Patent Grant
RE48345
This application is a reissue application based on U.S. application Ser. No. 13/535,454 filed on Jun. 28, 2012, which previously issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,809,293 on Aug. 19, 2014, and claims foreign priority to EP Application No. 11172235 filed on Jun. 30, 2011.
This invention relates to double-stranded ribonucleic acids (dsRNAs), and their use in mediating RNA interference to inhibit the expression of genes, necessary for replication and pathogenesis of Hepatitis B Virus, in particular in the inhibition of viral polymerase, surface antigen, e-antigen and the X protein. Furthermore, the use of said dsRNAs to treat or prevent chronic liver diseases/disorders, inflammations, fibrotic conditions and proliferative disorders, like cancers, as consequence of Hepatitis B Virus infection, is part of this invention.
The Hepatitis B Virus is a strict hepatotrophic, double-stranded DNA containing virus. Although DNA is the genetic material, the replication cycle involves a reverse transcription step to copy a pregenomic RNA into DNA. In order to accomplish this essential step, the viral-encoded polymerase possesses reverse transcriptase activity. Hepatitis B virus is classified as one member of the Hepadnaviruses and belongs to the family of Hepadnaviridae. The primary infection of adult humans with Hepatitis B Virus causes an acute hepatitis with symptoms of organ inflammation, fever, jaundice and increased liver transaminases in blood. About 95% of acute hepatitis resolve without treatment. Those patients, that are not able to overcome the virus infection, suffer a chronic disease progression over many years with increased risk of developing cirrhotic liver or liver cancer. Perinatal transmission from Hepatitis B virus-infected mothers to newborns also leads to chronic hepatitis. The treatment options for chronic Hepatitis B Virus infection are limited and lead only in some cases to complete and lasting remission. Additional clinical and therapeutical complications arise in Hepatitis B Virus patients co-infected with Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D or Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
The Hepatitis B Virus is transmitted via blood or blood products, sperm, vaginal secrets, or saliva. Drug abuse and sexual intercourse are dangerous activities and support spreading the virus. Contact of damaged, mucoid epithelia with contaminated body fluids may be sufficient for infection. Incubation time is between 40 to 200 days. The risk for infection is proportional to the number of transmitted Hepatitis B Virus particles. Babies are often infected perinatally by their Hepatitis B Virus carrying mother, a major health problem in endemic areas.
About 2 billion people are infected with Hepatitis B Virus and 400 million are chronic carriers. Areas with high prevalence are Africa and South-East Asia, with local accumulation of 20-80% infected persons.
Based on sequence homology, Hepatitis B Viruses are classified into genotypes A-H, with genotypes A-D being the most important ones. Genotype A is frequent in North-Western Europe, USA, South and Central America. Genotype B and C are dominant in China, Japan, Indonesia and other countries in East Asia. Genotype D is found in Southern Europe, Northern Africa and South Africa. Disease progression and response to pharmaceutical treatment differ among genotypes.
Infectious Hepatitis B Virus particles have a diameter of about 42 nm. The outer membrane bilayer contains the large, middle and small surface protein. The cognate hepatocellular receptor for virus surface protein binding and internalization is unknown. Many copies of core protein form a spherical nucleocapsid structure inside the virus particle. Each nucleocapsid carries partial double-stranded DNA as genetic material, together with viral polymerase.
Upon uptake by hepatocytes, the nucleocapsid is transferred to the nucleus and DNA is released. There, the DNA strand synthesis is completed and gaps repaired to give the covalently closed circular (ccc) supercoiled DNA of 3.2 kb. The cccDNA serves as template for transcription of four major viral mRNAs, which are 3.5, 2.4, 2.1 and 0.7 kb long. All mRNAs are 5′-capped and polyadenylated at the 3′-end. There is sequence overlap at the 3′-end between all four mRNAs.
The 3.5 kb mRNA serves as template for core protein and polymerase production. In addition, the same transcript serves as a pre-genomic replication intermediate and allows the viral polymerase to initiate the reverse transcription into DNA. Core protein is needed for nucleocapsid formation. In addition, sequential processing activities transforms some core protein into the secretable e-antigen. The abundance of e-antigen in blood correlates with Hepatitis B Virus replication in liver and serves as important diagnostic marker for monitoring the disease progression.
The 2.4 and 2.1 kb mRNAs carry the open reading frames pre-S1, pre-S2 and S2 for expression of viral large, medium and small surface antigen. The s-antigen is associated with infectious, complete particles. In addition, blood of infected patients also contain non-infectious particles derived from s-antigen alone, free of genomic DNA or polymerase. The function of these particles is not fully understood. The complete and lasting depletion of detectable s-antigen in blood is considered as reliable indicator for Hepatitis B Virus clearance and thus, successful cure.
The 0.7 kb mRNA encodes the X protein. This gene product is important for efficient transcription of viral genes and also acts as a transactivator on host gene expression. The latter activity seems to be important for hepatocyte transformation during development of liver cancer.
Recombinant Hepatitis B Virus s-antigen is used for vaccination. The injection of three doses of formulated s-antigen at day 1, at 4 weeks and at 6 months usually induces a sufficient titer of neutralizing antibodies. Vaccinated patients are protected for 10 years or longer. However, the vaccines are no substitute for therapy.
Patients with acute Hepatitis B Virus infection are not treated due to the high, natural remission rate. However, those patients with detectable s-antigen, e-antigen or viral DNA in the blood for more than 6 months are considered chronically infected. Nucleoside analogs as inhibitors of reverse transcriptase activity are the first treatment option for many patients. Lamivudine, Tenofovir, or Entecavir suppress Hepatitis B Virus replication, sometimes to undetectable levels. Improvement of liver function and reduction of liver inflammation are the most important benefits. However, only few patients achieve complete and lasting remission after the end of treatment. Furthermore, the Hepatitis B Virus develops drug resistance with increasing duration of treatment. This is especially difficult for patients co-infected with Hepatitis B and Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Both viruses are susceptible to nucleoside analogue drugs and may co-develop resistance.
The second treatment option is the administration of interferon-alpha. Here, patients receive high doses of interferon-alpha over a period of 6 months. Depending on the virus genotype, up to 50% of chronic infection are curable. However, the Asian genotype B gives very poor response rates. Co-infection with Hepatitis D or Human Immunodeficiency Virus renders interferon-alpha therapy completely ineffective. Patients with strong liver damage and heavy fibrotic conditions are not qualified for interferon-alpha therapy.
Despite significant advances in the field of Hepatitis B Virus treatment, there remains a need for an agent that can selectively and efficiently silence the gene expression of the virus, blocks replication and subsequently reduces viral burden in chronically infected patients.
Double-stranded RNA molecules (dsRNA) have been shown to block gene expression in a highly conserved regulatory mechanism known as RNA interference (RNAi). The invention provides double-stranded ribonucleic acid molecules (dsRNAs), as well as compositions and methods for inhibiting the expression of the Hepatitis B Virus gene, in particular the expression of the Hepatitis B Virus gene, in a cell, tissue or mammal using such dsRNA. The invention also provides compositions and methods for treating or preventing pathological conditions and diseases caused by the infection of the Hepatitis B Virus such as in chronic liver diseases/disorders, inflammations, fibrotic conditions and proliferative disorders, like cancers.
The invention provides double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) molecules able to selectively and efficiently decrease the expression of Hepatitis B Virus gene. The use of Hepatitis B Virus RNAi provides a method for the therapeutic and/or prophylactic treatment of diseases/disorders which are associated with chronic liver diseases/disorders, inflammations, fibrotic conditions and proliferative disorders, like cancers, such method comprises administration of dsRNA targeting Hepatitis B Virus to a human being or animal. In one preferred embodiment the described dsRNA molecule is capable of inhibiting the expression of a Hepatitis B Virus gene by at least 60%, preferably by at least 70%, most preferably by at least 80%.
In one embodiment, the invention provides double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) molecules for inhibiting the expression of a Hepatitis B Virus gene, in particular the expression of the genes related to replication or pathogenesis of Hepatitis B Virus. The dsRNA comprises at least two sequences that are complementary to each other. The dsRNA comprises a sense strand comprising a first sequence and an antisense strand comprising a second sequence, see sequences provided in the sequence listing and also the specific dsRNA pairs in the appended Table 1 and Table 2. In one embodiment the sense strand comprises a sequence which has an identity of at least 90% to at least a portion of an Hepatitis B Virus mRNA. Said sequence is located in a region of complementarity of the sense strand to the antisense strand, preferably within nucleotides 2-7 of the 5′ terminus of the antisense strand. In one preferred embodiment the dsRNA specifically targets the Hepatitis B Virus gene that encodes core protein, viral polymerase, surface antigen, e-antigen or the X protein. Furthermore, it is preferred that the dsRNA specifically targets a consensus sequence which has a highly conserved nucleic acid sequence among the Hepatitis B Virus genomic sequences of genotype A, B, C and D. Preferably, the consensus sequence is at least 13 contiguous nucleotides in length, more preferably at least 17 contiguous nucleotides, and most preferably at least 19 contiguous nucleotides. Preferred highly conserved nucleic acid sequences are listed in Table 5.
In one embodiment, the antisense strand comprises a nucleotide sequence which is substantially complementary to at least part of an mRNA encoding said Hepatitis B Virus gene, and the region of complementarity is most preferably less than 30 nucleotides in length. Furthermore, it is preferred that the length of the herein described inventive dsRNA molecules (duplex length) is in the range of about 16 to 30 nucleotides, in particular in the range of about 18 to 28 nucleotides. Particularly useful in context of this invention are duplex lengths of about 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 nucleotides. Most preferred are duplex stretches of 19, 21 or 23 nucleotides. The dsRNA, upon delivery to a cell infected by a Hepatitis B Virus, inhibits the expression of a Hepatitis B Virus gene in vitro by at least 60%, preferably by at least 70%, and most preferably by 80%.
