Patent Application
20060145608
The invention relates to a low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp.
The invention also relates to a compact fluorescent lamp.
In mercury vapor discharge lamps, mercury constitutes the primary component for the (efficient) generation of ultraviolet (UV) light. A luminescent layer comprising a luminescent material may be present on an inner wall of the discharge vessel to convert UV to other wavelengths, for example, to UV-B and UV-A for tanning purposes (sun panel lamps) or to visible radiation for general illumination purposes. Such discharge lamps are therefore also referred to as fluorescent lamps. Alternatively, the ultraviolet light generated may be used for manufacturing germicidal lamps (UV-C). The discharge vessel of low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamps is usually circular and comprises both elongate and compact embodiments. Generally, the tubular discharge vessel of compact fluorescent lamps comprises a collection of relatively short straight parts having a relatively small diameter, which straight parts are connected together by means of bridge parts or via bent parts. Compact fluorescent lamps are usually provided with an (integrated) lamp cap. Normally, the means for maintaining a discharge in the discharge space are electrodes arranged in the discharge space. In an alternative embodiment the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp comprises a so-called electrodeless low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp.
In the description and claims of the current invention, the designation “nominal operation” is used to refer to operating conditions where the mercury-vapor pressure is such that the radiation output of the lamp is at least 80% of that when the light output is maximal, i.e. under operating conditions where the mercury-vapor pressure is optimal. In addition, in the description and claims, the “initial radiation output” is defined as the radiation output of the discharge lamp 1 second after switching on the discharge lamp, and the “run-up time” is defined as the time needed by the discharge lamp to reach a radiation output of 80% of that during optimum operation.
Low-pressure mercury-vapor discharge lamps are known comprising an amalgam. Such discharge lamps have a comparatively low mercury-vapor pressure at room temperature. As a result, amalgam-containing discharge lamps have the disadvantage that also the initial radiation output is comparatively low when a customary power supply is used to operate said lamp. In addition, the run-up time is comparatively long because the mercury-vapor pressure increases only slowly after switching on the lamp. Apart from amalgam-containing discharge lamps, low-pressure mercury-vapor discharge lamps are known which comprise both a (main) amalgam and a so-called auxiliary amalgam. If the auxiliary amalgam comprises sufficient mercury, then the lamp has a relatively short run-up time. Immediately after the lamp has been switched on, i.e. during pre-heating the electrodes, the auxiliary amalgam is heated by the electrode so that it relatively rapidly dispenses a substantial part of the mercury that it contains. In this respect, it is desirable that, prior to being switched on, the lamp has been idle for a sufficiently long time to allow the auxiliary amalgam to take up sufficient mercury. If the lamp has been idle for a comparatively short period of time, the reduction of the run-up time is only small. In addition, in that case the initial radiation output is (even) lower than that of a lamp comprising only a main amalgam, which can be attributed to the fact that a comparatively low mercury-vapor pressure is adjusted in the discharge space by the auxiliary amalgam. An additional problem encountered with comparatively long lamps is that it takes comparatively much time for the mercury liberated by the auxiliary amalgam to spread throughout the discharge vessel, so that after switching on such lamps, they demonstrate a comparatively bright zone near the auxiliary amalgam and a comparatively dark zone at a greater distance from the auxiliary amalgam, which zones disappear after a few minutes.
In addition, low-pressure mercury-vapor discharge lamps are known which are not provided with an amalgam and contain only free mercury. These lamps, also referred to as mercury discharge lamps, have the advantage that the mercury-vapor pressure at room temperature and, hence, the initial radiation output are relatively high as compared to amalgam-containing discharge lamps and as compared to discharge lamps comprising a (main) amalgam and an auxiliary amalgam. In addition, the run-up time is comparatively short. After having been switched on, comparatively long lamps of this type also demonstrate a substantially constant brightness over substantially the whole length, which can be attributed to the fact that the vapor pressure (at room temperature) is sufficiently high at the time of switching on these lamps.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,456,004 discloses an apparatus for improving the performance of a low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp. The lamp includes an envelope enclosing an amalgam housed in a container. The container maintains mercury vapor equilibrium during lamp operation and prevents mercury diffusion during lamp off periods. The container is provided with an opening selectively adjustable between an open position and a closed position. When the discharge lamp is in operation, the container is in an open position enabling the amalgam to maintain mercury vapor pressure equilibrium. When the discharge lamp is turned off, the container is closed preventing diffusion of mercury into the amalgam.
