forster | Sep 2017 | B2 |
9769662 | Queru | Sep 2017 | B1 |
9773151 | Mil'shtein et al. | Sep 2017 | B2 |
9780953 | Gaddam et al. | Oct 2017 | B2 |
9891823 | Feng et al. | Feb 2018 | B2 |
9940571 | Herrington | Apr 2018 | B1 |
9953323 | Candelore et al. | Apr 2018 | B2 |
9961194 | Wiechman et al. | May 2018 | B1 |
9965756 | Davis et al. | May 2018 | B2 |
9965911 | Wishne | May 2018 | B2 |
9978058 | Wurmfeld et al. | May 2018 | B2 |
10043164 | Dogin et al. | Aug 2018 | B2 |
10075437 | Costigan et al. | Sep 2018 | B1 |
10129648 | Hernandez et al. | Nov 2018 | B1 |
10133979 | Eidam et al. | Nov 2018 | B1 |
10217105 | Sangi et al. | Feb 2019 | B1 |
20010010723 | Pinkas | Aug 2001 | A1 |
20010029485 | Brody et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
20010034702 | Mockett et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
20010054003 | Chien et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
20020078345 | Sandhu et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
20020093530 | Krothapalli et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
20020100808 | Norwood et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
20020120583 | Keresman, III et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
20020152116 | Yan et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
20020153424 | Li | Oct 2002 | A1 |
20020165827 | Gien et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
20030023554 | Yap et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030034873 | Chase et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
20030055727 | Walker et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030078882 | Sukeda et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
20030167350 | Davis et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
20030208449 | Diao | Nov 2003 | A1 |
20040015958 | Veil et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
20040039919 | Takayama et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040127256 | Goldthwaite et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
20040215674 | Odinak et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040230799 | Davis | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20050044367 | Gasparini et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
20050075985 | Cartmell | Apr 2005 | A1 |
20050081038 | Arditti Modiano et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
20050138387 | Lam et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
20050156026 | Ghosh et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050160049 | Lundholm | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050195975 | Kawakita | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050247797 | Ramachandran | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20060006230 | Bear et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060040726 | Szrek et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
20060041402 | Baker | Feb 2006 | A1 |
20060044153 | Dawidowsky | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060047954 | Sachdeva et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060085848 | Aissi et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
20060136334 | Atkinson et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060173985 | Moore | Aug 2006 | A1 |
20060174331 | Schuetz | Aug 2006 | A1 |
20060242698 | Inskeep et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060280338 | Rabb | Dec 2006 | A1 |
20070033642 | Ganesan et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
20070055630 | Gauthier et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070061266 | Moore et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070061487 | Moore et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070116292 | Kurita et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070118745 | Buer | May 2007 | A1 |
20070197261 | Humbel | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20070224969 | Rao | Sep 2007 | A1 |
20070241182 | Buer | Oct 2007 | A1 |
20070256134 | Lehtonen et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20070258594 | Sandhu et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20070278291 | Rans et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
20080008315 | Fontana et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080011831 | Bonalle et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080014867 | Finn | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080035738 | Mullen | Feb 2008 | A1 |
20080071681 | Khalid | Mar 2008 | A1 |
20080072303 | Syed | Mar 2008 | A1 |
20080086767 | Kulkarni et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
20080103968 | Bies et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
20080109309 | Landau et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
20080110983 | Ashfield | May 2008 | A1 |
20080120711 | Dispensa | May 2008 | A1 |
