RORC2 INHIBITORS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Retinoid-related orphan receptors (ROR) are reported to have an important role in numerous biological processes. Scientific investigations relating to each of retinoid-related orphan receptors RORα, RORβ, and RORγ have been described in the literature. Continuing research in this field is spurred by the promise of developing new therapeutic agents to treat medical disorders associated with retinoid-related orphan receptor activity.

RORγ has been reported to be expressed in high concentration in various tissues, such as thymus, kidney, liver, muscle, and certain fat tissue. Two isoforms of RORγ have been identified and are referred to as γ1 and γ2 (also referred to as RORγt). Expression of the γ2 isoform has been reported to appear in, for example, double-positive thymocytes. Compounds capable of modulating RORyt activity are contemplated to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of multiple medical disorders, including immune and inflammatory disorders.

Numerous immune and inflammatory disorders continue to afflict millions of patients worldwide. Significant advances have been made in treating these disorders. However, current therapies do not provide satisfactory results for all patients due to, for example, detrimental side effects or insufficient efficacy. Treatments for immune and inflammatory disorders vary depending on the particular medical disorder, and often involve use of immunosuppressive drugs. Surgery (e.g., splenectomy), plasmapheresis, or radiation can be used in certain instances.

One exemplary immune disorder in need of better therapy is psoriasis. Psoriasis is a T cell-mediated inflammatory disease that affects approximately 2% to 3% of adults and has a substantial adverse impact on the quality of life for patients suffering from this disorder. Plaques resulting from psoriasis can be painful and are visually unappealing. Various therapeutics have been developed in an attempt to treat psoriasis. However, the traditional therapies for psoriasis often have toxic adverse effects.

Accordingly, a need exists for improved treatments for psoriasis as well as other immune and inflammatory disorders. The present invention addresses this need and provides other related advantages.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, methods of inhibiting RORγ activity and/or reducing the amount of IL-17 in a subject, and methods of treating various medical disorders using such compounds. In particular, one aspect of the invention relates to compounds represented by Formulae I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII:

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and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically active metabolites, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof; wherein R, X, Y and W are as defined in the Detailed Description.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from a medical disorder. The method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formulae I, II, III, IV, V, VI or VII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as described in the Detailed Description. A large number of disorders can be treated using the compounds described herein. For example, the compounds described herein can be used to treat an immune disorder or inflammatory disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, chronic graft-versus-host disease, acute graft-versus-host disease, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Celiac Sprue, idiopathic thrombocytopenic thrombotic purpura, myasthenia gravis, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, ulcerative colitis, asthma, epidermal hyperplasia, and other medical disorders described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention provides compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, methods of inhibiting RORγ activity and/or reducing the amount of IL-17 in a subject, and therapeutic uses of said compounds and pharmaceutical compositions. The practice of the present invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of organic chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology (including recombinant techniques), cell biology, biochemistry, and immunology. Such techniques are explained in the literature, such as in “Comprehensive Organic Synthesis” (B. M. Trost & I. Fleming, eds., 1991-1992); “Handbook of experimental immunology” (D. M. Weir & C. C. Blackwell, eds.); “Current protocols in molecular biology” (F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., 1987, and periodic updates); and “Current protocols in immunology” (J. E. Coligan et al., eds., 1991), each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Various aspects of the invention are set forth below in sections; however, aspects of the invention described in one particular section are not to be limited to any particular section. Further, when a variable is not accompanied by a definition, the previous definition of the variable controls.

Definitions

It is to be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of any subject matter claimed. In this application, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In this application, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, use of the term “including” as well as other forms, such as “include”, “includes,” and “included,” is not limiting.

It is to be understood that the methods and compositions described herein are not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, cell lines, constructs, and reagents described herein and as such may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the methods and compositions described herein, which will be limited only by the appended claims.

All publications and patents mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the constructs and methodologies that are described in the publications, which might be used in connection with the methods, compositions and compounds described herein.

Chemical names, common names, and chemical structures may be used interchangeably to describe the same structure. If a chemical compound is referred to using both a chemical structure and a chemical name, and an ambiguity exists between the structure and the name, the structure predominates.