A drawback of the known low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp is that the mercury pressure becomes too high when they are operated in a badly ventilated luminaire or when the discharge lamp is subjected to a high load. As the saturation vapor pressure increases exponentially with temperature, comparatively high ambient temperatures give rise to a reduction of the radiation output.
The invention has for its object to eliminate the above disadvantage wholly or partly. According to the invention, a low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp of the kind mentioned in the opening paragraph for this purpose comprises:
a light-transmitting discharge vessel enclosing, in a gastight manner, a discharge space provided with a filling of mercury and a rare gas,
the discharge vessel comprising discharge means for maintaining a discharge in the discharge space,
the discharge vessel being provided with a container comprising an amalgam,
the container being provided with releasing means for the controlled release of mercury vapor from the amalgam,
the releasing means being open during lamp operation,
the releasing means being substantially closed when, during lamp operation, the temperature of the amalgam becomes higher than a pre-determined temperature.
In the description and claims of the current invention, the designation “substantially closed” is used to refer to operating conditions in the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp where the releasing means is not entirely closed, while a relatively small passageway between the amalgam container and the discharge space is left open.
Maintaining mercury vapor pressure equilibrium in fluorescent lamps is necessary to maintain optimum lumen output during extended periods when the discharge lamp is in operation. According to the invention, the releasing means is substantially closed when the temperature of the amalgam becomes higher than a pre-determined temperature. When the temperature of the amalgam becomes higher than the pre-determined temperature, the communication between the amalgam and the discharge space is blocked implying that the mercury pressure in the discharge lamp can not rise further with increasing (ambient) temperature. As a consequence, the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp according to the invention operates at a relatively constant lumen output even if the ambient temperature becomes higher than the pre-determined temperature. If the ambient temperature rises after the releasing means has been closed, the vapor pressure above the amalgam in the container may increase, but this has no effect on the mercury pressure in the discharge space because the vapor formed above the amalgam in the container cannot reach the discharge space. According to the measure of the invention, nominal operation of the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp is achieved even at relatively high ambient lamp temperatures. Even in a badly ventilated luminaire or when the lamp is subjected to a high load, an optimal lead to a reduction of the radiation output, a low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp is obtained with an optimal radiation output.
Preferably, the pre-determined temperature corresponds to a temperature of a range of temperatures at which the mercury-vapor pressure above the amalgam is relatively stable. According to this embodiment of the invention, nominal operation of the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp is achieved even at high lamp temperatures because the discharge space contains Oust) enough mercury to bring about a mercury-vapor pressure at the operating temperature which is close to the optimum mercury-vapor pressure. When, during the service life of the discharge lamp, mercury is lost because it becomes bound, for example, to a wall of the discharge vessel and/or to emitter material, the closing means will remain open for a longer period when the discharge lamp is ignited. In this manner, the burning conditions of the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp are relatively optimal under all circumstances and at each moment in the service life of the discharge lamp. The range of temperatures at which the mercury-vapor pressure above the amalgam is relatively stable corresponds to the temperature range of the so-called amalgam plateau.
A preferred embodiment of the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp according to the invention is characterized in that the pre-determined temperature corresponds to 75-110% of the lowest temperature of the range of temperatures at which the mercury-vapor pressure above the amalgam is relatively stable.
Preferably, the releasing means is open during lamp-off periods. When the lamp is switched off, the decrease in temperature causes the mercury vapor to navigate to and diffuse into the amalgam. In general, the releasing means will open again when during the discharge lamp is in operation the temperature drops below the pre-determined temperature.
A preferred embodiment of the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp according to the invention is characterized in that the releasing means comprises a resilient means made of a shape-memory alloy, the transformation temperature of the shape-memory alloy being chosen to correspond substantially to the pre-determined temperature, the resilient means being substantially closed when the shape-memory alloy reaches the transformation temperature of the shape-memory alloy. The characteristics of the shape-memory alloy are chosen such that the transformation temperature corresponds to the pre-determined temperature.
A preferred embodiment of the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp according to the invention is characterized in that the product of the mercury pressure pHg and the internal diameter Din of the discharge vessel is in the range 0.13≦pHg×Din≦8 Pa.cm. A discharge vessel of a low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp in which the product of the mercury pressure (expressed in Pa) and the internal diameter (expressed in mm) of the discharge vessel which is in the mentioned range, contains a relatively low amount of mercury. The mercury content is considerably lower than what is normally provided for in known low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamps. The low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp according to this embodiment of the invention operates as a so-called “unsaturated” mercury vapor discharge lamp.
Preferably, the product of the mercury pressure pHg and the internal diameter Din of the discharge vessel is in the range 0.13≦pHg×Din≦4 Pa.cm. In this preferred regime of pHg×Din, the mercury content in the discharge lamp is further reduced. In this preferred embodiment of the invention, the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp according to the invention operates as an unsaturated mercury vapor discharge lamp.