20080156873 | Wilhelm et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20080162312 | Sklovsky et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20080164308 | Aaron et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20080207307 | Cunningham, II et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
20080209543 | Aaron | Aug 2008 | A1 |
20080223918 | Williams et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
20080285746 | Landrock et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
20080308641 | Finn | Dec 2008 | A1 |
20090037275 | Pollio | Feb 2009 | A1 |
20090048026 | French | Feb 2009 | A1 |
20090132417 | Scipioni et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
20090143104 | Loh et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
20090171682 | Dixon et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
20090210308 | Toomer et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
20090235339 | Mennes et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
20090249077 | Gargaro et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
20090282264 | Ameil et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
20100023449 | Skowronek et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
20100023455 | Dispensa et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
20100029202 | Jolivet et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
20100033310 | Narendra et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
20100036769 | Winters et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
20100078471 | Lin et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100082491 | Rosenblatt et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100094754 | Bertran et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100095130 | Bertran et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100100480 | Altman et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100114731 | Kingston et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
20100192230 | Steeves et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
20100207742 | Buhot et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
20100211797 | Westerveld et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
20100240413 | He et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100257357 | McClain | Oct 2010 | A1 |
20100312634 | Cervenka | Dec 2010 | A1 |
20100312635 | Cervenka | Dec 2010 | A1 |
20110028160 | Roeding et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20110035604 | Habraken | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20110060631 | Grossman et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110068170 | Lehman | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110084132 | Tofighbakhsh | Apr 2011 | A1 |
20110101093 | Ehrensvard | May 2011 | A1 |
20110113245 | Varadarajan | May 2011 | A1 |
20110125638 | Davis et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
20110131415 | Schneider | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20110153437 | Archer et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20110153496 | Royyuru | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20110208658 | Makhotin | Aug 2011 | A1 |
20110208965 | Machani | Aug 2011 | A1 |
20110211219 | Bradley et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
20110218911 | Spodak | Sep 2011 | A1 |
20110238564 | Lim et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
20110246780 | Yeap et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
20110258452 | Coulier et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
20110280406 | Ma et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
20110282785 | Chin | Nov 2011 | A1 |
20110294418 | Chen | Dec 2011 | A1 |
20110312271 | Ma et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
20120024947 | Naelon | Feb 2012 | A1 |
20120030047 | Fuentes et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
20120030121 | Grellier | Feb 2012 | A1 |
20120047071 | Mullen et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
20120079281 | Lowenstein et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
20120109735 | Krawczewicz et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
20120109764 | Martin et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
20120143754 | Patel | Jun 2012 | A1 |
20120150737 | Rottink et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
20120178366 | Levy et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
20120196583 | Kindo | Aug 2012 | A1 |
20120207305 | Gallo et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
20120209773 | Ranganathan | Aug 2012 | A1 |
20120238206 | Singh et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
20120239560 | Pourfallah et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
20120252350 | Steinmetz et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20120254394 | Barras | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20120284194 | Liu et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20120290472 | Mullen et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20120296818 | Nuzzi et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20120316992 | Obome | Dec 2012 | A1 |
