Patent Grant
12232410
This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2020-0041719, filed on Apr. 6, 2020, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
One or more embodiments relate to an organometallic compound and an organic light-emitting device including the same.
Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are self-emission devices that have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, and/or excellent characteristics in terms of brightness, driving voltage, and/or response speed, compared to devices in the related art.
OLEDs may include a first electrode on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode sequentially stacked on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons transit from an excited state to a ground state to thereby generate light.
Aspects according to one or more embodiments are directed toward an organometallic compound having a novel structure, and an organic light-emitting device including the same and having high luminescence efficiency and a long lifespan.
Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the disclosure.
According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, an organometallic compound is represented by Formula 1:
According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, an organic light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, and the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.
The above and other aspects, features, and enhancements of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expression “at least one of a, b or c” indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b, both a and c, both b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof.
According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, an organometallic compound is represented by Formula 1:
In Formula 1, M1 and M2 may each independently be selected from platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), iridium (Ir), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and gold (Au).
In one embodiment, M1 and M2 may be the same metals. For example, M1 and M2 may each be Pt.
In Formula 1, ring C1 to ring C6 may each independently be selected from a C5-C30 carbocyclic group and a C1-C30 heterocyclic group.
In one embodiment, ring C1 to ring C6 and ring A1 and ring A2 may each independently be selected from i) a first ring, ii) a second ring, iii) a condensed ring in which two or more first rings are condensed with each other, iv) a condensed ring in which two or more second rings are condensed with each other, and v) a condensed ring in which one or more first rings and one or more second rings are condensed with each other.
In one embodiment, the first ring may be selected from a cyclopentane group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a borole group, a phosphol group, a silole group, a germole group, a selenophene group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, an isoxadiazole group, an oxatriazole group, an isoxatriazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an isothiadiazole group, a thiatriazole group, an isothiatriazole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an azasilole group, a diazasilole group, and a triazasilole group, and
the second ring may be selected from a cyclohexane group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a norbornene group, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a dihydropyridine group, a tetrahydropyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a tetrahydropyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a dihydropyridazine group, a tetrahydropyridazine group, a triazine group, an oxasiline group, a thiasiline group, a dihydroazasiline group, a dihydrodisiline group, a dihydrosiline group, a dioxine group, an oxathiine group, an oxazine group, a pyran group, a dithiine group, a thiazine group, and a thiopyran group.
In one embodiment, at least one selected from ring C1 to ring C6 may be a heterocyclic group including a carbene moiety. For example, at least one selected from ring C1 to ring C6 may be a carbene group.
In one embodiment, ring C1 and ring C4 may be identical to each other. In one embodiment, ring C2 and ring C5 may be identical to each other. In one embodiment, ring C3 and ring C6 may be identical to each other. In one embodiment, ring C2, ring C3, ring C5, and ring C6 may be identical to each other.
For example, a moiety represented by
may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae 1a to 1d, a moiety represented by
may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae 2a to 2h, a moiety represented by
may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae 3a to 3d, a moiety represented by
may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae 4a to 4d, a moiety represented by
may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae 5a to 5h, and a moiety represented by
may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae 6a to 6d:
In Formulae 1a to 1d,
Xa may be N or C(Z1a), Xb may be N or C(Z1b), Xc may be N or C(Z1c), Xd may be N or C(Z1d), Xe may be N or C(Z1e), Xf may be N or C(Z1f), and Xg may be N or C(Z1g),
Z1a to Z1g may each independently be the same as described in connection with R1 in the present specification,
in Formulae 2a to 2h,
Xa may be N or C(Z2a), Xb may be N or C(Z2b), Xc may be N or C(Z2c), Xd may be N or C(Z2d), Xe may be N or C(Z2e), Xf may be N or C(Z2f), Xg may be N or C(Z2g), and Xh may be N or C(Z2h),
R2a to R2c, Z21 to Z28, and Z2a to Z2h may each independently be the same as described in connection with R2 in the present specification,
in Formulae 3a to 3d,
Xa may be N or C(Z3a), Xb may be N or C(Z3b), Xc may be N or C(Z3c), and Xd may be N or C(Z3d),
R3a to R3c, Z31 to Z38, and Z3a to Z3d may each independently be the same as described in connection with R3 in the present specification,
in Formulae 4a to 4d,
Xa may be N or C(Z4a), Xb may be N or C(Z4b), Xc may be N or C(Z4c), Xd may be N or C(Z4d), Xe may be N or C(Z4e), Xf may be N or C(Z4f), and Xg may be N or C(Z4g),
Z4a to Z4g may each independently be the same as described in connection with R4 in the present specification,
in Formulae 5a to 5h,
Xa may be N or C(Z5a), Xb may be N or C(Z5b), Xc may be N or C(Z5c), Xd may be N or C(Z5d), Xe may be N or C(Z5e), Xf may be N or C(Z5f), Xg may be N or C(Z5g), and Xh may be N or C(Z5h),
R5a to R5c, Z51 to Z58, and Z5a to Z5h may each independently be the same as described in connection with R5 in the present specification,
in Formulae 6a to 6d,
Xa may be N or C(Z6a), Xb may be N or C(Z6b), Xc may be N or C(Z6c), and Xd may be N or C(Z6d), and
R6a to R6c, Z61 to Z68, and Z6a to Z6d may each independently be the same as described in connection with R6 in the present specification.
