Patent Application
20160052997
The present invention relates to a composition comprising at least two influenza A virus-neutralizing binding molecules, and more particularly, to a composition comprising at least two human monoclonal antibodies having neutralizing activity against influenza A virus, which are produced by human B cells derived from the blood of patients who recovered from infection with influenza A virus.
Influenza, an illness caused by respiratory infection with influenza viruses, often occurs in winter. It is known to have very high infectivity and to affect all age groups, particularly elderly people (Treanor J, 2004, N Engl J Med. 350(3):218-20). Influenza viruses are enveloped RNA (ribonucleic acid) viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae and have a genome composed of eight negative-sense, single-stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid) segments. These influenza viruses are classified into types A, B and C. Influenza A viruses are further divided into subtypes based on their major surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Up to date, 17 HAs and 10 NAs have been identified (Cheung T K and Poon L L 2007, Ann N Y Acad. Sci. 1102:1-25; Tong S, et al. 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 109:4269-4274). Influenza viruses can affect birds, pigs and humans depending on their types and have a genome composed of RNA segments, and for this reason, their genes can continuously mutate and recombine, resulting in new genetic variations (Treanor J, 2004. N Engl J Med. 350(3):218-20). Due to this continuous mutation, it is difficult to obtain permanent immunity against influenza viruses, and thus a preventive method that is currently thought to be most effective is a method of administering a vaccine against a particular type of influenza virus expected to be prevalent each year to develop immunity against the influenza virus each year.
Influenza virus vaccines that are currently administered each year are trivalent vaccines containing influenza A H1, H3 subtype HA and influenza type B HA.
Vaccines against influenza viruses are generally produced using eggs, but this production method is a time-consuming and inefficient method. Accordingly, this method has a problem in that it is difficult to produce sufficient amounts of vaccines each year within a limited time frame. In an attempt to solve this problem, studies on methods of producing vaccines by cell culture have been actively conducted by several pharmaceutical companies (GSK, Baxter, etc.). In addition, if pandemic influenza virus infection occurs, it is very difficult to develop a vaccine against the infection within a short time. Also, antiviral drugs are not completely reliable due to a problem associated with the emergence of drug-resistant mutant viruses.
To overcome this problem, antibodies against influenza viruses have recently been actively developed (Throsby et al, 2008, PloS One 3 (e3942); Sui et al., 2009, Nature structural & molecular biology. 16 (265-273); Simmons et al, 2007, PloS Medicine 4 (e178); Wrammert et al., 2011, J Exp Med. 208 (181-193); Corti et al., 2011, Science 333 (850-856)).
Blood products from recovered patients have been used to treat patients infected with various viruses, as well as to treat pandemic flu infections. For example, when patients infected with Spanish influenza virus had symptoms of pneumonia, blood products collected from patients who recovered from infection with the influenza virus are used to treat the influenza virus (Luke et al., 2006. Annals of internal medicine. 145:599). As such, hyperimmune globulin (IgIv) is purified from human plasma and used to treat patients infected with various viruses, but the product obtained as described above may not be safe from potential infectious agents in blood and is inefficient for mass production.
Antibodies against influenza A virus, which were recently filed for patent protection by the applicant, showed neutralizing activity against various influenza subtypes. Particularly, an antibody disclosed in Korean Patent Application No. 10-2011-0020061 showed neutralizing activity, mainly against phylogenetic group 1 (H1, H2, H5 and H9), and an antibody disclosed in Korean Patent Application 10-2012-0107512 showed neutralizing activity, mainly against phylogenetic group 2 (H3 and H7). Accordingly, the present inventors have conducted studies to develop a cocktail formulation containing at least two kinds of antibodies, which can exhibit preventive and therapeutic effects against all viruses belonging to groups 1 and 2, which are likely to be pandemic.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a composition comprising at least two influenza A virus-neutralizing binding molecules, the composition exhibiting neutralizing activity against both phylogenetic group 1 and phylogenetic group 2.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of diagnosing, preventing or treating a disease caused by influenza A virus by administering the composition.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method of diagnosing influenza A virus infection using the composition.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a kit for diagnosis of influenza A virus, which comprises the composition.
To achieve the above objects, the present invention provides a composition comprising at least two influenza A virus-neutralizing binding molecules that bind to an epitope in the stem region of influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein, the composition comprising:
i) a first binding molecule capable of neutralizing at least one influenza A virus subtype selected from the group consisting of H1, H2, H5 and H9; and
ii) a second binding molecule capable of neutralizing at least one influenza A virus subtype selected from the group consisting of H1, H3, H5, H7 and H9.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the epitope of the first binding molecule may comprise amino acid residues at positions 18, 38, 40, 291, 292 and 318 of an HA1 polypeptide. Further, the epitope of the first binding molecule may comprise amino acid residues at positions 18, 19, 20, 21, 41, 42, 45, 48, 49, 52 and 53 of an HA2 polypeptide.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the epitope of the first binding molecule may comprise amino acid residues at positions of 18, 38, 40, 291, 292 and 318 of the HA1 polypeptide, and may comprise amino acid residues at positions 18, 19, 20, 21, 41, 42, 45, 48, 49, 52 and 53 of the HA2 polypeptide.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the epitope of the second binding molecule may comprise amino acid residues at positions 278 and 318 of the HA1 polypeptide. Further, the epitope of the second binding molecule may comprise amino acid residues at positions 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 49, 52 and 53 of the HA2 polypeptide. Furthermore, the epitope of the second binding molecule may comprise amino acid residues at the positions of the HA1 polypeptide and/or HA2 polypeptide of a first monomer of HA, and may further comprise amino acid residues at positions 25, 32 and 33 of the HA1 polypeptide of a second monomer adjacent to the first monomer.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the epitope of the second binding molecule may comprise amino acid residues at positions 278 and 318 of the HA1 polypeptide, and may further comprise amino acid residues at positions 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 49, 52 and 53 of the HA2 polypeptide. In another embodiment, the epitope of the second binding molecule may comprise amino acid residues at the positions of the HA1 polypeptide and HA2 polypeptide of the first monomer of HA, and may further comprise amino acid residues at positions 25, 32 and 33 of the HA1 polypeptide of the second monomer adjacent to the first monomer.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the epitope of the second binding molecule may comprise amino acid residues at positions 278 and 318 of the HA1 polypeptide, and may comprise amino acid residues at positions 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 49, 52, 53, 58 and 99 of the HA2 polypeptide. In another embodiment, the epitope of the second binding molecule may comprise amino acid residues at the positions of the HA1 polypeptide and HA2 polypeptide of the first monomer of HA, and may further comprise amino acid residues at positions 25, 27, 32 and 33 of the HA1 polypeptide of the second monomer adjacent to the first monomer.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the epitope of the second binding molecule may comprise amino acid residues at positions 54, 55, 278, 291 and 318 of the HA1 polypeptide, and may comprise amino acid residues at positions 19, 20, 21, 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 46, 48, 49, 52, 53, 56, 57 and 60 of the HA2 polypeptide. In another embodiment, the epitope of the second binding molecule may comprise amino acid residues at the positions of the HA1 polypeptide and HA2 polypeptide of the first monomer of HA, and may further comprise amino acid residues at positions 25, 32, 33, 310, 311, and 312 of HA1 polypeptide of the second monomer of HA adjacent to the first monomer of HA.
The numbering of the amino acid positions of the epitope is based on H3 HA numbering.
The binding molecules of the present invention can inhibit the fusion of virus to the target cell membrane. In addition, the binding molecules of the present invention can inhibit virus by the Fc functions of antibody, that is, ADCC and CDC.