20120317035 | Royyuru et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
20120317628 | Yeager | Dec 2012 | A1 |
20130005245 | Royston | Jan 2013 | A1 |
20130008956 | Ashfield | Jan 2013 | A1 |
20130026229 | Jarman et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
20130048713 | Pan | Feb 2013 | A1 |
20130054474 | Yeager | Feb 2013 | A1 |
20130065564 | Conner et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
20130080228 | Fisher | Mar 2013 | A1 |
20130080229 | Fisher | Mar 2013 | A1 |
20130099587 | Lou et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
20130104251 | Moore et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
20130106576 | Hinman et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
20130119130 | Braams | May 2013 | A1 |
20130130614 | Busch-Sorensen | May 2013 | A1 |
20130144793 | Royston | Jun 2013 | A1 |
20130171929 | Adams et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
20130179351 | Wallner | Jul 2013 | A1 |
20130185772 | Jaudon et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
20130191279 | Calman et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
20130200999 | Spodak et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130216108 | Hwang et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130226791 | Springer et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130226796 | Jiang et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130232082 | Krawczewicz et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
20130238894 | Ferg et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
20130282360 | Shimota et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
20130303085 | Boucher et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
20130304651 | Smith | Nov 2013 | A1 |
20130312082 | Izu et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
20130314593 | Reznik et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
20130344857 | Berionne et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
20140002238 | Taveau et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
20140019352 | Shrivastava | Jan 2014 | A1 |
20140027506 | Heo et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
20140032409 | Rosano | Jan 2014 | A1 |
20140032410 | Georgiev et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
20140040120 | Cho et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
20140040139 | Brudnicki et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
20140040147 | Varadarakan et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
20140047235 | Lessiak et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
20140067690 | Pitroda et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140074637 | Hammad | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140074655 | Lim et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140081720 | Wu | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140138435 | Khalid | May 2014 | A1 |
20140171034 | Aleksin et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
20140171039 | Bjontegard | Jun 2014 | A1 |
20140172700 | Teuwen et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
20140180851 | Fisher | Jun 2014 | A1 |
20140208112 | McDonald et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
20140214674 | Narula | Jul 2014 | A1 |
20140229375 | Zaytzsev et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
20140245391 | Adenuga | Aug 2014 | A1 |
20140256251 | Caceres et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20140258099 | Rosano | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20140258113 | Gauthier et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20140258125 | Gerber et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20140274179 | Zhu et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20140279479 | Maniar et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20140337235 | Van Heerden et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
20140339315 | Ko | Nov 2014 | A1 |
20140346860 | Aubry et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
20140365780 | Movassaghi | Dec 2014 | A1 |
20140379361 | Mahadkar et al. | Dec 2014 | A1 |
20150012444 | Brown et al. | Jan 2015 | A1 |
20150018660 | Thomson | Jan 2015 | A1 |
20150028996 | Agrafioti | Jan 2015 | A1 |
20150032635 | Guise | Jan 2015 | A1 |
20150071486 | Rhoads et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
20150088757 | Zhou et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
20150089585 | Novack | Mar 2015 | A1 |
20150089586 | Ballesteros | Mar 2015 | A1 |
20150134452 | Williams | May 2015 | A1 |
20150140960 | Powell et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
20150154595 | Collinge et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