Appended Table 1 relates to preferred molecules to be used as dsRNA in accordance with this invention. Also modified dsRNA molecules are provided herein and are in particular disclosed in appended Table 2, providing illustrative examples of modified dsRNA molecules of the present invention. As pointed out herein above, Table 2 provides for illustrative examples of modified dsRNAs of this invention (whereby the corresponding sense strand and antisense strand is provided in this Table). The relation of the unmodified preferred molecules shown in Table 1 to the modified dsRNAs of Table 2 is illustrated in Table 4. Yet, the illustrative modifications of these constituents of the inventive dsRNAs are provided herein as examples of modifications.
Table 3 provides for selective biological, clinical and pharmaceutical relevant parameters of certain dsRNA molecules of this invention.
Some of the preferred dsRNA molecules are provided in the appended Table 1 and, inter alia and preferably, wherein the sense strand is selected from the group consisting of the nucleic acid sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 26. The antisense strand is selected from the group consisting of the nucleic acid sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, and 186. Accordingly, the inventive dsRNA molecule may, inter alia, comprise the sequence pairs selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1/157, 2/158, 3/160, 4/161, 5/162, 6/163, 7/164, and 26/186. In the context of specific dsRNA molecules provided herein, pairs of SEQ ID NOs relate to corresponding sense and antisense strands sequences (5′ to 3′) as also shown in the Tables.
In one embodiment the dsRNA molecules comprise an antisense strand with a 3′ overhang of 1-5 nucleotides in length, preferably 1-2 nucleotides in length. Preferably said overhang of the antisense strand comprises uracil or nucleotides which are complementary to the mRNA encoding a protein necessary for replication or pathogenesis of Hepatitis B Virus, in particular core protein, viral polymerase, surface antigen, e-antigen and X protein. In another preferred embodiment, said dsRNA molecules comprise a sense strand with a 3′ overhang of 1-5 nucleotides in length, preferably 1-2 nucleotides in length. Preferably said overhang of the sense strand comprises uracil or nucleotides which are identical to the mRNA encoding a protein necessary for replication or (pathogenesis of Hepatitis B Virus.
In another preferred embodiment, the dsRNA molecules comprise a sense strand with a 3′ overhang of 1-5 nucleotides in length, preferably 1-2 nucleotides in length, and an antisense strand with a 3′ overhang of 1-5 nucleotides in length, preferably 1-2 nucleotides in length. Preferably said overhang of the sense strand comprises uracil or nucleotides which are at least 90% identical to the pregenomic RNA and/or the mRNA encoding the protein necessary for replication or pathogenesis of Hepatitis B Virus and said overhang of the antisense strand comprises uracil or nucleotides which are at least 90% complementary to the mRNA encoding the protein necessary for replication or pathogenesis of Hepatitis B Virus.
The dsRNA molecules of the invention may be comprised of naturally occurring nucleotides or may be comprised of at least one modified nucleotide, such as a 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotide, inverted deoxythymidine, a nucleotide comprising a 5′-phosphorothioate group, and a terminal nucleotide linked to a cholesteryl derivative or dodecanoic acid bisdecylamide group. 2′ modified nucleotides may have the additional advantage that certain immunostimulatory factors or cytokines are suppressed when the inventive dsRNA molecules are employed in vivo, for example in a medical setting. Alternatively and non-limiting, the modified nucleotide may be chosen from the group of: a 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro modified nucleotide, a 2′-deoxy-modified nucleotide, a locked nucleotide, an abasic nucleotide, 2′-amino-modified nucleotide, 2′-alkyl-modified nucleotide, morpholino nucleotide, a phosphoramidate, and a non-natural base comprising nucleotide. In one preferred embodiment the dsRNA molecules comprises at least one of the following modified nucleotides: a 2′-β-methyl modified nucleotide, a nucleotide comprising a 5′-phosphorothioate group and a deoxythymidine. Preferred dsRNA molecules comprising modified nucleotides are given in Table 2. In another preferred embodiment one of those deoxythymidine nucleotides at the 3′ of both strand is an inverted deoxythymidine.
In a preferred embodiment the inventive dsRNA molecules comprise modified nucleotides as detailed in the sequences given in Table 2. In one preferred embodiment the inventive dsRNA molecule comprises sequence pairs selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1/157, 2/158, 3/160, 4/161, 5/162, 6/163, 7/164, and 26/186, and comprises overhangs at the antisense and/or sense strand of 1-2 deoxythymidines. In one preferred embodiment the inventive dsRNA molecule comprises sequence pairs selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1/157, 2/158, 3/160, 4/161, 5/162, 6/163, 7/164, and 26/186, and comprise modifications as detailed in Table 2. Preferred dsRNA molecules comprising modified nucleotides are listed in Table 2-4, with the most preferred dsRNA molecules depicted in SEQ ID Nos: 321/485, 322/486, 324/488, 325/489, 326/490, 327/491, 328/492, and 350/514.
In another embodiment, the inventive dsRNAs comprise modified nucleotides on positions different from those disclosed in Table 2. In one preferred embodiment two deoxythymidine nucleotides are found at the 3′ of both strands of the dsRNA molecule. Preferably said deoxythymidine nucleotides form an overhang.
In one embodiment the dsRNA molecules of the invention comprise a sense and an antisense strand wherein both strands have a half-life of at least 0.9 h. In one preferred embodiment the dsRNA molecules of the invention comprise a sense and an antisense strand wherein both strands have a half-life of at least 48 h, preferably in human serum.
In another embodiment, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a sense strand and/or an antisense strand comprised in the dsRNAs as defined herein are provided.
The invention also provides for cells comprising at least one of the dsRNAs of the invention. The cell is preferably a mammalian cell, such as a human cell. Furthermore, tissues and/or non-human organisms comprising the herein defined dsRNA molecules are an embodiment of this invention, whereby said non-human organisms are particularly useful for research purposes or as research tools, for example in drug testing.
Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for inhibiting the expression of a Hepatitis B Virus gene, in particular a Hepatitis B Virus gene that encodes core protein, viral polymerase, surface antigen, e-antigen or the X protein, in a cell, tissue or organism comprising the following steps:
The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one kind of the inventive dsRNAs. These pharmaceutical compositions are particularly useful in the inhibition of the expression of a Hepatitis B Virus gene in a cell, a tissue or an organism.
Preferably said at least one kind of the inventive double-stranded ribonucleic acid molecules target the region of a pregenomic RNA and/or a mRNA encoding a protein necessary for replication or pathogenesis of Hepatitis B Virus gene. More preferably said target region of the inventive double-stranded ribonucleic acid molecules comprises a consensus sequence which is highly conserved among the Hepatitis B Virus genomic sequences of genotype A, B, C and D, and said consensus sequence is at least 13 contiguous nucleotides in length, preferably at least 17 contiguous nucleotides, most preferably at least 19 contiguous nucleotides. Preferred highly conserved nucleic acid sequences are listed in Table 5. The pharmaceutical compositions may be used to treat patients who are infected with any genotype of Hepatitis B Virus or co-infected with different genotypes of Hepatitis B Virus.
In case the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least two kinds of inventive double-stranded ribonucleic acid molecules, it is preferable that the targets of said double-stranded ribonucleic acid molecules are different from each other. The inventive pharmaceutical compositions may be used to treat the patients and to prevent the Hepatitis B Virus from developing resistance to the pharmaceutical compositions. In a preferred embodiment the inventive pharmaceutical compositions comprise the combination of dsRNA molecules as detailed in the sequences given in Table 7. In one preferred embodiment the inventive pharmaceutical compositions comprise combinations of dsRNA pairs selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 322/486 and 333/497, 322/486 and 346/510, 322/486 and 330/494, and, 322/486 and 324/488.
The pharmaceutical compositions described above may also comprise (a) pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s), diluent(s) and/or excipient(s).
In another embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating, preventing or managing chronic liver diseases/disorders, inflammations, fibrotic conditions and/or proliferative disorders like cancers which are associated with Hepatitis B Virus, said method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment, prevention or management a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the dsRNAs of the invention. Preferably, said subject is a mammal, most preferably a human patient.
In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating a subject having a pathological condition mediated by the infection of a Hepatitis B Virus. Such conditions comprise disorders associated with chronic liver diseases/disorders, inflammations, fibrotic conditions and/or proliferative disorders like cancers, as described above. In this embodiment, the dsRNA acts as a therapeutic agent for controlling the expression of a Hepatitis B Virus gene. The method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition of the invention to the patient (e.g., human), such that expression of a Hepatitis B Virus gene is silenced. Because of their high specificity, the dsRNAs of the invention specifically target mRNAs of a Hepatitis B Virus gene. In one preferred embodiment the described dsRNAs specifically decrease Hepatitis B Virus mRNA levels and do not directly affect the expression and/or mRNA levels of off-target genes in the cell.
In one preferred embodiment the described dsRNA decrease Hepatitis B Virus mRNA levels in the liver by at least 60%, preferably by at least 70%, most preferably by at least 80% in vivo. in another embodiment the described dsRNAs decrease Hepatitis B Virus mRNA levels in vivo for at least 4 days. In another preferred embodiment, the dsRNAs of the invention are used for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of chronic liver diseases/disorders, inflammations, fibrotic conditions and proliferative disorders like cancers. Such diseases to be treated with said pharmaceutical composition comprise but are not limited to: chronic hepatitis (CH), hepatic cirrhosis (HC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
In another embodiment, the invention provides vectors for inhibiting the expression of a Hepatitis B Virus gene in a cell, in particular a Hepatitis B Virus gene comprising a regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes at least one strand of the dsRNA molecules of the invention.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a cell comprising a vector for inhibiting the expression of a Hepatitis B Virus gene in a cell. Said vector comprises a regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes at least one strand of the dsRNA molecule of the invention. Yet, it is preferred that said vector comprises, besides said regulatory sequence a sequence that encodes at least one “sense strand” of the inventive dsRNA and at least one “antisense strand” of said dsRNA. It is also envisaged that the claimed cell comprises two or more vectors comprising, besides said regulatory sequences, the herein defined sequence(s) that encode(s) at least one strand of the dsRNA molecules of the invention.