The first binding molecule according to the present invention is capable of binding to influenza A virus or a fragment thereof with a binding affinity (KD) of less than 1.0×10−8 M, preferably less than 1.0×10−9M, more preferably less than 1.0×10−10M, even more preferably less than 1.0×10−11 M, most preferably less than 1.0×10−12M.
The second binding molecule according to the present invention is capable of binding to influenza A virus or a fragment thereof with a binding affinity (KD) of less than 1.0×10−6 M, preferably less than 1.0×10−7 M, more preferably less than 1.0×10−8 M, even more preferably 1.0×10−9M, even more preferably less than 1.0×10−10 M still more preferably less than 1.0×10−11M, most preferably less than 1.0×10−12M.
The binding affinity (KD) can be measured by surface Plasmon resonance using, for example, a BIACORE system.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the first binding molecule may have an EC50 value of 2.0 ug/ml or less for H1 subtype, 7.0 ug/ml or less for H2 subtype, 7.0 ug/ml or less for H5 subtype, or 4.0 ug/ml or less for H9 subtype.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the second binding molecule may have an EC50 value of 40.0 ug/ml or less for H3 subtype, 212.0 ug/ml or less for H5 subtype, 8.0 ug/ml or less for H7 subtype, or 8.0 ug/ml or less for H9 subtype.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the composition may have an EC50 value for 3.0 ug/ml or less for H1 subtype, 13.0 ug/ml or less for H2 subtype, 70.0 ug/ml or less for H3 subtype, 9.0 ug/ml or less for H5 subtype, 14.0 ug/ml or less for H7 subtype, or 6.0 ug/ml or less for H9 subtype.
The EC50 value may be measured by a microneutralization test.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the first binding molecule comprises a polypeptide sequence comprising any one selected from the group consisting of: i) a sequence comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 1, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 2, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 3; ii) a sequence comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 4, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 5, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 6; iii) a sequence comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 7, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 8, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 9; iv) a sequence comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 10, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 11, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 12; v) a sequence comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 13, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 14, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 15; and vi) a sequence comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 16, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 17, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 18.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the first binding molecule comprises: a light-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 1, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 2, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 3; and a heavy-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 4, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 5, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 6.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the first binding molecule comprises: a light-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 7, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 8, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 9; and a heavy-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 10, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 11, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 12.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the first binding molecule comprises: a light-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 13, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 14, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 15; and a heavy-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 16, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 17, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 18.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the second binding molecule comprises any one sequence comprising any one selected from the group consisting of: i) a sequence comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 19, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 20, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 21; ii) a sequence comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 22, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 23, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 24; iii) a sequence comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 25, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 26, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 27; iv) a sequence comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 28, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 29, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 30; v) a sequence comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 31, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 32, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 33; vi) a sequence comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 34, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 35, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 36; vii) a sequence comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 37, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 38, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 39; and viii) a sequence comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 40, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 41, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 42.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the second binding molecule comprises: a light-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 19, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 20, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 21; and a heavy-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 22, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 23, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 24.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the second binding molecule comprises: a light-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 25, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 26, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 27; and a heavy-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 28, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 29, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 30.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the second binding molecule comprises: a light-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 31, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 32, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 33; and a heavy-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 34, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 35, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 36.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the second binding molecule comprises: a light-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 37, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 38, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 39; and a heavy-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 40, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 41, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 42.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the first binding molecule comprises: a light-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 7, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 8, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 9; and a heavy-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 10, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 11, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 12, and the second binding molecule comprises: a light-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 25, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 26, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 27; and a heavy-chain variable region comprising, as determined according to the Kabat method, a CDR1 region of SEQ ID NO: 28, a CDR2 region of SEQ ID NO: 29, and a CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 30.
In the present invention, the complementarity determining regions (CRDs) of variable domains were determined using a conventional method according to the system designed by Kabat et al. (see Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest (5th), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)). CDR numbering used in the present invention was performed according to the Kabat method, but the present invention also encompasses binding molecules comprising CDRs determined by other methods, including the IMGT method, the Chothia method, and the AbM method.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the first binding molecule comprises a polypeptide sequence comprising any one selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 43 to 48.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the first binding molecule comprises a light chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43 and a heavy chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the first binding molecule comprises a light chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45 and a heavy chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the first binding molecule comprises a light chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47, and a heavy chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the second binding molecule comprises a polypeptide sequence comprising any one selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 49 to 56.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the second binding molecule comprises a light chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 49, and a heavy chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the second binding molecule comprises a light chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51, and a heavy chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the second binding molecule comprises a light chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53, and a heavy chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the second binding molecule comprises a light chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55, and a heavy chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the first binding molecule comprises a light chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45, and a heavy chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46, and the second binding molecule comprises a light chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51, and a heavy chain comprising a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the binding molecule is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof. The antibody may have a drug attached thereto.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the composition may be used for the prevention or treatment of a disease caused by influenza virus.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the composition may be used for the diagnosis of a disease caused by influenza virus.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the composition may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the composition may be in the form of a sterile injectable solution, a lyophilized formulation, a pre-filled syringe solution, an oral dosage form, a formulation for external use, or a suppository, but is not limited thereto.
The present invention also provides a method for treating a disease caused by influenza virus, the method comprising a step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition to a subject having the disease.
The present invention also provides a method for diagnosing, preventing or treating a disease caused by influenza virus, the method comprising: step of i) administering therapeutically effective amounts of the first binding molecule and the second binding molecule at the same time to a subject having the disease; or step ii) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the first binding molecule to a subject having the disease, and then administering a therapeutically effective amount of the second binding molecule to the subject; or step iii) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the second binding molecule to a subject having the disease, and then administering a therapeutically effective amount of the first binding molecule to the subject.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating a disease caused by influenza A virus, the method comprising the steps of i) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the first binding molecule to a subject having the disease; and ii) subsequent to step i), administering a therapeutically effective amount of the second binding molecule to the subject.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating a disease caused by influenza A virus, the method comprising the steps of: i) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the second binding molecule to a subject having the disease; and ii) subsequent to step i), administering a therapeutically effective amount of the first binding molecule to the subject.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the method for diagnosing, preventing or treating the disease may further comprise a step of administering an antiviral drug, a virus entry inhibitor or a virus adhesion inhibitor. The antiviral drug may be a neuraminidase inhibitor, a hemagglutinin (HA) inhibitor, a sialic acid inhibitor, an M2 ion channel inhibitor or an RNA polymerase inhibitor, but is not limited thereto.
The neuraminidase inhibitor may be Peramivir, Zanamivir, Oseltamivir or Laninamivir, but is not limited thereto.
The M2 ion channel inhibitor may be Amantadine or Rimantadine, but is not limited thereto.
The RNA polymerase inhibitor may be Favipiravir, but is not limited thereto.
The present invention also provides a method for preventing a disease caused by influenza virus, the method comprising a step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition to a subject having the disease.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for preventing a disease caused by influenza A virus, the method comprising the steps of: i) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the first binding molecule to a subject having the disease; and ii) a therapeutically effective amount of the second binding molecule to the subject.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for preventing a disease caused by influenza A virus, the method comprising the steps of: i) administering a therapeutically effective amount of the second binding molecule to a subject having the disease; and ii) a therapeutically effective amount of the first binding molecule to the subject.
The present invention also provides a method for diagnosing influenza virus infection in a patient, the method comprising the steps of: i) bringing the composition into contact with a sample; and ii) detecting a reaction between the composition and the sample.