A preferred embodiment of the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp according to the invention is characterized in that the discharge vessel contains less than approximately 0.1 mg mercury. There is a tendency in governmental regulations to prescribe a maximum amount of mercury present in a low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp that if the discharge lamp comprises less than said prescribed amount allows the user to dispose of the lamp without environmental restrictions. If a mercury discharge lamp contains less than 0.2 mg of mercury such requirements are largely fulfilled. Preferably, the discharge vessel contains less than or equal to approximately 0.05 mg mercury.
It is not an easy task to operate a low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp under unsaturated mercury conditions while simultaneously realizing a relatively long life of the discharge lamp. It is known that measures are taken in low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamps to reduce the amount of mercury that during life of the discharge lamp is no longer able to contribute to the reactive atmosphere in the discharge space in the discharge vessel. Mercury is lost in that, due to the interaction of mercury and materials present in the lamp (such as glass, coatings, electrodes) and parts of the inner wall of the discharge vessel are blackened. Wall blackening does not only give rise to a lower light output but also gives the lamp an unaesthetic appearance, particularly because the blackening occurs irregularly, for example, in the form of dark stains or dots.
These and other aspects of the invention are apparent from and will be elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.
In the drawings:
The Figures are purely diagrammatic and not drawn to scale. Notably, some dimensions are shown in a strongly exaggerated form for the sake of clarity. Similar components in the Figures are denoted as much as possible by the same reference numerals.
In the example of
In the example shown in
An alternative embodiment of the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp comprises the so-called electrodeless discharge lamps, in which the discharge means for maintaining an electric discharge are situated outside a discharge space surrounded by the discharge vessel. Generally said means are formed by a coil provided with a winding of an electric conductor, with a high-frequency voltage, for example having a frequency of approximately 3 MHz, being supplied to said coil, in operation. In general, said coil surrounds a core of a soft-magnetic material.
According to the invention, the discharge vessel 10 is provided with a container (the container is not shown in
In the compact fluorescent lamp as shown in
The first electrode 20a is provided at a second end portion referenced 41b of the tube referenced 41. The second electrode 20b is provided at a second end portion referenced 51b of the tube referenced 51. The second end portions 41b; 51b face away from the first end portions 41a; 51a. To obtain a relatively long electrode path, the electrodes 20a; 20b are arranged at extreme ends of the fluorescent lamp.
In the example of
The side of the tubes 41, 43; 45, 47; 49, 51 facing the discharge space is preferably provided with a protective layer (not shown in
Apart from the second end portions 41b; 51b provided with an electrode 20a; 20b, further second end portions 43b; 45b; 47b; 49b of the respective tubes 43; 45; 47; 49 are provided with a sealed end. Bridge parts 44; 48 for mutually connecting tubes 43, 45; 47, 49 of adjacent dual-shaped lamp parts 35, 36; 36, 37 are provided in the proximity of the second end portions 43b, 45b; 47b, 49b of the tubes 43, 45; 47, 49. At least one of the further second end portions 45b is provided with the container 3 comprising the amalgam 2.
In the example of
Operating a mercury vapor discharge lamp under unsaturated mercury conditions has a number of advantages. Generally speaking, the performance of unsaturated mercury discharge lamps (light output, efficacy, power consumption, etc.) is independent of the ambient temperature as long as the mercury pressure is unsaturated. This results in a constant light output which is independent on the way of burning the discharge lamp (base up versus base down, horizontally versus vertically). In practice, a higher light output of the unsaturated mercury vapor discharge lamp is obtained in the application. Unsaturated lamps combine a higher light output and an improved efficacy in applications at elevated temperatures with minimum mercury content. This results in ease of installation and in freedom of design for lighting and luminaire designers. An unsaturated mercury discharge lamp gives a relatively high system efficacy in combination with a relatively low Hg content. In addition, unsaturated lamps have an improved maintenance. Because the trends towards further miniaturization and towards more light output from one luminaire will continue the forthcoming years, it may be anticipated that problems with temperature in application will more frequently occur in the future. With an unsaturated mercury vapor discharge lamp these problems are largely reduced. Unsaturated lamps combine minimum mercury content with an improved lumen per Watt performance at elevated temperatures.
When the shape-memory alloy reaches the transformation temperature of the shape-memory alloy the resilient means 6 is substantially closed (see
The construction of the releasing means 4 as shown in
According to the invention, the transition or threshold temperature T0 of the shape-memory alloy matches with the amalgam plateau temperatures. In the event that parts of the releasing means 4 react with mercury, such parts are preferably coated. The housing 1 is, preferably made of glass.