20150170138 | Rao | Jun 2015 | A1 |
20150178724 | Ngo et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
20150186871 | Laracey | Jul 2015 | A1 |
20150205379 | Mag et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
20150302409 | Malek et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
20150317626 | Ran et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
20150332266 | Friedlander et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
20150339474 | Paz et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
20150371234 | Huang et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
20160012465 | Sharp | Jan 2016 | A1 |
20160026997 | Tsui et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
20160048913 | Rausaria et al. | Feb 2016 | A1 |
20160055480 | Shah | Feb 2016 | A1 |
20160057619 | Lopez | Feb 2016 | A1 |
20160065370 | Le Saint et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
20160087957 | Shah et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
20160092696 | Guglani et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
20160148193 | Kelley et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
20160232523 | Venot et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
20160239672 | Khan et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
20160253651 | Park et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160255072 | Liu | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160267486 | Mitra et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160277383 | Guyomarell et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160277388 | Lowe et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160307187 | Guo et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
20160307189 | Zarakas et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
20160314472 | Ashfield | Oct 2016 | A1 |
20160330027 | Ebrahimi | Nov 2016 | A1 |
20160335531 | Mullen et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
20160379217 | Hamad | Dec 2016 | A1 |
20170004502 | Quentin et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170011395 | Pillai et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170011406 | Tunnell et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170017957 | Radu | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170017964 | Janefalkar et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170024716 | Jiam et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170039566 | Schipperheijn | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170041759 | Gantert et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170068950 | Kwon | Mar 2017 | A1 |
20170103388 | Pillai et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
20170104739 | Lansler et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
20170109509 | Baghdasaryan | Apr 2017 | A1 |
20170109730 | Locke et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
20170116447 | Cimino et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
20170124568 | Moghadam | May 2017 | A1 |
20170140379 | Deck | May 2017 | A1 |
20170154328 | Zarakas et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170154333 | Gleeson et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170180134 | King | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170230189 | Toll et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
20170237301 | Elad et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
20170257759 | Fontana | Sep 2017 | A1 |
20170289127 | Hendrick | Oct 2017 | A1 |
20170295013 | Claes | Oct 2017 | A1 |
20170316696 | Bartel | Nov 2017 | A1 |
20170317834 | Smith et al. | Nov 2017 | A1 |
20170330173 | Woo et al. | Nov 2017 | A1 |
20170374070 | Shah et al. | Dec 2017 | A1 |
20180034507 | Wobak et al. | Feb 2018 | A1 |
20180039986 | Essebag et al. | Feb 2018 | A1 |
20180068316 | Essebag et al. | Mar 2018 | A1 |
20180129849 | Strohmann | May 2018 | A1 |
20180129945 | Saxena et al. | May 2018 | A1 |
20180160255 | Park | Jun 2018 | A1 |
20180191501 | Lindemann | Jul 2018 | A1 |
20180205712 | Versteeg et al. | Jul 2018 | A1 |
20180240106 | Garrett et al. | Aug 2018 | A1 |
20180254909 | Hancock | Sep 2018 | A1 |
20180268132 | Buer et al. | Sep 2018 | A1 |
20180270214 | Caterino et al. | Sep 2018 | A1 |
20180294959 | Traynor et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
20180300716 | Carlson | Oct 2018 | A1 |
20180302396 | Camenisch et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
20180315050 | Hammad | Nov 2018 | A1 |
20180316666 | Koved et al. | Nov 2018 | A1 |
20180322486 | Deliwala et al. | Nov 2018 | A1 |
20180359100 | Gaddam et al. | Dec 2018 | A1 |
20190014107 | George | Jan 2019 | A1 |
20190019375 | Foley | Jan 2019 | A1 |
20190036678 | Ahmed | Jan 2019 | A1 |
20190130384 | Shauh | May 2019 | A1 |
20190238517 | D'Agostino et al. | Aug 2019 | A1 |
20190279199 | Sheets | Sep 2019 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
3010336 | Jul 2017 | CA |