“ROR” stands for Retinoic acid receptor-Related Orphan Receptor. There are three forms of ROR, ROR-α, -β, and -γ and each is encoded by a separate gene (RORA, RORB, and RORC respectively). There are two subtypes of RORC: 1 and 2. Subtype 2 is also called “t”. The human RORC gene is also called TOR; RORG; RZRG; NRIF3; and RZR-GAMMA. The human protein RORC is also called nuclear receptor ROR-gamma; nuclear receptor RZR-gamma; retinoic acid-binding receptor gamma; retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma; RAR-related orphan receptor C, isoform a; RAR-related orphan nuclear receptor variant 2; nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group F member 3. As used herein, “RORγ” and “RORC2” are used interchangeably to refer to a protein from a RORC subtype 2 gene.

As used herein, the term “modulator” refers to a compound that alters an activity of a molecule. For example, a modulator can cause an increase or decrease in the magnitude of a certain activity of a molecule compared to the magnitude of the activity in the absence of the modulator. In certain embodiments, a modulator is an inhibitor, which decreases the magnitude of one or more activities of a molecule. In certain embodiments, an inhibitor completely prevents one or more activities of a molecule. In certain embodiments, a modulator is an activator, which increases the magnitude of at least one activity of a molecule. In certain embodiments the presence of a modulator results in an activity that does not occur in the absence of the modulator.

The term “heteroatom” refers to an atom other than carbon or hydrogen. Heteroatoms are typically independently selected from among oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, silicon and phosphorus, but are not limited to these atoms. In embodiments in which two or more heteroatoms are present, the two or more heteroatoms can all be the same as one another, or some or all of the two or more heteroatoms can each be different from the others.

The term “alkyl” refers to a linear or branched-chain saturated hydrocarbyl substituent (i.e., a substituent obtained from a hydrocarbon by removal of a hydrogen) containing from one to ten carbon atoms. Examples of such substituents include methyl, ethyl, propyl (including n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (including n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl), pentyl, isoamyl, hexyl and the like. The terms “haloalkyl” and “haloalkoxy” include alkyl, and alkoxy structures, respectively, in which at least one hydrogen is replaced with a halogen atom. In certain embodiments in which two or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms, the halogen atoms are all the same as one another. In other embodiments in which two or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms, the halogen atoms are not all the same as one another.

The term “fluoroalkyl,” as used herein, refers to alkyl group in which at least one hydrogen is replaced with a fluorine atom. Examples of fluoroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CH₂CH₂CF₃and the like.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a carbocyclic substituent obtained by removing a hydrogen from a saturated carbocyclic molecule and having three to ten carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl may be a single ring, which typically contains from 3 to 6 ring atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. Alternatively, cycloalkyl may be 2 or 3 rings fused together, such as bicyclo[4.2.0]octane and decalinyl and may also be referred to as “bicycloalkyl”.

The term “aryl” refers to an aromatic substituent containing one ring or two or three fused rings. The aryl substituent may have six to eighteen carbon atoms. As an example, the aryl substituent may have six to fourteen carbon atoms. The term “aryl” may refer to substituents such as phenyl, naphthyl and anthracenyl. The term “aryl” also includes substituents such as phenyl, naphthyl and anthracenyl that are fused to a (C₄-C₁₀)carbocyclic ring, such as a C₅or a C₆carbocyclic ring, or to a 4- to 10-membered heterocyclic ring, wherein a group having such a fused aryl group as a substituent is bound to an aromatic carbon of the aryl group. When such a fused aryl group is substituted with one more substituents, the one or more substitutents, unless otherwise specified, are each bound to an aromatic carbon of the fused aryl group. The fused (C₄-C₁₀)carbocyclic or 4- to 10-membered heterocyclic ring may be optionally substituted with halogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, or ═O. Examples of aryl groups include accordingly phenyl, naphthalenyl, tetrahydronaphthalenyl (also known as “tetralinyl”), indenyl, isoindenyl, indanyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, benzonaphthenyl (also known as “phenalenyl”), and fluorenyl.

In some instances, the number of atoms in a cyclic substituent containing one or more heteroatoms (i.e., heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl) is indicated by the prefix “A-B membered”, wherein A is the minimum and B is the maximum number of atoms forming the cyclic moiety of the substituent. Thus, for example, 5- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl refers to a heterocycloalkyl containing from 5 to 8 atoms, including one or more heteroatoms, in the cyclic moiety of the heterocycloalkyl.

The term “hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” refers to OH.

The term “cyano” (also referred to as “nitrile”) means CN.

