Patent Grant
9769854
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Electronic communications may carry a wide variety of content, for example electronic mail, medical records, financial transactions, and other confidential information. The electronic communications may travel for some of the communication end-to-end path over unsecured communication links where the content may be subject to tampering or intrusion. A variety of security measures have been applied to provide increased security and to raise the level of difficulty for nefarious actors attempting to access the confidential information.
In an embodiment, a method of wireless communication enabled by hardware assisted security is disclosed. The method comprises receiving a trusted communication request from an enhanced node B (eNB) by a serving gateway interface application, where the serving gateway interface application is part of a serving gateway virtualized network function provided by a virtual server executing in a virtual computing environment and determining by a security monitor module of the serving gateway virtualized network function that a trusted communication request has been received, where the security monitor executes in a trusted security zone of compute resources provided by the virtual computing environment and wherein the trusted security zone provides hardware assisted security. The method further comprises allocating a serving gateway interface trustlet by the security monitor to handle the trusted communication request of the enhanced node B, where the serving gateway interface trustlet executes in the trusted security zone, is associated with the serving gateway interface application, and is part of the serving gateway virtualized network function and establishing trusted signaling by the serving gateway interface trustlet with two or more mobility management entity (MME), home subscriber server (HSS), policy and charging rules function (PCRF) server virtualized network functions provided by virtual servers executing in the virtual computing environment. The method further comprises sending a trust token by the serving gateway interface trustlet to the eNB, whereby a trusted communication link from the eNB is established via a virtualized network function path through the virtual computing environment.
In another embodiment, a method of wireless communication enabled by hardware assisted security is disclosed. The method comprises receiving a trusted communication request from an enhanced node B (eNB) by a mobility management entity (MME) interface application, where the MME interface application is part of an MME virtualized network function provided by a virtual server executing in a virtual computing environment and allocating an MME interface trustlet to the enhanced node B that requested the trusted communication, where the MME interface trustlet executes in a trusted security zone of compute resources provided by the virtual computing environment, is associated with the MME interface application, and is part of the MME virtualized network function. The method further comprises establishing trusted signaling by the MME interface trustlet with two or more serving gateway, home subscriber server (HSS), policy and charging rules function (PCRF) server virtualized network functions provided by virtual servers executing in the virtual computing environment and sending a trust token by the MME interface trustlet to the eNB, whereby a trusted communication link from the eNB is established via a virtualized network function path through the virtual computing environment.
In another embodiment, a method of wireless communication enabled by hardware assisted security is disclosed. The method comprises receiving a trusted communication request from an enhanced node B (eNB) by a serving gateway interface application, where the serving gateway interface application is part of a serving gateway virtualized network function provided by a virtual server executing in a virtual computing environment and allocating a serving gateway interface trustlet to the enhanced node B that requested the trusted communication, where the serving gateway interface trustlet executes in a trusted security zone of compute resources provided by the virtual computing environment, is associated with the serving gateway interface application, and is part of the serving gateway virtualized network function. The method further comprises establishing trusted signaling by the serving gateway interface trustlet with two or more mobility management entity (MME), home subscriber server (HSS), policy and charging rules function (PCRF) server virtualized network functions provided by virtual servers executing in the virtual computing environment and sending a trust token by the serving gateway interface trustlet to the eNB, whereby a trusted communication link from the eNB is established via a virtualized network function path through the virtual computing environment.
In another embodiment, a method of wireless communication enabled by hardware assisted trust is disclosed. The method comprises receiving a trust zone request by an enhanced node B from an electronic device attached to a long term evolution (LTE) wireless network and forwarding the trust zone request from the enhanced node B to a home subscription server (HSS), wherein the enhanced node B forwards the trust zone request while executing in a trust zone of the enhanced node B, wherein the trust zone provides hardware assisted trust. The method further comprises receiving a trust zone request acknowledgement by the enhanced node B from the home subscription server while executing in the trust zone of the enhanced node B, forwarding the trust zone request acknowledgement by the enhanced node B to the electronic device, wherein the enhanced node B forwards the trust zone acknowledgement while executing in the trust zone of the enhanced node B, and receiving a trusted service request by the enhanced node B from the electronic device. The method further comprises forwarding the trusted service request by the enhanced node B to a policy and charging rules function (PCRF) server, wherein the enhanced node B forwards the trusted service request while executing in the trust zone of the enhanced node B, receiving a trusted service request acknowledgement by the enhanced node B from the policy and charging rules function server while executing in the trust zone of the enhanced node B, and forwarding the trusted service request acknowledgement to the electronic device, whereby the electronic device is provided a trusted bearer communication link.
In another embodiment, a method of wireless communication enabled by hardware assisted trust is disclosed. The method comprises attaching a mobile communication device by an enhanced node B to a long term evolution (LTE) wireless network, performing signaling on behalf of the mobile communication device to establish a trusted bearer communication link between the mobile communication device and the long term evolution wireless network, and receiving a trusted service termination request by the enhanced node B from the mobile communication device while executing in a trust zone of the enhanced node B. The method further comprises forwarding the trusted service termination request by the enhanced node B while executing in the trust zone of the enhanced node B to at least one of a mobility management entity (MME), a home subscriber server (HSS), a packet gateway (P-GW), and a policy and charging rules function (PCRF) server, receiving a trusted service termination acknowledgment by the enhanced node B while executing in the trust zone of the enhanced node B, and forwarding the trusted service termination acknowledgment by the enhanced node B while executing in the trust zone of the enhanced node B, whereby the trusted bearer communication link from the mobile communication device and the long term evolution wireless network is taken down.
In another embodiment, a method of wireless communication enabled by hardware assisted trust is disclosed. The method comprises attaching a mobile communication device by a first enhanced node B to a first long term evolution (LTE) wireless network, performing signaling on behalf of the mobile communication device to establish a trusted bearer communication link between the mobile communication device and the first long term evolution wireless network, and transmitting a redirect request by the first enhanced node B to a mobility management entity (MME). The method further comprises analyzing by the mobility management entity a signaling trust continuum in a second long term evolution wireless network, and performing signaling on behalf of the mobile communication device to establish a trusted bearer communication link between the mobile communication device and the second long term evolution wireless network.
These and other features will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and claims.
For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, reference is now made to the following brief description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings and detailed description, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts.
It should be understood at the outset that although illustrative implementations of one or more embodiments are illustrated below, the disclosed systems and methods may be implemented using any number of techniques, whether currently known or not yet in existence. The disclosure should in no way be limited to the illustrative implementations, drawings, and techniques illustrated below, but may be modified within the scope of the appended claims along with their full scope of equivalents.