In one embodiment, the method comprises administering a composition comprising a dsRNA, wherein the dsRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to at least a part of an RNA transcript of a Hepatitis B Virus gene of the mammal to be treated. As pointed out above, also vectors and cells comprising nucleic acid molecules that encode for at least one strand of the herein defined dsRNA molecules can be used as pharmaceutical compositions and may, therefore, also be employed in the herein disclosed methods of treating a subject in need of medical intervention. It is also of note that these embodiments relating to pharmaceutical compositions and to corresponding methods of treating a (human) subject also relate to approaches like gene therapy approaches.
Hepatitis B Virus specific dsRNA molecules as provided herein or nucleic acid molecules encoding individual strands of these inventive dsRNA molecules may also be inserted into vectors and used as gene therapy vectors for human patients. Gene therapy vectors can be delivered to a subject by, for example, intravenous injection, local administration (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,470) or by stereotactic injection (see e.g., Chen et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91:3054-3057). The pharmaceutical preparation of the gene therapy vector can include the gene therapy vector in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded. Alternatively, where the complete gene delivery vector can be produced intact from recombinant cells, e.g., retroviral vectors, the pharmaceutical preparation can include one or more cells which produce the gene delivery system.
In another aspect of the invention, Hepatitis B Virus specific dsRNA molecules that modulate Hepatitis B Virus gene expression activity are expressed from transcription units inserted into DNA or RNA vectors (see, e.g., Skillern A et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 00/22113). These transgenes can be introduced as a linear construct, a circular plasmid, or a viral vector, which can be incorporated and inherited as a transgene integrated into the host genome. The transgene can also be constructed to permit it to be inherited as an extrachromosomal plasmid (Gassmann et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92:1292).
The individual strands of a dsRNA can be transcribed by promoters on two separate expression vectors and co-transfected into a target cell. Alternatively each individual strand of the dsRNA can be transcribed by promoters both of which are located on the same expression plasmid. In a preferred embodiment, a dsRNA is expressed as an inverted repeat joined by a linker polynucleotide sequence such that the dsRNA has a stem and loop structure.
The recombinant dsRNA expression vectors are preferably DNA plasmids or viral vectors. dsRNA expressing viral vectors can be constructed based on, but not limited to, adeno-associated virus (for a review, see Muzyczka et al., Curr. Topics Micro. Immunol. (1992) 158:97-129); adenovirus (see, for example, Berkner et al., BioTechniques (1998) 6:616; Rosenfeld et al. Science (1991) 252:431-434; and Rosenfeld et al. Cell (1992) 68:143-155); or alphavirus as well as others known in the art. Retroviruses have been used to introduce a variety of genes into many different cell types, including epithelial cells, in vitro and/or in vivo (see, e.g., Danos and Mulligan, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 85:6460-6464). Recombinant retroviral vectors capable of transducing and expressing genes inserted into the genome of a cell can be produced by transfecting the recombinant retro-viral genome into suitable packaging cell lines such as PA317 and Psi-CRIP (Comette et al., Human Gene Therapy (1991) 2:5-10; Cone et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1984) 81:6349). Recombinant adenoviral vectors can be used to infect a wide variety of cells and tissues in susceptible hosts (e.g., rat, hamster, dog, and chimpanzee) (Hsu et al., J. Infectious Disease, (1992) 166:769), and also have the advantage of not requiring mitotically active cells for infection.
The promoter driving dsRNA expression in either a DNA plasmid or viral vector of the invention may be a eukaryotic RNA polymerase I (e.g. ribosomal RNA promoter), RNA polymerase II (e.g. CMV early promoter or actin promoter or U1 snRNA promoter) or preferably RNA polymerase III promoter (e.g. U6 snRNA or 7SK RNA promoter) or a prokaryotic promoter, for example the T7 promoter, provided the expression plasmid also encodes T7 RNA polymerase required for transcription from a T7 promoter. The promoter can also direct transgene expression to the pancreas (see, e.g. the insulin regulatory sequence for pancreas (Bucchini et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1986) 83:2511-2515).
In addition, expression of the transgene can be precisely regulated, for example, by using an inducible regulatory sequence and expression systems such as a regulatory sequence that is sensitive to certain physiological regulators, e.g., circulating glucose levels, or hormones (Docherty et al., FASEB J. (1994) 8:20-24). Such inducible expression systems, suitable for the control of transgene expression in cells or in mammals include regulation by ecdysone, by estrogen, progesterone, tetracycline, chemical inducers of dimerization, and isopropyl-beta-D1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). A person skilled in the art would be able to choose the appropriate regulatory/promoter sequence based on the intended use of the dsRNA transgene.
Preferably, recombinant vectors capable of expressing dsRNA molecules are delivered as described below, and persist in target cells. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used that provide for transient expression of dsRNA molecules. Such vectors can be repeatedly administered as necessary. Once expressed, the dsRNAs bind to target RNA and modulate its function or expression. Delivery of dsRNA expressing vectors can be systemic, such as by intravenous or intramuscular administration, by administration to target cells ex-planted from the patient followed by reintroduction into the patient, or by any other means that allows for introduction into a desired target cell.
dsRNA expression DNA plasmids are typically transfected into target cells as a complex with cationic lipid carriers (e.g. Oligofectamine) or non-cationic lipid-based carriers (e.g. Transit-TKO™). Multiple lipid transfections for dsRNA-mediated knockdowns targeting different regions of a single Hepatitis B Virus gene or multiple Hepatitis B Virus genes over a period of a week or more are also contemplated by the invention. Successful introduction of the vectors of the invention into host cells can be monitored using various known methods. For example, transient transfection can be signaled with a reporter, such as a fluorescent marker, such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Stable transfection of ex vivo cells can be ensured using markers that provide the transfected cell with resistance to specific environmental factors (e.g., antibiotics and drugs), such as hygromycin B resistance.
The following detailed description discloses how to make and use the dsRNA and compositions containing dsRNA to inhibit the expression of a target Hepatitis B Virus gene, as well as compositions and methods for treating diseases and disorders caused by the infection of said Hepatitis B Virus.
For convenience, the meaning of certain terms and phrases used in the specification, examples, and appended claims, are provided below. If there is an apparent discrepancy between the usage of a term in other parts of this specification and its definition provided in this section, the definition in this section shall prevail.
“G,” “C,” “A”, “U” and “T” or “dT” respectively, each generally stand for a nucleotide that contains guanine, cytosine, adenine, uracil and deoxythymidine as a base, respectively. However, the term “ribonucleotide” or “nucleotide” can also refer to a modified nucleotide, as further detailed below, or a surrogate replacement moiety. Sequences comprising such replacement moieties are embodiments of the invention. As detailed below, the herein described dsRNA molecules may also comprise “overhangs”, i.e. unpaired, overhanging nucleotides which are not directly involved in the RNA double helical structure normally formed by the herein defined pair of “sense strand” and “antisense strand”. Often, such an overhanging stretch comprises the deoxythymidine nucleotide, in most embodiments, two deoxythymidines in the 3′ end. Such overhangs will be described and illustrated below.
The term “Hepatitis B Virus gene” as used herein relates to the genes necessary for replication and pathogenesis of Hepatitis B Virus, in particular to the genes that encode core protein, viral polymerase, surface antigen, e-antigen and the X protein and the genes that encode the functional fragments of the same. The term “Hepatitis B Virus gene/sequence” does not only relate to (the) wild-type sequence(s) but also to mutations and alterations which may be comprised in said gene/sequence. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the specific dsRNA molecules provided herein. The invention also relates to dsRNA molecules that comprise an antisense strand that is at least 85% complementary to the corresponding nucleotide stretch of an RNA transcript of a Hepatitis B Virus gene that comprises such mutations/alterations.
As used herein, the term “consensus sequence” refers to at least 13 contiguous nucleotides, preferably at least 17 contiguous nucleotides, most preferably at least 19 contiguous nucleotides, which is highly conserved among the Hepatitis B Virus genomic sequences of genotype A, B, C and D.
As used herein, “target sequence” refers to a contiguous portion of the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule formed during the transcription of a Hepatitis B Virus gene, including mRNA that is a product of RNA processing of a primary transcription product.
As used herein, the term “strand comprising a sequence” refers to an oligonucleotide comprising a chain of nucleotides that is described by the sequence referred to using the standard nucleotide nomenclature. However, as detailed herein, such a “strand comprising a sequence” may also comprise modifications, like modified nucleotides.
As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term “complementary,” when used to describe a first nucleotide sequence in relation to a second nucleotide sequence, refers to the ability of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide comprising the first nucleotide sequence to hybridize and form a duplex structure under certain conditions with an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide comprising the second nucleotide sequence. “Complementary” sequences, as used herein, may also include, or be formed entirely from, non-Watson-Crick base pairs and/or base pairs formed from non-natural and modified nucleotides, in as far as the above requirements with respect to their ability to hybridize are fulfilled.
Sequences referred to as “fully complementary” comprise base-pairing of the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide comprising the first nucleotide sequence to the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide comprising the second nucleotide sequence over the entire length of the first and second nucleotide sequence.
However, where a first sequence is referred to as “substantially complementary” with respect to a second sequence herein, the two sequences can be fully complementary, or they may form one or more, but preferably not more than 13 mismatched base pairs upon hybridization.