The term “thio” means S.

The terms “halogen” and “halo” refer to fluorine (which may be depicted as F), chlorine (which may be depicted as Cl), bromine (which may be depicted as Br), or iodine (which may be depicted as I). In one embodiment, the halogen is chlorine. In another embodiment, the halogen is fluorine. In another embodiment, the halogen is bromine.

The terms “heterocycloalkyl” and “heterocyclyl” are used interchangeably and refer to a substituent obtained by removing a hydrogen from a saturated or partially saturated ring structure containing a total of 4 to 14 ring atoms in which at least one of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (i.e., oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur), with the remaining ring atoms being independently selected from the group consisting of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. For example, as used herein, the term “4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl” means the substituent is a single ring with 4 to 10 total members. A heterocycloalkyl alternatively may comprise 2 or 3 rings fused together, wherein at least one such ring contains a heteroatom as a ring atom (i.e., nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur). In a group that has a heterocycloalkyl substituent, the ring atom of the heterocycloalkyl substituent that is bound to the group may be one of the heteroatoms, or it may be a ring carbon atom, where the ring carbon atom may be in the same ring as the heteroatom(s) or where the ring carbon atom may be in a different ring from the heteroatom(s). Similarly, if the heterocycloalkyl substituent is in turn substituted with a group or substituent, the group or substituent may be bound to the heteroatom(s), or it may be bound to a ring carbon atom, where the ring carbon atom may be in the same ring as the at least one heteroatom or where the ring carbon atom may be in a different ring from the heteroatom(s).

The term “heteroaryl” refers to a substituent obtained by removing a hydrogen from an aromatic ring structure containing from 5 to 14 ring atoms in which at least one of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (i.e., oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur), with the remaining ring atoms being independently selected from the group consisting of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. A heteroaryl may be a single ring or 2 or 3 fused rings. Examples of heteroaryl substituents include but are not limited to: 6-membered ring substituents such as pyridyl, pyrazyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyridazinyl; 5-membered ring substituents such as triazolyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, 1,2,5-, or 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl and isothiazolyl; 6/5-membered fused ring substituents such as benzothiofuranyl, isobenzothiofuranyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, purinyl, and anthranilyl; and 6/6-membered fused ring substituents such as quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, and 1,4-benzoxazinyl. In a group that has a heteroaryl substituent, the ring atom of the heteroaryl substituent that is bound to the group may be the at least one heteroatom, or it may be a ring carbon atom, where the ring carbon atom may be in the same ring as the at least one heteroatom or where the ring carbon atom may be in a different ring from the at least one heteroatom. Similarly, if the heteroaryl substituent is in turn substituted with a group or substituent, the group or substituent may be bound to the heteroatom, or it may be bound to a ring carbon atom, where the ring carbon atom may be in the same ring as the heteroatom(s) or where the ring carbon atom may be in a different ring from the heteroatom(s). The term “heteroaryl” also includes pyridyl N-oxides and groups containing a pyridine N-oxide ring.

This specification uses the terms “substituent,” “radical,” and “group” interchangeably.

If a group of substituents are collectively described as being optionally substituted by one or more of a list of substituents, the group may include: (1) unsubstitutable substituents, (2) substitutable substituents that are not substituted by the optional substituents, and/or (3) substitutable substituents that are substituted by one or more of the optional substituents.

If a substituent is described such that it “may be substituted” or as being optionally substituted with up to a particular number of non-hydrogen substituents, that substituent may be either (1) not substituted; or (2) substituted by up to that particular number of non-hydrogen substituents or by up to the maximum number of substitutable positions on the substituent, whichever is less. Thus, for example, if a substituent is described as a heteroaryl optionally substituted with up to 3 non-hydrogen substituents, then any heteroaryl with less than 3 substitutable positions would be optionally substituted by up to only as many non-hydrogen substituents as the heteroaryl has substitutable positions. To illustrate, tetrazolyl (which has only one substitutable position) would be optionally substituted with up to one non-hydrogen substituent. To illustrate further, if an amino nitrogen is described as being optionally substituted with up to 2 non-hydrogen substituents, then the nitrogen will be optionally substituted with up to 2 non-hydrogen substituents if the amino nitrogen is a primary nitrogen, whereas the amino nitrogen will be optionally substituted with up to only 1 non-hydrogen substituent if the amino nitrogen is a secondary nitrogen.