In an embodiment, some of a communication network's functionality may be provided with a network function virtualization (NFV) communication paradigm. For example, the functionality of a home subscriber server, a mobility management entity, a policy and charging rules function node, and a serving gateway—rather than each being provided by separate computers or computer systems—may be provided by virtual servers executing in a virtual computing environment, for example executing in a cloud computing environment. Further, the network functions may be composed of common functions. For example, a mobility management entity network function may be composed of a network attach function, an authentication function, a mobility function, a context function, and other functions. A home subscriber server network function may be composed of the attach function and the authentication function. In an embodiment, common functions are executed in one or more virtual servers executing in a virtual computing environment. Then when a first network function is performed, the sequence of operations associated with the first network function are performed by the several engaged common network functions executing in different virtual servers. And when a different second network function is performed, the sequence of operations associated with the second network function is performed, in part, by one of the common network functions used by the first network function. The common function processing may be performed by the same virtual server instance that handles the processing of the common function for the first network function. This may be referred to as factorizing the common functions.
The factorization of common functions in combination with virtualized execution can provide a variety of advantages to a wireless communication service provider. This paradigm provides the ability to conveniently and quickly expand or contract compute resources as needed. This paradigm allows a wireless communication service provider to pay for compute resources as they are used, on an as needed basis, versus investing significant capital in purchasing and installing computing equipment in anticipation of future needs, needs which may not materialize or may not be as large (or as small!) as projected. Virtualization of common network functions and network function virtualization is described further hereinafter.
Virtual servers execute on compute resources. The physical details of the compute resources may be abstracted so a virtual server only interacts with a logical view of the underlying compute resources, thereby decoupling the virtual servers from the physical details of the compute resources. Decoupling the virtual servers from the physical details of the underlying compute resources may make instantiating the virtual server on different physical compute resources more convenient and may entail less system administrator intervention. A virtual server may execute in the context of or under the management of a hypervisor or may execute in the context of a logical operating system that abstracts away the physical details of the underlying compute resources. Compute resources comprise the customary computer system components: processors, main memory (e.g., semiconductor RAM), secondary memory or mass memory (e.g., disk drives), and network interfaces. Compute resources may also comprise trusted security zone resources.
A virtual computing environment operating system or the virtual server may incorporate support for trusted execution of logic and/or instructions (e.g., execution of the instructions in a trusted security zone). An application may be partitioned into a portion comprised of instructions that need not execute in the trusted security zone and a portion comprised of instructions that desirably do execute in the trusted security zone. The portion of instructions of an application that are desirably executed in the trusted security zone may be referred to as a trustlet. A trustlet may be thought of as an extract of a complete application—an extract of the specific instructions that desirably execute in a trusted security zone. The portion of the application that need not execute in the trusted security zone may be said to execute in the rich environment or permissive environment.
Some of the common functions of the network functions may be composed of a portion that executes in the rich environment and a trustlet that executes in the trusted security zone. When a request for trusted communication is received in the communication network the processing provided by some common functions (e.g., the policy function, the context function, a bearer function, etc.), the processing of that common function passes to the trustlet of that common function. The trustlet is instantiated to execute in a trusted security zone provided by the compute resources underlying the virtual server in which the subject common function and trustlet execute.
In an embodiment, a security monitor component executing on the virtual server determines that a request for trusted communication has been received and passes control to the trustlet. The security monitor may periodically poll the portion of the common function that executes in the rich environment. If a request is pending, the security monitor may retrieve some communication parameters that may be used by the trustlet to continue on with trusted communication with the requesting communication node (e.g., the enhanced node B). The communication interface between the security monitor and the portion of the common function executing in the rich environment is very lean to reduce the opportunity for corrupting the protections of trusted execution. For example, the parameters that the portion of the common function executing in the rich environment can pass in response to the security monitor's request may be strictly limited. When the trusted communication session is over, the security monitor may cause the portion of the common function to resume executing in the rich environment. In an embodiment, the security monitor may be a process that is part of the operating system on the compute resources. The security monitor may pause or stop the execution of the portion of the common application that executes in the rich environment or remove it from the scheduling sequence temporarily. The security monitor may pause or stop the execution of other processes in the rich environment when the trustlet is executing.
In an embodiment, some of the interfaces among the network functions may be changed as a result of the factorization of network functions into common functions. At the same time, some others of the interfaces may desirably remain unchanged, in order to maintain compatibility with external communication nodes (nodes outside of the network function virtualization computing environment, for example the enhanced node B). These may be referred to as 3GPP interfaces. Some examples of these outward facing interfaces are the S1 interface (S1-U, S1-C, etc.), the SGi interface, and the Rx interface. To provide for trusted communication between the enhanced node B and the network function virtualization system, the S1 interface is provided as part of a common function and is supported both by a portion of instructions that execute in the rich environment and a trustlet to support trusted communication from the enhanced node B.
Further, according to a more traditional communication network (e.g., not based on a network function virtualization paradigm), a system for trusted signaling in a long term evolution (LTE) wireless communication network is taught. Signaling among long term evolution (LTE) network nodes may be performed to establish a bearer channel between a wireless communication device, herein after referred to as a user equipment (UE), and other communication devices such as another user equipment or an application server. When a user equipment desires to execute a trusted network application over the communication network or to conduct other trusted communications over the communication network, a trusted bearer path may desirably be created to promote a continuity of trust between the user equipment and a communication end point, for example a trusted application server. As described in more detail below, trusted computation and/or trusted communication is based on hardware assisted security that reduces the ability of nefarious software or corrupt devices to write, read, or otherwise access trusted processing or trusted messages. For further details about creating a trusted bearer path, see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/532,588, filed Jun. 25, 2012, entitled “End-to-end Trusted Communications Infrastructure,” by Leo Michael McRoberts, et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
To provide trusted communications, however, the signaling that sets up the trusted bearer communication path may likewise desirably be conducted using a trusted signaling communication path. In an embodiment, a user equipment that is attached to the LTE network may execute a trusted application that executes some instructions in a trusted security zone of the processor of the user equipment. In some contexts herein a trusted security zone may be referred to as a trust zone and/or as a trusted zone. While executing in the trust zone, the trusted application may send a trust zone request to a home subscriber server (HSS) to receive a trust acknowledgement and one or more user parameters associated with the subject trusted application. The trust zone request may be received by an enhanced node B (eNB) or cell tower. The enhanced node B may handle the trust zone request by executing in a trust zone of the enhanced node B processor to send the trust zone request on to a mobility management entity (MME) or other signaling node in the LTE network. The mobility management entity may handle the trust zone request by executing in a trust zone of the mobility management entity processor to send the trust zone request on to the home subscriber server. The home subscriber server may handle the trust zone request by executing in a trust zone of the home subscriber server and sending a trust zone acknowledgment and optional use parameters back to the user equipment.
In an embodiment, the home subscriber server confirms that the user equipment has rights to execute a trusted service request before generating and sending the trust zone acknowledgment. For example, the home subscriber server may determine if the user equipment is subscribed to at least one trusted network application. For example, the home subscriber server may determine if the subscriber associated with the user equipment is deemed a trust worthy subscriber, for example whether the subscriber has a pending unresolved security or trust violation event history.