In Formula 1, Y1 may be a constituent atom of ring C1, and may be C or N; Y2 may be a constituent atom of ring C2, and may be C or N; Y3 may be a constituent atom of ring C3, and may be C or N; Y4 may be a constituent atom of ring C4, and may be C or N; Y5 may be a constituent atom of ring C5, and may be C or N; and Y6 may be a constituent atom of ring C6, and may be C or N, wherein one selected from a bond between Y1 and M1, a bond between Y2 and M1, and a bond between Y3 and M1 may be a covalent bond, and the others (i.e., the remaining two bonds excluding the one that is a covalent bond) may each be a coordinate bond, and one selected from a bond between Y4 and M2, a bond between Y5 and M2, and a bond between Y6 and M2 may be a covalent bond, and the others (i.e., the remaining two bonds excluding the one that is a covalent bond) may each be a coordinate bond.
In one embodiment, Y1 and Y4 may each be C, and a bond between Y1 and M1 and a bond between Y4 and M2 may each be a covalent bond.
In one or more embodiments, Y3 and Y6 may each be C, and a bond between Y3 and M1 and a bond between Y6 and M2 may each be a covalent bond.
In one embodiment, T1 to T6 may each independently be selected from a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—Se—*′, *—N(R7)—*′, *—B(R7)—*′, *—P(R7)—*′, *—P(═O)(R7)—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)2—*′, *—S(═O)(R7)(R8)—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—C(R7)(R8)—*′, *—Si(R7)(R8)—*′, and *—Ge(R7)(R8)—*′.
In one embodiment, T1 and T2 may each independently be selected from O, S, and Se, T3 and T4 may each be a single bond, and T5 and T6 may each independently be selected from a single bond and *—N(R7)—*′.
For example, T1 and T2 may each be O, T3 and T4 may each be a single bond, and T5 and T6 may each independently be selected from a single bond and *—N(R7)—*′, wherein, when T5 and T6 are each *—N(R7)—*′, R7 may be linked to each of R1 and R4 to form a hetero condensed ring.
In Formula 1, R1 to R8 may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium (D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CH2D, —CHD2, —CD3, —CH2F, —CHF2, —CF3, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7-C60 alkylaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkyl heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Qi), —S(═O)2(Q1), and —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), wherein adjacent groups from among R1 to R8 may optionally be linked to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group.
In one embodiment, R1 to R8 may each independently be selected from:
For example, R1 to R8 may each independently be selected from:
In Formula 1, a1 indicates the number of R1(s), and may be an integer from 0 to 10; a2 indicates the number of R2(s), and may be an integer from 0 to 10; a3 indicates the number of R3(s), and may be a integer from 0 to 10; a4 indicates the number of R4(s), and may be an integer from 0 to 10; a5 indicates the number of R5(s), and may be an integer from 0 to 10; and a6 indicates the number of R6(s), and may be an integer from 0 to 10.
In one embodiment, the organometallic compound may be represented by Formula 1-1:
In Formula 1-1,
In one embodiment, X31, X32, X61, and X62 may each be N, and Y3 and Y6 may each be C.
In one or more embodiments, when X21 and X22 are each C, Y2 may be N, and when X51 and X52 are each C, Y5 may be N; or
In one embodiment, the organometallic compound may be represented by Formula 1-2:
In Formula 1-2,
In one embodiment, the organometallic compound may be represented by Formula 1-3 or 1-4:
In Formulae 1-3 and 1-4,
In one embodiment, the organometallic compound may be represented by one of Formulae 1-5 to 1-7:
In Formulae 1-5 to 1-7,
In one embodiment, the organometallic compound may be selected from Compounds BD 1 to BD 93:
The organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 is a heteronuclear complex including two central metals, and more bulky substituents may be introduced thereto by sharing a benzene ring as a ligand. Accordingly, the tilt angle between ligands becomes larger, and as a result, excimer and exciplex formation between compounds may be suppressed, thereby providing (e.g., improving) long lifespan characteristics.
In addition, because the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 is a heteronuclear complex including two central metals, an area of a light-emitting moiety increases, thereby increasing the luminescence efficiency.
According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, an organic light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an organic layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer,
In one embodiment, the emission layer may include the organometallic compound.
In one embodiment, the emission layer may further include a second compound and a third compound; the organometallic compound, the second compound, and the third compound may be different from each other; the second compound and the third compound may form an exciplex; and the organometallic compound and the second compound and/or the organometallic compound and the third compound may not form an exciplex.
When the organometallic compound has a heteronuclear complex structure, the exciplex formation with an organic compound may be suppressed, thereby improving color purity and luminescence efficiency of the organometallic compound.
In one embodiment, the second compound may be represented by Formula 2, and
In Formulae 2 and 3, ring CY51 to ring CY53, ring CY71, and ring CY72 may each independently be selected from a C5-C30 carbocyclic group and a C1-C30 heterocyclic group.
In one embodiment, in Formulae 2 and 3, ring CY51 to ring CY53, ring CY71, and ring CY72 may each independently be selected from i) a first ring, ii) a second ring, iii) a condensed ring in which two or more first rings are condensed with each other, iv) a condensed ring in which two or more second rings are condensed with each other, and v) a condensed ring in which one or more first rings and one or more second rings are condensed with each other,
For example, in Formulae 2 and 3, ring CY51 to ring CY53, ring CY71, and ring CY72 may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzogermole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzoselenophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, 9H-fluorene-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azaindole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzogermole group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azabenzofuran group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza-9H-fluorene-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isooxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, and a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In Formula 2, L51 to L53 may each independently be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group and a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group. In Formula 2, L51 to L53 may each independently be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C20 alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
In one embodiment, in Formula 2, L51 to L53 may each independently be selected from: a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a silole group, an indene group, a fluorene group, an indole group, a carbazole group, a benzofuran group, a dibenzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, an azafluorene group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzosilole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isooxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, and a benzothiadiazole group;
In Formulae 2 and 3, a bond between L51 and ring CY51, a bond between L52 and ring CY52, a bond between L53 and ring CY53, a bond between two or more L51(s), a bond between two or more L52(s), a bond between two or more L53(s), a bond between L51 and the carbon atom between X54 and X55 in Formula 2, a bond between L52 and the carbon atom between X54 and X56 in Formula 2, and a bond between L53 and the carbon atom between X55 and X56 in Formula 2 may each be a carbon-carbon single bond.