The present invention also provides a kit for diagnosing influenza virus, the kit comprising: i) the composition for diagnosing influenza virus; and ii) a container.
The composition of the present invention, which comprises at least two influenza A virus-neutralizing binding molecules, maintains the neutralizing activities of the binding molecules against the respective subtypes without interference between the binding molecules, and, as a result, exhibits additive effects. The composition of the present invention exhibits synergistic effects even when it is administered in combination with a chemical compound. The composition of the present invention can effectively neutralize multiple influenza subtypes of both phylogenetic groups 1 and 2 and may be used in combination with a chemical compound, and thus is very useful for the prevention and treatment of a disease caused by influenza virus.
A: pCT145 vector;
B: pCT147 vector;
pac: gene encoding Puromycin N-acetyl-tranferase (PAC); and
DS: dyad symmetry sequence (EBNA1 binds to a dyad symmetry (DS) element in oriP).
a to 5d shows the results of verifying the abilities of CT120 and CT149 antibodies to inhibit membrane fusion induced by HA exposed to low pH, using a cell line that expresses H1(H1N1), H2 (H2N2), H3(H3N2) or H5(H5N1) subtype HA.
a shows the results of an in vitro ADCC assay performed using the CT120 and CT149 antibodies of the present invention, and
a depicts an amino acid sequence and a schematic view, which show the A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) virus HA-binding site of a CT120 antibody, and
a shows the results of an MN test on a CT149 antibody and a mixed antibody of CT120 and CT149 against H7N9 (A/Shanghai/2/2013) wild-type, and
a shows the results of an MN test on a CT120 antibody and an antibody mixture of CT120 and CT149 against H1N1 (A/California/04/2009) wild-type, and
a shows the results of immunofluorescent staining of CT120 and CT149 antibodies against A/Wisconsin/67/05 (H3N2) wild-type and an HA D19N mutant, and
Hereinafter, terms used in the present invention will be defined as follows.
The term “influenza A viruses” as used herein refers to enveloped viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae and having a genome composed of eight negative-sense, single-stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid) segments. These influenza viruses are classified into types A, B and C, and the influenza A viruses are further divided into subtypes based on their major surface proteins HA (hemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase) 17 HAs and 10 NAs have been reported to date.
“H1 subtypes” described in the present invention include H1N1, H1N2, H1N3, H1N4, H1N5, H1N6, H1N7, H1N8, H1N9 and H1N10.
“H2 subtypes” described in the present invention include H2N1, H2N2, H2N3, H2N4, H2N5, H2N6, H2N7, H2N8, H2N9 and H2N10.
“H5 subtypes” described in the present invention include H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6, H5N7, H5N8, H5N9 and H5N10.
“H9 subtypes” described in the present invention include H9N1, H9N2, H9N3, H9N4, H9N5, H9N6, H9N7, H9N8, H9N9 and H9N10.
“H3 subtypes” described in the present invention include H3N1, H3N2, H3N3, H3N4, H3N5, H3N6, H3N7, H3N8, H3N9 and H3N10.
“H7 subtypes” described in the present invention include H7N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N4, H7N5, H7N6, H7N7, H7N8, H7N9 and H7N10.
As used herein, the term “hemagglutinin” (hereinafter referred to as “HA”) indicates the envelope glycoprotein of influenza virus. HA mediates the adsorption and penetration of influenza virus into a host cell. 17 HA subtypes have been reported to date.
As used herein, the term “binding molecule” refers either to an intact immunoglobulin comprising monoclonal antibodies, such as chimeric, humanized or human monoclonal antibodies, or to a variable domain, a substrate-binding enzyme, a receptor or a protein, which comprises an immunoglobulin fragment that competes with the intact immunoglobulin for specific binding to the binding partner of the immunoglobulin, for example, the monomeric HA or trimeric HA of influenza A virus. Regardless of structure, the antigen-binding fragment binds with the same antigen that is recognized by the intact immunoglobulin. An antigen-binding fragment may comprise a peptide or polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence consisting of at least 2, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, or 250 contiguous amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of the binding molecule. “Antigen-binding fragments” include, inter alia, Fab, F(ab′), F(ab)2, Fv, dAb, Fd, complementarity determining region (CDR) fragments, single-chain antibodies (scFv), bivalent single-chain antibodies, single-chain phage antibodies, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, polypeptides that contain at least one fragment of an immunoglobulin that is sufficient to confer specific antigen binding to the polypeptide, etc. The above fragments may be produced synthetically or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact immunoglobulins or they may be genetically engineered by recombinant DNA techniques. The methods of production are well known in the art.
As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means any inert substance that is combined with an active molecule such as a drug, agent, or binding molecule for preparing an agreeable or convenient dosage form. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is an excipient that is non-toxic to recipients at the used dosages and concentrations, and is compatible with other ingredients of the formulation comprising the drug, agent or binding molecule.
As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of the binding molecule that is effective for preventing or treating a condition resulting from infection with influenza A virus.
The composition comprising the binding molecules according to the present invention may be formulated as oral dosage forms, including powder, granule, tablet, capsule, suspension, emulsion, syrup and aerosol formulations, as well as formulations for external use, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, pre-filled syringe solution or lyophilized formulations. Specifically, the composition of the present invention may be formulated with commonly used diluents or excipients, such as fillers, extenders, binders, wetting agents, disintegrants, surfactants, etc. Solid formulations for oral administration include tablets, pills, powders, granules, capsules and the like, and such solid formulations comprise, in addition to the composition, at least one excipient, for example, starch, calcium carbonate, sucrose, lactose or gelatin. In addition to simple excipients, lubricants such as magnesium stearate or talc may also be used. Liquid formulations for oral administration include suspensions, solutions, emulsions, and syrup, and may contain various excipients, for example, wetting agents, flavoring agents, aromatics and preservatives, in addition to water and liquid paraffin, which are frequently used simple diluents. Formulations for parenteral administration include sterilized aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, emulsions, freeze-dried preparations, and suppositories. As non-aqueous solvents or suspending agents, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, plant oils such as olive oil, injectable esters such as ethyl oleate, and the like can be used. As the base of the suppositories, witepsol, Macrogol, Tween 61, cacao butter, laurin fat, glycerogelatin and the like can be used.
The binding molecules that are used in the diagnostic composition of the present invention are preferably detectably labeled. A variety of techniques are available for labeling biomolecules, are well known to the person skilled in the art and are considered to be within the scope of the present invention. Such techniques are, e.g., described in Tijssen, ‘Practice and theory of enzyme immuno assays’, Burden, R H and von Knippenburg (Eds), Volume 15 (1985), Basic methods in molecular biology; Davis L G, Dibmer M D; Battey Elsevier (1990), Mayer et al., (Eds) ‘Immunochemical methods in cell and molecular biology’ Academic Press, London (1987), ‘Methods in Enzymology’, Academic Press, Inc.
There are many different labels and methods of labeling known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Commonly used labels comprise, inter alia, fluorochromes (like fluorescein, rhodamine, Texas Red, etc.), enzymes (like horse radish peroxidase, β-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase), radioactive isotopes (like 32P or 125I), biotin, digoxygenin, colloidal metals, chemi- or bioluminescent compounds (like dioxetanes, luminol or acridiniums). Labeling procedures, such as covalent coupling of enzymes or biotinyl groups, iodinations, phosphorylations, biotinylations, etc., are well known in the art.