The user parameters may be parameters related to the trusted network application or other trusted communication that the user equipment is requesting. The user parameters may be credentials or tokens used to invoke methods or functions of an application programming interface (API) provided by a trusted network application server. The user parameters may identify data that the user equipment should provide to receive access to the requested trusted service or trusted communication. The user parameters may define a level of access to one or more trusted network applications to which the user equipment is allowed. The user parameters may define a biometric signature, a format of a biometric signature, and/or an encoding method of a biometric signature.
After trust zone processing is established in the signaling path to which it is attached, the user equipment may send a trusted service request from its trust zone to a policy and charging rules function (PCRF) node. It is understood that the trusted service request may be transported by a plurality of nodes in the long term evolution network, each handling the trusted service request in a trust zone of their processor, for example the enhanced node B, the mobility management entity, the home subscriber server, and possibly other nodes. The policy and charging rules function node determines if the trusted service request meets the standards of a trusted communication and if the user equipment has rights to execute the requested trusted service. If the trusted service request is authorized, the policy and charging rules function node sends a trusted service acknowledge and optional use parameters over the signaling path to the user equipment. Said in other words, the policy and charging rules function confirms that a policy allows the user equipment to invoke the requested trusted service request before generating and sending the trusted service acknowledgment. Again, the trusted service acknowledgement and optional use parameters are transported by nodes executing in a trust zone of their processors. In an embodiment, the trusted service acknowledgement comprises trusted bearer communication link path information to support establishing and/or setting up the trusted bearer path. The trusted bearer path or trusted bearer channel is then activated, and the user equipment accesses the subject trusted services via the trusted bearer path.
When it has completed its access to the trusted service, the user equipment may send a trust termination request to the policy and charging rules function node, and the policy and charging rules function node may send a trust termination acknowledge back to the user equipment. The user equipment may then send an exit trust zone command to the enhanced node B while executing in the trust zone of the user equipment processor. After having sent the exit trust zone command, the user equipment may exit trust zone processing. The enhanced node B may then forward the exit trust zone command to the mobility management entity while executing in the trust zone of the enhanced node B processor. After having forwarded the exit trust zone command, the enhanced node B may exit trust zone processing. The mobility management entity may then forward the exit trust zone command to the home subscriber server while executing in the trust zone of the mobility management entity processor. After having forwarded the exit trust zone command, the mobility management entity may exit trust zone processing. The home subscriber server may then forward the exit trust zone command to the policy and charging rules function node while executing in the trust zone of the home subscriber server processor. After having forwarded the exit trust zone command, the home subscriber server may exit trust zone processing. The policy and charging rules function node may forward the exit trust zone command to a packet gateway while executing in the trust zone of the policy and charging rules function node. After having forwarded the exit trust zone command, the policy and charging rules function node may exit trust zone processing.
When it receives the exit trust zone command, the packet gateway may first mediate the tearing down of the trusted bearer path and then exit trust zone processing. Alternatively, other nodes in the trusted signaling path may control or mediate the tearing down of the trusted bearer path, for example before they exit processing in their trust zone. At this point in time, the trusted bearer path has been taken down. After the trusted bearer path has been taken down and after signaling returns to normal signaling, a normal bearer channel may be activated or brought up.
In an embodiment, the user equipment may have a need during a trusted communication session using a trusted bearer path to enter or obtain communication services from a foreign network (here the term “foreign network” is used to indicate a wireless communication network other than the primary network to which the user equipment has subscribed service). The user equipment may send a redirect request from its trust zone to the mobility management entity. The mobility management entity may probe the signaling endpoint in the foreign network to determine if the foreign network can support a trusted signaling path and a trusted bearer path to provide the requested end-to-end trusted communication bearer path. If the foreign network can support these trust needs, the trusted bearer channel is bridged into the foreign network where an end-to-end trusted bearer path is likewise provided to the user equipment.
A trusted security zone provides chipsets with a hardware root of trust, a secure execution environment for applications, and secure access to peripherals. A hardware root of trust means the chipset should only execute programs intended by the device manufacturer or vendor and resist software and physical attacks, and therefore remain trusted to provide the intended level of security. The chipset architecture is designed to promote a programmable environment that allows the confidentiality and integrity of assets to be protected from specific attacks. Trusted security zone capabilities are becoming features in both wireless and fixed hardware architecture designs. Providing the trusted security zone in the main mobile device chipset and protecting the hardware root of trust removes the need for separate secure hardware to authenticate the device or user. To ensure the integrity of the applications requiring trusted data, such as a mobile financial services application, the trusted security zone also provides the secure execution environment where only trusted applications can operate, safe from attacks. Security is further promoted by restricting access of non-trusted applications to peripherals, such as data inputs and data outputs, while a trusted application is running in the secure execution environment. In an embodiment, the trusted security zone may be conceptualized as hardware assisted security.
A complete trusted execution environment (TEE) may be implemented through the use of the trusted security zone hardware and software architecture. The trusted execution environment is an execution environment that is parallel to the execution environment of the main mobile device operating system. The trusted execution environment and/or the trusted security zone may provide a base layer of functionality and/or utilities for use of applications that may execute in the trusted security zone. For example, in an embodiment, trust records, trust tokens, and/or trust symbols may be generated by the base layer of functionality and/or utilities of the trusted execution environment and/or trusted security zone for use in trusted end-to-end communication links to document a continuity of trust of the communications. Through standardization of application programming interfaces (APIs), the trusted execution environment becomes a place to which scalable deployment of secure services can be targeted. A device which has a chipset that has a trusted execution environment on it may exist in a trusted services environment, where devices in the trusted services environment are trusted and protected against attacks. The trusted execution environment can be implemented on mobile phones and tablets as well as extending to other trusted devices such as personal computers, servers, sensors, medical devices, point-of-sale terminals, industrial automation, handheld terminals, automotive, etc.
The trusted security zone is implemented by partitioning all of the hardware and software resources of the mobile device into two partitions: a secure partition and a normal partition. The secure partition may be implemented by a first physical processor, and the normal partition may be implemented by a second physical processor. Alternatively, the secure partition may be implemented by a first virtual processor, and the normal partition may be implemented by a second virtual processor. Placing sensitive resources in the secure partition can protect against possible attacks on those resources. For example, resources such as trusted software applications may run in the secure partition and have access to hardware peripherals such as a touchscreen or a secure location in memory. Less secure peripherals such as wireless radios may be disabled completely while the secure partition is being accessed, while other peripherals may only be accessed from the secure partition. While the secure partition is being accessed through the trusted execution environment, the main mobile operating system in the normal partition is suspended, and applications in the normal partition are prevented from accessing the secure peripherals and data. This prevents corrupted applications or malware applications from breaking the trust of the device.
The trusted security zone is implemented by partitioning the hardware and software resources to exist in a secure subsystem which is not accessible to components outside the secure subsystem. The trusted security zone is built into the processor architecture at the time of manufacture through hardware logic present in the trusted security zone which enables a perimeter boundary between the secure partition and the normal partition. The trusted security zone may only be manipulated by those with the proper credential and, in an embodiment, may not be added to the chip after it is manufactured. Software architecture to support the secure partition may be provided through a dedicated secure kernel running trusted applications. Trusted applications are independent secure applications which can be accessed by normal applications through an application programming interface in the trusted execution environment on a chipset that utilizes the trusted security zone.