A prefix attached to a multi-moiety substituent only applies to the first moiety. To illustrate, the term “alkylcycloalkyl” contains two moieties: alkyl and cycloalkyl. Thus, a (C₁-25 C₆) prefix on (C₁-C₆)alkyl(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl means that the alkyl moiety of the alkylcycloalkyl contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; the (C₁-C₆)-prefix does not describe the cycloalkyl moiety. To illustrate further, the prefix “halo” on haloalkoxyalkyl indicates that only the alkoxy moiety of the alkoxyalkyl substituent is substituted with one or more halogen substituents. If the halogen substitution only occurs on the alkyl moiety, the substituent would be described as “alkoxyhaloalkyl.” If the halogen substitution occurs on both the alkyl moiety and the alkoxy moiety, the substituent would be described as “haloalkoxyhaloalkyl.”

As used herein compounds of Formulae I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII may be referred to as a “compound(s) of the invention.” Such terms are also defined to include all forms of the Formulae I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII including hydrates, solvates, isomers, crystalline and non-crystalline forms, isomorphs, polymorphs, and metabolites thereof. For example, the compounds of Formulae I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, may exist in unsolvated and solvated forms. When the solvent or water is tightly bound, the complex will have a well-defined stoichiometry independent of humidity. When, however, the solvent or water is weakly bound, as in channel solvates and hygroscopic compounds, the water/solvent content will be dependent on humidity and drying conditions. In such cases, non-stoichiometry will be the norm.

A “metabolite” of a compound disclosed herein is a derivative of that compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized. The term “active metabolite” refers to a biologically active derivative of a compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized. The term “metabolized,” as used herein, refers to the sum of the processes (including, but not limited to, hydrolysis reactions and reactions catalyzed by enzymes, such as, oxidation reactions) by which a particular substance is changed by an organism. Thus, enzymes may produce specific structural alterations to a compound. For example, cytochrome P450 catalyzes a variety of oxidative and reductive reactions while uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferases catalyze the transfer of an activated glucuronic-acid molecule to aromatic alcohols, aliphatic alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines and free sulfhydryl groups. Further information on metabolism may be obtained from The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill (1996). Metabolites of the compounds disclosed herein can be identified either by administration of compounds to a host and analysis of tissue samples from the host, or by incubation of compounds with hepatic cells in vitro and analysis of the resulting compounds. Both methods are well known in the art. In some embodiments, metabolites of a compound are formed by oxidative processes and correspond to the corresponding hydroxy-containing compound. In some embodiments, a compound is metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein could be prepared as prodrugs. A “prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. An example, without limitation, of a prodrug would be a compound described herein, which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”) to facilitate transmittal across a cell membrane where water solubility is detrimental to mobility but which then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity, once inside the cell where water-solubility is beneficial. A further example of a prodrug might be a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety. In certain embodiments, upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound. In certain embodiments, a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound. To produce a prodrug, a pharmaceutically active compound is modified such that the active compound will be regenerated upon in vivo administration. The prodrug can be designed to alter the metabolic stability or the transport characteristics of a drug, to mask side effects or toxicity, to improve the flavor of a drug or to alter other characteristics or properties of a drug. By virtue of knowledge of pharmacodynamic processes and drug metabolism in vivo, those of skill in this art, once a pharmaceutically active compound is known, can design prodrugs of the compound. (see, for example, Nogrady (1985) Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392; Silverman (1992), The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, pages 352-401, Saulnier et al., (1994), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 4, p. 1985).

Prodrug forms of the herein described compounds, wherein the prodrug is metabolized in vivo to produce a derivative as set forth herein are included within the scope of the claims. In some cases, some of the herein-described compounds may be a prodrug for another derivative or active compound.

Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. Prodrugs may be designed as reversible drug derivatives, for use as modifiers to enhance drug transport to site-specific tissues. In some embodiments, the design of a prodrug increases the effective water solubility. See, e.g., Fedorak et al., Am. J. Physiol., 269:G210-218 (1995); McLoed et al., Gastroenterol, 106:405-413 (1994); Hochhaus et al., Biomed. Chrom., 6:283-286 (1992); J. Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Int. J. Pharmaceutics, 37, 87 (1987); J. Larsen et al., Int. J. Pharmaceutics, 47, 103 (1988); Sinkula et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 64:181-210 (1975); T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series; and Edward B. Roche, Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, all incorporated herein in their entirety.

