Patent Application
20230320307
The present disclosure relates to the field of plants and plant breeding. In particular, the present disclosure includes a new and distinctive pepper (Capsicum annuum) hybrid designated ‘E20S.10382’.
The bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) originated in Mexico and the neighboring areas of Central America. Today, pepper plants can be found growing wild in tropical areas around the world. Soon after Columbus's discovery of this plant, it was grown worldwide and used as a spice and a medicine. Pepper is grown as a crop in many countries; hot peppers are generally grown in Latin America and China, while the United States prefers bell peppers. Peppers are used for both fresh consumption, and for processing into powders, sauces, and salsas. Many of the new cultivars grown today can be traced back to the early plants.
The genus Capsicum and species annuum includes most of the peppers grown in the United States. These can be further grouped into two broad categories: chile peppers which are pungent (hot) and sweet peppers which are non-pungent (mild). The United States produces four percent of the world's Capsicum peppers (chile peppers and sweet peppers), ranking sixth behind China, Mexico, Turkey, Spain and Nigeria. Bell peppers are the most common sweet pepper and are found in virtually every retail produce department. While peppers are grown commercially in most states, the U.S. pepper industry is largely concentrated in California and Florida, which together accounted for 78% of output in 2000. New Jersey, Georgia, and North Carolina round out the top five producing states (Economic Research Service, USDA, Vegetables and Melons Outlook/VGS-288/Dec. 14, 2001).
Bell peppers are eaten raw, cooked, immature and mature. Often nutritional content is altered by the changes in the way they are consumed. Bell peppers are an excellent source of Vitamin C, Vitamin A, and Calcium. Mature red peppers have more of these qualities than the immature green peppers.
Peppers grown in temperate regions are herbaceous annuals, but are herbaceous perennials in regions where temperatures do not drop below freezing. Pepper plants' growth habit may be prostrate, compact, or erect, but it is determinate in that after it produces nine to eleven leaves a single stem terminates in flowers. These flowers then become the edible fleshy fruit for which these plants are grown. For fruit to set, the ovaries need to be fertilized. Auxin is then produced by the seeds, which determine fruit cell elongation. The number of seeds fertilized determines the size and shape of the fruit. The seeds develop on the interior and attach to the veins, and fully developed seed is kidney shaped. Pepper fruits are non-climacteric, which means they do not produce ethylene and need to stay on the vine to continue the ripening process. A deep taproot will form if the plant root system is uninjured during transplanting. The spindle root will develop fibrous secondary root systems spreading laterally and downward. On the soil surface the stem will produce adventitious roots, but not as easily as tomatoes. The leaves of the pepper plant arise singly and are simple, entire, and asymmetrical. Typical of all solanaceous plants, the leaves are arranged alternately on the stem. They are shiny and glabrous and vary in shape from broadly ovate to ovate lanceolate. The flowers develop singly or in twos or threes continuously as the upper structure of the plant proliferates. The corolla is white and five lobed while the anthers are bluish or yellowish in color. The flowers have an open anther formation and will indefinitely self-pollinate. They are also pollinated by insects, which increases the chances of cross-pollination. Unlike tomatoes, whose pollen becomes nonviable in high temperatures, the pepper flowers' pollen is not extremely heat sensitive and it remains viable up to 100° Fahrenheit, allowing fruit to be produced fruit throughout the growing season.
The fruit of a pepper plant is classified as a berry with colors including green, yellow, red, purple, black, brown, white, and orange. Pepper fruit developmental stages are characterized by their colors. Green is the color of an immature fruit, yet green peppers are commonly eaten, and as the fruit matures it changes color. In most commercial cultivars, the color changes are from green to red, green to yellow, or green to orange. In contrast to other pepper varieties, fruits of the purple and white varieties already have these colors as they develop, and therefore do not have a green stage.
Pepper is an important and valuable field crop. Thus, there is a continued need for new hybrid peppers that are appealing to consumers and agronomically sound.