In an embodiment, the normal partition applications run on a first virtual processor, and the secure partition applications run on a second virtual processor. Both virtual processors may run on a single physical processor, executing in a time-sliced fashion, removing the need for a dedicated physical security processor. Time-sliced execution comprises switching contexts between the two virtual processors to share processor resources based on tightly controlled mechanisms such as secure software instructions or hardware exceptions. The context of the currently running virtual processor is saved, the context of the virtual processor being switched to is restored, and processing is restarted in the restored virtual processor. Time-sliced execution protects the trusted security zone by stopping the execution of the normal partition while the secure partition is executing.
The two virtual processors context switch via a processor mode called monitor mode when changing the currently running virtual processor. The mechanisms by which the processor can enter monitor mode from the normal partition are tightly controlled. The entry to monitor mode can be triggered by software executing a dedicated instruction, the Secure Monitor Call (SMC) instruction, or by a subset of the hardware exception mechanisms such as hardware interrupts, which can be configured to cause the processor to switch into monitor mode. The software that executes within monitor mode then saves the context of the running virtual processor and switches to the secure virtual processor.
The trusted security zone runs a separate operating system that is not accessible to the device users. For security purposes, the trusted security zone is not open to users for installing applications, which means users do not have access to install applications in the trusted security zone. This prevents corrupted applications or malware applications from executing powerful instructions reserved to the trusted security zone and thus preserves the trust of the device. The security of the system is achieved at least in part by partitioning the hardware and software resources of the mobile phone so they exist in one of two partitions, the secure partition for the security subsystem and the normal partition for everything else. Placing the trusted security zone in the secure partition and restricting access from the normal partition protects against software and basic hardware attacks. Hardware logic ensures that no secure partition resources can be accessed by the normal partition components or applications. A dedicated secure partition operating system runs in a virtual processor separate from the normal partition operating system that likewise executes in its own virtual processor. Users may install applications on the mobile device which may execute in the normal partition operating system described above. The trusted security zone runs a separate operating system for the secure partition that is installed by the mobile device manufacturer or vendor, and users are not able to install new applications in or alter the contents of the trusted security zone.
Turning now to
While the mobility management entity 108, the home subscriber server 110, the policy and charging rules function 112, and the packet gateway 114 may normally be considered to form a part of the network 106, they are shown outside of the “cloud” representing the network 106 to promote ease of description of the teachings of the present disclosure. The enhanced node B 104, the mobility management entity 108, the home subscriber server 110, the policy and charging rules function 112, and the packet gateway 114 may be implemented on computers. Computers are described in more detail hereinafter. While shown as separate entities, two or more of the mobility management entity 108, the home subscriber server 110, the policy and charging rules function 112, and the packet gateway 114 may be combined on one computer or one computer system. In an embodiment, the functionality associated with the MME 108, the HSS 110, the PCRF 112, and the P-GW 114 may be provided as virtualized network functions in a cloud computing environment as discussed further hereinafter. This may be referred to as a network function virtualization (NFV) communication paradigm.
The UE 102 may be a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a media player, or a wireless communication enabled computer, for example a long term evolution wireless communication enabled computer. The UE 102 may comprise a long term evolution radio transceiver 116, a memory 117, a trusted application 118, and a processor 120. The trusted application 118 may be stored in the memory 117 and executed by the processor 120. The processor 120 comprises a normal portion 122 and a trust zone portion 124. When the trusted application 118 is executed by the processor 120, at least some of the instructions of the trusted application 118 are executed in the trust zone 124 of the processor 120. Trust zones and trusted execution environments are discussed in more detail above. The trust zone 124 provides hardware assisted security for processing that is deemed sensitive, for example processing that involves confidential personal and/or financial information.
The enhanced node B 104 comprises a processor 130 that comprises a normal portion 132 and a trust zone portion 134. The mobility management entity 108 comprises a processor 140 that comprises a normal portion 142 and a trust zone portion 144. The home subscriber server 110 comprises a processor 150 that comprises a normal portion 152 and a trust zone portion 154. The policy and charging rules function 112 comprises a processor 160 that comprises a normal portion 162 and a trust zone portion 164. The packet gateway 114 comprises a processor 170 that comprises a normal portion 172 and a trust zone portion 174. A variety of different trusted signaling scenarios may be executed in the process of setting-up and tearing down the trusted bearer path. Some of these trusted signaling scenarios are discussed in detail below with reference to message sequence diagrams depicted in
Turning now to
The trusted communication may involve transport over the trusted bearer 188 of sensitive confidential or financial information. For example, the UE 102 may be sending and/or receiving sensitive health records, medical reports, or biometric data over the trusted bearer 188 to a trusted service 185 executing on the server 178. In an embodiment, the server may be executing a trusted medical records application that stores the transmitted information in a data store and/or retrieves medical records information from a data store. The UE 102 may be embedded in a home medical apparatus such as a blood sugar level testing device used in a home by a diabetic patient under remote medical supervision. The UE 102 may transmit current blood sugar level readings linked to an identity of the diabetic patient over the trusted bearer 188 to the server 178. In an embodiment, the home medical apparatus may prompt the user to provide a biometric signature that will be coupled to the sensor information to confirm the linkage of the sensed information with the user, for example to prevent fraud or to provide identification assurance. The biometric signature may be an encoded finger print provided by a fingerprint scanner coupled to the home medical apparatus. The biometric signature may be an encoded retina scan provided by a retina scanner coupled to the home medical apparatus. The biometric signature may be related to some other biological parameter or profile of the subject user. It is contemplated that the system 100 may be used to perform signaling to establish a trusted bearer path suitable for transporting or otherwise communicating a wide variety of sensitive information.
The UE 102 conducts some communications using a trusted communication bearer, for example a bearer path provided over a trusted end-to-end communication infrastructure. For more details on a trusted end-to-end communication infrastructure, see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/532,588, filed Jun. 25, 2012, entitled “End-to-end Trusted Communications Infrastructure,” by Leo Michael McRoberts, et al., which was incorporated by reference above. As taught herein, trusted signaling may be employed to set-up or to initiate the trusted bearer path. The trusted signaling may involve the UE 102, the enhanced node B 104, the mobility management entity 108, the home subscriber server 110, the policy and charging rules function 112, and/or the packet gateway 114 executing at least some instructions for signaling in their trust zones 124, 134, 144, 154, 164, and/or 174.