The terms “complementary”, “fully complementary” and “substantially complementary” herein may be used with respect to the base matching between the sense strand and the antisense strand of a dsRNA, or between the antisense strand of a dsRNA and a target sequence, as will be understood from the context of their use.
The term “double-stranded RNA”, “dsRNA molecule”, or “dsRNA”, as used herein, refers to a ribonucleic acid molecule, or complex of ribonucleic acid molecules, having a duplex structure comprising two anti-parallel and substantially complementary nucleic acid strands. The two strands forming the duplex structure may be different portions of one larger RNA molecule, or they may be separate RNA molecules. Where the two strands are part of one larger molecule, and therefore are connected by an uninterrupted chain of nucleotides between the 3′-end of one strand and the 5′ end of the respective other strand forming the duplex structure, the connecting RNA chain is referred to as a “hairpin loop”. Where the two strands are connected covalently by means other than an uninterrupted chain of nucleotides between the 3′-end of one strand and the 5′ end of the respective other strand forming the duplex structure, the connecting structure is referred to as a “linker”. The RNA strands may have the same or a different number of nucleotides. In addition to the duplex structure, a dsRNA may comprise one or more nucleotide overhangs. The nucleotides in said “overhangs” may comprise between 0 and 5 nucleotides, whereby “0” means no additional nucleotide(s) that form(s) an “overhang” and whereas “5” means five additional nucleotides on the individual strands of the dsRNA duplex. These optional “overhangs” are located in the 3′ end of the individual strands. As will be detailed below, also dsRNA molecules which comprise only an “overhang” in one of the two strands may be useful and even advantageous in context of this invention. The “overhang” comprises preferably between 0 and 2 nucleotides. Most preferably two “dT” (deoxythymidine) nucleotides are found at the 3′ end of both strands of the dsRNA. Also two “U” (uracil) nucleotides can be used as overhangs at the 3′ end of both strands of the dsRNA. Accordingly, a “nucleotide overhang” refers to the unpaired nucleotide or nucleotides that protrude from the duplex structure of a dsRNA when a 3′-end of one strand of the dsRNA extends beyond the 5′-end of the other strand, or vice versa. For example the antisense strand comprises 23 nucleotides and the sense strand comprises 21 nucleotides, forming a two nucleotide overhang at the 3′ end of the antisense strand. Preferably, the two nucleotide overhang is fully complementary to the mRNA of the target gene. “Blunt” or “blunt end” means that there are no unpaired nucleotides at that end of the dsRNA, i.e., no nucleotide overhang. A “blunt ended” dsRNA is a dsRNA that is double-stranded over its entire length, i.e., no nucleotide overhang at either end of the molecule.
The term “antisense strand” refers to the strand of a dsRNA which includes a region that is substantially complementary to a target sequence. As used herein, the term “region of complementarity” refers to the region on the antisense strand that is substantially complementary to a sequence, for example a target sequence. Where the region of complementarity is not fully complementary to the target sequence, the mismatches are most tolerated outside nucleotides 2-7 of the 5′ terminus of the antisense strand
The term “sense strand,” as used herein, refers to the strand of a dsRNA that includes a region that is substantially complementary to a region of the antisense strand. “Substantially complementary” means preferably at least 85% of the overlapping nucleotides in sense and antisense strand are complementary.
“Introducing into a cell”, when referring to a dsRNA, means facilitating uptake or absorption into the cell, as is understood by those skilled in the art. Absorption or uptake of dsRNA can occur through unaided diffusive or active cellular processes, or by auxiliary agents or devices. The meaning of this term is not limited to cells in vitro; a dsRNA may also be “introduced into a cell”, wherein the cell is part of a living organism. In such instance, introduction into the cell will include the delivery to the organism. For example, for in vivo delivery, dsRNA can be injected into a tissue site or administered systemically. It is, for example envisaged that the dsRNA molecules of this invention be administered to a subject in need of medical intervention. Such an administration may comprise the injection of the dsRNA, the vector or a cell of this invention into a diseased site in said subject, for example into liver tissue/cells or into cancerous tissues/cells, like liver cancer tissue. In addition, the injection is preferably in close proximity to the diseased tissue envisaged. In vitro introduction into a cell includes methods known in the art such as electroporation and lipofection.
As used herein, “chronic liver diseases/disorders” refers to the functional abnormality of liver lasting more than six months which can be caused by the infection of virus. One example of the chronic liver diseases/disorders is chronic hepatitis (CH).
The term “inflammation” as used herein refers to the biologic response of body tissue to injury, irritation, or disease which can be caused by harmful stimuli, for example, pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is typically characterized by pain and swelling. Inflammation is intended to encompass both acute responses, in which inflammatory processes are active (e.g., neutrophils and leukocytes), and chronic responses, which are marked by slow progress, a shift in the type of cell present at the site of inflammation, and the formation of connective tissue. One example of an inflammation-caused disease is fibrosis.
The term “fibrotic conditions” as used herein refers to the functional problem of organs which can be caused by growth of fibrous tissue. One such example of such kind of disease is hepatic cirrhosis (HC).
The term “proliferating” and “proliferation” as used herein refer to cells undergoing mitosis. Throughout this application, the term “proliferative disorder” refers to any disease/disorder marked by unwanted or aberrant proliferation of tissue. As used herein, the term “proliferative disorder” also refers to conditions in which the unregulated and/or abnormal growth of cells can lead to the development of an unwanted condition or disease, which can be cancerous or non-cancerous.
Cancers to be treated comprise, but are again not limited to liver cancer, whereby said liver cancer may, inter alia, be selected from the group consisting of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatoblastoma, a mixed liver cancer, a cancer derived from mesenchymal tissue, a liver sarcoma or a cholangiocarcinoma.
The terms “silence”, “inhibit the expression of” and “knock down”, in as far as they refer to a Hepatitis B Virus gene, herein refer to the at least partial suppression of the expression of a Hepatitis B Virus gene, as manifested by a reduction of the amount of mRNA transcribed from a Hepatitis B Virus gene which may be isolated from a first cell or group of cells in which a Hepatitis B Virus gene is transcribed and which has or have been treated such that the expression of a Hepatitis B Virus gene is inhibited, as compared to a second cell or group of cells substantially identical to the first cell or group of cells but which has or have not been so treated (control cells). The degree of inhibition is usually expressed in terms of
Alternatively, the degree of inhibition may be given in terms of a reduction of a parameter that is functionally linked to the Hepatitis B Virus gene transcription, e.g. the amount of protein encoded by a Hepatitis B Virus gene which is secreted by a cell, or the number of cells displaying a certain phenotype.
As illustrated in the appended examples and in the appended Tables provided herein, the inventive dsRNA molecules are capable of inhibiting the expression of a Hepatitis B Virus by at least about 60%, preferably by at least 70%, most preferably by at least 80% in in vitro assays, i.e. in vitro. The term “in vitro” as used herein includes but is not limited to cell culture assays. The person skilled in the art can readily determine such an inhibition rate and related effects, in particular in light of the assays provided herein.
The term “off target” as used herein refers to all non-target mRNAs of the transcriptome that are predicted by in silico methods to hybridize to the described dsRNAs based on sequence complementarity. The dsRNAs of the present invention preferably do specifically inhibit the expression of Hepatitis B Virus gene, i.e. do not inhibit the expression of any off-target.
The term “half-life” as used herein is a measure of stability of a compound or molecule and can be assessed by methods known to a person skilled in the art, especially in light of the assays provided herein.
The term “non-immunostimulatory” as used herein refers to the absence of any induction of an immune response by the invented dsRNA molecules. Methods to determine immune responses are well known to a person skilled in the art, for example by assessing the release of cytokines, as described in the examples section.
The terms “treat”, “treatment”, and the like, mean in context of this invention the relief from or alleviation of a disorder related to Hepatitis B Virus infection, like chronic liver diseases/disorders, inflammations, fibrotic conditions and proliferative disorders, like cancers.
As used herein, a “pharmaceutical composition” comprises a pharmacologically effective amount of at least one kind of dsRNAs and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. However, such a “pharmaceutical composition” may also comprise individual strands of such dsRNA molecules or the herein described vector(s) comprising a regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes at least one strand of a sense or an antisense strand comprised in the dsRNAs of this invention. It is also envisaged that cells, tissues or isolated organs that express or comprise the herein defined dsRNAs may be used as “pharmaceutical compositions”. As used herein, “pharmacologically effective amount,” “therapeutically effective amount,” or simply “effective amount” refers to that amount of an RNA effective to produce the intended pharmacological, therapeutic or preventive result.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a carrier for administration of a therapeutic agent. Such carriers include, but are not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, water, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof. The term specifically excludes cell culture medium. For drugs administered orally, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as inert diluents, disintegrating agents, binding agents, lubricating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservatives as known to persons skilled in the art.
It is in particular envisaged that the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier allows for the systemic administration of the dsRNAs, vectors or cells of this invention. Whereas also the enteric administration is envisaged the parenteral administration and also transdermal or transmucosal (e.g. insufflation, buccal, vaginal, anal) administration as well as inhalation of the drug are feasible ways of administering to a patient in need of medical intervention the compounds of this invention. When parenteral administration is employed, this can comprise the direct injection of the compounds of this invention into the diseased tissue or at least in close proximity. However, also intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intradermal, intrathecal and other administrations of the compounds of this invention are within the skill of the artisan, for example the attending physician.
