Patent Application
20110130589
The invention relates to a process for the preparation of bis(fluoroalkyl)-phosphinic acid and/or fluoroalkylphosphonic acid by reaction of monofluoroalkyltetrafluorophosphorane, bis(fluoroalkyl)trifluorophosphorane or tris(fluoroalkyl)difluorophosphorane with water.
Bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acids and also fluoroalkylphosphonic acids are known chemicals. Bis(trifluoromethyl)phosphinic acid and trifluoromethylphosphonic acid were prepared by H. J. Emeleus et al., J. Chem. Soc., 1954, 3598-3603 or by H. J. Emeleus et al., J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 563-574. Trifluoromethylphosphonic acid was prepared by oxidative hydrolysis of CF3PX2 or (CF3)2PX, where X=Cl or I, or by controlled hydrolysis of (CF3)3P. However, the synthesis of the starting compounds for these reactions is complex and time-consuming, with the work-up also being included in this 2-step synthesis.
Bis(heptafluoropropyl)phosphinic acid and heptafluoropropylphosphonic acid have been prepared in a similar manner starting from C3F7I and red phosphorus in an autoclave at 220 to 230° C., where C3F7PI2 and (C3F7)2PI are formed as intermediates. After separation of (C3F7)2PI, it is reacted further with silver chloride for 11 days to give chlorobisheptafluoropropylphosphine (C3F7)2PCl, which is converted into trichlorobisheptafluoropropylphosphorane (C3F7)2PCl3. This compound is then finally hydrolysed by reaction with water to give bis(heptafluoropropyl)phosphinic acid. This complex sequence of reactions is known from H. J. Emeleus, J. D. Smith, J. Chem. Soc., 1959, 375-381 and cannot be implemented economically on a large industrial scale.
R. C. Paul, J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 574-575 describes a hydrolysis of tris(trifluoromethyl)phosphine oxide using water to give bis(trifluoromethyl)-phosphinic acid or using sodium hydroxide to give sodium trifluoromethylphosphonate. The disadvantage of this reaction is the difficult access to the starting compound tris(trifluoromethyl)phosphine oxide, which is only possible via tris(trifluoromethyl)dichlorophosphorane, which is accessible with difficulty, by reaction with anhydrous oxalic acid.
Bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid can also be prepared by the method of R. P. Singh, J. M. Shreeve, Inorg. Chem., 39, 2000, 1787-1789 by hydrolysis of the corresponding anhydrides, which were in turn prepared by oxidation of bis(perfluoroalkyl)iodophosphine using NO2.
The reaction of bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinyl chlorides with water can be regarded as an alternative to the hydrolysis of bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinic anhydride. However, the bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid is normally the starting material for the synthesis of bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinyl chlorides, meaning that this only represents an academic variant.
WO 2003/087110 discloses a two-step reaction in which firstly tris(perfluoroalkyl)difluorophosphorane is reacted with aqueous HF (hydrofluoric acid), and the tris(perfluoroalkyl)trifluorophosphoric acid H[(perfluoroalkyl)3-PF3]*nH2O formed is hydrolysed further on boiling the aqueous solution.
The conversion of bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid into perfluoroalkylphosphonic acid takes place very slowly and requires high temperatures. T. V. Kovaleva et al., J. Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. trans.), 59, 1989, 2245-2248 describe a hydrolysis of tris(perfluoroalkyl)difluorophosphorane using a 20% sodium hydroxide solution, giving the disodium salt of the perfluoroalkylphosphonic acid, which can be converted into the perfluoroalkylphosphonic acid by treatment with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid and fluoroalkylphosphonic acid are, for example, interesting components of proton-conducting membranes or are suitable in accordance with the invention as catalysts in organic chemistry. They are furthermore suitable for use as surfactants per se or for further conversion into the corresponding acid chlorides or acid dichlorides, which are in turn suitable for the synthesis of novel materials, for example ionic liquids. It is therefore desirable to have a synthesis of these compounds available which can be implemented economically on a large industrial scale in order that this interesting class of bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acids or fluoroalkylphosphonic acids can be prepared in large quantities.