Turning now to
At some time, the UE 102 may wish to establish its potential for conducting trusted signaling and/or trusted bearer communications. Said in another way, at some indeterminate time but before initiating trusted signaling and/or trusted bearer communications, the UE 102 may wish to register with one or more nodes in the long term evolution wireless network as a UE capable of engaging in trusted communications. The UE 102 begins processing in its trust zone 124 at label 210. The trust zone 124 of the UE 102 sends a trust zone request 212 to the enhanced node B 104. The enhanced node B 104, in response to receiving the trust zone request 212, first begins processing in its trust zone 134 at label 214, and then the trust zone 134 of the enhanced node B 104 sends a trust zone request 216 to the mobility management entity 108. The mobility management entity 108, in response to receiving the trust zone request 216, first begins processing in its trust zone 144 at label 218, and then the trust zone 144 of the mobility management entity 108 sends a trust zone request 220 to the home subscriber server 110. The home subscriber server 110, in response to receiving the trust zone request 220, begins processing in its trust zone 154 at label 222. The home subscriber server 110 optionally determines use parameters and then sends a trust acknowledge message 224 optionally containing the use parameters back to the trust zone 124 of the UE 102 via the trust zone 144 of the mobility management entity 108 and the trust zone 134 of the enhanced node B 104.
Turning now to
At some time, the UE 102 may wish to communicate using a trusted bearer path. For example, the UE 102 may be embedded in a home medical apparatus and may desire to invoke a trusted network application executing on the server 178 to transmit and/or store medical sensor information in a data store coupled to the server 178. At label 244, the UE 102 begins processing in its trust zone 124 at label 244. In a message sequence similar to that described above with respect to
At label 252, a trusted bearer channel is activated between the UE 102 and the packet gateway 114. It is understood that the radio link between the UE 102 and the enhanced node B 104 may be the first segment of the trusted bearer path. The packet gateway 114 may execute in its trust zone 174 to connect the UE 102 to a trusted end-to-end communication infrastructure. Said in another way, the packet gateway 114 may execute in its trust zone 174 to connect the UE 102 to a trusted bearer path and/or to provide a bearer path providing a continuity of trust, for example to connect the UE 102 to the server 178 via the trusted bearer path 188.
Turning now to
The label 260 represents a trusted bearer channel and/or trusted bearer path is provided to the UE 102. The UE 102 sends a trust termination request 262 to the policy and charging rules function 112 via the enhanced node B 104, the mobility management entity 108, and the home subscriber server 110. The policy and charging rules function 112 sends a trust termination acknowledgement 264 to the UE 102 via the home subscriber server 110, the mobility management entity 108, and the enhanced node B 104.
In response to receiving the trust termination acknowledgement 264, the UE 102 first sends an exit trust zone request 266 to the enhanced node B 104 and then at label 276 exits processing in its trust zone 124 and begins processing in its normal portion 122. In response to receiving the exit trust zone request 266, the enhanced node B 104 first sends an exit trust zone request 268 to the mobility management entity 108 and then at label 278 exits processing in its trust zone 134 and begins processing in its normal portion 134. In response to receiving the exit trust zone request 268, the mobility management entity 108 first sends an exit trust zone request 270 to the home subscriber server 110 and then at label 280 exits processing in its trust zone 144 and begins processing in its normal portion 142. In response to receiving the exit trust zone request 270, the home subscriber server 110 first sends an exit trust zone request 272 to the policy and charging rules function 112 and then at label 282 exits processing in its trust zone 154 and begins processing in its normal portion 152. In response to receiving the exit trust zone request 272, the policy and charging rules function 112 first sends an exit trust zone request 274 to the packet gateway 114 and then at label 284 exits processing in its trust zone 164 and begins processing in its normal portion 162. In response to receiving the exit trust zone request 274, the packet gateway 114 first mediates tearing down the trusted bearer path and then at label 286 exits processing in its trust zone 174 and begins processing in its normal portion 172. Alternatively, other nodes in the trusted signaling path may mediate and/or control the tearing down of the trusted bearer path. The box containing the text “processing in normal CPU” represents all of the nodes and the UE 102 processing in their normal portions.
At label 288, the UE 102 may send a normal connection request to the mobility management entity 108 via the enhanced node B 104. At label 290, the UE 102 may send an untrusted service request to the policy and charging rules function 112 via the enhanced node B 104, the mobility management entity 108, and the home subscriber server 110. At label 292, the UE 102 may communicate via a normal bearer channel via the enhanced node B 104 and the packet gateway 114.
Turning now to
While not illustrated in
It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the present disclosure contemplates a variety of alternative message sequences and flows based on the specific message sequences described above with reference to
Turning now to
Turning now to
Turning now to
At block 368, the mobility management entity analyzes a signaling trust continuum in a second long term evolution wireless network. At block 370, if the mobility management entity verifies the ability of the second long term evolution wireless network to support a trusted signaling path and/or a trusted bearer path, signaling is performed on behalf of the mobile communication device to establish a trusted bearer communication link between the mobile communication device and the second long term evolution wireless network. In an embodiment, this signaling may comprise forwarding a trust zone request from a second enhanced node B in the second long term evolution wireless network to a home subscription server (HSS) associated with the second long term evolution wireless network, wherein the second enhanced node B forwards the trust zone request while executing in a trust zone of the second enhanced node B and receiving a trust zone request acknowledgement by the second enhanced node B from the home subscription server while executing in the trust zone of the second enhanced node B. This signaling may further comprise forwarding the trust zone request acknowledgement by the second enhanced node B to the mobile communication device, wherein the second enhanced node B forwards the trust zone acknowledgement while executing in the trust zone of the second enhanced node B and receiving a trusted service request by the second enhanced node B from the mobile communication device.
Turning now to
Each of the traditionally structured network function servers provide their processing functionality by executing one or more functions, for example a network attach function 702, an authentication function 704, a mobility function 706, a bearer function 708, a context function 710, a policy function 712, and a data function 714. Since some of these functions are performed by a plurality of network function servers, there is duplication of these functions in the traditionally structured network. This duplication may result in maintenance and/or common behavior problems over time.
One skilled in the art understands what these functions are, but for the sake of others reading this specification a thumbnail description of the functions is provided here. It is understood that the described common functions may perform additional tasks or functions that may not be mentioned here. It is further understood that other common functions may be factorized from traditional network functions and may be supported by the network function virtualization paradigm using the virtual computing environment 718.
The network attach function 702 provides functions that may be used by a service to attach to the network and communicate (e.g., a network attach function may be performed on behalf of the UE 102 in order for it to obtain communication service on the network 106). The authentication function 704 provides functions that may be used to authenticate users, for example to authenticate a user of the UE 102 who wishes to obtain communication service on the network 106. The mobility function 706 provides functions to support mobile communications, for example handoffs and continuity for the UE 102 when it is engaged in a voice call or other communication session. The bearer function 708 provides functions that contribute to maintaining a network connection over a period of time to support providing communication service (e.g., to carry bearer traffic). The context function 710 provides functions that promote service continuity during handoff, interruption, or transfer. The policy function 712 provides functions to support policy managed or policy constrained access to or use of a service. The data function 714 provides functions to support data creation, reading, update, and deletion (CRUD) functions.