In order to meet these needs, the present disclosure is directed to improved hybrid peppers. In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a hybrid pepper, Capsicum annuum, seed designated as ‘E20S.10382’ having NCIMB Accession Number X1. In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a pepper plant and parts isolated therefrom produced by growing ‘E20S.10382’ pepper seed (which plants and parts can be referred to, e.g., as ‘E20S.10382’ plants and ‘E20S.10382’ parts, respectively). In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a pepper plant and parts isolated therefrom having all, or essentially all, the physiological and morphological characteristics of a pepper plant produced by growing ‘E20S.10382’ pepper seed having NCIMB Accession Number X1. In still another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to an F1 hybrid pepper seed, plants grown from the seed, and/or fruit isolated therefrom having ‘E20S.10382’ as a parent, where ‘E20S.10382’ is grown from ‘E20S.10382’ pepper seed having NCIMB Accession Number X1.
Pepper plant parts include pepper leaves, stems, roots, meristems, cotyledons, hypocotyls, ovules, pollen grains, seeds, fruits, parts of fruits, flowers, cells, and the like. In another embodiment, the present disclosure is further directed to pepper leaves, stems, roots, meristems, cotyledons, hypocotyls, flowers, ovules, pollen grains, seeds, fruits, parts fruits, and/or cells isolated from ‘E20S.10382’ pepper plants. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure is further directed to pollen grains or ovules isolated from ‘E20S.10382’ pepper plants. In another embodiment, the present disclosure is further directed to protoplasts produced from ‘E20S.10382’ pepper plants. In another embodiment, the present disclosure is further directed to tissue or cell culture of ‘E20S.10382’ pepper plants produced from protoplasts or cells, and to pepper plants regenerated from the tissue or cell culture, where the plants regenerated from the issue culture have all, or essentially all, of the morphological and physiological characteristics of ‘E20S.10382’ pepper. In certain embodiments, tissue or cell culture of ‘E20S.10382’ pepper plants is produced from a plant part selected from root, root tip, meristematic cell, stem, hypocotyl, petiole, cotyledon, leaf, flower, anther, pollen, pistil, and/or fruit.
In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure is further directed to a method of producing a seed of a ‘E20S.10382’-derived pepper plant, including the steps: (a) crossing a hybrid pepper designated as ‘E20S.10382’, representative sample of seed having been deposited under NCIMB Accession Number X1, with itself or a second pepper plant; and (b) whereby seed of a ‘E20S.10382’-derived pepper plant forms. In an additional embodiment, the method further includes (c) crossing a plant grown from ‘E20S.10382’-derived pepper seed with itself or a second pepper plant to yield additional ‘E20S.10382’-derived pepper seed; (d) growing the additional ‘E20S.10382’-derived pepper seed of step (c) to yield additional ‘E20S.10382’-derived pepper plants; and (e) repeating the crossing and growing of steps (c) and (d) for an additional 3-10 generations to generate further ‘E20S.10382’-derived pepper plants. In still another embodiment, the present disclosure is further directed to pepper plants, pepper parts from the pepper plants, and/or seeds produced therefrom where the pepper plant is grown from seed produced by the methods of any of the above embodiments.
In an additional embodiment, the present disclosure is further directed to a method of producing a pepper fruit, said method including growing the plant of any of the above embodiments until it sets at least one fruit, and harvesting the fruit.
Still another embodiment includes a method of vegetatively propagating a plant of hybrid pepper variety ‘E20S.10382’, the method including the steps of: (a) collecting tissue capable of being propagated from a plant of hybrid pepper variety ‘E20S.10382’, representative seed of said hybrid pepper variety having been deposited under NCIMB Accession Number X1; and (b) producing a rooted plant from said tissue. In still another embodiment, the present disclosure is further directed to pepper plants, pepper parts from the pepper plants, and/or seeds produced therefrom where the pepper plant is grown from seed produced by the method of this embodiment.