For intramuscular, subcutaneous and intravenous use, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention will generally be provided in sterile aqueous solutions or suspensions, buffered to an appropriate pH and isotonicity. In a preferred embodiment, the carrier consists exclusively of an aqueous buffer. In this context, “exclusively” means no auxiliary agents or encapsulating substances are present which might affect or mediate uptake of dsRNA in the cells that express a Hepatitis B Virus gene. Aqueous suspensions according to the invention may include suspending agents such as cellulose derivatives, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone and gum tragacanth, and a wetting agent such as lecithin. Suitable preservatives for aqueous suspensions include ethyl and n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate. The pharmaceutical compositions useful according to the invention also include encapsulated formulations to protect the dsRNA against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Liposomal suspensions and bi-specific antibodies can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in PCT publication WO91/06309 and WO2011/003780 which is incorporated by reference herein.
As used herein, a “transformed cell” is a cell into which at least one vector has been introduced from which a dsRNA molecule or at least one strand of such a dsRNA molecule may be expressed. Such a vector is preferably a vector comprising a regulatory sequence operably linked to nucleotide sequence that encodes at least one sense strand or antisense strand of a dsRNA of the present invention.
It can be reasonably expected that shorter dsRNAs comprising one of the sequences in Table 1 and 4 minus only a few nucleotides on one or both ends may be similarly effective as compared to the dsRNAs described above.
In one preferred embodiment the inventive dsRNA molecules comprise nucleotides 1-19 of the sequences given in Table 1.
As pointed out above, in most embodiments of this invention, the dsRNA molecules provided herein comprise a duplex length (i.e. without “overhangs”) of about 16 to about 30 nucleotides. Particular useful dsRNA duplex lengths are about 19 to about 25 nucleotides. Most preferred are duplex structures with a length of 19 nucleotides. In the inventive dsRNA molecules, the antisense strand is at least partially complementary to the sense strand.
The dsRNA of the invention can contain one or more mismatches to the target sequence. In a preferred embodiment, the dsRNA of the invention contains no more than 13 mismatches. If the antisense strand of the dsRNA contains mismatches to a target sequence, it is preferable that the area of mismatch not be located within nucleotides 2-7 of the 5′ terminus of the antisense strand. In another embodiment it is preferable that the area of mismatch not be located within nucleotides 2-9 of the 5′ terminus of the antisense strand.
As mentioned above, at least one end/strand of the dsRNA may have a single-stranded nucleotide overhang of 1 to 5, preferably 1 or 2 nucleotides. dsRNAs having at least one nucleotide overhang have unexpectedly superior inhibitory properties than their blunt-ended counterparts. Moreover, the present inventors have discovered that the presence of only one nucleotide overhang strengthens the interference activity of the dsRNA, without affecting its overall stability. dsRNA having only one overhang has proven particularly stable and effective in viva, as well as in a variety of cells, cell culture mediums, blood, and serum. Preferably, the single-stranded overhang is located at the 3′-terminal end of the antisense strand or, alternatively, at the 3′-terminal end of the sense strand. The dsRNA may also have a blunt end, preferably located at the 5′-end of the antisense strand. Preferably, the antisense strand of the dsRNA has a nucleotide overhang at the 3′-end, and the 5′-end is blunt. In another embodiment, one or more of the nucleotides in the overhang is replaced with a nucleoside thiophosphate.
The dsRNA of the present invention may also be chemically modified to enhance stability. The nucleic acids of the invention may be synthesized and/or modified by methods well established in the art. Chemical modifications may include, but are not limited to 2′ modifications, introduction of non-natural bases, covalent attachment to a ligand, and replacement of phosphate linkages with thiophosphate linkages, inverted deoxythymidines. In this embodiment, the integrity of the duplex structure is strengthened by at least one, and preferably two, chemical linkages. Chemical linking may be achieved by any of a variety of well-known techniques, for example by introducing covalent, ionic or hydrogen bonds; hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals or stacking interactions; by means of metal-ion coordination, or through use of purine analogues. Preferably, the chemical groups that can be used to modify the dsRNA include, without limitation, methylene blue; bifunctional groups, preferably bis-(2-chloroethyl)amine; N-acetyl-N′-(p-glyoxylbenzoyl) cystamine; 4-thiouracil; and psoralen. In one preferred embodiment, the linker is a hexa-ethylene glycol linker. In this case, the dsRNA are produced by solid phase synthesis and the hexa-ethylene glycol linker is incorporated according to standard methods (e.g., Williams D J and Hall K B, Biochem. (1996) 35:14665-14670). In a particular embodiment, the 5′-end of the antisense strand and the 3′-end of the sense strand are chemically linked via a hexaethylene glycol linker. In another embodiment, at least one nucleotide of the dsRNA comprises a phosphorothioate or phosphorodithioate groups. The chemical bond at the ends of the dsRNA is preferably formed by triple-helix bonds.
In certain embodiments, a chemical bond may be formed by means of one or several bonding groups, wherein such bonding groups are preferably poly-(oxyphosphinicooxy-1,3-propandiol) and/or polyethylene glycol chains. In other embodiments, a chemical bond may also be formed by means of purine analogs introduced into the double-stranded structure instead of purines. In further embodiments, a chemical bond may be formed by azabenzene units introduced into the double-stranded structure. In still further embodiments, a chemical bond may be formed by branched nucleotide analogs instead of nucleotides introduced into the double-stranded structure. In certain embodiments, a chemical bond may be induced by ultraviolet light.
In yet another embodiment, the nucleotides at one or both of the two single strands may be modified to prevent or inhibit the activation of cellular enzymes, for example certain nucleases. Techniques for inhibiting the activation of cellular enzymes are known in the art including, but not limited to, 2′-amino modifications, 2′-amino sugar modifications, 2′-F sugar modifications, 2′-F modifications, 2′-alkyl sugar modifications, uncharged backbone modifications, morpholino modifications, 2′-O-methyl modifications, and phosphoramidate (see, e.g., Wagner, Nat. Med. (1995) 1:111.6-8). Thus, at least one 2′-hydroxyl group of the nucleotides on a dsRNA is replaced by a chemical group, preferably by a 2′-amino or a 2′-methyl group. Also, at least one nucleotide may be modified to form a locked nucleotide. Such locked nucleotide contains a methylene bridge that connects the 2′-oxygen of ribose the 4′-carbon of ribose. Introduction of a locked nucleotide into an oligonucleotide improves the affinity for complementary sequences and increases the melting temperature by several degrees.
Modifications of dsRNA molecules provided herein may positively influence their stability in vivo as well as in vitro and also improve their delivery to the (diseased) target side. Furthermore, such structural and chemical modifications may positively influence physiological reactions towards the dsRNA molecules upon administration, e.g. the cytokine release which is preferably suppressed. Such chemical and structural modifications are known in the art and are, inter alia, illustrated in Nawrot Current Topics in Med Chem, (2006) 6:913-925.
Conjugating a ligand to a dsRNA can enhance its cellular absorption as well as targeting to a particular tissue. In certain instances, a hydrophobic ligand is conjugated to the dsRNA to facilitate direct permeation of the cellular membrane. Alternatively, the ligand conjugated to the dsRNA is a substrate for receptor-mediated endocytosis. These approaches have been used to facilitate cell permeation of antisense oligonucleotides. For example, cholesterol has been conjugated to various antisense oligonucleotides resulting in compounds that are substantially more active compared to their non-conjugated analogs (See Manoharan M, Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Development (2002) 12:103). Other lipophilic compounds that have been conjugated to oligonucleotides include 1-pyrene butyric acid, 1,3-bis-O-(hexadecyl)glycerol, and menthol. One example of a ligand for receptor-mediated endocytosis is folic acid. Folic acid enters the cell by folate-receptor-mediated endocytosis. dsRNA compounds bearing folic acid would be efficiently transported into the cell via the folate-receptor-mediated endocytosis. Attachment of folic acid to the 3′-terminus of an oligonucleotide results in increased cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide (Li S, Deshmukh H M, and Huang L, Pharm. Res. (1998) 15:1540). Other ligands that have been conjugated to oligonucleotides include polyethylene glycols, carbohydrate clusters, cross-linking agents, porphyrin conjugates, and delivery peptides.
In certain instances, conjugation of a cationic ligand to oligonucleotides often results in improved resistance to nucleases. Representative examples of cationic ligands are propylammonium and dimethylpropylammonium. Interestingly, antisense oligonucleotides were reported to retain their high binding affinity to mRNA when the cationic ligand was dispersed throughout the oligonucleotide. See Manoharan M, Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Development (2002) 12:103 and references therein.
The ligand-conjugated dsRNA of the invention may be synthesized by the use of a dsRNA that bears a pendant reactive functionality, such as that derived from the attachment of a linking molecule onto the dsRNA. This reactive oligonucleotide may be reacted directly with commercially-available ligands, ligands that are synthesized bearing any of a variety of protecting groups, or ligands that have a linking moiety attached thereto. The methods of the invention facilitate the synthesis of ligand-conjugated dsRNA by the use of, in some preferred embodiments, nucleoside monomers that have been appropriately conjugated with ligands and that may further be attached to a solid-support material. Such ligand-nucleoside conjugates, optionally attached to a solid-support material, are prepared according to some preferred embodiments of the methods of the invention via reaction of a selected serum-binding ligand with a linking moiety located on the 5′ position of a nucleoside or oligonucleotide. In certain instances, a dsRNA bearing an aralkyl ligand attached to the 3′-terminus of the dsRNA is prepared by first covalently attaching a monomer building block to a controlled-pore-glass support via a long-chain aminoalkyl group. Then, nucleotides are bonded via standard solid-phase synthesis techniques to the monomer building-block bound to the solid support. The monomer building block may be a nucleoside or other organic compound that is compatible with solid-phase synthesis.
The dsRNA used in the conjugates of the invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid-phase synthesis. It is also known to use similar techniques to prepare other oligonucleotides, such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.