The communication network may be restructured, at least in part, as common functions executing in virtual servers in a virtual computing environment 718 that are called by a state control application 722 that provides one of the traditional network functions (e.g., one of MME 108, HSS 110, PCRF 112, SGW 114, etc.) by calling the appropriate common functions and passing parameters or intermediate results between and/or among the common functions in a desired sequence. For example, an attach common function 702 may execute in a first virtual server 720a, an authentication common function 704 may execute in a second virtual server 720b, a mobility common function 706 may execute in a third virtual server 720c, a bearer common function 708 may execute in a fourth virtual server 720d, a context common function 710 may execute in a fifth virtual server 720e, a policy common function 712 may execute in a sixth virtual server 720f, and a data common function 714 may execute in a seventh virtual server 720g. The functionality of the MME 108, hence, may be provided by executing the attach common function 702 in the first virtual server 720a, the authentication common function 704 in the second virtual server 720b, the mobility common function 706 in the third virtual server 720c, the bearer common function 708 in the fourth virtual server 720d, and the context common function 710 in the fifth virtual server 720e. The functionality of the HSS 110 may be provided by executing the attach common function 702 on the first virtual server 720a and by executing the authentication common function 704 on the second virtual server 720b. Thus, the common functionality of network attach can be provided to both the MME 108 and to the HSS 110 from the same attach common function 702 executing on the virtual server 720a. This restructuring of the traditional siloed network functions into common functions may be referred to as network function factorization or factorization. Different traditional network functions would be associated with different state control applications 722 and would execute on different virtual servers 720.
A single virtual server 720 may concurrently execute a plurality of instances of a common function. For example, the first virtual sever 720a may concurrently execute 2 instances of the attach common function 702, 4 instances of the attach common function 702, 8 instances of the attach common function 702, or some other number of instances of the attach common function 702. Additionally, a plurality of virtual servers 720, each executing instances of the same common function, may be deployed to carry a communication load. For example, 2, 3, or more instances of the first virtual sever 720a may execute instances of the attach common function 702. In an embodiment, any one virtual server 720 executes instances of only one common function. For example, no virtual server 720 would concurrently execute instances of different common functions.
Turning now to
The virtual computing environment 718 may support ease of maintenance, ease of upgrading, ease of expansion and contraction of compute resources. The virtual computing environment 718 may be provided with a private environment of compute resources or with a public deployment of compute resources. Said in another way, the virtual computing environment 718 may be a private cloud computing environment owned, operated, and managed by a wireless communication service provider. Alternatively, the virtual computing environment 718 may be a public cloud computing deployment owned, operated, and managed by a cloud computing service provider and supporting not only the core network functionality of a wireless communication service provider but also supporting computing needs of web-based enterprises, large on-line retail sales enterprises, governmental entities, and the like.
The virtual computing environment 718 may comprise a variety of compute resources 734. The compute resources 734 comprises processors (e.g., microprocessors, digital signal processors, graphics processors), main memory, mass memory (e.g., disk drives), and network interfaces. The processors may comprise a single processor unit or may comprise multiple processor units. For example, a processor may comprise a quad-core processor having four distinct processing units. Alternatively, a processor may contain some other number of distinct processing units. The mass memory may be located in physical proximity to the computer blade on which a virtual server executes that uses the mass memory. Alternatively, the mass memory may be located remote from the computer blade on which the virtual server 736 executes and may be addressed or accessed logically. The compute resources 734 may be partly deployed as blade computers in a rack of an equipment cabinet. A single virtual server 736 may execute on one computer host or computer blade, or a plurality of virtual servers 736 may execute on one computer host or computer blade.
The virtual server 736 may be built or deployed as a server image. A server image may comprise instructions or logic that can be loaded into main memory of a compute resource (a blade computer) or on top of a hypervisor and then executed to provide the functionality of the virtual server. A server image may be viewed as a kind of template for creating or instantiating a virtual server. The same server image may be used to instantiate multiple virtual servers, either on the same compute resource or on separate compute resources. The server image may be constructed or built targeted to a category or class of compute resources, and a virtual server instantiated from that server image may take advantage of or employ the compute resources that comport with that class of compute resources. For example, when a first server image is built according to a class of compute resources that includes a graphics processor, a virtual server instantiated from that first server image may employ the resources of one or more graphics processors. When a second server image is built according to a class of compute resources that includes a trusted security zone, a virtual server instantiated from that second server image may employ the resources of a trusted security zone.
The virtual computing environment 718 may comprise a first virtual server 736a executing on the compute resources 734 that performs processing of a common function 738. A second virtual server 736b and a third virtual server 736c may likewise execute on the computer resources 734 and may perform processing of the same common function 738 or different common functions. It is understood that the compute resources 734 may be viewed as the collection of all the compute resources in the virtual computing environment 718: a plurality of processors, main memories, mass memories, and network interfaces. The virtual computing environment 718 may comprise any number of active or instantiated virtual servers 736.
A communication may be initiated by the UE 102 by establishing a wireless communication link with the enhanced node B 104. The enhanced node B 104 may establish a communication link with the virtual computing environment 718, for example over a data communication interface such as an S1-U interface or an S1-C interface. The communication may be serviced by a plurality of network virtual functions and a plurality of common functions within the virtual computing environment 718 and link to the content server 740 to access content stored in a datastore 742 or to link to the telephone 744 to conduct a voice call.
In an embodiment, the UE 102 initiates a trusted communication, for example to access confidential information via the content server 740 and the datastore 742 (e.g., medical records, bank account information, or credit history information). The wireless link between the UE 102 and the enhanced node B 104 may be deemed to be inherently trusted or secure from hacking. The enhanced node B 104 may request a trusted communication link with the content server 740 by engaging in trusted signaling with the virtual computing environment 718. The enhanced node B 104 sends a trusted link request via a S1 interface to the virtual computing environment 718. A virtual server 736 may recognize the trusted link request and cause a common function 738 to transition to executing its trustlet. The trustlet executes in a trusted security zone provided by the underlying compute resources 734 in which the subject trustlet and virtual server 736 execute. The trustlet sends trust tokens to the enhanced node B 104 via the S1 interface, and a trusted communication link is established between the common function 738 and the enhanced node B 104. The trustlet may then signal with other virtual servers 736 and other common functions 738 to provide the appropriate virtualized network functions to support the desired trusted communication. One of the common functions may be the bearer common function 708 that provides the trusted communication link to the server 740. The bearer common function 708, likewise executing in its trustlet in a trusted security zone of the compute resources 734 in which its virtual server 736 executes, signals with the content server 740 to establish a trusted communication link. When the content server 740 provides the appropriate trust tokens and handshaking, the end-to-end trusted bearer path from the UE 102 to the content server 740 (or to the telephone 744, depending on the communication scenario) may be established.
Turning now to
The rich environment 750 is the portion of main memory that is not trusted and any mass memory allocated to the virtual server 736. The rich environment 750 comprises the processor units that are not configured to have a trusted mode of operation or are not currently operating in a trusted mode of operation. The rich environment 750 may be considered to further comprise operating system commands that are disallowed when executing in the trusted mode of operation and/or accessing network interfaces that may be disallowed when executing in the trusted mode of operation.