According to the disclosure, there is provided a hybrid pepper plant designated ‘E20S.10382’. This disclosure thus relates to the seeds of hybrid pepper ‘E20S.10382’, to the plants of pepper ‘E20S.10382’ and to methods for producing a pepper plant produced by crossing hybrid pepper ‘E20S.10382’ with itself or another pepper plant. This disclosure also relates to methods for producing other pepper cultivars or hybrids derived from hybrid pepper ‘E20S.10382’ and to the pepper cultivars and hybrids derived by the use of those methods. This disclosure further relates to pepper seeds and plants produced by crossing hybrid pepper ‘E20S.10382’ with another pepper cultivar.
In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to single gene converted plants of hybrid pepper ‘E20S.10382’. The single transferred gene may preferably be a dominant or recessive allele. Preferably, the single transferred gene will confer such trait as sex determination, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, improved harvest characteristics, enhanced nutritional quality, and/or improved agronomic quality.
In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to methods for developing pepper plants in a pepper plant breeding program using plant breeding techniques including recurrent selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, and/or genetic marker enhanced selection. Seeds, pepper plants, and parts thereof produced by such breeding methods are also part of the disclosure.
In addition to the exemplary aspects and embodiments described above, further aspects and embodiments will become apparent by reference by study of the following descriptions.
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawings will be provided by the office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
There are numerous steps in the development of any novel, desirable plant germplasm. Plant breeding begins with the analysis and definition of problems and weaknesses of the current germplasm, the establishment of program goals, and the definition of specific breeding objectives. The next step is selection of germplasm that possess the traits to meet the program goals. The selected germplasm is crossed in order to recombine the desired traits and through selection varieties or parent lines are developed. The goal is to combine in a single variety or hybrid an improved combination of desirable traits from the parental germplasm. These important traits may include, among other things, higher yield, field performance, fruit and agronomic quality such as fruit shape and length, resistance to diseases and insects, and tolerance to drought and heat.
Choice of breeding or selection methods depends on the mode of plant reproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and the type of cultivar used commercially (e.g., F1 hybrid cultivar, pureline cultivar). For highly heritable traits, a choice of superior individual plants evaluated at a single location will be effective, whereas for traits with low heritability, selection should be based on mean values obtained from replicated evaluations of families of related plants. Popular selection methods commonly include pedigree selection, modified pedigree selection, mass selection, and recurrent selection.
The complexity of inheritance influences choice of the breeding method. Backcross breeding is used to transfer one or a few favorable genes for a highly heritable trait into a desirable cultivar. This approach has been used extensively for breeding disease-resistant cultivars. Various recurrent selection techniques are used to improve quantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes. The use of recurrent selection in self-pollinating crops depends on the ease of pollination, the frequency of successful hybrids from each pollination, and the number of hybrid offspring from each successful cross.
Each breeding program should include a periodic, objective evaluation of the efficiency of the breeding procedure. Evaluation criteria vary depending on the goal and objectives, but should include gain from selection per year based on comparisons to an appropriate standard, overall value of the advanced breeding lines, and number of successful cultivars produced per unit of input (e.g., per year, per dollar expended).
Promising advanced breeding lines are thoroughly tested and compared to appropriate standards in environments representative of the commercial target area(s) for three years at least. The best lines are candidates for new commercial cultivars; those still deficient in a few traits are used as parents to produce new populations for further selection. These processes, which lead to the final step of marketing and distribution, usually take from five to ten years from the time the first cross or selection is made.
One goal of pepper plant breeding is to develop new, unique and superior pepper cultivars. A breeder can initially select and cross two or more parental lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection, producing many new genetic combinations. Moreover, a breeder can generate multiple different genetic combinations by crossing, selfing, and mutations. A plant breeder can then select which germplasms to advance to the next generation. These germplasms may then be grown under different geographical, climatic, and soil conditions, and further selections can be made during, and at the end of, the growing season.