In Formula 2, b51 to b53 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5, wherein, when b51 is 0, *-(L51)b51-*′ may be a single bond, when b52 is 0, *-(L52)b52-*′ may be a single bond, and when b53 is 0, *-(L53)b53-*′ may be a single bond.
For example, b51 to b53 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
In Formula 2, X54 may be N or C(R54), X55 may be N or C(R55), X56 may be N or C(R56), and at least one selected from X54 to X56 may be N. R54 to R56 may be the same as described above in the present specification.
In Formula 3, X81 may be a single bond, O, S, N(R81), B(R81), C(R81a)(R81b), or Si(R81a)(R81b). R81, R81a, and R81b may be the same as described above in the present specification.
In Formulae 2 and 3, R51 to R56, R71, R72, R81, R81a, and R81b may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7-C60 alkylaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkylheteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), and —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), and Q1 to Q3 may each independently be the same as described above in the present specification.
In one embodiment, in Formulae 2 and 3, R51 to R56, R71, R72, R81, R81a, and R81b may each independently be selected from:
In Formula 91,
For example, in Formula 91,
In Formulae 2 and 3, a51 to a53, a71, and a72 each indicate the number of R51(s) to R53(s), the number of R71 (s), and the number of R72(s), respectively, and may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10. When a51 is 2 or more, two or more R51(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and a52, a53, a71, and a72 are each understood in the same manner as in a51.
In one embodiment, a group represented by
in Formula 2 and a group represented by
in Formula 2 may not be each a phenyl group.
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by
in Formula 2 and a group represented by
in Formula 2 may be identical to each other.
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, ring CY51 and ring CY52 may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrazine group, and a triazine group,
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, a moiety represented by
may be selected from groups represented by Formulae CY51-1 to CY51-18, and/or,
may be selected from groups represented by Formulae CY52-1 to CY52-18, and/or,
may be selected from groups represented by Formulae CY53-1 to CY53-19:
In Formulae CY51-1 to CY51-18, CY52-1 to CY52-18, and CY53-1 to CY53-19,
For example, in Formulae CY51-1 to CY51-15 and CY52-1 to CY52-15, R51a to R51e and R52a to R52e may each independently be selected from:
In one or more embodiments, the third compound may be represented by one of Formulae 3-1 to 3-5:
In Formulae 3-1 to 3-5,
For example, L81 may be selected from:
*—C(Q4)(Q5)—*′ and *—Si(Q4)(Q5)—*′;
For example, in Formulae 3-1 and 3-2, a moiety represented by
may be selected from groups represented by Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8),
may be selected from groups represented by Formulae CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8),
may be selected from groups represented by Formulae CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32),
may be selected from groups represented by Formulae CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and
may be selected from groups represented by Formulae CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8). However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8), CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32), CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8),
In one embodiment, the second compound may be selected from Compounds ETH1 to ETH80:
In one or more embodiments, the third compound may be selected from Compounds HTH1 to HTH28:
In one embodiment, the organic light-emitting device may satisfy at least one of Condition 1 to Condition 4:
LUMO energy level (eV) of the third compound>LUMO energy level (eV) of the organometallic compound; Condition 1
LUMO energy level (eV) of the organometallic compound>LUMO energy level (eV) of the second compound; Condition 2
HOMO energy level (eV) of the organometallic compound>HOMO energy level (eV) of the third compound; and Condition 3
HOMO energy level (eV) of the third compound>HOMO energy level (eV) of the second compound. Condition 4
The HOMO energy levels and the LUMO energy levels of each of the organometallic compound, the second compound, and the third compound are negative values, and may be measured according to a suitable (e.g., a known) method, for example, a method described in Evaluation Example 1 in the present specification.
In one or more embodiments, an absolute value of the difference between the LUMO energy level of the organometallic compound and the LUMO energy level of the second compound may be 0.1 eV or more and 1.0 eV or less, an absolute value of the difference between the LUMO energy level of the organometallic compound and the LUMO energy level of the third compound may be 0.1 eV or more and 1.0 eV or less, an absolute value of the difference between the HOMO energy level of the organometallic compound and the HOMO energy level of the second compound may be 1.25 eV or less (for example, 1.25 eV or less and 0.2 eV or more), an absolute value of the difference between the HOMO energy level of the organometallic compound and the HOMO energy level of the third compound may be 1.2 5 eV or less (for example, 1.25 eV or less and 0.2 eV or more), and an absolute value of the difference between the HOMO energy level of the organometallic compound and the HOMO energy level of the exciplex formed between the second compound and the third compound may be 1.25 eV or less.
When the relationships between LUMO energy level and HOMO energy level satisfy the conditions as described above, the balance between holes and electrons injected into the emission layer can be made.