The common function 738 executing in the virtual server 736 may comprise rich environment processing logic or instructions 754 and a trustlet 756. The rich environment processing 754 executes in the rich environment 750 of the computer resources 734, and the trustlet 756 executes in the trusted security zone 752. A security monitor 758 may be part of an operating system in which the virtual server 736 executes or may be provided as part of the server image that is used to instantiate the virtual server 736. The security monitor 758 executes in the trusted security zone 752. The virtual server 736 may be configured or created to map execution of the trustlet 756 and the security monitor 758 to the trusted security zone 752. The security monitor 758 may be referred to in some contexts as a security monitor module or a security monitor component.
The security monitor 758 may be configured with an execution invocation handle (e.g., a logical address) of the trustlet 756 that it can use to launch and terminate the trustlet 756. The security monitor 758 may further be configured with the location of a trust flag in main memory of the compute resources 734 or configured with a logical address that the operating system may map to a physical address to access the trust flag in main memory. The security monitor 758 may periodically poll the trust flag. When the trust flag is unset, no trusted communication request is pending. When the trust flag is set, a trusted communication request is pending. The security monitor 758 may further be configured with a physical address of a trusted communication request parameter list (or a logical address that the operating system can map to the trusted communication request parameter list). To handle a pending trusted communication request, the security monitor 758 may access and read the trusted communication request parameters. The security monitor 758 may first validate the trusted communication request parameters, for example validating a trust token provided in the parameters list.
The security monitor 758 may then cause the operating system (or may itself) to pause the rich environment processing 754 and may instantiate the trustlet 756, passing the trusted communication request parameters to the trustlet 756. Instantiating the trustlet 756 may be referred to in some contexts as allocating the trustlet 756 or allocating the trustlet 756 to the common function 738. The trustlet 756 may then handshake with the requesting communication node or common function and carry on trusted communications. When the trustlet 756 indicates that the trusted communication session is completed, the security monitor 758 may terminate the trustlet 756 and cause the rich environment processing 754 to resume execution.
In an embodiment, the security monitor 758 may maintain a registry of trustlets 756, for example in the situation where a plurality of instances of the common function 738 are executing on the same virtual server 736. The registry of trustlets 756 may comprise information associated with instantiated trustlets 756, for example an execution handle to use in communicating with each instantiated trustlet 756, a trust token, state information such as communication parameters associated with the instantiated trustlet 756.
Turning now to
At block 806, the security monitor allocates a serving gateway interface trustlet to handle the trusted communication request of the enhanced node B. The serving gateway interface trustlet executes in the trusted security zone, is associated with the serving gateway interface application, and is part of the serving gateway virtualized network function. At block 808, the serving gateway interface trustlet establishes trusted signaling with two or more mobility management entity, home subscriber server, policy and charging rules function server virtualized network functions provided by virtual servers executing in the virtual computing environment. At block 810, the serving gateway interface trustlet sends a trust token to the enhanced node B, whereby a trusted communication link from the enhanced node B to a destination point (e.g., the content server 740 or the telephone 744) is established via a virtualized network function path through the virtual computing environment.
Turning now to
At block 826, the mobility management entity interface trustlet establishes trusted signaling with two or more serving gateway, home subscriber server, policy and charging rules function server virtualized network functions provided by virtual servers executing in the virtual computing environment. At block 828, the mobility management entity interface trustlet sends a trust token to the enhanced node B, whereby a trusted communication link from the enhanced node B to a destination point (e.g., the content server 740 or the telephone 744) is established via a virtualized network function path through the virtual computing environment.
Turning now to
At block 846, the serving gateway interface trustlet establishes trusted signaling with two or more mobility management entity, home subscriber server, policy and charging rules function server virtualized network functions provided by virtual servers executing in the virtual computing environment. At block 848, the serving gateway interface trustlet sends a trust token to the enhanced node B, whereby a trusted communication link from the enhanced node B is established via a virtualized network function path through the virtual computing environment.
The DSP 502 or some other form of controller or central processing unit operates to control the various components of the mobile device 400 in accordance with embedded software or firmware stored in memory 504 or stored in memory contained within the DSP 502 itself. In addition to the embedded software or firmware, the DSP 502 may execute other applications stored in the memory 504 or made available via information carrier media such as portable data storage media like the removable memory card 520 or via wired or wireless network communications. The application software may comprise a compiled set of machine-readable instructions that configure the DSP 502 to provide the desired functionality, or the application software may be high-level software instructions to be processed by an interpreter or compiler to indirectly configure the DSP 502.
The DSP 502 may communicate with a wireless network via the analog baseband processing unit 510. In some embodiments, the communication may provide Internet connectivity, enabling a user to gain access to content on the Internet and to send and receive e-mail or text messages. The input/output interface 518 interconnects the DSP 502 and various memories and interfaces. The memory 504 and the removable memory card 520 may provide software and data to configure the operation of the DSP 502. Among the interfaces may be the USB port 522 and the infrared port 524. The USB port 522 may enable the mobile device 400 to function as a peripheral device to exchange information with a personal computer or other computer system. The infrared port 524 and other optional ports such as a Bluetooth® interface or an IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless interface may enable the mobile device 400 to communicate wirelessly with other nearby handsets and/or wireless base stations.
The keypad 528 couples to the DSP 502 via the interface 518 to provide one mechanism for the user to make selections, enter information, and otherwise provide input to the mobile device 400. Another input mechanism may be the touch screen LCD 530, which may also display text and/or graphics to the user. The touch screen LCD controller 532 couples the DSP 502 to the touch screen LCD 530. The GPS receiver 538 is coupled to the DSP 502 to decode global positioning system signals, thereby enabling the mobile device 400 to determine its position.
It is understood that by programming and/or loading executable instructions onto the computer system 380, at least one of the CPU 382, the RAM 388, and the ROM 386 are changed, transforming the computer system 380 in part into a particular machine or apparatus having the novel functionality taught by the present disclosure. It is fundamental to the electrical engineering and software engineering arts that functionality that can be implemented by loading executable software into a computer can be converted to a hardware implementation by well-known design rules. Decisions between implementing a concept in software versus hardware typically hinge on considerations of stability of the design and numbers of units to be produced rather than any issues involved in translating from the software domain to the hardware domain. Generally, a design that is still subject to frequent change may be preferred to be implemented in software, because re-spinning a hardware implementation is more expensive than re-spinning a software design. Generally, a design that is stable that will be produced in large volume may be preferred to be implemented in hardware, for example in an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), because for large production runs the hardware implementation may be less expensive than the software implementation. Often a design may be developed and tested in a software form and later transformed, by well known design rules, to an equivalent hardware implementation in an application specific integrated circuit that hardwires the instructions of the software. In the same manner as a machine controlled by a new ASIC is a particular machine or apparatus, likewise a computer that has been programmed and/or loaded with executable instructions may be viewed as a particular machine or apparatus.