The development of commercial pepper cultivars thus requires the development and/or selection of pepper parental lines, the crossing of these lines, and the evaluation of the crosses. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection breeding methods are used to develop cultivars from breeding populations. Breeding programs combine desirable traits from two or more varieties or various broad-based sources into breeding pools from which lines are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. The new lines are crossed with other lines and the hybrids from these crosses are evaluated to determine which have commercial potential.
Pedigree breeding is used commonly for the improvement of self-pollinating crops or inbred lines of cross-pollinating crops. Two parents which possess favorable, complementary traits are crossed to produce an F1. An F2 population is produced by selfing one or several F1s or by intercrossing two F1s (sib mating). Selection of the best individuals is usually begun in the F2 population; then, beginning in the F3, the best individuals in the best families are selected. Replicated testing of families, or hybrid combinations involving individuals of these families, often follows in the F4 generation to improve the effectiveness of selection for traits with low heritability. At an advanced stage of inbreeding (i.e., F6 and F7), the best lines or mixtures of phenotypically similar lines are tested for potential release as new cultivars.
Mass and recurrent selections can be used to improve populations of either self- or cross-pollinating crops. A genetically variable population of heterozygous individuals is either identified or created by intercrossing several different parents. The best plants are selected based on individual superiority, outstanding progeny, or excellent combining ability. The selected plants are intercrossed to produce a new population in which further cycles of selection are continued.
Backcross breeding may be used to transfer genes for a simply inherited, highly heritable trait into a desirable homozygous cultivar or line that is the recurrent parent. The source of the trait to be transferred is called the donor parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., cultivar) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent. After the initial cross, individuals possessing the phenotype of the donor parent are selected and repeatedly crossed (backcrossed) to the recurrent parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., cultivar) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent.
The single-seed descent procedure in the strict sense refers to planting a segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, and using the one-seed sample to plant the next generation. When the population has been advanced from the F2 to the desired level of inbreeding, the plants from which lines are derived will each trace to different F2 individuals. The number of plants in a population declines each generation due to failure of some seeds to germinate or some plants to produce at least one seed. As a result, not all of the F2 plants originally sampled in the population will be represented by a progeny when generation advance is completed.
New varieties can also be developed from more than two parents. The technique, known as modified backcrossing, uses different recurrent parents during the backcrossing. Modified backcrossing may be used to replace the original recurrent parent with a variety having certain more desirable characteristics or multiple parents may be used to obtain different desirable characteristics from each.
In addition to being used to create a backcross conversion, backcrossing can also be used in combination with pedigree breeding. As discussed previously, backcrossing can be used to transfer one or more specifically desirable traits from one variety, the donor parent, to a developed variety called the recurrent parent, which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet lacks that desirable trait or traits. However, the same procedure can be used to move the progeny toward the genotype of the recurrent parent, but at the same time retain many components of the nonrecurrent parent by stopping the backcrossing at an early stage and proceeding with selfing and selection. For example, an inbred pepper line may be crossed with another variety to produce a first generation progeny plant. The first generation progeny plant may then be backcrossed to one of its parent varieties to create a BC1 or BC2. Progeny are selfed and selected so that the newly developed variety has many of the attributes of the recurrent parent and yet several of the desired attributes of the nonrecurrent parent. This approach leverages the value and strengths of the recurrent parent for use in new pepper varieties.
In addition to phenotypic observations, the genotype of a plant can also be examined. There are many laboratory-based techniques known in the art that are available for the analysis, comparison and characterization of plant genotype. Such techniques include, without limitation, High Resolution Melting (HRM), DNA- or RNA-sequencing, CAPS Markers, ELISA, Western blot, microarrays, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Differential Display Polymerase Chain Reaction (DD-PCR), Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), and Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs, which are also referred to as Microsatellites).
Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers closely linked to alleles or markers containing sequences within the actual alleles of interest can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select toward the genome of the recurrent parent and against the markers of the donor parent. This procedure attempts to minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. It can also be used to reduce the number of crosses back to the recurrent parent needed in a backcrossing program. The use of molecular markers in the selection process is often called genetic marker enhanced selection or marker-assisted selection. Molecular markers may also be used to identify and exclude certain sources of germplasm as parental varieties or ancestors of a plant by providing a means of tracking genetic profiles through crosses.
Mutation breeding may also be used introducing new traits into pepper varieties. Mutations that occur spontaneously or are artificially induced can be useful sources of variability for a plant breeder. The goal of artificial mutagenesis is to increase the rate of mutation for a desired characteristic. Mutation rates can be increased by many different means including temperature, long-term seed storage, tissue culture conditions, radiation (such as X-rays, Gamma rays, neutrons, Beta radiation, or ultraviolet radiation), chemical mutagens (such as base analogs like 5-bromo-uracil), antibiotics, alkylating agents (such as sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethyleneamines, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfones, or lactones), azide, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid or acridines. Once a desired trait is observed through mutagenesis the trait may then be incorporated into existing germplasm by traditional breeding techniques. Details of mutation breeding can be found in Principles of Cultivar Development: Theory and Technique, Walter Fehr (1991), Agronomy Books, 1 (https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/agron_books/1).
The production of double haploids can also be used for the development of homozygous lines in a breeding program. Double haploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes from a heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. For example, see Wan, et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 77:889-892, 1989.
Additional non-limiting examples of breeding methods that may be used include, without limitation, those found in Principles of Plant Breeding, John Wiley and Son, pp. 115-161 (1960); Principles of Cultivar Development: Theory and Technique, Walter Fehr (1991), Agronomy Books, 1 (https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/agron_books/1).
In the description and tables that follow, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided:
Allele. The allele is any of one or more alternative forms of a gene, all of which relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
Backcrossing. Backcrossing is a process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny back to one of the parents, for example, a first generation hybrid F1 with one of the parental genotype of the F1 hybrid.
Covered cultivation. Any type of cultivation where the plants are not exposed to direct sunlight. The covering includes but is not limited to greenhouses, glasshouses, net-houses, plastic houses and tunnels.
Essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics. A plant having essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics means that the plants share essentially all physiological and morphological characteristics identified herein, except, e.g., with respect to characteristics derived from a converted gene that differs between the plants as a result backcrossing, mutation, or genetic engineering.
Internode. An “internode” refers to the stem segment between nodes.
Mature-green. As used herein, “mature-green”, “mature-green fruit”, “mature-green pepper”, “mature-green pepper fruit” refer to pepper fruit that has reached full size and the seeds inside are mature, but the fruit has not yet changed color.
Pepper fruit. As used herein, a “pepper fruit” is a fruit produced by a Capsicum annuum plant and is commonly referred to as a bell pepper. The color of a pepper fruit can be green, red, yellow, orange and, more rarely, white, black, and brown, depending on when they are harvested and the specific cultivar. Green peppers are unripe bell peppers, while the others are all ripe, with the color variation based on cultivar selection.
Propagate. To “propagate” a plant means to reproduce the plant by means including, but not limited to, seeds, cuttings, divisions, tissue culture, embryo culture or other in vitro method.
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). As used herein, “quantitative trait loci” refers to genetic loci that control to some degree numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed.
Regeneration. As used herein, “regeneration” refers to the development of a plant from tissue culture.
Single gene converted. As used herein, “single gene converted” or “conversion plant” refers to plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of an inbred are recovered in addition to the single gene transferred into the inbred via the backcrossing technique or via genetic engineering.