The object of the invention is therefore to develop an improved process for the preparation of bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid and fluoroalkylphosphonic acid or of bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid or fluoroalkylphosphonic acid which meets the requirements of an economical industrial-scale synthesis.
Surprisingly, it has been found that fluoroalkylfluorophosphoranes can be reacted simply with water by hydrolysis, where the formation of bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid or fluoroalkylphosphonic acid can be controlled by the reaction temperature and the way in which the reaction is carried out.
The invention therefore relates to a process for the preparation of bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid and fluoroalkylphosphonic acid or of bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid or fluoroalkylphosphonic acid by reaction of monofluoroalkyltetrafluorophosphorane, bis(fluoroalkyl)trifluorophosphorane or tris(fluoroalkyl)difluorophosphorane with water.
The starting compounds, i.e. the phosphoranes mentioned, are commercially available or can be prepared as described, for example, in N. Ignat'ev, P. Sartori, J. of Fluorine Chemistry, 103 (2000), p. 57-61; WO 00/21969; U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,818 or WO 98/15562, Merck Patent GmbH, Darmstadt.
In a preferred embodiment, a bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid and/or fluoroalkylphosphonic acid of the formula I
(CxF2x+1−yHy)nP(O)(OH)m I
is prepared, where
x stands for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12,
y stands for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, but where y=0, 1 or 2 for x=1 or 2,
n stands for 1 or 2,
m stands for 1 or 2,
with the proviso that n+m is equal to 3.
x particularly preferably stands for 1, 2, 3 or 4, very particularly preferably for 2 or 4.
y particularly preferably stands for 0.
For the synthesis of these preferred compounds of the formula I, starting compounds of the formula II are employed,
(CxF2x+1−yHy)kPFp II,
where
x stands for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12,
y stands for 0, 1, 2 or 3,
k stands for 1, 2 or 3,
p stands for 2, 3 or 4,
with the proviso that k+p is equal to 5.
x particularly preferably stands for 1, 2, 3 or 4, very particularly preferably for 2 or 4.
y particularly preferably stands for 0. In this case, perfluoroalkyl groups, such as, for example, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl or linear or branched nonafluorobutyl, are involved. Very particularly preferred perfluoroalkyl groups are pentafluoroethyl and linear nonafluorobutyl.
Mixtures of the bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid and fluoroalkylphosphonic acid may be formed in the reaction according to the invention. However, the reaction can also be controlled in such a way that only the desired bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid or the desired fluoroalkylphosphonic acid is formed selectively. This is influenced by the choice of phosphorane as starting material and the temperature programme in the reaction. Reaction with monofluoroalkyltetrafluorophosphorane gives a corresponding fluoroalkylphosphonic acid selectively.
However, it is possible to prepare a fluoroalkylphosphonic acid, for example of the formula I where n=1 and m=2, selectively from a bis(fluoroalkyl)-trifluorophosphorane or tris(fluoroalkyl)difluorophosphorane, for example of the formula II in which k stands for 2 or 3 and p stands for 2 or 3, by mixing the phosphorane with water at temperatures of 50° to 100° C. and carrying out the entire reaction at temperatures of 100° C. to 150° C. The reaction duration for the selective conversion into a corresponding fluoroalkylphosphonic acid is a few days, for example 2 to 14 days.
However, it is also possible to prepare a bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid, for example of the formula I where n=2 and m=1, selectively from a bis(fluoroalkyl)trifluorophosphorane or tris(fluoroalkyl)difluorophosphorane, for example of the formula II in which k stands for 2 or 3 and p stands for 2 or 3, by mixing the phosphorane with water at temperatures of 0° C. to room temperature for chain lengths of 2 and 3 C atoms in the fluoroalkyl group or mixing the phosphorane with water at temperatures of room temperature to 100° C. for chain lengths from 4 C atoms for the fluoroalkyl group as defined above and carrying out the entire reaction at temperatures of 100° C. to 150° C. The reaction duration for the selective conversion into a corresponding bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid is a few hours, for example 1 to 24 hours.