Detection methods include, but are not limited to, autoradiography, fluorescence microscopy, direct and indirect enzymatic reactions, etc. Commonly used detection assays include radioisotopic or non-radioisotopic methods. These include, inter alia, RIA (Radioisotopic Assay) and IRMA (Immune Radioimmunometric Assay), EIA (Enzym Immuno Assay), ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Assay), FIA (Fluorescent Immuno Assay), and CLIA (Chemiluminescent Immune Assay).
The antibody according to the present invention may be used in the form of antibody-drug conjugates. The use of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), i.e. immunoconjugates, for the local delivery of drugs, allows targeted delivery of the drug moiety to infected cells, because administration of unconjugated drug agents may result in unacceptable levels of toxicity to normal cells. The maximal efficacy and minimal toxicity of ADC can be achieved by increasing the selectivity of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as well as drug-linking and drug-releasing properties.
Conventional means of attaching, i.e. linking through covalent bonds, a drug moiety to an antibody generally leads to a heterogeneous mixture of molecules where the drug moieties are attached at a number of sites on the antibody. For example, cytotoxic drugs have typically been conjugated to antibodies through the often-numerous lysine residues of an antibody, thereby generating a heterogeneous antibody-drug conjugate mixture. Depending on reaction conditions, the heterogeneous mixture typically contains a distribution of antibodies with from 0 to about 8 or more, attached to drug moieties. In addition, each subgroup of conjugates with a particular integer ratio of drug moieties to antibody is a potentially heterogeneous mixture where the drug moiety is attached at various sites on the antibody. Antibodies are large, complex and structurally diverse biomolecules, often with many reactive functional groups. Their reactivities with linker reagents and drug-linker intermediates are dependent on factors such as pH, concentration, salt concentration, and co-solvents.
In the present invention, the reactivities of a cocktail composition, obtained by mixing antibodies filed for patent protection (Korean Patent Application No. 10-2011-0020061 and Korean Patent Application No. 10-2012-0107512), with the subtype viruses of phylogenetic group 1 or 2, were measured by a microneutralization test (hereinafter referred to as “MN test”). Among them, CT120 having specific neutralizing activity against group 1 was mixed with CT149 showing neutralizing activity against some viruses of group 1 and the viruses of group 2, and the binding affinities and neutralizing activities of CT120 and CT149 before and after mixing were analyzed. Korean Patent Application No. 10-2011-0020061 and Korean Patent Application No. 10-2012-0107512, filed by the applicant, are incorporated herein by reference.
The binding affinities of antibodies were measured by a surface Plasmon resonance-based method and a CELISA (Cellular Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) assay employing a cell line that expresses H1, H3 or H5. As a result, CT120 and CT149 did bind to the cell lines expressing H1 and H5 HAs, respectively, and a mixture of CT120 and CT149 showed a binding affinity similar to that of each of CT120 and CT149. CT149 showed binding affinity in a CELISA assay performed using a cell line expressing H3 HA, but CT120 showed no binding affinity. When a mixture of CT120 and CT149 was analyzed by a CELISA assay, it was found that CT120 did not interfere with the binding of CT149.
The neutralizing activities of CT120 and CT149 before and after mixing were measured by the microneutralization test. As a result, it was found that CT120 and CT149 showed the respective original neutralizing activities without interference therebetween, indicating that CT120 and CT149 showed neutralizing activities against all the influenza A viruses of group 1 and group 2.
In order to examine neutralizing activity in vivo, CT120 and CT149 or a mixture of CT120 and CT149 were administered to mice before and after the mice were infected with influenza A virus. As a result, it was seen that administration of the antibody mixture (referred herein to as CT-P27) reflected the effect of each of the antibodies or showed the combined effects of the antibodies, and the antibodies did not interfere with each other.
CT120 and CT149 showed an enhanced neutralizing effect when they were administered in a mixture or administered in combination with a chemical compound. Peramivir is neuraminidase inhibitor that is used against influenza A infection. When mice were infected with influenza A virus and an amount of CT120 or CT149 difficult to exhibit a neutralizing effect was administered in combination with a low concentration of Peramivir to the mice, an increased effect compared to that in the administration of CT120 or CT149 alone appeared.
Accordingly, in the present invention, antibodies (CT104, CT120 and CT123) effective against the influenza A viruses of group 1, which are represented by CT120, and antibodies (CT147, CT149, CT164, and CT166) effective against the influenza A viruses of group 2, which are represented by CT149, were mixed with one another and administered. As a result, it was found that the antibody mixtures showed neutralizing effects against all the influenza A viruses of groups 1 and 2. In addition, it was found that, when each of the antibodies was administered in combination with a chemical therapeutic agent, it showed an increased neutralizing effect.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples. It is to be understood, however, that these examples are for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. References cited in the present invention are incorporated herein by reference.
A recovered patient group consisted of patient volunteers who were 2-4 weeks after confirmation of new flu infections. The volunteers were confirmed to have no influenza virus (H1N1) in their blood and had an antibody against the new influenza virus. This study was performed under the approval of the Institutional Review Board (IRB). This patients group had the following characteristics: (1) the patients were not vaccinated against seasonal flu; (2) the patients were negative for other infectious viruses, that is, HBsAg, and were negative for anti-HCV antibody and anti-HIV antibody; (3) the patient's plasma was negative for RT-PCR for the influenza virus H1N1 subtype; (4) the patient's serum showed a titer of 1:160 or higher in ELISA assays for the HA(H1N1) of the influenza A virus H1N1 subtype. About 100 ml of whole blood was collected from the volunteers, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the collected blood using Lymphoprep™ (Axis-Shield, Norway, 1114545). The isolated PBMCs were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline, suspended in KM banker II freezing medium (Cosmobio, Japan, KOJ-16092010) at a concentration of 2×107 cells/ml, and stored in a liquid nitrogen tank.
B cells that secrete antigen-specific antibodies were screened using the method described by Jin et al. (Jin A. et al., 2009. Nat. Med. 15, 1088-1092). Briefly, the PBMCs isolated in Example 1 were added to each well of a prepared microarray chip at a density of one cell/well. Antibodies secreted from the single cells were confirmed by the precoated anti-human IgG antibody. Whether the screened antibody-secreting cells secreted HA-binding antibodies was analyzed by ELISPOT (enzyme linked immunospot assay: Sedgwick J. D., 2005, Methods Mol Biol. Vol. 302, pp. 314) using the labeled HA antigen. The complete sequences of the heavy-chain and light-chain genes of the antibodies from the individual antibody-secreting cells were obtained by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The obtained heavy-chain and light-chain DNAs were inserted into pcDNA 3.1(+) expression vectors (Invitrogen, USA, V790-20) to prepare expression vectors that produce each of the heavy chain and light chain of the antibodies. The prepared expression vectors were transfected into CHO cells. Then, using the antibodies produced in the transfected CHO cells, antibodies binding to HA were primarily selected by the HA-ELISA method described in Example 3 below. Herein, all the antibodies showing a reaction with HA were primarily screened without serially diluting the antibody samples.
In order to secondarily screen monoclonal antibodies, which have a high ability to bind to the HA of H1N1 influenza virus, from the primarily screened antibodies, HA-ELISA was performed using monomeric HA and trimeric HA. A recombinant monomeric HA1 from influenza A virus was purchased from Sino Biological Inc. (China). The monomeric HA (11055-V08H) of the purchased A/CA/04/09 (H1N1) consisted of an extracellular domain (met1-gln529) of HA comprising 10 polyhistidine residues at the C-terminus and the recombinant HA1 subunit (11056-V08H1) of A/Brisbane/10/07(H3N2) consisted of the N-terminal fragment (Met1-Arg345) of the HA comprising polyhistidine residues at the C-terminus and was produced in transfected human cells. The recombinant trimeric HAs (FR-180 and FR-61) of A/CA/04/09 (H1N1) and A/Brisbane/10/07 (H3N2) were provided by IRR (Influenza Reagent Resource, USA). Each of the trimeric HA comprised a thrombin cleavage site at the C-terminus, a trimerizing domain (foldon) and six histidine residues and was produced using a baculovirus system.