The emission layer of the organic light-emitting device may include:
The decay time of delayed fluorescence in the time-resolved electroluminescence (TREL) spectrum of the organic light emitting device may be 50 ns or more, for example, 50 ns or more and 2.5 μs or less. In one embodiment, the decay time of delayed fluorescence in the TREL spectrum of the organic light-emitting device may be 50 ns or more and 2.4 μs or less, 50 ns or more and 2.3 μs or less, 50 ns or more and 2.2 μs or less, 50 ns or more and 2.1 μs or less, or 50 ns or more and 2 μs or less. When the decay time of delayed fluorescence of the organic light-emitting device is within these ranges, the time that the organometallic compound remains in an excited state is relatively reduced, so that the organic light-emitting device may have high luminescent efficiency and a long lifespan.
In one embodiment, the electroluminescence (EL) spectrum of the organic light-emitting device may have a first peak and a second peak, wherein a maximum emission wavelength of the second peak may be greater than that of the first peak, a difference between the maximum emission wavelength of the second peak and the maximum emission wavelength of the first peak may be 5 nm or more and 10 nm or less, and an intensity of the second peak may be smaller than that of the first peak.
When the difference between the maximum emission wavelength of the second peak and the maximum emission wavelength of the first peak is within the ranges above, the organic light-emitting device having excellent color purity (for example, a blue organic light-emitting device having excellent color purity) may be implemented (e.g., obtained).
The maximum emission wavelength of the first peak may be 390 nm or more and 500 nm or less (for example, 430 nm or more and 470 nm or less). In this regard, the organic light-emitting device may emit blue light (for example, dark blue light) having excellent color purity.
The first peak and the second peak may each be an emission peak of phosphorescence emitted by the organometallic compound.
The organometallic compound may have a heteronuclear structure in which two metals are coordinated, and accordingly, the exciplex formation between the organometallic compound and either the second compound or the third compound may be suppressed, thereby achieving high efficiency and high color purity of the organometallic compound.
The intensity of the second peak may be 20% to 90% of the intensity of the first peak. When the intensity of each of the second peak and the first peak is within the range above, the light emission by the second peak may be suppressed by the organometallic compound while the efficiency of phosphorescence emitted by the second compound or the third compound is not reduced, thereby implementing the organic light-emitting device having improved color purity.
The organometallic compound, the second compound, and the third compound may be the same as described above.
Another aspect of the present disclosure provides an electronic apparatus including the organic light-emitting device. The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein the first electrode of the organic light-emitting device is electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode.
[Description of
Hereinafter, the structure of the organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting device 10 will be described in connection with
[First Electrode 110]
In
The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 may be selected from materials with a high work function to facilitate hole injection.
The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 may be selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, the material for forming the first electrode may be selected from magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), and any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO, but the structure of the first electrode 110 is not limited thereto.
[Organic layer 150]
The organic layer 150 is located on the first electrode 110. The organic layer 150 may include an emission layer.
The organic layer 150 may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode 190.
[Hole transport region in organic layer 150]
The hole transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.
The hole transport region may include at least one layer selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, and an electron blocking layer.
For example, the hole transport region may have a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or a multi-layered structure having a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein for each structure, constituting layers are sequentially stacked from the first electrode 110 in the respective stated order, but the structure of the hole transport region is not limited thereto.
The hole transport region may include at least one selected from m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB(NPD), p-NPB, TPD, spiro-TPD, spiro-NPB, methylated-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PAN I/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), a compound represented by Formula 201, and a compound represented by Formula 202:
In Formulae 201 and 202,
For example, in Formula 202, R201 and R202 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group, and R203 and R204 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group.
In one embodiment, in Formulae 201 and 202,
In one or more embodiments, xa1 to xa4 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
In one or more embodiments, xa5 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4.
In one or more embodiments, R201 to R204 and Q201 may each independently be selected from a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group; and
In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from R201 to R203 in Formula 201 may each independently be selected from:
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 202, i) R201 and R202 may be linked to each other via a single bond, and/or ii) R203 and R204 may be linked to each other via a single bond.
In one or more embodiments, at least one of R201 to R204 in Formula 202 may be selected from:
The compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201-1:
In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201-2, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201-2(1), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A:
In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A(1), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A-1, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 202 may be represented by Formula 202-1:
In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 may be represented by Formula 202-1(1):
In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 may be represented by Formula 202A:
In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 may be represented by Formula 202A-1:
In Formulae 201-1, 201-2, 201-2(1), 201A, 201A(1), 201A-1, 202-1, 202-1(1), 202A, and 202A-1,
The hole transport region may include at least one compound selected from Compounds HT1 to HT48, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
A thickness of the hole transport region may be about 100 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes at least one selected from a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of light emitted by an emission layer, and the electron blocking layer may block or reduce the flow of electrons from an electron transport region. The emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer may include the materials as described above.
[p-Dopant]
The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in the hole transport region.
The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.
In one embodiment, a LUMO energy level of the p-dopant may be −3.5 eV or less.
The p-dopant may include at least one selected from a quinone derivative, a metal oxide, and a cyano group-containing compound, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In one embodiment, the p-dopant may include at least one selected from:
In Formula 221,
When the organic light-emitting device 10 is a full-color organic light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, or a blue emission layer, according to a sub-pixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers may contact each other or may be separated from each other. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials selected from a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.
The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1. The host may include at least one of the second compound and the third compound. The third compound and the second compound may be the same as described above in the present specification.
An amount of a dopant in the emission layer may be, based on about 100 parts by weight of the host, about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
A thickness of the emission layer may be about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within this range, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
[Electron Transport Region in Organic Layer 150]
The electron transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.