Nominal operation of the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp is achieved even at high lamp temperatures because the discharge space contains (just) enough mercury to bring about a mercury-vapor pressure at the operating temperature which is close to the optimum mercury-vapor pressure. When, during the service life of the discharge lamp, mercury is lost because it becomes bound, for example, to a wall of the discharge vessel and/or to emitter material, the closing means will remain open for a longer period when the discharge lamp is ignited. In this manner, the burning conditions of the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp are relatively optimal under all circumstances and at each moment in the service life of the discharge lamp.
The range of temperatures at which the mercury-vapor pressure above the amalgam is relatively stable corresponds to the temperature range of the so-called amalgam plateau. The advantages of the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp according to the invention are that the releasing means 4 can be relatively small. The low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp behaves unsaturated at high temperatures. In addition, one matched combination of an amalgam plateau and the transition temperature T0 of the shape-memory alloy suffices for a whole range of lamps operated at elevated temperatures. Unsaturated low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamps generate a constant light output which is practically independent of the temperature of the discharge vessel. The run-up behavior of unsaturated discharge lamps is similar to that of a normal mercury discharge lamp.
The term shape-memory alloys is applied to a group of metallic materials that demonstrate the ability to return to some previously defined shape or size when subjected to the appropriate thermal procedure. Generally, these materials can be plastically deformed at some relatively low temperature, and upon exposure to some higher temperature will return to their shape prior to the deformation. Materials that exhibit shape memory only upon heating are referred to as having a one-way shape memory. Some materials also undergo a change in shape upon re-cooling. These materials have a two-way shape memory.
Although a relatively wide variety of alloys are know to exhibit the shape memory effect, only those that can recover substantial amounts of strain or that generate significant force upon changing shape are of commercial interest. To date, this has been the nickel-titanium alloys and copper-base alloys such as CuZnAl and CuAlNi.
A shape memory alloy may be further defined as one that yields a thermo-elastic martensite. In this case, the alloy undergoes a martensitic transformation of a type that allows the alloy to be deformed by a twinning mechanism below the transformation temperature. The deformation is then reversed when the twinned structure reverts upon heating to the parent phase. The martensitic transformation that occurs in the shape-memory alloys yields a thermo-elastic martensite and develops from a high-temperature austenite phase with long-range order. The martensite typically occurs as alternately sheared platelets, which are seen as a herringbone structure when viewed metallographically. The transformation, although a first-order phase change, does not occur at a single temperature but over a range of temperatures that varies with each alloy system. Most of the transformation occurs over a relatively narrow temperature range, although the beginning and end of the transformation during heating or cooling actually extends over a much larger temperature range. The transformation also exhibits hysteresis in that the transformations on heating and on cooling do not overlap. This transformation hysteresis varies with the alloy system.
A suitable example of a shape-memory alloy is Flexinol™. Wires made of Flexinol are highly processed strands of nickle-titanium alloy (called nitinol) a shape-memory alloy that assumes a radically different crystalline structure at differing temperatures. At room temperatures, wires made of Flexinol are easily stretched by a small force. However, when heated to above their transition temperature either by a source of heat or by a small electric current, they change to a much “harder” form and the wire returns to its un-stretched length: the wire shortens with a useable amount of force.
Curves (b1), (b2) and (b2) in
According to the invention, the communication between the amalgam 2 and the discharge space 13 is blocked when the temperature of the shape-memory metal is approximately equal to the plateau temperature of the amalgam. This implies that the mercury pressure in the discharge lamp can not rise further with increasing (ambient) temperature. For higher temperatures in stead of curve (b3) the mercury pressure will behave according to curve (c). If the ambient temperature rises after the releasing means has been closed, the vapor pressure above the amalgam in the container may increase, but this has no effect on the mercury pressure in the discharge space because the vapor formed above the amalgam in the container cannot reach the discharge space. According to the measure of the invention, nominal operation of the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp is achieved even at relatively high ambient lamp temperatures. Even in a badly ventilated luminaire or when the lamp is subjected to a high load, an optimal lead to a reduction of the radiation output, a low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp is obtained with an optimal radiation output.
Curve (d) in
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. Use of the verb “comprise” and its conjugations does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those stated in a claim. The article “a” or “an” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. The invention may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements, and by means of a suitably programmed computer. In the device claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 03101807.0 | Jun 2003 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB04/50904 | 6/15/2004 | WO | 12/14/2005 |