The reactivity of the antibody with the HA antigen was measured by ELISA using the HA and the antibody. Specifically, 50 μl of each of monomeric HA antigen and trimeric HA antigen (250 ng/ml) was first adsorbed onto each well of a 96-well microtiter plate (Nunc, Denmark, 449824). The plate was blocked with phosphate-buffered saline (Teknova, USA, D5120) containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), and then a 3-fold serially diluted antibody sample (starting concentration: 1 μg/ml) was added to each well of the plate. Next, the plate was incubated at room temperature for 1 hour, and then treated with peroxidase-labeled goat anti-human gamma antibody (Zymed, USA, 62.8420). After incubation for 1 hour at room temperature, the plate was incubated with tetramethylbenzydine (TMB; Sigma-Aldrich, USA, T0440), and the incubation was stopped by adding 1N HCl. The absorbance at 450/570 nm was measured using a plate reader (Spectramax plus 384, Molecular Device), and the antigen-antibody reactivity was graphically expressed using Graphpad prism program (GraphPad Software Inc. USA).
As shown in
As shown in
On the basis of the results shown in
The original pcDNA vectors containing each of the heavy-chain genes and light-chain genes of the secondarily selected antibodies were treated with the restriction enzymes NheI and PmeI to obtain heavy-chain genes and light-chain genes. The obtained heavy-chain genes and light-chain genes were respectively inserted into pCT145 vectors and pCT147 vectors, which had been treated with the same restriction enzymes. The pCT145 and pCT147 vectors were constructed by Celltrion, Inc., in order to clone the heavy chain and light chain of each of the antibodies, respectively (
Next, the DNA of the extracted antibodies was transfected into a suspension culture of an F2N cell line (refer to Korean Patent No. 10-1005967) (prepared by Celltrion, Inc., Korea), thereby preparing a transient cell line producing monoclonal antibodies. The transfection was performed in the following manner. Transient transfection of the cells was carried out using the cationic polymer FreeStyle™ Max (Invitrogen, USA, 16447-100) according to the manufacturer's instruction. On the day before transfection, F2N cells cultured in EX-CELL 293 serum-free media (SAFC, LIK, 14571C; hereinafter referred to as “EX-CELL 293 media”) were centrifuged and suspended at a cell concentration of 1×106 cells/ml in modified EX-CELL 293 medium (SAFC, LIK, 65237; made to order), and 80 ml of the cell suspension was seeded into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask, or 200 ml of the cell suspension was seeded into a 1-liter Erlenmeyer flask. On the day of transfection, in the case in which 80 ml of the cell suspension was seeded, each of 100 μg of a monoclonal antibody-encoding DNA and 100 μl of FreeStyle™ Max reagent was diluted to a volume of 1.6 ml using OptiPRO SFM II medium (Invitrogen, USA, 12309), followed by gentle stirring. In the case in which 200 ml of the cell suspension was seeded, each of 250 μg of DNA and 250 μg of FreeStyle™ Max reagent was diluted to a volume of 4 ml using OptiPRO SFM II medium, followed by gentle stirring. Immediately after the stirring process, the solution containing FreeStyle™ Max reagent diluted therein was mixed with the solution containing DNA diluted therein, and the mixed solution was incubated at room temperature for 19 minutes. During incubation at room temperature for 19 minutes, the seeded F2N cells were diluted to a cell concentration of 0.8×106 cells using fresh modified EX-CELL 293 medium. After incubation for 19 minutes, the F2N cells were treated and transfected with the mixed solution containing DNA and FreeStyle™ Max reagent. On the day after transfection, the same amount of EX-CELL 293 medium was added to the transfected cells which were then incubated for 7-8 days, thereby producing monoclonal antibodies.
The antibodies screened by the present inventors were subjected to a microneutralization (MN) test in order to examine their neutralizing activity against various influenza viruses.
As the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line, the London line (MDCK-L) was used. The MDCK cell line was cultured in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator at 37° C. using a DMEM medium (Gibco, USA, 11965) containing 10% FBS (Atlas Biologicals, USA, F0500A), 1× pecinillin/streptomycin (Gibco, USA, 15140), 25 mM HEPES (Gibco, USA, 15630) and 2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco, USA, 25030).
Virus concentration was quantified by a cell-based ELISA method to determine the median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50). The determination of virus concentration was performed in the following manner. First, a virus stock was serially diluted 10-fold with a virus diluent [DMEM (Gibco, USA), 3% BSA (Gibco, USA, 15260), 1× penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, USA), and 25 mM HEPES (Gibco, USA)], and 100 μl of the diluted virus was added to each well of a 96-well plate. As a negative control, a virus diluent containing no virus was used. Then, the MDCK cell line that was being cultured was separated from the culture incubator by treatment with trypsin, and then treated with MDCK culture medium to neutralize the trypsin. Next, the cell pellets were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline, and then diluted with a virus diluent to a cell concentration of 5×105 cells/ml. 3-4 μg/ml of TPCK-trypsin (Sigma, USA) was added to the 96-well plate containing the virus, and then immediately, 100 μl of the MDCK cell line was added to each well of the plate and incubated in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator at 37° C. for 20 hours. The incubated plate was washed once with phosphate buffered saline, and then 200 μl of a mixed solution of cold acetone: phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (80:20) was added to each well of the plate. Next, the cells were fixed for 8 minutes, and the plate was dried at room temperature for 20 minutes. Each well of the plate was washed twice with 200 μl of phosphate buffered saline. Biotinylated anti-nuclear protein (NP) monoclonal antibody (Milipore, USA, MAB8257B) was diluted 2,000-fold with 1% BSA-containing phosphate buffered saline (0.1% Tween 20), and 100 μl of the dilution was added to each well of the plate and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. The plate was washed three times with 200 μl/well of phosphate buffered saline, and then 100 μl of a 20,000-fold dilution of streptavidin-HRP-conjugated antibody in 1% BSA-containing phosphate buffered saline was added to each well of the plate and incubated at room pressure for 1 hour. After washing the plate four times with phosphate buffered saline, 100 μl of TMB solution was added to each well of the plate, and the plate was developed at room temperature for 10 minutes and treated with sulfuric acid to stop the color development, after which the OD450 of each well was measured. Based on the measured OD450, TCID50 was calculated using the method of Reed & Muench (The American 1938).
Each antibody was diluted with a virus diluent to a concentration of 10 μg/ml. From this initial concentration, the antibody dilution was serially diluted 2-fold with a virus diluent, and 50 μl of each of the dilutions was added to each well of a 96-well plate. Also, 50 μl of viruses were added to each well of the plate at a concentration corresponding to 100 TCID50 and were incubated in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator at 37° C. for 1 hour. Next, 3-4 μg/ml of TPCK-trypsin (Sigma, USA, T1426) was added to each well, and 100 μl of the treated MDCK cells were added to each well, followed by incubation in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator at 37° C. for 20 hours. After incubation for 20 hours, an MN test was carried out according to the same method as the virus quantification method described in Example 4-1, thereby determining the OD450 value of each well. The wells showing OD450 values higher than that of the well introduced only with the cells were determined to be infected with viruses. Among OD450 values for each antibody at which no virus antigen was detected, the lowest concentration (μg/ml) of the antibody is shown in Table 1 below, and the lower concentration of the antibody means the higher neutralizing activity against virus.