The reaction with water takes place without the involvement of a further organic solvent. In general, an excess of water is used, for example a 3-fold to 30-fold excess.
The process according to the invention enables a synthesis of bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acids and/or fluoroalkylphosphonic acids with a yield which is improved compared with the prior art. This process is furthermore suitable for a large-scale industrial synthesis, since water is employed as reagent in the reaction according to the invention and the use of hydrofluoric acid, the handling of which as reagent requires precautionary measures since it is toxic and caustic, is thus unnecessary. The effort involved in separating off the hydrofluoric acid formed in the process is by comparison much less.
The invention furthermore relates to the use of bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid and/or fluoroalkylphosphonic acid as catalyst in organic chemistry. Bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid or fluoroalkylphosphonic acid, particularly preferably bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid, is, for example, a catalyst for
The bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid or fluoroalkylphosphonic acid is particularly preferably employed in accordance with the invention in Friedel-Crafts-type reactions as described above, very particularly preferably in Friedel-Crafts acylations.
The corresponding bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid or fluoroalkylphosphonic acid is generally used in an amount of 0.01 to 15 mol %, based on the employed amount of the compound to be acylated. 1 mol % to 10 mol % of catalyst are particularly preferably used. The other reaction conditions are not modified and are known to the person skilled in the art from the specialist literature. Examples 5 and 6 confirm the use according to the invention. The use of the catalysts according to the invention produces an excellent increase in yield. This is documented by Comparative Example 7.
The corresponding bis(fluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid or fluoroalkylphosphonic acid can also be used in a mixture with other Brønsted or Lewis acids.
It is known from the literature [G. A. Olah, G. K. Surya Prakash, A. Molnar, J. Sommer, Superacid Chemistry, 2nd Ed., Wiley, 2009, 501-788] that the reactions described above can be catalysed by perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids, for example trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. These strong acids are effective catalysts (Example 8). However, known catalysts of this type are persistent owing to the high hydrolytic stability. It is also known, for example, that the production of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid has already been restricted in the USA for these reasons.
Bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinic acid and fluoroalkylphosphonic acid are less stable to hydrolysis, in particular in basic media. Hydrolysis of these compounds produces phosphates and volatile monohydroperfluoroalkanes, for example C2F5H (F 125), which are employed as non-toxic ozone-friendly substitutes for chlorofluorocarbons.
Even without further comments, it is assumed that a person skilled in the art will be able to utilise the above description in the broadest scope. The preferred embodiments and examples should therefore merely be regarded as descriptive disclosure which is absolutely not limiting in any way.
The NMR spectra were measured on solutions in deuterated solvents at 20° C. in a Bruker Avance 400 spectrometer with a 5 mm 1H/BB broadband probe with deuterium lock, unless indicated in the examples. The measurement frequencies of the various nuclei are: 1H, 400.13 MHz, 19F: 376.49 MHz and 31P: 161.97 MHz. The referencing method is indicated separately for each spectrum or each data set.
250 g (0.59 mol) of tris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorophosphorane are slowly added at room temperature with vigorous stirring to 86 g (4.78 mol) of water. The solution obtained is heated at a temperature of 100° to 110° C. (oil-bath temperature 120° C.) for 24 hours. The completeness of the reaction is monitored by 31P-NMR measurements. The aqueous HF is then distilled off. The residue is subsequently distilled under reduced pressure, giving 134.4 g of liquid bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinic acid, which corresponds to a yield of 76%, based on tris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorophosphorane.
Boiling point: 54-56° C. (0.6 mbar) (literature: 63-64° C. (125 Pa) from WO 03/087110).
The NMR spectra are measured for the pure substance with an acetonitrile-d3 film as external lock.
1H NMR (reference TMS), δ, ppm: 12.6 s (OH).
19F NMR (reference CCl3F), δ, ppm: −81.9 m (2CF3); −127.0 d (2CF2); 2JP,F=85 Hz.