101192295 | Jun 2008 | CN |
103023643 | Apr 2013 | CN |
103417202 | Dec 2013 | CN |
1085424 | Mar 2001 | EP |
1223565 | Jul 2002 | EP |
1265186 | Dec 2002 | EP |
1783919 | May 2007 | EP |
2139196 | Dec 2009 | EP |
1469419 | Aug 2012 | EP |
2852070 | Mar 2015 | EP |
2457221 | Aug 2009 | GB |
2516861 | Feb 2015 | GB |
2551907 | Jan 2018 | GB |
101508320 | Apr 2015 | KR |
0049586 | Aug 2000 | WO |
2006070189 | Jul 2006 | WO |
2008055170 | May 2008 | WO |
2009025605 | Feb 2009 | WO |
2010049252 | May 2010 | WO |
2011112158 | Sep 2011 | WO |
2012001624 | Jan 2012 | WO |
2013039395 | Mar 2013 | WO |
2013155562 | Oct 2013 | WO |
2013192358 | Dec 2013 | WO |
2014043278 | Mar 2014 | WO |
2014170741 | Oct 2014 | WO |
2015179649 | Nov 2015 | WO |
2015183818 | Dec 2015 | WO |
2016097718 | Jun 2016 | WO |
2016160816 | Oct 2016 | WO |
2016168394 | Oct 2016 | WO |
2017042375 | Mar 2017 | WO |
2017042400 | Mar 2017 | WO |
2017157859 | Sep 2017 | WO |
2017208063 | Dec 2017 | WO |
2018063809 | Apr 2018 | WO |
2018137888 | Aug 2018 | WO |
Entry |
---|
Holz et al. (“Biometric Touch Sensing: Seamlessly Augmenting Each Touch with Continuous Authentication”, Yahoo Labs, Nov. 2015, 11 pages (Year: 2015). |
Satina, L. and Poll, E., “SmartCards and Rfid”, Course PowerPoint Presentation for IPA Security Course, Digital Security at University of Nijmegen, Netherlands (date unknown) 75 pages. |
Haykin, M. and Warnar, R., “Smart Card Technology: New Methods for Computer Access Control”, Computer Science and Technology NIST Special Publication 500-157:1-60 (1988). |
Lehpamer, H., “Component of the RFID System”, RFID Design Principles, 2nd edition pp. 133-201 (2012). |
Author Unknown, “CardrefresherSM from American Express®”, [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved fro Internet URL: https://merchant-channel.americanexpress.com/merchant/en_US/cardrefresher, 2 pages. |
Author Unknown, “Add Account Updater to your recurring payment tool”, [online] 2018-19 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.authorize.net/our-features/account-updater/, 5 pages. |
Author Unknown, “Visa® Account Updater for Merchants”, [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://usa.visa.com/dam/VCOM/download/merchants/visa-account-updater-product-information-fact-sheet-for-merchants.pdf, 2 pages. |
Author Unknown, “Manage the cards that you use with Apple Pay”, Apple Support [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT205583, 5 pages. |
Author Unknown, “Contactless Specifications for Payment Systems”, EMV Book B—Entry Point Specification [online] 2016 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.emvco.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/BookB_Entry_Point_Specification_v2_6_20160809023257319.pdf, 52 pages. |
Author Unknown, “EMV Integrated Circuit Card Specifcations for Payment Systems, Book 2, Security and Key Management,” Version 3.4, [online] 2011 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.emvco.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/EMV_v4.3_Book_2_Security_and_Key_Management_20120607061923900.pdf, 174 pages. |
Author Unknown, “NFC Guide: All You Need to Know About Near Field Communication”, Square Guide [online] 2018 [retrieved on Nov. 13, 2018]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://squareup.com/guides/nfc, 8 pages. |
Profis, S., “Everything you need to know about NFC and mobile payments” CNET Directory [online], 2014 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from the Internet URL: https://www.cnet.com/how-to/how-nfc-works-and-mobile-payments/, 6 pages. |
Cozma, N., “Copy data from other devices in Android 5.0 Lollipop setup”, CNET Directory [online] 2014 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from the Internet URL: https://www.cnet.com/how-to/copy-data-from-other-devices-in-android-5-0-lollipop-setup/, 5 pages. |
Kevin, Android Enthusiast, “How to copy text string from nfc tag”, StackExchange [online] 2013 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from the Internet URL: https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/55689/how-to-copy-text-string-from-nfc-tag, 11 pages. |
Author Unknown, “Tap & Go Device Setup”, Samsung [online] date unknown [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from the Internet URL: https://www.samsung.com/us/switch-me/switch-to-the-galaxy-s-5/app/partial/setup-device/tap-go.html, 1 page. |
Author Unknown, “Multiple encryption”, Wikipedia [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_encryption, 4 pages. |
Krawczyk, et al., “HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication”, Network Working Group RFC:2104 memo [online] 1997 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2104, 12 pages. |
Song, et al., “The AES-CMAC Algorithm”, Network Working Group RFC: 4493 memo [online] 2006 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4493, 21 pages. |