The neutralizing abilities of specific antibodies against influenza A virus subtype H1 are shown in Table 1 below, and the neutralizing abilities of specific antibodies against influenza A virus subtype H3 are shown in Table 2 below. Among these antibodies, CT120 and CT149 having better effects were subjected to a microneutralization test using the influenza A viruses of various groups. As a result, CT120 showed a neutralizing effect against the influenza A viruses of group 1, and CT149 showed a neutralizing effect against some viruses of group 1 and the influenza A viruses of group 2 (Table 3).
Because the antibodies of the present invention are neutralizing antibodies targeting the HA of viruses, the mechanism by which the antibodies of the present invention show neutralizing activity against the functions of HA was examined. One of the functions of HA is to bind to the receptor on the cell surface to allow the virus to adhere to the cell. Because this function can be observed by a hemagglutination reaction, the inhibitory effect of the antibody against a hemagglutination reaction induced by HA was examined. For this, the antibody was serially diluted 2-fold on a V-bottom 96-well plate, and viruses having 4-fold HA units were added to and mixed with the antibody. Next, the plate was incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then 1% avian red blood cells were added to each well of the plate. The hemagglutination inhibition end point was determined as the lowest antibody concentration at which no hemagglutination reaction was observed.
As a result, all the antibodies against influenza A virus subtype H1 (Table 4) or the antibodies against influenza A virus subtype H3 (Table 5) did not inhibit hemagglutination for A/Texas/05/2009 and A/New York/18/2009, A/Brisbane/10/07, against which the antibodies showed neutralizing effects in the MN test, even at high concentrations (>20 μg/ml).
In order to examine the mechanism of action of the neutralizing antibody, the inhibitory effect of the antibody against another function (membrane fusion ability) of HA was examined. When HA is exposed to a low-pH environment after the virus entered cells by endocytosis, it functions to induce the membrane fusion between the endosome and envelope of the virus so that the genome of the virus can penetrate the cells. In order to reproduce this function in vitro, CHO cell lines expressing the HA of A/CA/04/09 (H1N1), A/Japan/305-11957 (H2N2), A/Brisbane/10/07 (H3N2) or A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) were developed and used in a test. When each of the cell lines is exposed to low pH, the cell membranes are fused to form syncytia. Specifically, each of the cell lines was seeded into a 6-well plate at a density of 1×105 cells per well, and 10% FBS-containing DMEM/F12 medium was added to each well, followed by incubation in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator at 37° C. for 2 days. Next, the cells were washed with PBS and incubated in FBS-free DMEM/F12 medium for 30 minutes, after which the cells were treated with 4 μg/ml of TPCK-Trypsin for 5 minutes to activate HA. Next, the medium was replaced with 10% FBS-containing DMEM/F12 medium, followed by incubation for 20 minutes. The cells were treated with 20 μg/ml of each of the neutralizing antibodies, and then incubated in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator at 37° C. for 1 hour. The incubated cells were washed with PBS, and then treated with low-pH buffer (150 mM NaCl, 10 mM Hepes, pH 5.0) for 6 minutes. Next, the medium was replaced with 10% FBS-containing DMEM/F12 medium, followed by incubation for 1 hour. Next, the cells were washed with PBS, fixed with methanol, and then stained with trypan blue, and the degree of membrane fusion of the cells was observed with a microscope. As a result, it was shown that CT120 inhibited the membrane fusion of the CHO cell line expressing the HA of A/CA/04/09 (H1N1), A/Japan/305-11957 (H2N2) or A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1), and CT149 inhibited the membrane fusion of the cell line expressing the HA of A/CA/04/09 (H1N1), A/Brisbane/10/07 (H3N2) or A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) (
Thus, the results of Examples 5 and 6 indicated that the antibodies of the present invention exhibit neutralizing effects against viruses according to the mechanism by which they bind to HA to inhibit membrane fusion.
To measure the antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) of the antibody, a calcein-AM release assay was used.
Calcein-AM was added to a CHO K1 cell line expressing the HA of influenza H1N1 (A/California/04/2009) in order to use the cell line as target cells. The target cells having calcein-AM added thereto were treated with varying concentrations of each of CT120, CT149 and the negative control CT-P6 (anti-Her2 antibody), and then treated with effector cells. After incubating the plate at 37° C. for 4 hours, the plate was centrifuged, and the supernatant was transferred to an opaque plate, followed by measurement of fluorescence. Percent (%) cytotoxicity at each antibody concentration was calculated using maximal release (MR) and spontaneous release (SR).
As shown in
Complement dependent cell cytotoxicity (CDC) was measured using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) in which absorbance increases in proportion to the number of viable cells.
Specifically, a CHO K1 cell line expressing the HA of influenza H1N1 (A/California/04/2009) was attached to a plate and used as target cells. The target cells were treated with varying concentrations of each of CT120, CT149 and the negative control CT-P6, and then treated with human serum as the source of complement. The plate was incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours, and then treated with CCK-8 and incubated overnight, after which the absorbance of the plate was measured. Percent (%) cytotoxicity at each antibody concentration was calculated using the maximum absorbance and minimum absorbance of the test system.
As shown in
In order to make a CT149 antibody having mouse Fc, five mouse IgG1 sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. L27437.1, L35037.1, AB097849.1, Q724328.1 and M745099.1) in the NCBI database were compared to one another, and the constant region sequence of AB097849.1 having the highest identity to other sequences was selected as the mouse IgG1 constant region. As the mouse IgG2a constant region, the constant region sequence of X70423.1 was optionally selected, because two mouse IgG2a sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. X70423.1 and AB097847.1) in the NCBI database had the same amino acid sequence, even though there was a difference of 1 bp between the two sequences. In addition, four mouse kappa sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. U65535.1, BCO28540.1, BC094013.1 and BC002112.1) in the NCBI database were compared to one another, and as a result, the kappa sequences were found to be identical to one another.
The selected mouse IgG1 and IgG2a constant regions were synthesized, a chimeric IgG1 heavy-chain having a human variable region and a mouse constant region was obtained by overlapping PCR with the human variable region of CT149. To obtain a mouse light-chain, a kappa constant region from hybridoma RNA was obtained by RT-PCR, and then a chimeric light-chain (kappa) having a human variable region and a mouse constant region was obtained by overlapping PCR. It was found that the sequences of the obtained heavy-chain and light-chain were identical to the sequences in the NCBI database.
The prepared chimeric antibody genes were cloned into expression vectors (constructed by Celltrion Inc.) which were then introduced into CHOK1 cells. The cells were incubated in SFM4CHO medium (Hyclone, Cat. No.: SH30549.02) containing 8 ug/ml of puromycin, and stable cell lines were selected from the cells. The selected cell lines were batch-cultured to produce IgG1 form and IgG2a form antibodies having mouse Fc.
Each mouse group consisting of five mice was intranasally infected with 5 LD50 of A/Califomia/04/09 virus. At 24 hours after viral infection, 3 mg/kg of each antibody was administered to each mouse by intraperitoneal injection, and the survival rate of the mice was measured. The antibodies used in the experiment had the antigen binding site of CT149 and the human Fc or the mouse IgG1 or IgG2a Fc. In the case of mouse antibodies, IgG2a has a higher affinity for FcgR than IgG1 (Bruhn P, 2012, Blood, 119(24):5640-5649).