Teachings regarding the synthesis of particular modified oligonucleotides may be found in the following U.S. patents: U.S. Pat. No. 5,218,105, drawn to polyamine conjugated oligonucleotides; U.S. Pat. No. 5,541,307, drawn to oligonucleotides having modified backbones; U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,302, drawn to processes for preparing oligonucleotides having chiral phosphorus linkages; U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,082, drawn to peptide nucleic acids; U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,746, drawn to oligonucleotides having β-lactam backbones; U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,902, drawn to methods and materials for the synthesis of oligonucleotides; U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,718, drawn to nucleosides having alkylthio groups, wherein such groups may be used as linkers to other moieties attached at any of a variety of positions of the nucleoside; U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,361 drawn to oligonucleotides having phosphorothioate linkages of high chiral purity; U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,351, drawn to processes for the preparation of 2′-O-alkyl guanosine and related compounds, including 2,6-diaminopurine compounds; U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,469, drawn to oligonucleotides having N-2 substituted purines; U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,470, drawn to oligonucleotides having 3-deazapurines; U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,046, both drawn to conjugated 4′-desmethyl nucleoside analogs; U.S. Pat. No. 5,610,289, drawn to backbone-modified oligonucleotide analogs; U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,241 drawn to, inter alia, methods of synthesizing 2′-fluoro-oligonucleotides.
In the ligand-conjugated dsRNA and ligand-molecule bearing sequence-specific linked nucleosides of the invention, the oligonucleotides and oligonucleosides may be assembled on a suitable oligonucleotide synthesizer utilizing standard nucleotide or nucleoside precursors, or nucleotide or nucleoside conjugate precursors that already bear the linking moiety, ligand-nucleotide or nucleoside-conjugate precursors that already bear the ligand molecule, or non-nucleoside ligand-bearing building blocks.
When using nucleotide-conjugate precursors that already bear a linking moiety, the synthesis of the sequence-specific linked nucleosides is typically completed, and the ligand molecule is then reacted with the linking moiety to form the ligand-conjugated oligonucleotide. Oligonucleotide conjugates bearing a variety of molecules such as steroids, vitamins, lipids and reporter molecules, has previously been described (see Manoharan et al., PCT Application WO 93/07883). In a preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides or linked nucleosides of the invention are synthesized by an automated synthesizer using phosphoramidites derived from ligand-nucleoside conjugates in addition to commercially available phosphoramidites.
The incorporation of a 2′-O-methyl, 2′-O-ethyl, 2′-O-propyl, 2′-O-allyl, 2′-O-aminoalkyl or 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro group in nucleosides of an oligonucleotide confers enhanced hybridization properties to the oligonucleotide. Further, oligonucleotides containing phosphorothioate backbones have enhanced nuclease stability. Thus, functionalized, linked nucleosides of the invention can be augmented to include either or both a phosphorothioate backbone or a 2′-β-methyl, 2′-O-ethyl, 2′-O-propyl, 2′-O-aminoalkyl, 2′-O-allyl or 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro group.
In some preferred embodiments, functionalized nucleoside sequences of the invention possessing an amino group at the 5′-terminus are prepared using a DNA synthesizer, and then reacted with an active ester derivative of a selected ligand. Active ester derivatives are well known to those skilled in the art. Representative active esters include N-hydrosuccinimide esters, tetrafluorophenolic esters, pentafluorophenolic esters and pentachlorophenolic esters. The reaction of the amino group and the active ester produces an oligonucleotide in which the selected ligand is attached to the 5′-position through a linking group. The amino group at the 5′-terminus can be prepared utilizing a 5′-Amino-Modifier C6 reagent. In a preferred embodiment, ligand molecules may be conjugated to oligonucleotides at the 5′-position by the use of a ligand-nucleoside phosphoramidite wherein the ligand is linked to the 5′-hydroxy group directly or indirectly via a linker. Such ligand-nucleoside phosphoramidites are typically used at the end of an automated synthesis procedure to provide a ligand-conjugated oligonucleotide bearing the ligand at the 5′-terminus.
In one preferred embodiment of the methods of the invention, the preparation of ligand conjugated oligonucleotides commences with the selection of appropriate precursor molecules upon which to construct the ligand molecule. Typically, the precursor is an appropriately-protected derivative of the commonly-used nucleosides. For example, the synthetic precursors for the synthesis of the ligand-conjugated oligonucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, 2′-aminoalkoxy-5′-ODMT-nucleosides, 2′-6-aminoalkylamino-5′-ODMT-nucleosides, 5′-6-aminoalkoxy-2′-deoxynucleosides, 5′-6-aminoalkoxy-2-protected-nucleosides, 3′-6-aminoalkoxy-5′-ODMT-nucleosides, and 3′-aminoalkylamino-5′-ODMT-nucleosides that may be protected in the nucleobase portion of the molecule. Methods for the synthesis of such amino-linked protected nucleoside precursors are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
In many cases, protecting groups are used during the preparation of the compounds of the invention. As used herein, the term “protected” means that the indicated moiety has a protecting group appended thereon. In some preferred embodiments of the invention, compounds contain one or more protecting groups. A wide variety of protecting groups can be employed in the methods of the invention. In general, protecting groups render chemical functionalities inert to specific reaction conditions, and can be appended to and removed from such functionalities in a molecule without substantially damaging the remainder of the molecule.
Protecting groups in general and hydroxyl protecting groups in particular are well known in the art (Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Chapter 2, 2d ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991). Amino-protecting groups stable to acid treatment are selectively removed with base treatment, and are used to make reactive amino groups selectively available for substitution. Examples of such groups are the Fmoc and various substituted sulfonylethyl carbamates exemplified by the Nsc group.
Additional amino-protecting groups include, but are not limited to, carbamate protecting groups, such as 2-trimethylsilylethoxycarbonyl (Teoc), 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)-ethoxycarbonyl (Bpoc), t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc), 9-fluorenyl-methyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc), and benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz); amide protecting groups, such as formyl, acetyl, trihaloacetyl, benzoyl, and nitrophenylacetyl; sulfonamide protecting groups, such as 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl; and imine and cyclic imide protecting groups, such as phthalimido and dithiasuccinoyl. Equivalents of these amino-protecting groups are also encompassed by the compounds and methods of the invention.
Many solid supports are commercially available and one of ordinary skill in the art can readily select a solid support to be used in the solid-phase synthesis steps. In certain embodiments, a universal support is used. A universal support, well known in the art, allows for the preparation of oligonucleotides having unusual or modified nucleotides located at the 3-terminus of the oligonucleotide. In addition, it has been reported that the oligonucleotide can be cleaved from the universal support under milder reaction conditions when the oligonucleotide is bonded to the solid support via a syn-1,2-acetoxyphosphate group which more readily undergoes basic hydrolysis. See Guzaev A I, and Manoharan M J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2003) 125:2380.
The nucleosides are linked by phosphorus-containing or non-phosphorus-containing covalent internucleoside linkages. For the purposes of identification, such conjugated nucleosides can be characterized as ligand-bearing nucleosides or ligand-nucleoside conjugates. The linked nucleosides having an aralkyl ligand conjugated to a nucleoside within their sequence will demonstrate enhanced dsRNA activity when compared to like dsRNA compounds that are not conjugated.
The aralkyl-ligand-conjugated oligonucleotides of the invention also include conjugates of oligonucleotides and linked nucleosides wherein the ligand is attached directly to the nucleoside or nucleotide without the intermediacy of a linker group. The ligand may preferably be attached, via linking groups, at a carboxyl, amino or oxo group of the ligand. Typical linking groups may be ester, amide or carbamate groups.
Specific examples of preferred modified oligonucleotides envisioned for use in the ligand-conjugated oligonucleotides of the invention include oligonucleotides containing modified backbones or non-natural internucleoside linkages. As defined here, oligonucleotides having modified backbones or internucleoside linkages include those that retain a phosphorus atom in the backbone and those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. For the purposes of the invention, modified oligonucleotides that do not have a phosphorus atom in their intersugar backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides.
Specific oligonucleotide chemical modifications are described below. It is not necessary for all positions in a given compound to be uniformly modified. Conversely, more than one modifications may be incorporated in a single dsRNA compound or even in a single nucleotide thereof.
Preferred modified internucleoside linkages or backbones include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3′-5′ to 5′-3′ or 2′-5′ to 5′-2′. Various salts, mixed salts and free-acid forms are also included.
Representative United States patents relating to the preparation of the above phosphorus-atom-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,469,863, 5,023,243, 5,264,423, 5,321,131, 5,399,676, 5,405,939, 5,453,496, 5,455,33, and 5,466,677, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
Preferred modified internucleoside linkages or backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein (i.e., oligonucleosides) have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl intersugar linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl intersugar linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic intersugar linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH2 component parts.
Representative United States patents relating to the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506, 5,214,134, 5,216,141, 5,264,562, 5,466,677, 5,470,967, 5,489,677, 5,602,240, and 5,663,312, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
In other preferred oligonucleotide mimetics, both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleoside units are replaced with novel groups. The nucleobase units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound. One such oligonucleotide, an oligonucleotide mimetic, that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide-containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Teaching of PNA compounds can be found for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,082.
Some preferred embodiments of the invention employ oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate linkages and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular —CH2—NH—O—CH2, —CH2—N(CH3)—O—CH2— [known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone], —CH2—O—N(CH3)—CH2—, —CH2—N(CH3)—N(CH3)—CH2—, and —O—N(CH3)—CH2—CH2— [wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as —O—P—O—CH2—] of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677, and the amide backbones of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240. Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506.
The oligonucleotides employed in the ligand-conjugated oligonucleotides of the invention may additionally or alternatively comprise nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). Modified nucleobases include other synthetic and natural nucleobases, such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine.
Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, or otherwise known in the art or commercially available. Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligonucleotides of the invention. These include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine. 5-Methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-methoxyethyl sugar modifications.
