Patent Application
20160155770
The present invention relates to an image sensor and, more particularly, to an image sensor in which the strength of adhesion between a photoconductive layer and a substrate is enhanced, and a method of manufacturing the same.
Conventionally, X-rays for medical or industrial applications have been typically taken using films and screens. In this case, the use of resources and time becomes inefficient due to problems related to the development and storage of the taken films.
Hence, digital-type image sensors are currently widely used. Such image sensors are classified into indirect conversion-type image sensors and direct conversion-type image sensors.
Indirect conversion-type image sensors function such that X-rays are converted into visible light using a scintillator, after which the visible light is converted into an electrical signal. By comparison, direct conversion-type image sensors function such that X-rays are directly converted into an electrical signal using a photoconductive layer. Direct conversion-type image sensors are suitable for use in high-resolution systems because there is no need for an additional scintillator and the spreading of light does not occur.
The photoconductive layer used in the direct conversion-type image sensor is formed through deposition on the surface of a CMOS substrate. However, the photoconductive layer adheres poorly to the protective film on the surface of the CMOS substrate, undesirably incurring defects in which the photoconductive layer comes loose from the surface of the substrate.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a way to increase the strength of adhesion between a photoconductive layer and a substrate.
In order to accomplish the above object, an aspect of the present invention provides an image sensor, comprising: a protective film formed on the surface of a substrate having a pad electrode; a buffer layer formed on the protective film and comprising a precious metal material or an oxide material; a photoconductive layer formed on the buffer layer; and an upper electrode formed on the photoconductive layer.
The protective film may include a pad hole for exposing the pad electrode, and the buffer layer may be formed around the pad electrode and may be electrically disconnected from the pad electrode. The precious metal material for the buffer layer may comprise at least one selected from among Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd. The oxide material for the buffer layer may comprise at least one selected from among Al2O3, TiO2, and ZrO2. The area of the buffer layer in a pixel region is 10 to 90% of an area of the pixel region. The photoconductive layer may comprise at least one selected from among CdTe, CdZnTe, PbO, PbI2, HgI2, GaAs, Se, TlBr, and BiI3. The buffer layer may have a voltage applied thereto, or may be in a floating state. The substrate may be a CMOS substrate, a glass substrate, a graphite substrate, or a substrate configured such that ITO is formed on an aluminum oxide base. The image sensor may further comprise an intermediate layer formed of Cr between the protective film and the buffer layer.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of manufacturing an image sensor, comprising: forming a protective film on the surface of a substrate having a pad electrode; forming a buffer layer comprising a precious metal material or an oxide material on the protective film; forming a photoconductive layer on the buffer layer; and forming an upper electrode on the photoconductive layer.
According to the present invention, an image sensor is configured such that a buffer layer having increased strength of adhesion to a substrate and a photoconductive layer is provided between the substrate and the photoconductive layer. Thereby, the strength of adhesion of the photoconductive layer to the substrate can be effectively enhanced. Furthermore, the buffer layer enables the concentration of an electric field, thus reducing leakage current.
Hereinafter, a detailed description will be given of embodiments of the present invention, with reference to the appended drawings.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, an image sensor 200 may be employed in a variety of X-ray imaging devices having various shapes or end uses. Examples of such X-ray imaging devices may include mammographic devices, CT devices, etc.
The image sensor 200 is configured such that X-rays that pass through an objective are detected and then converted into an electrical signal. The image sensor 200 has a rectangular shape when viewed from above, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
In particular, the image sensor 200 according to the embodiment of the present invention is a direct conversion-type X-ray detector, whereby the incident X-rays are directly converted into an electrical signal.
With reference to
Each of the plurality of pixel regions P may be configured such that a photoelectric converter (PC) for converting X-rays into an electrical signal is formed on a substrate 210.
Examples of the substrate 210 for use in the image sensor 200 may include, but are not limited to, a CMOS substrate, a glass substrate, a graphite substrate, and a substrate configured such that ITO is formed on an aluminum oxide (Al2O3) base. For the sake of description, a CMOS substrate is used in the embodiment of the present invention.
A protective film 215 is formed on the surface of the substrate 210. The protective film 215 may be formed of an inorganic insulating material, for example, silicon oxide (SiO2) or silicon nitride (SiNx).