The electron transport region may include at least one selected from a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
For example, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein for each structure, constituting layers are sequentially stacked from an emission layer. However, embodiments of the structure of the electron transport region are not limited thereto.
The electron transport region may include the second compound as described above.
In one embodiment, the electron transport region may include a buffer layer, the buffer layer may be in direct contact with the emission layer, and the buffer layer may include the second compound as described above.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a buffer layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer stacked in this stated order from the emission layer, and the buffer layer may include the second compound as described above.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region (for example, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound containing at least one π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring.
The term “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” as used herein refers to a C1-C60 heterocyclic group having including at least one *—N═*′ moiety as a ring-forming moiety.
For example, the “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” may be i) a 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, ii) a heteropolycyclic group in which two or more 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety are condensed with each other, or iii) a heteropolycyclic group in which at least one of 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups, each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, is condensed with at least one C5-C60 carbocyclic group.
Examples of the π electron-depleted (or π electron-deficient) nitrogen-containing ring include an imidazole ring, a pyrazole ring, a thiazole ring, an isothiazole ring, an oxazole ring, an isoxazole ring, a pyridine ring, a pyrazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyridazine ring, an indazole ring, a purine ring, a quinoline ring, an isoquinoline ring, a benzoquinoline ring, a phthalazine ring, a naphthyridine ring, a quinoxaline ring, a quinazoline ring, a cinnoline ring, a phenanthridine ring, an acridine ring, a phenanthroline ring, a phenazine ring, a benzimidazole ring, an isobenzothiazole ring, a benzoxazole ring, an isobenzoxazole ring, a triazole ring, a tetrazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, a triazine ring, a thiadiazole ring, an imidazopyridine ring, an imidazopyrimidine ring, and an azacarbazole ring, but are not limited thereto.
For example, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:
[Ar601]xe11-[(L601)xe1-R601])xe21 Formula 601
In Formula 601,
In one embodiment, at least one of Ar601(s) in the number of xe11 and
In one embodiment, Ar601 in Formula 601 may be selected from:
When xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more Ar601(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.
In one or more embodiments, Ar601 in Formula 601 may be an anthracene group.
In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 601 may be represented by Formula 601-1:
In Formula 601-1,
In one embodiment, L601 and L611 to L613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be selected from:
In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
In one or more embodiments, R601 and R611 to R613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be selected from:
Q601 and Q602 may be the same as respectively described above in the present specification.
The electron transport region may include at least one compound selected from Compounds ET1 to ET36, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include at least one selected from 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAlq, 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), and NTAZ:
Thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer may each independently be about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer are within these ranges, excellent hole blocking characteristics or excellent electron control characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
A thickness of the electron transport layer may be about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the electron transport layer is within the range described above, satisfactory electron transport characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.
The metal-containing material may include at least one selected from an alkali metal complex and an alkaline earth-metal complex. The alkali metal complex may include a metal ion selected from a lithium (Li) ion, a sodium (Na) ion, a potassium (K) ion, a rubidium (Rb) ion, and a cesium (Cs) ion, and the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a metal ion selected from a beryllium (Be) ion, a magnesium (Mg) ion, a calcium (Ca) ion, a strontium (Sr) ion, and a barium (Ba) ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may be selected from a hydroxy quinoline, a hydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxy benzoquinoline, a hydroxy acridine, a hydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxy phenyloxazole, a hydroxy phenylthiazole, a hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, and a cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate, LiQ) and/or ET-D2:
The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates electron injection from the second electrode 190. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 190.
The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structure including including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.
The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinations thereof.
In one embodiment, the electron injection layer may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Er, Tm, Yb, or any combination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
The alkali metal may be selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. In one embodiment, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, or Cs. In one or more embodiments, the alkali metal may be Li, or Cs, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
The alkaline earth metal may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.
The rare earth metal may be selected from scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), cerium (Ce), terbium (Tb), ytterbium (Yb), and gadolinium (Gd).
The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, and the rare earth metal compound may be selected from oxides and halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and/or iodides) of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth-metal, and the rare earth metal.
The alkali metal compound may be selected from alkali metal oxides, such as Li2O, Cs2O, or K2O, and alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, Nal, CsI, or KI. In one embodiment, the alkali metal compound may be selected from LiF, Li2O, NaF, LiI, Nal, CsI, and KI, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
The alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from alkaline earth-metal oxides, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, BaxSr1-xO (0<x<1), or BaxCa1-xO (0<x<1). In one embodiment, the alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from BaO, SrO, and CaO, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
The rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, and TbF3. In one embodiment, the rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF3, ScF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, and TbI3, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include an ion of alkali metal, alkaline earth-metal, and rare earth metal as described above, and a ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may be selected from hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxy benzoquinoline, hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxy phenyloxazole, hydroxy phenylthiazole, hydroxy phenyloxadiazole, hydroxy phenylthiadiazole, hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, and cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
The electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinations thereof, as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material. When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, the rare earth metal, the alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, the rare earth metal compound, the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, the rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.
A thickness of the electron injection layer may be about 1 Å to about 100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the range described above, the electron injection layer may have satisfactory electron injection characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
In one embodiment, the electron transport region of the organic light-emitting device 10 may include the buffer layer, the electron transport layer, and the electron injection layer, and
at least one layer selected from the electron transport layer and the electron injection layer may include the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, the rare earth metal, the alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth metal compound, the rare earth metal compound, the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth metal complex, the rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.