Katz, J. and Lindell, Y., “Aggregate Message Authentication Codes”, Topics in Cryptology [online] 2008 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.cs.umd.edu/˜jkatz/papers/aggregateMAC.pdf, 11 pages. |
Adams, D., and Maier, A-K., “Goldbug Big Seven open source crypto-messengers to be compared—or: Comprehensive Confidentiality Review & Audit of GoldBug Encrypting E-Mail-Client & Secure Instant Messenger”, Big-Seven Study 2016 [online] [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2018]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://sf.net/projects/goldbug/files/bigseven-crypto-audit.pdf, 309 pages. |
Author Unknown, “Triple DES”, Wikipedia [online] 2018 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_DES, 2 pages. |
Song F., and Yun, A.I., “Quantum Security of NMAC and Related Constructions—PRF domain extension against quantum attacks”, IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive [online] 2017 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/509.pdf, 41 pages. |
Saxena, N., “Lecture 10: NMAC, HMAC and Number Theory”, CS 6903 Modern Cryptography [online] 2008 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: http://isis.poly.edu/courses/cs6903/Lectures/lecture10.pdf, 8 pages. |
Berg, G., “Fundamentals of EMV”, Smart Card Alliance [online] date unknown [retrieved on Mar. 27, 2019]. Retrieveed from Internet URL: https://www.securetechalliance.org/resources/media/scap13_preconference/02.pdf, 37 pages. |
Pierce, K., “Is the amazon echo nfc compatible?”, Amazon.com Customer Q&A [online] 2016 [retrieved on Mar. 26, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.amazon.com/ask/questions/Tx1RJXYSPE6XLJD?_encodi . . . , 2 pages. |
Author Unknown, “Multi-Factor Authentication”, idaptive [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.centrify.com/products/application-services/adaptive-multi-factor-authentication/risk-based-mfa/, 10 pages. |
Author Unknown, “Adaptive Authentication”, SecureAuth [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019}. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.secureauth.com/products/access-management/adaptive-authentication, 7 pages. |
Van den Breekel, J., et al., “EMV in a nutshell”, Technical Report, 2016 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.cs.ru.nl/E.Poll/papers/EMVtechreport.pdf, 37 pages. |
Author Unknown, “Autofill”, Computer Hope [online] 2018 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/autofill.htm, 2 pages. |
Author Unknown, “Fill out forms automatically”, Google Chrome Help [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/142893?co=GENIE.Plafform%3DDesktop&hl=en, 3 pages. |
Author Unknown, “Autofill credit cards, contacts, and passwords in Safari on Mac”, Apple Safari User Guide [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://support.apple.com/guide/safari/use-autofill-ibrw1103/mac, 3 pages. |
Menghin, M.J., “Power Optimization Techniques for Near Field Communication Systems”, 2014 Dissertation at Technical University of Graz [online]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?d=576a7b910d2d6&location=browse, 135 pages. |
Mareli, M., et al., “Experimental evaluation of NFC reliability between an RFID tag and a smartphone”, Conference paper (2013) IEEE AFRICON At Mauritius [online] [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/54204839.pdf, 5 pages. |
Davison, A., et al., “MonoSLAM: Real-Time Single Camera SLAM”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 29(6): 1052-1067 (2007). |
Barba, R., “Sharing your location with your bank sounds creepy, but it's also useful”, Bankrate, LLC [online] 2017 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.bankrate.com/banking/banking-app-location-sharing/, 6 pages. |
Author Unknown: “onetappayment™”, [online] Jan. 24, 2019, [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.payubiz.in/onetap, 4 pages. |
Vu, et al., “Distinguishing users with capacitive touch communication”, Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2012, MOBICOM. 101145/2348543.2348569. |
Pourghomi, P., et al., “A Proposed NFC Payment Application,” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 4(8):173-181 (2013). |
Author unknown, “EMV Card Personalization Specification”, EMVCo., LLC., specification version 1.0, (2003) 81 pages. |
Ullmann et al., “On-Card” User Authentication for Contactless Smart Cards based on Gesture Recognition, paper presentation LNI proceedings, (2012) 12 pages. |
Faraj, S.T., et al., “Investigation of Java Smart Card Technology for Multi-Task Applications”, J of AI-Anbar University or Pure Science, 2(1):23 pages (2008). |
Dhamdhere, P., “Key Benefits of a Unified Platform for Loyalty, Referral Marketing, and UGC” Annex Cloud [online] May 19, 2017 [retrieved on Jul. 3, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.annexcloude.com/blog/benefits-unified-platform/, 13 pages. |
Author unknown, “NXP NFMI radio NxH2280—NFMI radio for wireless audio and data streaming”, NXP Semiconductors N.V. (Nov. 2015) 2 pages. |