Hybrid pepper ‘E20S.10382’ is a sweet bite pepper that produces moderately triangular fruit having a red color when mature (ripe). This variety is suitable for cultivation in the greenhouse, and suitable for growing in North America. Additionally, hybrid pepper ‘E20S.10382’ is highly resistant to Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), Pathotype 1-2-3, and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and is also highly resistant to cracking and stip.
This variety has shown uniformity and stability for the traits, within the limits of environmental influence for the traits. Hybrid pepper ‘E20S.10382’ has been increased with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in ‘E20S.10382’.
Hybrid pepper variety ‘E20S.10382’ has the following morphologic and other characteristics. The observations were made on four-week-old to twenty-five-week-old plants grown in Culiacan, Mexico. The range in plant ages is due to different traits needing to be measured at different time points, for example, seedling hypocotyl was measured at nursery stage (i.e., four-week-old) and plant height at the end of the growing cycle (i.e., twenty-five-week-old).
Plant:
Leaves:
Flowers:
Fruit:
Chemistry, Composition, and Characteristics of Ripe Fruit:
Seed:
Growth Conditions:
Anthocyanin Coloration:
Disease/Pest Resistance:
Resistance to Abiotic Stress:
Table 1 below compares some of the characteristics of hybrid pepper variety ‘E20S.10382’ with similar variety, ‘E20S12779’ (U.S. Pat. No. 9,301,464). Column 1 lists the characteristics, column 2 shows the characteristics for hybrid pepper variety ‘E20S.10382’, and column 3 shows the characteristics for similar pepper variety ‘E20S12779’.
This disclosure is also directed to methods for producing a pepper plant by crossing a first parent pepper plant with a second parent pepper plant, wherein the first or second pepper plant is the pepper plant ‘E20S.10382’. Further, both first and second parent pepper plants may be ‘E20S.10382’. Therefore, any methods using pepper hybrids ‘E20S.10382’ are part of this disclosure: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid breeding, and crosses to populations. Any plants produced using pepper hybrids ‘E20S.10382’ as at least one parent are within the scope of this disclosure.
When the terms pepper plant, hybrid, cultivar or pepper line are used in the context of the present disclosure, this also includes any single gene conversions. The term “single gene converted plant” as used herein refers to those pepper plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of a cultivar are recovered in addition to the single gene transferred into the line via the backcrossing technique. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present disclosure to improve or introduce a characteristic into the line. The term “backcrossing” as used herein refers to the repeated crossing of a hybrid progeny back to one of the parental pepper plants for that line, backcrossing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more times to the recurrent parent. The parental pepper plant which contributes the gene for the desired characteristic is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental pepper plant to which the gene or genes from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol (Poehlman & Sleper, 1994; Fehr, 1987). In a typical backcross protocol, the original cultivar of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second line (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the single gene of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a pepper plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the single transferred gene from the nonrecurrent parent.
The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to alter or substitute a single trait or characteristic in the original line. To accomplish this, a single gene of the recurrent cultivar is modified or substituted with the desired gene from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the desired genetic, and therefore the desired physiological and morphological, constitution of the original line. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross, one of the major purposes is to add some commercially desirable, agronomically important trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the desired characteristic has been successfully transferred.
Many single gene traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new line but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Examples of single gene traits include but are not limited to, male sterility, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism, herbicide resistance, nematode resistance, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, enhanced nutritional quality, industrial usage, and yield enhancement. These genes are generally inherited through the nucleus. Several of these single gene traits are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,777,196, 5,948,957 and 5,969,212, the disclosures of which are specifically hereby incorporated by reference.