As a result, as shown in
In order to determine the HA-binding site of the antibody of the present invention, the amino acid sequence of an antibody fragment that binds to HA protein was analyzed by X-ray crystallography (
In order to produce a recombinant HA protein for use in X-ray diffraction analysis, the ectodomain of the HA gene of each of A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) and A/Aichi/1968 (H3N2) viruses was cloned into the baculovirus vector pAcGP67-A (BD Pharmingen). A Tricoplusia ni (High 5) cell line (Invitrogen) was infected with baculovirus (constructed using the vector) at an MOI (multiplicity of infection) of 5-10 at 28° C. for 72 hours. The expressed and secreted HA protein was purified from the collected medium by metal affinity chromatography and size exclusion gel filtration chromatography (Superdex 200 16/60 column; GE Healthcare). For crystallization, the purified HA was incubated with 3 units of thrombin at 4° C. for 18 hours to remove the C-terminal foldon/histidine tag.
Each of CT120 and CT149 antibodies was mixed with Papain (Roche REF#:10108014001) at a ratio of 100:1, and then treated with Papain at 37° C. for 1 hour, after which 20 mM IAA (Sigma:A3221) was added thereto, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 45 minutes. The medium was replaced with a buffer containing 20 mM sodium phosphate and 25 mM NaCl (pH7.0) using a HiPrep 26/10 desalting column (GE Healthcare Cat No. 17-5087-01), and then the incubated material was loaded into a Mabselect Sure column (GE Healthcare Cat No. 17-5438-03) to remove the Fc region, and the Fab fragment was concentrated to a concentration of 10 mg/ml using an Amicon ultra centrifugal filter unit (Millipore, REF#:UFC901096). The concentrated Fab fragment was further purified by size exclusion gel filtration chromatography (Superdex200 10/300 GL GE Healthcare, Cat No:17-5175-01) with PBS buffer.
The Fab fragment of CT120 was in the form of a trimer and was mixed at a ratio of 5:1 with the HA protein of A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) purified according to the method of Example 7-1, followed by crystallization, and the CT149 Fab fragment was mixed with the HA protein of A.Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) at a ratio of 5:1, followed by crystallization. The produced crystals were separated by size exclusion gel filtration chromatography (Superdex 200 10/30 column; GE Healthcare) using a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and 150 mM NaCl, and were then concentrated to 15 mg/ml and 12 mg/ml, respectively.
Initial sparse-matrix crystallization screening was carried out using a Topaz™ Free Interface Diffusion (FID) Crystallizer system (Fluidigm Corporation, San Francisco, Calif.). Preliminary crystallization conditions for the CT120 Fab-H5 complex were obtained within 24 hours in several conditions containing the precipitant, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6,000. Through optimization, conditions capable of making a crystal that can be analyzed by diffraction analysis were established. Finally, crystals were grown at 23° C. using the hanging drop vapor diffusion crystallization by mixing 1.0 μL of the CT120/H5 complex with the same volume of 10% PEG 6,000, 100 mM Na cacodylate (pH 6.5) and 400 mM Na formate. A diffraction data set for the CT120 Fab-H5 complex was collected at 4.0 Å resolution at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) SER CAT 22-ID beamline CT120 Fab-H5 was crystallized in the p1 primitive triclinic space group.
Preliminary crystallization conditions for the CT149 Fab-H3 complex were obtained within 24 hours in several conditions containing the precipitant, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3,000. Through optimization, conditions capable of making a crystal that can be analyzed by diffraction analysis were established. Finally, crystals were grown at 23° C. using the hanging drop vapor diffusion crystallization by mixing 1.0 μL of the CT149 Fab-H3 complex with the same volume of 20% PEG 3,000 and 100 mM Na citrate (pH 5.5). A diffraction data set for the CT149 Fab-H3 complex was collected at 3.5 Å resolution at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) SER CAT 22-ID beamline. CT149 Fab-H3 was crystallized in the p31 primitive trigonal space group.
Data collection and refinement statistics are presented in Table 6 below. Data were processed and scaled using HKL2000 and Denzo program. The structures of the CT120 Fab-HA3 complex and the CT149 Fab-HA3 complex were solved by molecular replacement using Phaser program. The solution obtained by molecular replacement was subjected to rigid body and restrained refinement using REFMAC5 program, and model building was performed using Coot. 2Fo-Fc electron density was well defined throughout the model, and restrained refinement of the structure was completed in REFMAC5.
Residues were numbered in the HA region of the two complexes according to the complete HA1 and HA2 subunits. Structural validation was carried out using Procheck and the RCSB PDB validation server. The connectivity and nomenclature of carbohydrate moieties was validated using PDBCARE (Glycosciences.de) site. Model manipulations, RMSD calculations and distance measurements were carried out using Coot and Pymol. Solvent accessible surface area calculations were carried out using PISA and Protorp.
In order to determine the binding site of the CT149 antibody of the present invention, on the HA of the H7 subtype (H7N9, A/Anhui/1/2013), the amino acid sequence of HA protein where an antibody fragment binds to was analyzed by X-ray crystallography (
The surface plasmon resonance assay (Biacore, Inc.) determines the binding affinity of antibodies with kinetic measurements of on-rate and off-rate constants.
Binding of CT120 and CT149 antibodies to a purified recombinant influenza HA protein was determined by surface plasmon resonance-based measurements with a Biacore T200 (GE Healthcare) using running buffer HBS-EPB (10 mM HEPES [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.1 mg/ml BSA and 0.005% surfactant P20) at 25° C. Approximately 5000 RU of anti-6× his tag antibody diluted in 10 mM sodium acetate (pH 5.0) was directly immobilized across a CM5 research grade biosensor chip using a standard amine coupling kit according to manufacturer's instructions and procedures at 1 μg/ml. Unreacted moieties on the biosensor surface were blocked with ethanolamine. For kinetic analysis, Biacore T200 control software and Biacore T200 Evaluation software were used. CT120 and CT149 antibodies were diluted in HBS-EP buffer. A recombinant influenza HA protein to be captured as a ligate was injected over reaction matrices at a flow rate of 10 μl/min. During the assay, all measurements were referenced against the capture surface having no captured recombinant influenza HA. The association and dissociation rate constants, Ka (M−1 s−1) and Kd (s−1) were determined at a flow rate of 30 μl/min Rate constants were derived by making kinetic binding measurements at different antigen concentrations ranging from 1.23-100 nM, as a 3-fold dilution series, and included buffer-only injection in order to be used for double referencing. The equilibrium dissociation constant KD (M) of the interaction between antibodies and the target antigen was then calculated from the kinetic rate constants by the following formula: KD=Kd/Ka. Binding is recorded as a function of time and kinetic rate constants are calculated.
The binding affinities of CT120 and CT149 for the purified recombinant HA of various influenza viruses were determined (Tables 8 to 18). CT120 showed a higher affinity for H1 than CT149, but has no affinity for H3. CT149 generally showed high affinities for H3 depending the strain of virus. Both CT120 and CT149 showed high affinities for H5. For H7, CT120 showed no affinity, but CT149 showed high affinity.