Representative United States patents relating to the preparation of certain of the above-noted modified nucleobases as well as other modified nucleobases include, but are not limited to, the above noted U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,134,066, 5,459,255, 5,552,540, 5,594,121, and 5,596,091 all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotides employed in the ligand-conjugated oligonucleotides of the invention may additionally or alternatively comprise one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH; F; O-, S-, or N-alkyl, O-, S-, or N-alkenyl, or O, S- or N-alkynyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C10 alkyl or C2 to C10 alkenyl and alkynyl. Particularly preferred are O[(CH2)nO]mCH3, O(CH2)nOCH3, O(CH2)nNH2, O(CH2)nCH3, O(CH2)nONH2, and O(CH2)nON[CH2)nCH3)]2, where n and m are from 1 to about 10. Other preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: C1 to C10 lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH3, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF3, OCF3, SOCH3, SO2CH3, ONO2, NO2, N3, NH2, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′-O—CH2CH2OCH3, also known as 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE), i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. A further preferred modification includes 2′-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a O(CH2)2ON(CH3)2 group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,533.
Other preferred modifications include 2′-methoxy (2′-O—CH3), 2′-aminopropoxy (2′-OCH2CH2CH2NH2) and 2′-fluoro (2′-F). Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide or in 2′-5′ linked oligonucleotides.
As used herein, the term . . . sugar substituent group” or “2′-substituent group” includes groups attached to the 2′-position of the ribofuranosyl moiety with or without an oxygen atom. Sugar substituent groups include, but are not limited to, fluoro, O-alkyl, O-alkylamino, O-alkylalkoxy, protected O-alkylamino, O-alkylaminoalkyl, O-alkyl imidazole and polyethers of the formula (O-alkyl)m, wherein m is 1 to about 10. Preferred among these polyethers are linear and cyclic polyethylene glycols (PEGs), and (PEG)-containing groups, such as crown ethers and, inter alia, those which are disclosed by Delgardo et. al. (Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems (1992) 9:249). Further sugar modifications are disclosed by Cook (Anti-fibrosis Drug Design, (1991) 6:585-607). Fluoro, O-alkyl, O-alkylamino, O-alkyl imidazole, O-alkylaminoalkyl, and alkyl amino substitution is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,197, entitled “Oligomeric Compounds having Pyrimidine Nucleotide(s) with 2′ and 5′ Substitutions,” hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Additional sugar substituent groups amenable to the invention include 2′-SR and 2′-NR2 groups, wherein each R is, independently, hydrogen, a protecting group or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl. 2′-SR Nucleosides are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,633, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The incorporation of 2′-SR monomer synthons is disclosed by Hamm et al. (J. Org. Chem., (1997) 62:3415-3420). 2′-NR nucleosides are disclosed by Thomson J B, J. Org. Chem., (1996) 61:6273-6281; and Polushin et al., Tetrahedron Lett., (1996) 37:3227-3230. Further representative 2′-substituent groups amenable to the invention include those having one of formula I or II:
wherein
E is C1-C10 alkyl, N(Q3)(Q4) or N═C(Q3)(Q4); each Q3 and Q4 is, independently, H, C1-C10 alkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, a nitrogen protecting group, a tethered or untethered conjugate group, a linker to a solid support; or Q3 and Q4, together, form a nitrogen protecting group or a ring structure optionally including at least one additional heteroatom selected from N and O;
Representative 2′-O-sugar substituent groups of formula I are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,209, entitled “Capped 2′-Oxyethoxy Oligonucleotides,” hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Representative cyclic 2′-O-sugar substituent groups of formula II are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,271,358, entitled “RNA Targeted 2′-Modified Oligonucleotides that are Conformationally Preorganized,” hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Sugars having O-substitutions on the ribosyl ring are also amenable to the invention. Representative substitutions for ring O include, but are not limited to, S, CH2, CHF, and CF2.
Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics, such as cyclobutyl moieties, in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents relating to the preparation of such modified sugars include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,359,044, 5,466,786, 5,519,134, 5,591,722, 5,597,909, 5,646,265, and 5,700,920, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Additional modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide. For example, one additional modification of the ligand-conjugated oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more additional non-ligand moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. Such moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties, such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (1989) 86:6553), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., (1994) 4:1053), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann, N.Y. Acad. Sci., (1992) 660:306; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., (1993) 3:2765), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res, (1992) 20:533), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., (1991) 10:111; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., (1990) 259:327; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, (1993) 75:49), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., (1995) 36:3651; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., (1990) 18:3777), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, (1995) 14:969), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., (1995) 36:3651), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, (1995) 1264:229), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., (1996) 277:923).
The invention also includes compositions employing oligonucleotides that are substantially chirally pure with regard to particular positions within the oligonucleotides. Examples of substantially chirally pure oligonucleotides include, but are not limited to, those having phosphorothioate linkages that are at least 75% Sp or Rp (Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,361) and those having substantially chirally pure (Sp or Rp) alkylphosphonate, phosphoramidate or phosphotriester linkages (Cook, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,212,295 and 5,521,302).
In certain instances, the oligonucleotide may be modified by a non-ligand group. A number of non-ligand molecules have been conjugated to oligonucleotides in order to enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide, and procedures for performing such conjugations are available in the scientific literature. Such non-ligand moieties have included lipid moieties, such as cholesterol (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (1989, 86:6553), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., (1994, 4:1053), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., (1992, 660:306; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., (1993, 3:2765), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., (1992, 20:533), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., (1991) 10:111; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., (1990) 259:327; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, (1993) 75:49), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., (1995) 36:3651; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., (1990) 18:3777), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, (1995) 14:969), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., (1995) 36:3651), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, (1995) 1264:229), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., (1996) 277:923). Typical conjugation protocols involve the synthesis of oligonucleotides bearing an aminolinker at one or more positions of the sequence. The amino group is then reacted with the molecule being conjugated using appropriate coupling or activating reagents. The conjugation reaction may be performed either with the oligonucleotide still bound to the solid support or following cleavage of the oligonucleotide in solution phase. Purification of the oligonucleotide conjugate by HPLC typically affords the pure conjugate.
Alternatively, the molecule being conjugated may be converted into a building block, such as a phosphoramidite, via an alcohol group present in the molecule or by attachment of a linker bearing an alcohol group that may be phosphorylated.
Importantly, each of these approaches may be used for the synthesis of ligand conjugated oligonucleotides. Amino linked oligonucleotides may be coupled directly with ligand via the use of coupling reagents or following activation of the ligand as an NHS or pentfluorophenolate ester. Ligand phosphoramidites may be synthesized via the attachment of an aminohexanol linker to one of the carboxyl groups followed by phosphitylation of the terminal alcohol functionality. Other linkers, such as cysteamine, may also be utilized for conjugation to a chloroacetyl linker present on a synthesized oligonucleotide.
The person skilled in the art is readily aware of methods to introduce the molecules of this invention into cells, tissues or organisms. Corresponding examples have also been provided in the detailed description of the invention above. For example, the nucleic acid molecules or the vectors of this invention, encoding for at least one strand of the inventive dsRNAs may be introduced into cells or tissues by methods known in the art, like transfections etc.
Also for the introduction of dsRNA molecules, means and methods have been provided. For example, targeted delivery by glycosylated and folate-modified molecules, including the use of polymeric carriers with ligands, such as galactose and lactose or the attachment of folic acid to various macromolecules allows the binding of molecules to be delivered to folate receptors. Targeted delivery by peptides and proteins other than antibodies, for example, including RGD-modified nanoparticles to deliver siRNA in vivo or multicomponent (nonviral) delivery systems including short cyclodextrins, adamantine-PEG are known. Yet, also the targeted delivery using antibodies or antibody fragments, including (monovalent) Fab-fragments of an antibody (or other fragments of such an antibody) or single-chain antibodies are envisaged. Injection approaches for target directed delivery comprise, inter alia, hydrodynamic i.v. injection. Also cholesterol conjugates of dsRNA may be used for targeted delivery, whereby the conjugation to lipohilic groups enhances cell uptake and improve pharmacokinetics and tissue biodistribution of oligonucleotides. Also cationic delivery systems are known, whereby synthetic vectors with net positive (cationic) charge to facilitate the complex formation with the polyanionic nucleic acid and interaction with the negatively charged cell membrane. Such cationic delivery systems comprise also cationic liposomal delivery systems, cationic polymer and peptide delivery systems. Other delivery systems for the cellular uptake of dsRNA/siRNA are aptamer-ds/siRNA. Also gene therapy approaches can be used to deliver the inventive dsRNA molecules or nucleic acid molecules encoding the same. Such systems comprise the use of non-pathogenic virus, modified viral vectors, as well as deliveries with nanoparticles or liposomes. Other delivery methods for the cellular uptake of dsRNA are extracorporeal, for example ex vivo treatments of cells, organs or tissues. Certain of these technologies are described and summarized in publications, like Akhtar, Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007) 117:3623-3632, Nguyen et al., Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics (2008) 10:158-167, Zamboni, Clin Cancer Res (2005) 11:8230-8234 or Ikeda et al., Pharmaceutical Research (2006) 23:1631-1640.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, and patents are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
The above provided embodiments and items of the present invention are now illustrated with the following, non-limiting examples.
Identification of dsRNAs for therapeutic use. dsRNA design was carried out to identify dsRNAs specifically targeting Hepatitis B Virus genotypes A, B, C and D for therapeutic use. First, the known Hepatitis B Virus genomic sequences were downloaded from NCBI Genbank (accessions listed in Table. 6). The genotype information was either extracted form NCBI Genbank files or determined by computer aided comparison with reference genomes (accessions listed in Table. 6).
The Hepatitis B Virus genomic sequences of genotype A-D were examined by computer analysis to identify optimal target regions for RNAi agents, namely highly conserved 17nucleotide long sequence stretches that were identical in at least 90% of all sequences.