Further reproduction of the variety can occur by tissue culture and regeneration. Tissue culture of various tissues of peppers and regeneration of plants therefrom is well-known and widely published. See, Agrawal, S. et al., “Plant regeneration in tissue cultures of pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Mathania) Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, Vol. 16(1) pp 47-55 1989; Berljak J. “In vitro plant regeneration from Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. ‘Soroksari’) Seedling Explants” Phyton (Austria) Special issue: “Plant Physiology” Vol. 39(3) pp 289-292 (1999); Ahmad, N., et al., “Improved plant regeneration in Capsicum annuum L. from nodal segments” Biologia Plantarum Vol. 50(4) pp 701-704 (2006); and Otroshy, M. et al., “Micropropagation of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Through in vitro Direct Organogenesis” Asian Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 3 pp 38-45 (2010). Thus, another aspect or embodiment is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce pepper plants having the physiological and morphological characteristics of the hybrid ‘E20S.10382’.
As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli, meristematic cells, and plant cells that can generate tissue culture that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as leaves, pollen, embryos, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, flowers, seeds, petioles, and the like. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue culture are well known in the art. By way of example, a tissue culture comprising organs has been used to produce regenerated plants. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,185; 5,973,234; and 5,977,445 describe certain techniques, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Transformation of plant protoplasts also can be achieved using methods based on calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation, and combinations of these treatments (see, e.g., Potrykus et al., 1985; Omirulleh et al., 1993; Fromm et al., 1986; Uchimiya et al., 1986; Marcotte et al., 1988). Transformation of plants and expression of foreign genetic elements is exemplified in Choi et al. (1994) and Ellul et al. (2003). Direct uptake of DNA into protoplasts using CaCl2 precipitation, polyvinyl alcohol, or poly-L-ornithine has also been reported (see, e.g., Hain et al., 1985 and Draper et al., 1982). Electroporation of protoplasts and whole cells and tissues have also been described (see, e.g., Saker et al., 1998; Donn et al., 1990; D'Halluin et al., 1992; and Laursen et al., 1994; Chupean et al., 1989).
This disclosure also is directed to methods for producing a pepper plant by crossing a first parent pepper plant with a second parent pepper plant wherein the first or second parent pepper plant is a pepper plant of hybrid ‘E20S.10382’. Further, both first and second parent pepper plants can come from pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’. Thus, any such methods using pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ are part of this disclosure: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. All plants produced using pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ as at least one parent are within the scope of this disclosure, including those developed from cultivars derived from pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’. Advantageously, this pepper cultivar could be used in crosses with other, different, pepper plants to produce the first generation (F1) pepper hybrid seeds and plants with superior characteristics. The cultivar of the disclosure can also be used for transformation where exogenous genes are introduced and expressed by the cultivar of the disclosure. Genetic variants created either through traditional breeding methods using pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ or through transformation of hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ by any of a number of protocols known to those of skill in the art are intended to be within the scope of this disclosure.
The following describes breeding methods that may be used with pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ in the development of further pepper plants. One such embodiment is a method for developing progeny pepper plants in a pepper plant breeding program comprising: obtaining the pepper plant, or a part thereof, of hybrid ‘E20S.10382’, utilizing said plant or plant part as a source of breeding material, and selecting a pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ progeny plant with molecular markers in common with hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ and/or with morphological and/or physiological characteristics selected from the characteristics listed above. Breeding steps that may be used in the pepper plant breeding program include pedigree breeding, backcrossing, mutation breeding, and recurrent selection. In conjunction with these steps, techniques such as RFLP-enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection (for example, SSR markers) and the making of double haploids may be utilized.
Another method involves producing a population of pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ progeny pepper plants, by crossing hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ with another pepper plant, thereby producing a population of pepper plants, which, on average, derive 50% of their alleles from pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’. A plant of this population may be selected and repeatedly selfed or sibbed with a pepper plant resulting from these successive filial generations. One embodiment of this disclosure is the pepper cultivar produced by this method and that has obtained at least 50% of its alleles from pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’.
Additional methods include, without limitation, chasing selfs. Chasing selfs involves identifying inbred plants among pepper plants that have been grown from hybrid pepper seed. Once the seed is planted, the inbred plants may be identified and selected due to their decreased vigor relative to the hybrid plants that grow from the hybrid seed. By locating the inbred plants, isolating them from the rest of the plants, and self-pollinating them (i.e., “chasing selfs”), a breeder can obtain an inbred line that is identical to an inbred parent used to produce the hybrid.