The compounds of the invention may have asymmetric carbon atoms. The carbon-carbon bonds of the compounds of the invention may be depicted herein using a solid line, a solid wedge or a dotted wedge. The use of a solid line to depict bonds to asymmetric carbon atoms is meant to indicate that all possible stereoisomers (e.g. specific enantiomers, racemic mixtures, etc.) at that carbon atom are included. The use of either a solid or dotted wedge to depict bonds to asymmetric carbon atoms is meant to indicate that only the stereoisomer shown is meant to be included. It is possible that compounds of the invention may contain more than one asymmetric carbon atom. In those compounds, the use of a solid line to depict bonds to asymmetric carbon atoms is meant to indicate that all possible stereoisomers are meant to be included. For example, unless stated otherwise, it is intended that the compounds of the invention can exist as enantiomers and diastereomers or as racemates and mixtures thereof. The use of a solid line to depict bonds to one or more asymmetric carbon atoms in a compound of the invention and the use of a solid or dotted wedge to depict bonds to other asymmetric carbon atoms in the same compound is meant to indicate that a mixture of diastereomers is present.

Stereoisomers of compounds of the invention include cis and trans isomers, optical isomers such as R and S enantiomers, diastereomers, geometric isomers, rotational isomers, conformational isomers, and tautomers of the compounds of the invention, including compounds exhibiting more than one type of isomerism; and mixtures thereof (such as racemates and diastereomeric pairs). Also included are acid addition or base addition salts wherein the counterion is optically active, for example, D-lactate or L-lysine, or racemic, for example, DL-tartrate or DL-arginine.

When any racemate crystallizes, crystals of two different types are possible. The first type is the racemic compound (true racemate) referred to above wherein one homogeneous form of crystal is produced containing both enantiomers in equimolar amounts. The second type is the racemic mixture or conglomerate wherein two forms of crystal are produced in equimolar amounts each comprising a single enantiomer.

The present invention also includes isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited in Formulae I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that may be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, fluorine and chlorine, such as, but not limited to, ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, and ³⁶Cl. Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of Formula (I) and Formula (II), for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as ³H and ¹⁴O are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i.e., ³H, and carbon-14, i.e., ¹⁴C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., ²H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances. Isotopically-labeled compounds the invention may generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples and Preparations below, by substituting an isotopically-labeled reagent for a non-isotopically-labeled reagent.

The compounds of this invention may be used in the form of salts derived from inorganic or organic acids. Depending on the particular compound, a salt of the compound may be advantageous due to one or more of the salt's physical properties, such as enhanced pharmaceutical stability in differing temperatures and humidities, or a desirable solubility in water or oil. In some instances, a salt of a compound also may be used as an aid in the isolation, purification, and/or resolution of the compound.

Where a salt is intended to be administered to a patient (as opposed to, for example, being used in an in vitro context), the salt preferably is pharmaceutically acceptable. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt prepared by combining a compound of Formula (I) and Formula (II) with an acid whose anion, or a base whose cation, is generally considered suitable for human consumption. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are particularly useful as products of the methods of the present invention because of their greater aqueous solubility relative to the parent compound. For use in medicine, the salts of the compounds of this invention are non-toxic “pharmaceutically acceptable salts.” Salts encompassed within the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free base with a suitable organic or inorganic acid.

Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of the present invention when possible include those derived from inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydrofluoric, boric, fluoroboric, phosphoric, metaphosphoric, nitric, carbonic, sulfonic, and sulfuric acids, and organic acids such as acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glycolic, isothionic, lactic, lactobionic, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, succinic, toluenesulfonic, tartaric, and trifluoroacetic acids. Suitable organic acids generally include but are not limited to aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic, and sulfonic classes of organic acids.

Specific examples of suitable organic acids include but are not limited to acetate, trifluoroacetate, formate, propionate, succinate, glycolate, gluconate, digluconate, lactate, malate, tartaric acid, citrate, ascorbate, glucuronate, maleate, fumarate, pyruvate, aspartate, glutamate, benzoate, anthranilic acid, stearate, salicylate, p-hydroxybenzoate, phenylacetate, mandelate, embonate (pamoate), methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, pantothenate, toluenesulfonate, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, sufanilate, cyclohexylaminosulfonate, algenic acid, p-hydroxybutyric acid, galactarate, galacturonate, adipate, alginate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, dodecylsulfate, glycoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, heptanoate, hexanoate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalesulfonate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, thiocyanate, and undecanoate.