In identifying RNAi agents, the selection was limited to 17mer sequences having at least two mismatches to any sequence in the human RefSeq database (release 41), which we assumed to represent the comprehensive human transcriptome, by using a proprietary algorithm.
All 17mer sequences containing four or more consecutive G's (poly-G sequences) were further excluded from the synthesis.
Sequences of 19 nucleotides length were defined that harbor the selected 17mers in position 2 to 18.
These 19mer sequences yield RNA interference (RNAi) agents cross-reactive to Hepatitis B Virus genomic sequences of genotype A-D and formed the basis for the synthesis of the RNAi agents in appended Tables 1 and 2.
dsRNA synthesis. Oligoribonucleotides were synthesized according to the phosphoramidite technology on solid phase. Depending on the scale either an ABI 394 synthesizer (Applied Biosystems) or an AKTA oligopilot 100 (GE Healthcare, Freiburg, Germany) was used. Syntheses were performed on a solid support made of controlled pore glass (CPG, 520 Å, with a loading of 75 μmol/g, obtained from Prime Synthesis, Aston, Pa., USA). All 2′-modified RNA phosphoramidites as well as ancillary reagents were purchased from SAFC (Hamburg, Germany). Specifically, the following 2′-O-Methyl phosphoramidites were used: (5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-N6-(benzoyl)-2′-O-methyl-adenosine-3′-O-(2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphoramidite, 5′-O—dimethoxytrityl-N4-(acetyl)-2′-O-methyl-cytidine-3′-O-(2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphoramidite, (5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-N2-(isobutyryl)-2′-O-methyl-guanosine-3′-O-(2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylamino)phosphoramidite, and 5′-O-dimethoxy-trityl-2′-O-methyl-uridine-3′-O-(2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphoramidite. The 2′-Deoxy-2′-fluoro-phosphoramidites carried the same protecting groups as the 2′-O-methyl RNA amidites. All amidites were dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (100 mM) and molecular sieves (3 Å) were added. To generate the 5′-phosphate the 2-[2-(4,4′-Dimethoxytrityloxy)ethylsulfonyl]ethyl-(2-cyanoethyl)-(N,N-diisopropyl)-phosphoramidite from Glen Research (Sterling, Va., USA) was used. In order to introduce the C-6 aminolinker at the 5′-end of the oligomers the 6-(Trifluoroacetylamino)-hexyl-(2-cyanoethyl)-(N,N-diisopropyl)-phosphoramidite from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Milwaukee, Wis., USA) was employed. The 5′-modifications were introduced without any modification of the synthesis cycle. 5-Ethyl thiotetrazole (ETT, 500 mM in acetonitrile) was used as activator solution. Coupling times were 6 min. In order to introduce phosphorothioate linkages, a 50 mM solution of 3-((Dimethylamino-methylidene)amino)-3H-1,2,4-dithiazole-3-thione (DDTT, obtained from AM Chemicals, Oceanside, Calif., USA) in anhydrous Acetonitrile/pyridine (1:1 v/v) was employed.
Cleavage and deprotection of support bound oligomer. After finalization of the solid phase synthesis, cyanoethyl protecting groups were removed by a 30 min treatment with 20% Diethyl amine in ACN without cleaving the oligonucleotides from the support. Subsequently, the dried solid support was transferred to a 15 mL tube and treated with concentrated aqueous ammonia (Aldrich) for 18 h at 40° C. After centrifugation the supernatant was transferred to a new tube and the CPG was washed with aqueous ammonia. The combined solutions were evaporated and the solid residue was reconstituted in buffer A (see below).
Purification of oligoribonucleotides. Crude oligomers were purified by anionic exchange HPLC using a column packed with Source Q15 (GE Helthcare) and an AKTA Explorer system (GE Helthcare). Buffer A was 10 mM sodium perchlorate, 20 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4 (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland) and contained 20% Acetonitrile and buffer B was the same as buffer A with the exception of 500 mM sodium perchlorate. A gradient of 22% B to 42% B within 32 column volumes (CV) was employed. UV traces at 280 nm were recorded Appropriate fractions were pooled and precipitated with 3M NaOAc, pH=5.2 and 70% Ethanol. Finally, the pellet was washed with 70% Ethanol. Alternatively, desalting was carried out using Sephadex HiTrap columns (GE Helthcare) according to the manufacturer's recommendation.
Annealing of oligoribonucleotides to generate siRNA. Complementary strands were mixed by combining equimolar RNA solutions. The mixture was lyophilized and reconstituted with an appropriate volume of annealing buffer (100 mM NaCl, 20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8) to achieve the desired concentration. This solution was placed into a water bath at 80° C. which was cooled to RT within 3 h.
In Vitro screening of HBV mRNA-targeting dsRNA. The psiCHECK™-2 vector (Promega) contains two reporter genes for monitoring RNAi activity: a synthetic version of the renilla luciferase (hRluc) gene and a synthetic firefly luciferase gene (hluc+). Measurement of firefly luciferase activity permits determination of changes unrelated to the RNAi activity of tested dsRNA. Renilla and firefly luciferase activities were measured using the Dual-Glo® Luciferase Assay System (Promega). HBV target sites of interest were inserted into the psiCHECK™-2 vector, after cloning into the multiple cloning region located 3′ of the synthetic renilla luciferase gene's translational stop codon and the polyA tail. Cell line COS-7 was transfected with the vector, and subsequently treated with dsRNA-lipofectamine 2000 lipoplexes targeting the HBV sequences. The RNAi effect conferred by the dsRNA towards the cloned HBV target site was determined by measuring activity of the renilla luciferase fusion gene.
Generation of psiCHECK Vectors Containing Target Sequences. In order to test the activity of the HBV dsRNAs, a Dual-Luciferase HBV reporter was constructed. Regions 84 to 805, 1075 to 1992, 2165 to 2530, and 2718 to 2940 of Hepatitis B Virus genomic sequence accession number EU554538.1 (genotype C) were joined in silico. Two mutations were inserted intentionally (128 A→T, 598 T→C, positions relative to EU554538.1). One was needed to remove an internal XhoI site. The second mutation led to removal of a single mismatch to a dsRNA. This HBV target construct was extended by adding restriction sites at both the 5′ and 3′ end. The artificial DNA sequence was chemically synthesized by Geneart (Regensburg, Germany) and cloned into the XhoI/NotI site of psiCHECK™-2 Dual-Luciferase vector.
Transfection and Luciferase Quantification. Cos-7 cells (DSMZ. Braunschweig, Germany, cat. No. ACC-60) were seeded at a density of 2.25×104 cells/well in 96-well plates. Plasmid transfection was carried out at a concentration of 50 ng/well with 0.5 μL/well Lipofectamine 2000 (invitrogen GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany, cat. No. 11668-019) as described by the manufacturer. 4 h after vector transfection, the medium was discarded and fresh medium was added. After this period, the dsRNAs were added to the cells in a concentration of 10 nM or 1 nM using Lipofectamine 2000 as described above. In order to optimize the HBV genotype coverage and to minimize development of resistance against dsRNAs, two different dsRNAs can be used simultaneously in combination. For demonstrating the feasibility of such approach, pairs of two different dsRNAs were selected among the most efficient dsRNAs with additional bias towards optimized genotype coverage.
The dsRNAs were added to the cells in a concentration of 5 nM or 0.5 nM for each dsRNA, resulting in 10 nM or 1 nM total dsRNA concentration, using Lipofectamine 2000 as described above. The cells were lysed 48 hours later using luciferase reagents as described by the manufacturer. Renilla luciferase protein levels were normalized to firefly luciferase levels to consider transfection efficiency. For each dsRNA four individual data points were collected. At least one dsRNA unrelated to all target sites was used as a control to determine the relative renilla luciferase protein levels in cells treated with dsRNA (Table 8). For comparison of silencing activity under full-match conditions, dsRNAs with full match to the renilla open reading frame were synthesized and tested in parallel to the HBV dsRNAs.
Inhibition data are given in appended Table 2.
Stability of dsRNAs. Stability of dsRNAs targeting human Hepatitis B Virus was determined in in vitro assays with any one of human, cynomolgous monkey or mouse serum by measuring the half-life of each single strand.
Measurements were carried out in triplicates for each time point, using 3 μL 50 μM dsRNA sample mixed with 30 μL human serum (Sigma), cynomolgous monkey serum (Sigma) or mouse serum (Sigma). Mixtures were incubated for either 0 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 24 h, or 48 h at 37° C. As control for unspecific degradation dsRNA was incubated with 30 μL 1×PBS pH 6.8 for 48 h. Reactions were stopped by the addition of 4 μL proteinase K (20 mg/ml), 25 μL of “Tissue and Cell Lysis Solution” (Epicentre) and 38 μL Millipore water for 30 min at 65° C. Samples were afterwards spin filtered through a 0.2 μm 96 well filter plate at 1400 rpm for 8 min, washed with 55 μL Millipore water twice and spin filtered again.
For separation of single strands and analysis of remaining full length product (FLP), samples were run through an ion exchange Dionex Summit HPLC under denaturing conditions using as eluent A 20 mM Na3PO4 in 10% ACN pH=11 and for eluent B 1M NaBr in eluent A.
The following gradient was applied:
For every injection, the chromatograms were integrated automatically by the Dionex Chromeleon 6.60 HPLC software, and were adjusted manually if necessary. All peak areas were corrected to the internal standard (IS) peak and normalized to the incubation at t=0 min. The area under the peak and resulting remaining FLP was calculated for each single strand and triplicate separately. Half-life (t½) of a strand was defined by the average time point (h) for triplicates at which half of the FLP was degraded. Results are given in appended Table 3.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13535454 | Jun 2012 | US |
| Child | 15241733 | US |