[Second Electrode 190]
The second electrode 190 is located on the organic layer 150 having such a structure. The second electrode 190 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and as a material for forming the second electrode, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, and a mixture thereof, each having a low work function, may be utilized.
The second electrode 190 may include at least one selected from lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ITO, and IZO, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. The second electrode 190 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.
The second electrode 190 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.
[Description of
An organic light-emitting device 20 of
Regarding
In the organic layer 150 of each of the organic light-emitting devices 20 and 40, light generated in an emission layer may pass through the first electrode 110, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the first capping layer 210 toward the outside, and in the organic layer 150 of each of the organic light-emitting devices 30 and 40, light generated in an emission layer may pass through the second electrode 190, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the second capping layer 220 toward the outside.
The first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may increase external luminescent efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference.
The first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or a composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.
At least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include at least one material selected from carbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, amine-based compounds, porphyrine derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine derivatives, alkali metal complexes, and alkaline earth-based complexes. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine-based compound may be optionally substituted with a substituent containing at least one element selected from O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, and I. In one embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include an amine-based compound.
In one embodiment, at least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include the compound represented by Formula 201 or the compound represented by Formula 202.
Hereinbefore, the organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment has been described in connection with
Layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region may be formed in a certain region by utilizing one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging.
When layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the vacuum deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum degree of about 10−8 torr to about 10−3 torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec by taking into account a compound to be included in the layer to be formed and the structure of the layer to be formed.
When layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by spin coating, the spin coating may be performed at a coating speed of about 2,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm and at a heat treatment temperature of about 80° C. to about 200° C. by taking into account a compound to be included in the layer to be formed and the structure of the layer to be formed.
The term “C1-C60 alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group. The term “C1-C60 alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C1-C60 alkyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C2-C60 alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C2-C60 alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C2-C60 alkenyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C2-C60 alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof include an ethynyl group, and a propynyl group. The term “C2-C60 alkynylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C2-C60 alkynyl group.
The term “C1-C60 alkoxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA101 (wherein A101 is the C1-C60 alkyl group), and non-limiting examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group” used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and non-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring. Non-limiting examples of the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group.
The term “C6-C60 aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C6-C60 arylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C6-C60 aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a fluorenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. When the C6-C60 aryl group and the C6-C60 arylene group each include two or more rings, the two or more rings may be fused to each other. The term “C7-C60 alkylaryl group” as used herein refers to a C6-C60 aryl group substituted with at least one C1-C60 alkyl group.
The term “C1-C60 heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms.
The term “C1-C60 heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C1-C60 heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group and a dibenzothiofuranyl group. When the C1-C60 heteroaryl group and the C1-C60 heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the two or more rings may be condensed with each other. The term “C2-C60 alkylheteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a C1-C60 heteroaryl group substituted with at least one C1-C60 alkyl group.
The term “C6-C60 aryloxy group” as used herein refers to —OA102 (wherein A102 is the C6-C60 aryl group), and the term “C6-C60 arylthio group” as used herein refers to —SA103 (wherein A103 is the C6-C60 aryl group).
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed with each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. A non-limiting example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group is a fluorenyl group, and an adamantyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S, other than carbon atoms, as a ring-forming atom, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. A non-limiting example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is a carbazolyl group and an azaadamantyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
The term “C5-C60 carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic group that includes only carbon atoms as a ring-forming atom and consists of 5 to 60 carbon atoms. The C5-C60 carbocyclic group may be an aromatic carbocyclic group or a non-aromatic carbocyclic group. The C5-C60 carbocyclic group may be a ring, such as benzene, a monovalent group, such as a phenyl group, or a divalent group, such as a phenylene group. In one or more embodiments, depending on the number of substituents connected to the C5-C60 carbocyclic group, the C5-C60 carbocyclic group may be a trivalent group or a quadrivalent group.
The term “C1-C60 heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a group having the same structure as the C5-C60 carbocyclic group, except that as a ring-forming atom, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S is used in addition to carbon (the number of carbon atoms may be in a range of 1 to 60).
In the present specification, at least one substituent of the substituted C5-C60 carbocyclic group, the substituted C1-C60 heterocyclic group, the substituted C1-C20 alkylene group, the substituted C2-C20 alkenylene group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkylene group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C6-C60 arylene group, the substituted C1-C60 heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C1-C60 alkyl group, the substituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, the substituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, the substituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C6-C60 aryl group, the substituted C7-C60 alkylaryl group, the substituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, the substituted C6-C60 arylthio group, the substituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, the substituted C2-C60 alkyl heteroaryl group, the substituted C1-C60 heteroaryloxy group, the substituted C1-C60 heteroarylthio group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from:
deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CH2D, —CHD2, —CD3, —CH2F, —CHF2, —CF3, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, and a C1-C60 alkoxy group;
The term “Ph” as used herein refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me” as used herein refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” as used herein refers to an ethyl group, the term “ter-Bu” or “But” as used herein refers to a tert-butyl group, the term “OMe” as used herein refers to a methoxy group, the term “Ad” as used herein refers to an adamantyl group, and the term “i-Pr” as used herein refers to an isopropyl group.
The term “biphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group”. In other words, the “biphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having a C6-C60 aryl group as a substituent.
The term “terphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group”. In other words, the “terphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C6-C60 aryl group substituted with a C6-C60 aryl group.