31P NMR (reference 85% H3PO4, solvent CD3CN), δ, ppm: 6.7 quin; 2JP,F=84 Hz.
117 g (0.16 mol) of tris(nonafluorobutyl)difluorophosphorane are slowly added with vigorous stirring to 55 g (3.06 mol) of water, where the water has a temperature of between 90° and 100° C. The solution obtained is heated under reflux (temperature 100-125° C.) for 1 hour. The completeness of the reaction is monitored by 31P-NMR measurements. The aqueous HF is then distilled off. The residue is subsequently dried under reduced pressure at an oil-bath temperature of 50° C., giving 75.8 g of solid bis(nonafluorobutyl)phosphinic acid, which corresponds to a yield of 94%, based on tris(nonafluorobutyl)difluorophosphorane.
1H NMR (reference TMS, solvent CD3CN), δ, ppm: 12.1 s (OH).
19F NMR (reference CCl3F, solvent CD3CN), δ, ppm: −82.4 μm (2CF3); −121.8 br.s (2CF2); −122.4 d (2CF2); −127.0 m (2CF2); 2JP,F=85 Hz; 4JF,F=10 Hz.
31P NMR (reference 85% H3PO4, solvent CD3CN), δ, ppm: 3.9 quin; 2JP,F=85 Hz.
222 g (0.52 mol) of tris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorophosphorane are slowly added with vigorous stirring to 120 g (6.67 mol) of water, where the water has a temperature of between 95° and 100° C. The solution obtained is heated under reflux (oil-bath temperature 100-125° C.) for 14 days. The completeness of the reaction is monitored by 31P-NMR measurements. Aqueous HF is then distilled off. The residue is subsequently dried under reduced pressure at an oil-bath temperature of 60-70° C. for 10 hours, giving 103 g of liquid pentafluoroethylphosphonic acid, which corresponds to a yield of 99%, based on tris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorophosphorane.
The NMR spectra are measured for the pure substance with an acetonitrile-d3 film as external lock.
1H NMR (standard: TMS), δ, ppm: 11.3 s (20H).
19F NMR (standard: CCl3F), δ, ppm: −82.7 br.s (CF3), −128.4 d (CF2), 2JP,F=89 Hz.
31P NMR (standard: 85% H3PO4), δ, ppm: −1.3 t, 2JP,F=89 Hz.
115 g (0.16 mol) of tris(nonafluorobutyl)difluorophosphorane are slowly added with vigorous stirring to 60 g (3.33 mol) of water, where the water has a temperature of between 90° and 96° C. The solution obtained is heated under reflux (temperature 100-125° C.) for 4 days. The completeness of the reaction is monitored by 31P-NMR measurements. Aqueous HF is then distilled off. The residue is subsequently dried under reduced pressure at an oil-bath temperature of 60-70° C., giving 47 g of solid n-nonafluorobutylphosphonic acid, which corresponds to a yield of 99%, based on tris(nonafluorobutyl)difluorophosphorane.
1H NMR (solvent: CD3CN; standard: TMS), δ, ppm: 11.1 s (20H).
19F NMR (solvent: CD3CN; standard: CCl3F), δ, ppm: −82.4 μm (CF3), −122.5 m (CF2), −124.8 d, t, m (CF2), −127.1 μm (CF2), 2JP,F=88 Hz, 4JF,F=14 Hz, 4JF,F=11 Hz.
31P NMR (solvent CD3CN; standard: 85% H3PO4), δ, ppm: −1.1 t, 2JP,F=90 Hz.
a) 0.845 g (8.28 mmol) of acetic anhydride (Ac2O) is added at room temperature to a mixture of 1 g (6.9 mmol) of β-naphthol and 0.02 g (0.06 mmol; 1 mol %) of (C2F5)2P(O)OH in 2.5 cm3 of CH2Cl2. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for a further 30 minutes. The solution obtained is subsequently concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue is taken up in diethyl ether (Et2O, 30 cm3). The organic phase is washed with water and 2% aqueous NaOH and saturated NaCl solution. Drying over MgSO4 and distillation of the diethyl ether under reduced pressure gives 1.24 g (6.6 mmol) of 2-acetoxynaphthalene as a solid. The yield of 2-acetoxynaphthalene is 96%, based on the amount of β-naphthol employed.