The binding affinity of antibodies for HA was analyzed by a CELISA assay using a cell line expressing the H1, H3 or H5 HA. To obtain the H1 expressing cell line, a gene was synthesized using the genetic information of the HA of A/CA/04/09 virus, and then subcloned into an expression vector which was then transfected into a CHO-K1 cell line, after which the H1 expressing cell line was selected. The H3 expressing cell line was obtained using the genetic information of the HA of A/Brisbane/10/07 virus. The H5 expressing cell line was obtained using the genetic information of the HA of A/Vietnam/1203/04 virus. Each of the HA expressing cell lines was cultured in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator at 37° C. using 10% FBS-containing DMEM medium. The cultured cell line was detached from the culture bottle by treating trypsin, and centrifuged after adding culture medium to neutralize the trypsin and then, diluted in culture medium at a concentration of 2×105 cells/ml. 100 μl of the diluted cells were added to each well of a 96-well plate and cultured in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator 37° C. for 18 hours so as to be attached to the 96-well plate. After culture, each well was washed twice with 200 μl of cold PBS, and then 150 μl of 3.7% formaldehyde solution was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes to fix the cells. Each well was washed three times with 200 μl of PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20, and then blocked with 200 μl of dilution buffer (TEKNOVA, Cat. No. D5120) at room temperature for 60 minutes. The concentration (ug/ml) of each antibody sample (CT120 or CT149) was serially diluted 4-fold with dilution buffer, and then 100 μl of the antibody sample was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 60 minutes. Each well was washed three times with 200 μl of 0.05% Tween 20-containing PBS buffer, and then 100 μl of a 1:1000 dilution of a HRP-conjugated anti-human kappa chain antibody was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 40 minutes. Each well was washed three times with 200 μl of 0.05% Tween 20-containing PBS buffer, and then 100 μl of TMB buffer (Sigma, Cat. No. T0440) was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 6 minutes. Next, 100 μl of 1 N sulfuric acid was added to each well to stop the incubation, and the absorbance at 450 nm was measured.
As a result, CT120 and CT149 did bind to the cell lines expressing the HAs of H1 and H5, respectively, and CT-P27 obtained by mixing CT120 and CT149 at a ratio of 1:1 showed a binding affinity similar to that of each of CT120 and CT149 (
CT120 and CT149 were mixed with each other at a ratio of 1:1, and the mixture was named “CT-P27”. The EC50 values of the antibody for various influenza virus subtypes were measured using a modification of the microneutralization test described in Example 4. To measure the EC50 values, antibodies were adjusted to an initial concentration of 800-6400 μg/ml, and then serially diluted four-fold to prepare infectious viruses. The absorbance at OD450 of each well was measured, and the basis value obtained for the well introduced only with medium was restricted, after which a 4-parameter graph as a function of concentration was plotted using Sigma plot program, and the concentration corresponding to 50% of the maximum absorbance at OD450 was calculated, thereby determining EC50 values.
EC50 is the antibody concentration that shows 50% of the maximal neutralizing activity of the antibody against virus, and a lower EC50 value indicates the higher neutralizing activity of the antibody.
As a result, each of CT120 and CT149 showed similar neutralizing abilities against viruses against which they originally showed neutralizing activities, and a mixture of the two antibodies showed effective neutralizing ability without interference with the two antibodies. Thus, the use of the mixture of CT120 and CT149 showed neutralizing effects against all the influenza A viruses of group 1 and group 2 (Table 19).
1Tested in Contract Lab A
2Tested in Contract Lab B
In order to examine whether administration of CT120 and CT149 antibodies alone or in a mixture shows preventive and therapeutic effects against influenza A virus in mice, the survival rate of mice was examined. Each group consisting of 5-10 mice was intranasally infected with 5-10 LD50 of influenza virus. The antibody was administered to the mice by intraperitoneal injection in an amount of 7.5, 15 30 mg/kg at 24 hours before viral infection or at 24 hours after viral infection. CT-P27 was a 1:1 mixture of CT120 and CT149 and the total amount thereof is indicated, and thus the amount of each of CT120 and CT149 in the antibody mixture was equal to half of the indicated amount.
As a result, CT-P27 maintained the effect of each of CT120 and CT149 antibodies and did not show the interference between the antibodies.
Each group consisting of 5-10 mice was intranasally infected with 5-10 LD50 of A/Califomia/04/09. The antibody was administered to the mice by intraperitoneal injection at 24 hours before viral infection or at 24 hours after viral infection, and the survival rate of the mice was measured.
As a result, as shown in
Each group consisting of 5-10 mice was intranasally infected with 10 LD50 of A/Brisbane/10/07 or 5 LD50 of A/Philippines/2/82. The antibody was administered to the mice by intraperitoneal injection at 24 hours before viral infection or at 24 hours after viral infection, and the survival rate of the mice was measured.
As a result, as shown in
Each group consisting of 5-10 mice was intranasally infected with 10 LD50 of A/Vietnam/1203/04 virus. The antibody was administered to the mice by intraperitoneal injection at 24 hours after viral infection, and the survival rate of the mice was measured.
As a result, as shown in
Each group consisting of 10 mice was intranasally infected with 106 PFU of A/Anhui/1/2013 virus. The antibody was administered to the mice by intraperitoneal injection at 24 hours after viral infection, and the survival rate of the mice was measured.
As a result, as shown in
Each group consisting of 5 mice was intranasally infected with 5 LD50 of mouse adapted A/CA/04/09 virus or 5 LD50 of A/Philippines/2/82 virus. At 24 hours after viral infection, the neuraminidase inhibitor Peramivir was administered once (×1) over five consecutive days (×5) to the mice by intraperitoneal injection. Alternatively, varying concentrations of the antibodies were administered alone or in combination with Peramivir, and the survival rate was measured.
As a result, as shown in
For A/Shanghai/2/2013 virus and A/Anhui/1/2013 virus, the abilities of CT149 (CT-P23) and CT-P27 to the infectivity of the viruses were analyzed by an in vitro neutralization assay. The analysis was performed as described in Example 4, and the results of the analysis are shown in
For A/Shanghai/1/2013 (wild type) virus and its mutant (R292K), the abilities of the antibodies to neutralize the viruses were also analyzed by an in vitro neutralization assay. The analysis was performed as described in Example 4, and the results of the analysis are shown in
CT120 (CT-P22) and CT149 (CT-P23) were mixed with each other at a ratio of 1:1, and the mixture was named “CT-P27”. The EC50 values of CT120 and CT-P27 for neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant H1N1 mutant H275Y were measured the microneutralization test described in Example 4. To measure the EC50 values, antibodies were adjusted to initial concentrations of 800 μg/ml for CT120 and 400 μg/ml for CT-P27, and then serially diluted 4-fold. The absorbance at OD450 of each well was measured, and the basis value obtained for the well introduced only with medium was restricted, after which a 4-parameter graph as a function of concentration was plotted using Sigma plot program, and the concentration corresponding to 50% of the maximum absorbance at OD450 was calculated, thereby determining EC50 values.
EC50 is the antibody concentration that shows 50% of the maximal neutralizing activity of the antibody against virus, and a lower EC50 value indicates the higher neutralizing activity of the antibody.
As a result, as shown in
As reported in the literature, similar to CT149, CR8020 antibody showing neutralizing effects against the influenza viruses of group 2 showed a low binding affinity for naturally occurring HA D19N mutants (Ekiert D C. et. al. 2011, Science 333(6044):843-50). Accordingly, a D19N mutation was artificially introduced into the HA of each of A/Wisconsin/67/05 (H3N2) and A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9), for which CT149 has binding affinity, to prepare HA-expressing CHO cell lines. Immunofluorescent staining of the cell lines was performed using CT149.
As a result, CT120 having no binding affinity did not stain the CHO cells, whereas CT149 easily stained not only the wild-type CHO cells, but also the HA-expressing CHO cells introduced with the D19N mutation (
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2013-0034041 | Mar 2013 | KR | national |
| 10-2013-0148247 | Dec 2013 | KR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/KR2014/002691 | 3/28/2014 | WO | 00 |