Furthermore, where the compounds of the invention carry an acidic moiety, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may include alkali metal salts, i.e., sodium or potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., calcium or magnesium salts; and salts formed with suitable organic ligands, e.g., quaternary ammonium salts. In another embodiment, base salts are formed from bases which form non-toxic salts, including aluminum, arginine, benzathine, choline, diethylamine, diolamine, glycine, lysine, meglumine, olamine, tromethamine and zinc salts.

Organic salts may be made from secondary, tertiary or quaternary amine salts, such as tromethamine, diethylamine, N,N′-benzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine), and procaine. Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with agents such as lower alkyl (C₁-C₆) halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (i.e., dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates), long chain halides (i.e., decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and stearyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides), arylalkyl halides (i.e., benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.

In one embodiment, hemisalts of acids and bases may also be formed, for example, hemisulphate and hemicalcium salts.

Compounds

In the following description of compounds suitable for use in the methods described herein, definitions of referred-to standard chemistry terms may be found in reference works (if not otherwise defined herein), including Carey and Sundberg “Advanced Organic Chemistry 4th Ed.” Vols. A (2000) and B (2001), Plenum Press, New York. Unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of mass spectroscopy, NMR, HPLC, protein chemistry, biochemistry, recombinant DNA techniques and pharmacology, within the ordinary skill of the art are employed. Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclature employed in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those known in the art. Standard techniques can be used for chemical syntheses, chemical analyses, pharmaceutical preparation, formulation, and delivery, and treatment of patients.

In certain embodiments, the compounds of the invention described herein are selective for RORγ over RORα and/or RORβ.

Generally, an inhibitor compound of RORγ used in the methods described herein is identified or characterized in an in vitro assay, e.g., an acellular biochemical assay or a cellular functional assay. Such assays are useful to determine an in vitro IC₅₀for said compounds. In some embodiments, the RORγ inhibitor compound used for the methods described herein inhibits RORγ activity with an in vitro IC₅₀of less than 25 μM (e.g., less than 20 μM, less than 10 μM, less than 1 μM, less than 0.5 μM, less than 0.4 μM, less than 0.3 μM, less than 0.1, less than 0.08 μM, less than 0.06 μM, less than 0.05 μM, less than 0.04 μM, less than 0.03 μM, less than less than 0.02 μM, less than 0.01, less than 0.008 μM, less than 0.006 μM, less than 0.005 μM, less than 0.004 μM, less than 0.003 μM, less than less than 0.002 μM, less than 0.001, less than 0.00099 μM, less than 0.00098 μM, less than 0.00097 μM, less than 0.00096 μM, less than 0.00095 μM, less than 0.00094 μM, less than 0.00093 μM, less than 0.00092, or less than 0.00090 μM). In some embodiments, the RORγ inhibitor compound is a compound described in the Exemplification.

Described herein are compounds of Formulae I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII. Also described herein are pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, pharmaceutically active metabolites, and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of such compounds. Pharmaceutical compositions that include at least one such compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically active metabolite or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug of such compound, are provided. In some embodiments, when compounds disclosed herein contain an oxidizable nitrogen atom, the nitrogen atom can be converted to an N-oxide by methods well known in the art. In certain embodiments, isomers and chemically protected forms of compounds having a structure represented by Formulae I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII are also provided.

One aspect of the invention relates to a compound of Formulae I, II, III, IV, V, VI or VII:

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or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, wherein,

Y is hydrogen, halo, cyano, (C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₁-C₃) hydroxyalkyl, (C₁-C₅)alkenyl, (C₁-C₃)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₃) hydroxyhaloalkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy or (C₁-C₃)haloalkoxy;

R¹is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)hydroxyalkyl or (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl;