Hereinafter, a compound according to embodiments and an organic light-emitting device according to embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to Synthesis Examples and Examples. The wording “B was utilized instead of A” utilized in describing Synthesis Examples refers to that an identical molar equivalent of B was utilized in place of A.
4,5-dibromobenzene-1,2-diol (1.0 eq), 1-bromo-3-fluorobenzene (2.6 eq), and K3PO4 (4.0 eq) were added to a reaction container, and the mixed solution was suspended in DMF (0.25 M). The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at a temperature of 160° C. for 24 hours. After the completion of the reaction, the resulting product was cooled to room temperature, and an extraction process was performed thereon utilizing distilled water and ethylacetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous NaCl solution, and dried utilizing MgSO4. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain Intermediate [19-A] (yield of 64%).
Intermediate [19-A] (1.0 eq), imidazole (5.2 eq), K2CO3 (8.0 eq), CuI (0.4 eq), and 1,10-phenanthroline (0.4 eq) were added to a reaction container, and the mixed solution was suspended in DMF (0.25 M). The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at a temperature of 160° C. for 24 hours. After the completion of the reaction, the resulting product was cooled to room temperature, and an extraction process was performed thereon utilizing distilled water and ethylacetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous NaCl solution, and dried utilizing MgSO4. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain Intermediate [19-B] (yield of 68%).
Intermediate [19-B] (1.0 eq) and iodomethane-D3(CD3I) (40.0 eq) were added to a reaction container, and the mixed solution was suspended in toluene (0.1 M). The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at the temperature of 110° C. for 24 hours. After the completion of the reaction, the resulting product was cooled to room temperature, and an extraction process was performed thereon utilizing distilled water and ethylacetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was dried utilizing MgSO4, and the solvent was removed therefrom to obtain Intermediate [19-C] (yield of 89%).
Intermediate [19-C] (1.0 eq) was added to a reaction container, and suspended in a mixed solution containing methanol and distilled water at a volume ratio of 2:1. In a sufficiently dissolved state, ammonium hexafluorophosphate (4.4 eq) was slowly added to the reaction solution, and the resulting reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, a resulting solid was filtered and washed with diethyl ether. The washed solid was dried to obtain Intermediate [19-D] (yield of 87%).
Intermediate [19-D] (1.0 eq), dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (2.2 eq), and sodium acetate (12.0 eq) were suspended in 1,4-dioxane (0.1 M). The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at the temperature of 120° C. for 72 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, and an extraction process was performed thereon utilizing distilled water and dichloromethane. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous NaCl solution, and dried utilizing MgSO4. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain Compound BD19 (yield of 35%).
1,2-dibromo-4,5-difluorobenzene (1.0 eq), imidazole (3.0 eq), and K3PO4 (4.0 eq) were added to a reaction container, and the mixed solution was suspended in DMF (0.25 M). The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at a temperature of 160° C. for 24 hours. After the completion of the reaction, the resulting product was cooled to room temperature, and an extraction process was performed thereon utilizing distilled water and ethylacetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous NaCl solution, and dried utilizing MgSO4. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain Intermediate [63-A] (yield of 70%).
2-methoxycarbazole (1.0 eq), 2-bromo-4-(tert-butyl)pyridine (2.6 eq), Pd2(dba)3(0.02 eq), SPhos (0.04 eq), and sodium tert-butoxide (1.6 eq) were added to a reaction container, and the mixed solution was suspended in toluene (0.17 M). The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at the temperature of 110° C. for 24 hours. After the completion of the reaction, the resulting product was cooled to room temperature, and an extraction process was performed thereon utilizing distilled water and ethylacetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous NaCl solution, and dried utilizing MgSO4. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain Intermediate [63-B] (yield of 64%).
Intermediate [63-B] (1.0 eq) was suspended in an excessive amount of a mixed solution containing HBr and AcOH at a volume ratio of 2:1. The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at the temperature of 110° C. for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, and an excessive amount of distilled water was added thereto. The resulting solution was then neutralized with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and ammonium chloride. A solid precipitated therefrom was filtered, and the filtrate was dissolved in acetone. The resulting product was dried utilizing MgSO4, and the solvent was removed therefrom to obtain Intermediate [63-C] (yield of 90%).
Intermediate [63-A] (1.0 eq), Intermediate [63-C] (2.6 eq), K2CO3 (4.0 eq), CuI (0.2 eq), and 1,10-phenanthroline (0.2 eq) were added to a reaction container, and the mixed solution was suspended in DMF (0.25 M). The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at a temperature of 160° C. for 24 hours. After the completion of the reaction, the resulting product was cooled to room temperature, and an extraction process was performed thereon utilizing distilled water and ethylacetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous NaCl solution, and dried utilizing MgSO4. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain Intermediate [63-D] (yield of 60%).
Intermediate [63-D] (1.0 eq) and iodomethane-D3 (CD3I) (20.0 eq) were added to a reaction container, and the mixed solution was suspended in toluene (0.1 M). The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at the temperature of 110° C. for 24 hours. After the completion of the reaction, the resulting product was cooled to room temperature, and an extraction process was performed thereon utilizing distilled water and ethylacetate. An organic layer extracted therefrom was dried utilizing MgSO4, and the solvent was removed therefrom to obtain Intermediate [63-E] (yield of 92%).
Intermediate [63-E] (1.0 eq) was added to a reaction container, and suspended in a mixed solution containing methanol and distilled water at a volume ratio of 2:1. In a sufficiently dissolved state, ammonium hexafluorophosphate (2.2 eq) was slowly added to the reaction solution, and the resulting reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, a resulting solid was filtered and washed with diethyl ether. The washed solid was dried to obtain Intermediate [63-F] (yield of 82%).