The measured melting point of 70° C. corresponds to the literature value [P. Baumgarten, Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 60B (1927), pp. 1174-1178; A. McKillop, E. C. Taylor, Ger. Offen. DE 69-1903598, US 68-700352]. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra likewise correspond to the literature data [P. Granger and M. Maugras, Organic Magnetic Resonance, 1975, Vol. 7, pp. 598-601].
b) A mixture of 0.246 g (1.7 mmol) of β-naphthol, 0.209 g (2.04 mmol) of Ac2O and 0.05 g (0.165 mmol; 10 mol %) of (C2F5)2P(O)OH is stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. A solid is formed, which is washed with water and extracted with diethyl ether. The organic phase is subsequently washed with 2% aqueous NaOH and saturated NaCl solution. Drying using MgSO4 and removal of the diethyl ether by distillation under reduced pressure gives 0.3 g (1.6 mmol) of 2-acetoxynaphthalene, which corresponds to a yield of 94%, based on the amount of β-naphthol employed. The melting point and NMR spectra correspond to the values measured for the product from Example 5a.
0.42 g (4.11 mmol) of acetic anhydride (Ac2O) is added at room temperature to a mixture of 0.5 g (3.46 mmol) of β-naphthol and 0.017 g (0.03 mmol; 1 mol %) of (C4F9)2P(O)OH in 3 cm3 of CH2Cl2. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for a further 30 minutes. The solution obtained is subsequently concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue is taken up in diethyl ether (Et2O). The organic phase is washed with water and 2% aqueous NaOH and saturated NaCl solution. Drying over MgSO4 and distillation of the diethyl ether under reduced pressure gives 0.62 g (3.3 mmol) of 2-acetoxynaphthalene as a solid. The yield of 2-acetoxynaphthalene is 96%, based on the amount of β-naphthol employed.
The melting point and NMR spectra correspond to the values measured for the product from Example 5a.
0.86 g (8.4 mmol) of acetic anhydride (Ac2O) is added at room temperature to a mixture of 1 g (6.9 mmol) of β-naphthol in 2.5 cm3 of CH2Cl2. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for a further 30 minutes. The solution obtained is subsequently concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue is taken up in diethyl ether (Et2O). The organic phase is washed with water and 2% aqueous NaOH and saturated NaCl solution. Drying over MgSO4 and distillation of the diethyl ether under reduced pressure gives 0.13 g (0.7 mmol) of 2-acetoxynaphthalene as a solid. The yield of 2-acetoxynaphthalene is 10%, based on the amount of β-naphthol employed.
The product obtained has a melting point of 65° C., which is 5° C. lower compared with the 2-acetoxynaphthalene from Example 5, which indicates impurities in the product.
0.02 g (0.13 mmol; 1.9 mol %) of CF3SO3H is added at room temperature to a mixture of β-naphthol (1.01 g, 7.0 mmol) and acetic anhydride, Ac2O (0.856 g, 8.4 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (2.5 cm3). The reaction mixture is stirred for a further 30 minutes. The homogeneous solution obtained is concentrated under reduced pressure. The solid residue obtained is taken up in diethyl ether. The organic phases are washed with water, 2% aqueous NaOH and saturated sodium chloride solution. Drying over MgSO4 and removal of the organic solvent under reduced pressure gives 1.25 g (6.7 mmol) of a white solid. The yield of 2-acetoxynaphthalene is 95.7%, based on the amount of β-naphthol employed. The melting point and NMR spectra are identical to the values of Example 5a.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102008035174.1 | Jul 2008 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2009/004953 | 7/8/2009 | WO | 00 | 1/26/2011 |
