This disclosure relates methods to compensate dynamic wavelength dependent attenuation induced signal distortion of fiber Fabry-Perot interferometric (FFPI) sensors. More particularly, it relates to using signal processing methods to calculate dynamic wavelength dependent attenuation and further compensate the signal of FFPI sensors. There are several mechanisms that can cause dynamic wavelength dependent attenuation on fibers such as hydrogen darkening, macro bending, water absorption and so on. In this disclosure, hydrogen darkening induced attenuation is used as an example to demonstrate the invented methods.
Fiber optic sensors are attractive for harsh environment applications due to their distinguished advantages including good high-temperature capability, corrosion resistance and electromagnetic insensitivity. Nowadays oil and gas application has increasingly adopted fiber optic sensors to monitor producing zones and take actions to optimize production. Fiber cables with a length from 1 km to 10 km are deployed in wells. These fiber cables can be sensing elements themselves for some applications like distributed temperature sensing (DTS), distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) and distributed stain sensing (DSS) or serve as waveguide to transmit the signal of some point sensors such as Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based sensors and FFPI based sensors. It is known that hydrogen diffusion into optical fibers results in the attenuation of the light being transmitted, which is pervasive in oil and gas well environment. This attenuation degrades the sensing performance, so a lot effort has been taken to mitigate the hydrogen darkening by adjusting the dopants in fibers [1,2] and optimizing the cables designs [3-5]. However all these methods only mitigate the hydrogen darkening but cannot intrinsically exclude the attenuation, especially for long deployment length (up to 10 km) and/or high temperature (up to 300 C) applications. As a result, it is necessary to compensate the hydrogen darkening in the interrogation system. For example, dual-laser interrogation systems are used to compensate for hydrogen darkening in DTS applications.
There is a need then to compensate for the spectral distortion that occurs in Fiber Fabry-Perot sensing systems due to hydrogen darkening.
In the following detailed description, reference is made to accompanying drawings that illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable a person of ordinary skill in the art to practice the disclosure without undue experimentation. It should be understood, however, that the embodiments and examples described herein are given by way of illustration only, and not by way of limitation. Various substitutions, modifications, additions, and rearrangements may be made without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. Therefore, the description that follows is not to be taken in a limited sense, and the scope of the present disclosure will be defined only by the final claims.
Many Fiber-Optic Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FFPI) sensors have been proposed to measure variables such as temperature, pressure, strain and acoustic signals. In general, an FFPI sensor consists of two reflective surfaces and the reflective light from these two surfaces interfere with each other. The interference signal is being guided by a fiber and monitored to demodulate the cavity change, which corresponds to the environmental change.
The light source may be a white light source or a swept laser and this disclosure anticipates either could be used.
The electric field of the reflective light can be expressed as
E=E1+E2=η1R1E0+η2R2E0 exp(j(kL+ϕ)) (1)
where E0 is the electric field of the incident light, R1 and R2 are the reflective coefficients at two surfaces, k is the wavenumber, L is the optical path difference between the two reflective surfaces, η1 and η2 are the coefficients of coupling efficiency of the light reflected into the guided fiber and ϕ is the initial phase. The intensity of the reflected light can be given as
I(k)=|E|2=|E0|2[η12R12+η22R22+2η1η2R1R2 cos(kL+ϕ)]=I0[A+B cos(kL+ϕ)] (2)
where I0 is the intensity of the incident light. A and B are two constants and given as
A=η12R12+η22R22 (3)
B=2η1η2R1R2 (4)
When an FFPI sensor is deployed in a well with several kilometer fibers, the attenuation induced by hydrogen should be considered. Assuming α(k,t) is the round-trip attenuation coefficient because of hydrogen in wavenumber domain, the intensity of the reflected light becomes
I(k,t)=IDα(k,t)[A+B cos(kL+ϕ)] (5)
The attenuation coefficient α(k,t) is a dynamic variable and is proportional to the molecular concentration of hydrogen in the silica fiber, temperature, fiber length and deployment time. The attenuation is also wavelength dependent.
In one embodiment a method can be developed as follows. Based on equation 5, the intensity of the reflected light can be expressed as
I(k,t)=I0α(k,t)[A+B cos(kL+ϕ)]=I1+I2=I0Aα(k,t)+I0Bα(k,t)cos(kL+ϕ) (6)
Since the attenuation α(k,t) changes slowly with wavenumber, the spectrum can be considered to contain a background signal I1=I0Aα(k,t) and an amplitude-modulated (AM) signal I2=I0Bα(k,t)cos(kL+ϕ) with a carrier of frequency L in the wavenumber domain.
I1′(k,t)=I0A′α(k,t) (7)
where A′ is the amplitude coefficient after filtering.
Dividing the filtered signal can normalize the distorted spectrum:
After the normalization, the distortion induced by the attenuation α(k,t) is compensated out. The developed FFPI demodulation methods can be used to calculate the cavity length.
By comparing the filtered reflective spectrum acquired before and after installation of the one or more FFPI sensors the wavelength dependent loss of the cable can be estimated.
Based on equation 5, the peak locations of the spectrum in wavenumber domain meet
I(kpi,t)=I0α(kpt,t)[A+B],i=1 . . . N (10)
The valley locations of the spectrum in the wavenumber domain meet
I(kvj,t)=I0α(kvi,t)[A−B],j=1 . . . M (11)
Where i is the index of peak, N is the total number of peaks in the spectrum, j is the index of valley, M is the total number of valleys in the spectrum. With proper interpolation on the peak locations, we can obtain
Ip(k,t)=I0α(k,t)(A+B),k1p<k<kpN (12)
With proper interpolation on the valley locations, we can obtain
Iv(k,t)=I0α(k,t)(A−B),k1v<k<kvM (13)
This is the background signal as described in equation (6).
Assuming the power fluctuation of the light source is negligible compared with the attenuation change, the background signal I1(k,t) changes with the change of attenuation α(k,t). Before the fiber cable is deployed in the well, there is no attenuation induced by hydrogen αt=0(k)=1. The background signal at t=0 can be used as a reference, the dynamic hydrogen induced attenuation can be calculated as
The distorted spectrum can be normalized by dividing the background signal:
After the normalization, the distortion induced by the attenuation α(k,t) is compensated out. The developed FFPI demodulation methods can be used to calculate the cavity length.
With above two embodiments, we can compensate the spectrum distortion of FFPI sensors caused by the attenuation induced by hydrogen. At the same time, it provides solutions to dynamically monitor the attenuation induced by hydrogen, which can be used to compensate other fiber optics sensors deployed in the same well.
Although certain embodiments and their advantages have been described herein in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations could be made without departing from the coverage as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the potential applications of the disclosed techniques is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the processes, machines, manufactures, means, methods and steps described herein. As a person of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from this disclosure, other processes, machines, manufactures, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufactures, means, methods or steps.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/US2014/072074 | 12/23/2014 | WO | 00 |
Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
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WO2016/105373 | 6/30/2016 | WO | A |
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