Compound BD63 (yield of 37%) was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Compound BD19, except that Intermediate [63-F] was utilized instead of Intermediate [19-D].
Intermediate [69-A] (yield of 55%) was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate [19-A], except that 2-fluoro-1-methylimidazole was utilized instead of imidazole.
Intermediate [69-B] was synthesized in the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate [63-B].
Intermediate [69-C] was synthesized in the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate [63-C].
Intermediate [69-D] (yield of 62%) was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate [63-D], except that Intermediate [69-A] was utilized instead of Intermediate [63-A].
Intermediate [69-D] (1.0 eq), potassium tetrachloroplatinate (2.2 eq), and tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.2 eq) were suspended in AcOH (0.03 M). The reaction mixture was heated, and stirred at the temperature of 110° C. for 72 hours. After the completion of the reaction, the resulting product was cooled to room temperature, and an extraction process was performed thereon utilizing distilled water and dichloromethane. An organic layer extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated aqueous NaCl solution, and dried utilizing MgSO4. A residue obtained by removing the solvent therefrom was separated by column chromatography to obtain Compound BD69 (yield of 29%).
Intermediate [87-A] was synthesized in the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate [63-A].
Intermediate [87-B] (yield of 60%) was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate [63-B], except that 2-bromo-1-methyl-1H-imidazole was utilized instead of instead of 2-bromo-4-(tert-butyl)pyridine.
Intermediate [87-C] (yield of 87%) was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate [63-C], except that Intermediate [87-B] was utilized instead of Intermediate [63-B].
Intermediate [87-D] (yield of 65%) was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate [63-D], except that Intermediate [87-C] was utilized instead of Intermediate [63-C].
Intermediate [87-E] (yield of 87%) was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate [63-E], except that Intermediate [87-D] was utilized instead of Intermediate [63-D].
Intermediate [87-F] (yield of 85%) was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Intermediate [63-F], except that Intermediate [87-E] was utilized instead of Intermediate [63-E].
Compound BD87 (yield of 31%) was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Compound BD19, except that Intermediate [87-F] was utilized instead of Intermediate [19-D].
The synthesized compounds were identified by 1H NMR and MS/FAB, and results are shown in Table 1 below.
The HOMO energy level and LUMO energy level of each of Compounds BD19, BD63, BD69, BD87, ETH2, and HTH2 were evaluated according to a method described in Table 2, and the results are shown in Table 3.
Referring to Table 3, it was confirmed that Compounds BD19, BD63, BD69, BD87 ETH2, and HTH2 each have HOMO and LUMO energy levels suitable for the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.
An organic light-emitting device including an emission layer that includes an organometallic complex according to an embodiment was manufactured by the following method.
As an anode, an ITO/Ag/ITO substrate was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated with acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and pure water each for 5 minutes, and then cleaned by exposure to ultraviolet rays and ozone for 30 minutes. Then, the ITO substrate was provided to a vacuum deposition apparatus.
Compound 2-TNATA was vacuum-deposited on the ITO substrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 60 nm, and then, NPB was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 30 nm.
Compound BD19 (dopant, 10 wt %) was co-deposited with a mixed host including Compounds ETH2 and HTH2 at a weight ratio of 5:5 on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 30 nm. Subsequently, Compound
ETH2 was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of 5 nm. Then, Alq3 was deposited on the hole blocking layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 30 nm, alkali metal halide LiF was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 1 nm, and Al was vacuum-deposited to a thickness of 300 nm to form a LiF/Al electrode, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.
An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that, in forming an emission layer, corresponding compounds shown in Table 4 were utilized.
Regarding the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5, the driving voltage (V) at 1,000 cd/m2, current density (mA/cm2), and luminescence efficiency (cd/A) were each measured by utilizing Keithley MU 236 and luminance meter PR650. In addition, the decay time of delayed fluorescence was evaluated based on the time-resolved spectra of the organic light-emitting devices measured by utilizing the Tektronix TDS 460 Four Channel Digitizing Oscilloscope while applying a voltage pulse by utilizing the AVTECCH AV-1011-B pulse generator (wherein a pulse width was between 100 ns and 1 ms), and the results are shown in Table 4.
Referring to Table 4, it was confirmed that the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 4 emitted blue light, and showed high efficiency, long lifespan, and low driving voltage compared to those of the organic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 5.
According to the one or more embodiments, an organic light-emitting device should have high luminescence efficiency, high color purity, and/or a long lifespan.
The use of “may” when describing embodiments of the present invention refers to “one or more embodiments of the present invention.” Also, the term “exemplary” is intended to refer to an example or illustration. It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on”, “connected to”, “coupled to”, or “adjacent to” another element or layer, it can be directly on, connected to, coupled to, or adjacent to the other element or layer, or one or more intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element or layer is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to”, “directly coupled to”, or “immediately adjacent to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present.
As used herein, the term “substantially,” “about,” and similar terms are used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations in measured or calculated values that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art. Moreover, any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. For example, a range of “1.0 to 10.0” is intended to include all subranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein and any minimum numerical limitation recited in this specification is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein. Accordingly, Applicant reserves the right to amend this specification, including the claims, to expressly recite any sub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein. All such ranges are intended to be inherently described in this specification such that amending to expressly recite any such subranges would comply with the requirements of 35 U.S.C. § 112(a), and 35 U.S.C. § 132(a).
It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims, and equivalents thereof.
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