X is

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R²is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₈)heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, four or five substitutents independently selected for each occurrence from the group consisting of halo, cyano, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)cyanoalkyl, hydroxyl, —OR, (C₁-C₄)hydroxyalkyl, (C₁-C₄)hydroxyalkoxy, (C₁-C₄)hydroxyalkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, —NR₂, (R₂N)(C₁-C₄)alkyl-, (C₁-C₄)alkylthio, (C₁-C₄)haloalkylthio, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)OR, —OC(═O)R, —C(═O)NR₂, —N(R)C(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)OR, —CH₂OC(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)NR₂, —CH₂N(R)C(═O)R, —S(═O)₂R, —S(═O)₂NR₂, —N(R)S(═O)₂R, -A and -CH₂A;

R is independently selected for each occurrence from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)cyanoalkyl, (C₁-C₄)hydroxyalkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl or (C₃-C₈)heterocycloalkyl; or where a nitrogen is substituted with two R groups they may be taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated (C₃-C₈)heterocycloalkyl which, when so formed, may be optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)hydroxyalkyl, (C₁-C₄)cyanoalkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and ═O;

A is independently selected for each occurrence from the group consisting of (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₈)heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, four or five substitutents independently selected for each occurrence from the group consisting of halo, cyano, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)cyanoalkyl, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)hydroxyalkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, —NR₂, (R₂N)(C₁-C₄)alkyl-, (C₁-C₄)alkylthio, (C₁-C₄)haloalkylthio, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)OR, —OC(═O)R, —C(═O)NR₂, —N(R)C(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)OR, —CH₂OC(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)NR₂, —CH₂N(R)C(═O)R, —S(═O)₂R, —S(═O)₂NR₂and —N(R)S(═O)₂R;

W is

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optionally substituted with one, two, three, four or five substitutents independently selected for each occurrence from the group consisting of halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)hydroxyalkyl and (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl;

R³is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₈)heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —C(═O)R⁴, —C(═O)OR⁴, —C(═O)N(R⁵)₂or —S(═O)₂R⁴, optionally substituted with one, two, three, four or five substitutents independently selected for each occurrence from the group consisting of halo, cyano, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)cyanoalkyl, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)hydroxyalkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, —NR₂, (R₂N)(C₁-C₄)alkyl-, (C₁-C₄)alkylthio, (C₁-C₄)haloalkylthio, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)OR, —OC(═O)R, —C(═O)NR₂, —N(R)C(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)OR, —CH₂OC(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)NR₂, —CH₂N(R)C(═O)R, —S(═O)₂R, —S(═O)₂NR₂, —N(R)S(═O)₂R, -A and —CH₂A;

R⁴is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₈)heterocycloalkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)heterocycloalkyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, four or five substitutents independently selected for each occurrence from the group consisting of halo, cyano, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)cyanoalkyl, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)hydroxyalkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkoxy, —NR₂, (R₂N)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)haloalkylthio, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)OR, —OC(═O)R, —C(═O)NR₂, —N(R)C(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)OR, —CH₂OC(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)NR₂, —CH₂N(R)C(═O)R, —S(═O)₂R, —S(═O)₂NR₂, —N(R)S(═O)₂R, -A and —CH₂A; and

R⁵is independently selected for each occurrence from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₈)heterocycloalkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)heterocycloalkyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, four or five substitutents independently selected for each occurrence from the group consisting of halo, cyano, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)cyanoalkyl, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)hydroxyalkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, —NR₂, (R₂N)(C₁-C₄)alkyl-, (C₁-C₄)alkylthio, (C₁-C₄)haloalkylthio, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)OR, —OC(═O)R, —C(═O)NR₂, —N(R)C(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)OR, —CH₂OC(═O)R, —CH₂C(═O)NR₂, —CH₂N(R)C(═O)R, —S(═O)₂R, —S(═O)₂NR₂, —N(R)S(═O)₂R, -A and —CH₂A; or where a nitrogen is substituted with two R⁵groups may be taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated C_3-8heterocycloalkyl which, when so formed, may be optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)hydroxyalkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and ═O.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds, wherein the compound is represented by Formula I or is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds, wherein the compound is represented by Formula II or is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds, wherein the compound is represented by Formula III or is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds, wherein the compound is represented by Formula IV or is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds, wherein the compound is represented by Formula V or is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds, wherein the compound is represented by Formula VI or is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds, wherein the compound is represented by Formula VII or is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds, wherein R¹is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds, wherein R¹is (C₁-C₆)alkyl. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds, wherein R¹is methyl.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds, wherein Y is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds, wherein Y is (C₁-C₃)alkyl. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds, wherein Y is methyl.