Accordingly, another aspect of the present disclosure relates a method for producing an inbred pepper variety by: planting seed of the pepper variety ‘E20S.10382’; growing plants from the seed; identifying one or more inbred pepper plants; controlling pollination in a manner which preserves homozygosity of the one or more inbred plants; and harvesting resultant seed from the one or more inbred plants. The step of identifying the one or more inbred pepper plants may further include identifying plants with decreased vigor, i.e., plants that appear less robust than plants of the pepper variety ‘E20S.10382’. Pepper plants capable of expressing substantially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the parental inbred lines of pepper variety ‘E20S.10382’ include pepper plants obtained by chasing selfs from seed of pepper variety ‘E20S.10382’.
One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that once a breeder has obtained inbred pepper plants by chasing selfs from seed of pepper variety ‘E20S.10382’, the breeder can then produce new inbred plants such as by sib-pollinating, or by crossing one of the identified inbred pepper plant with a plant of the pepper variety ‘E20S.10382’.
One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to determine if there is no significant difference between the two traits expressed by those varieties. For example, see Fehr and Walt, Principles of Cultivar Development, pp. 261-286 (1987). Thus the disclosure includes pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ progeny pepper plants comprising a combination of at least two hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ traits selected from the group consisting of those listed above or the hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ combination of traits listed in the Summary of the Disclosure, so that said progeny pepper plant is not significantly different for said traits than pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions. Using techniques described herein, molecular markers may be used to identify said progeny plant as a pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ progeny plant. Mean trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are significant, and preferably the traits are measured on plants grown under the same environmental conditions. Once such a variety is developed its value is substantial since it is important to advance the germplasm base as a whole in order to maintain or improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, pest resistance, and plant performance in extreme environmental conditions.
Progeny of pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ may also be characterized through their filial relationship with pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’, as for example, being within a certain number of breeding crosses of pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’. A breeding cross is a cross made to introduce new genetics into the progeny, and is distinguished from a cross, such as a self or a sib cross, made to select among existing genetic alleles. The lower the number of breeding crosses in the pedigree, the closer the relationship between pepper hybrid ‘E20S.10382’ and its progeny. For example, progeny produced by the methods described herein may be within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 breeding crosses of pepper hybrid E20S.10382’.
As used herein, the term “plant” includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which pepper plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as fruit, leaves, pollen, embryos, cotyledons, hypocotyl, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, flowers, seeds, stems and the like.
The use of the terms “a,” “an,” and “the,” and similar referents in the context of describing the disclosure (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. For example, if the range 10-15 is disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the disclosure unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the disclosure.
While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions, and sub-combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions, and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.
A deposit of at least 625 seeds of the hybrid pepper variety ‘E20S.10382’ was made with the National Collection of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria Ltd. (NCIMB Ltd), Ferguson Building, Craibstone Estate, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9YA, United Kingdom, and assigned NCIMB Number X1. The seeds deposited with the NCIMB on DATE were obtained from the seed of the variety maintained by Enza Zaden USA, Inc., having an address at 7 Harris Place, Salinas, California 93901, United States since prior to the filing date of the application. Access to this deposit will be available during the pendency of this application to persons determined by the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto under 37 C.F.R. § 1.14 and 35 U.S.C. § 122. Upon issuance, the Applicant will make the deposit available to the public consistent with all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. § 1.801-1.809. This deposit of the hybrid pepper variety ‘E20S.10382 will be maintained in the NCIMB, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or at least 5 years after the most recent request for a sample of the deposit, or for the effective life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period. Applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce. Applicant does not waive any infringement of rights granted under this patent or under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq.).
This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/328,917, filed on Apr. 8, 2022; the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63328917 | Apr 2022 | US |