The protective film 215 may include a pad hole 217 formed for each pixel region P. A pad electrode 220 may be provided in the pad hole 217. The pad electrode 220 is an electrode that is provided in the photoelectric converter (PC), and corresponds to, for example, a first electrode 220.
A buffer layer 230 is formed on the substrate 210 having the pad electrode 220. The buffer layer 230 may be formed of a material having high strength of adhesion to the protective film 215. In this regard, for example, the buffer layer 230 is preferably composed of a metal material having conductivity, especially at least one selected from among precious metals, including silver (Ag), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), and palladium (Pd).
Alternatively, the buffer layer 230 may be composed of an oxide film, and preferably at least one selected from among oxide materials, including Al2O3, TiO2, and ZrO2.
In this way, when the buffer layer 230 is provided between the protective film 215 and the photoconductive layer 240, which is formed in subsequent processing, the strength of adhesion of the photoconductive layer 240 to the substrate 210 may be increased.
The photoconductive layer 240 has particularly poor strength of adhesion to a protective film 215 made of silicon nitride. In this case, the effect by the buffer layer 230 of increasing the strength of adhesion is even stronger.
When the buffer layer 230 is made of a precious metal, the corresponding buffer layer 230 is preferably spaced apart from the pad electrode 220, and is thus electrically disconnected from the pad electrode. For each pixel region P, when viewed from above, the buffer layer 230 may be formed on at least a portion of the periphery of the pad electrode 220 so as to be spaced apart from the edge of the pad electrode 220.
On the other hand, when the buffer layer 230 is formed of an oxide film, the corresponding buffer layer 230 has insulating properties, and thus there is no need to consider the electrical disconnection from the pad electrode 220. Therefore, unlike the buffer layer 230 made of a metal material, the buffer layer 230 made of an oxide film may be formed so as to expose at least a portion thereof by overlapping the pad electrode 220. For example, the buffer layer 230 may have an opening that substantially matches the pad hole 217.
The buffer layer 230 may have an area of about 10 to 90% relative to the area of the pixel region P.
With regard to the formation of the buffer layer 230, as illustrated in
In the other embodiments, the buffer layer 230 may be formed as illustrated in
The buffer layer 230 may be formed variously as described above, and may also be provided in other forms.
On the substrate 210 having the buffer layer 230, a photoconductive layer 240 may be formed for each pixel region P.
When X-rays are incident on the photoconductive layer 240, electron-hole pairs are generated. The photoconductive layer 240 may be made of a material having superior charge mobility, a high absorption coefficient, low dark current, or low electron-hole pair generation energy. For example, at least one selected from among photoconductive materials, such as CdTe, CdZnTe, PbO, PbI2, HgI2, GaAs, Se, TlBr, and BiI3, may be used.
An upper electrode 250 may be formed on the substrate 210 having the photoconductive layer 240. A bias voltage may be applied to the upper electrode 250. The upper electrode 250 is the other electrode that is provided in the photoelectric converter (PC), and corresponds to, for example, a second electrode 250. The upper electrode 250 may be formed over the entire surface of the substrate 210.
For the image sensor 200 thus configured, the buffer layer 230 plays a role in increasing the strength of adhesion of the photoconductive layer 240 to the substrate. When the buffer layer 230 is made of a metal material, the concentration of an electric field is possible, and thus leakage current may be reduced.
In this regard, the buffer layer 230 is formed around the first electrode 220, whereby the electric field E, generated between the second electrode 250 and the first electrode 220, may be guided inwards by means of the buffer layer 230. In this way, the buffer layer 230 may function as a guard ring in the formation of the electric field E.
To this end, the buffer layer 230 may have a voltage applied thereto, or may be in a floating state.
Although not shown, in order to increase the strength of adhesion between the buffer layer 230 and the protective film 215, an intermediate layer made of a metal material such as Cr may be further provided.
As described hereinbefore, according to embodiments of the present invention, a buffer layer having superior strength of adhesion to the substrate and the photoconductive layer is provided between the substrate and the photoconductive layer. Thereby, the strength of adhesion between the photoconductive layer and the substrate may be effectively increased. Furthermore, when the buffer layer is made of a metal material, the concentration of an electric field is possible by means of the buffer layer, thus reducing leakage current.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2013-0079621 | Jul 2013 | KR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/KR2014/006128 | 7/8/2014 | WO | 00 |