The secondary storage 384 is typically comprised of one or more disk drives or tape drives and is used for non-volatile storage of data and as an over-flow data storage device if RAM 388 is not large enough to hold all working data. Secondary storage 384 may be used to store programs which are loaded into RAM 388 when such programs are selected for execution. The ROM 386 is used to store instructions and perhaps data which are read during program execution. ROM 386 is a non-volatile memory device which typically has a small memory capacity relative to the larger memory capacity of secondary storage 384. The RAM 388 is used to store volatile data and perhaps to store instructions. Access to both ROM 386 and RAM 388 is typically faster than to secondary storage 384. The secondary storage 384, the RAM 388, and/or the ROM 386 may be referred to in some contexts as computer readable storage media and/or non-transitory computer readable media.
I/O devices 390 may include printers, video monitors, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), touch screen displays, keyboards, keypads, switches, dials, mice, track balls, voice recognizers, card readers, paper tape readers, or other well-known input devices.
The network connectivity devices 392 may take the form of modems, modem banks, Ethernet cards, universal serial bus (USB) interface cards, serial interfaces, token ring cards, fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) cards, wireless local area network (WLAN) cards, radio transceiver cards such as code division multiple access (CDMA), global system for mobile communications (GSM), long-term evolution (LTE), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and/or other air interface protocol radio transceiver cards, and other well-known network devices. These network connectivity devices 392 may enable the processor 382 to communicate with the Internet or one or more intranets. With such a network connection, it is contemplated that the processor 382 might receive information from the network, or might output information to the network in the course of performing the above-described method steps. Such information, which is often represented as a sequence of instructions to be executed using processor 382, may be received from and outputted to the network, for example, in the form of a computer data signal embodied in a carrier wave.
Such information, which may include data or instructions to be executed using processor 382 for example, may be received from and outputted to the network, for example, in the form of a computer data baseband signal or signal embodied in a carrier wave. The baseband signal or signal embedded in the carrier wave, or other types of signals currently used or hereafter developed, may be generated according to several methods well known to one skilled in the art. The baseband signal and/or signal embedded in the carrier wave may be referred to in some contexts as a transitory signal.
The processor 382 executes instructions, codes, computer programs, scripts which it accesses from hard disk, floppy disk, optical disk (these various disk based systems may all be considered secondary storage 384), ROM 386, RAM 388, or the network connectivity devices 392. While only one processor 382 is shown, multiple processors may be present. Thus, while instructions may be discussed as executed by a processor, the instructions may be executed simultaneously, serially, or otherwise executed by one or multiple processors. Instructions, codes, computer programs, scripts, and/or data that may be accessed from the secondary storage 384, for example, hard drives, floppy disks, optical disks, and/or other device, the ROM 386, and/or the RAM 388 may be referred to in some contexts as non-transitory instructions and/or non-transitory information.
In an embodiment, the computer system 380 may comprise two or more computers in communication with each other that collaborate to perform a task. For example, but not by way of limitation, an application may be partitioned in such a way as to permit concurrent and/or parallel processing of the instructions of the application. Alternatively, the data processed by the application may be partitioned in such a way as to permit concurrent and/or parallel processing of different portions of a data set by the two or more computers. In an embodiment, virtualization software may be employed by the computer system 380 to provide the functionality of a number of servers that is not directly bound to the number of computers in the computer system 380. For example, virtualization software may provide twenty virtual servers on four physical computers. In an embodiment, the functionality disclosed above may be provided by executing the application and/or applications in a cloud computing environment. Cloud computing may comprise providing computing services via a network connection using dynamically scalable computing resources. Cloud computing may be supported, at least in part, by virtualization software. A cloud computing environment may be established by an enterprise and/or may be hired on an as-needed basis from a third party provider. Some cloud computing environments may comprise cloud computing resources owned and operated by the enterprise as well as cloud computing resources hired and/or leased from a third party provider.
In an embodiment, some or all of the functionality disclosed above may be provided as a computer program product. The computer program product may comprise one or more computer readable storage medium having computer usable program code embodied therein to implement the functionality disclosed above. The computer program product may comprise data structures, executable instructions, and other computer usable program code. The computer program product may be embodied in removable computer storage media and/or non-removable computer storage media. The removable computer readable storage medium may comprise, without limitation, a paper tape, a magnetic tape, magnetic disk, an optical disk, a solid state memory chip, for example analog magnetic tape, compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM) disks, floppy disks, jump drives, digital cards, multimedia cards, and others. The computer program product may be suitable for loading, by the computer system 380, at least portions of the contents of the computer program product to the secondary storage 384, to the ROM 386, to the RAM 388, and/or to other non-volatile memory and volatile memory of the computer system 380. The processor 382 may process the executable instructions and/or data structures in part by directly accessing the computer program product, for example by reading from a CD-ROM disk inserted into a disk drive peripheral of the computer system 380. Alternatively, the processor 382 may process the executable instructions and/or data structures by remotely accessing the computer program product, for example by downloading the executable instructions and/or data structures from a remote server through the network connectivity devices 392. The computer program product may comprise instructions that promote the loading and/or copying of data, data structures, files, and/or executable instructions to the secondary storage 384, to the ROM 386, to the RAM 388, and/or to other non-volatile memory and volatile memory of the computer system 380.
In some contexts, the secondary storage 384, the ROM 386, and the RAM 388 may be referred to as a non-transitory computer readable medium or a computer readable storage media. A dynamic RAM embodiment of the RAM 388, likewise, may be referred to as a non-transitory computer readable medium in that while the dynamic RAM receives electrical power and is operated in accordance with its design, for example during a period of time during which the computer 380 is turned on and operational, the dynamic RAM stores information that is written to it. Similarly, the processor 382 may comprise an internal RAM, an internal ROM, a cache memory, and/or other internal non-transitory storage blocks, sections, or components that may be referred to in some contexts as non-transitory computer readable media or computer readable storage media.
While several embodiments have been provided in the present disclosure, it should be understood that the disclosed systems and methods may be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. The present examples are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the intention is not to be limited to the details given herein. For example, the various elements or components may be combined or integrated in another system or certain features may be omitted or not implemented.
Also, techniques, systems, subsystems, and methods described and illustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate may be combined or integrated with other systems, modules, techniques, or methods without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Other items shown or discussed as directly coupled or communicating with each other may be indirectly coupled or communicating through some interface, device, or intermediate component, whether electrically, mechanically, or otherwise. Other examples of changes, substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in the art and could be made without departing from the spirit and scope disclosed herein.
This application claims priority as a continuation application to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/746,615 filed on Jun. 22, 2015, entitled “Trusted Signaling in 3GPP Interfaces in a Network Function Virtualization Wireless Communication System” which is a continuation-in-part (CIP) Patent Application claiming priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/762,319, filed Feb. 7, 2013, entitled “Trusted Signaling in Long Term Evolution (LTE) 4G Wireless Communication,” by Stephen J. Bye, et al., both of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14746615 | Jun 2015 | US |
| Child | 15403166 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13762319 | Feb 2013 | US |
| Child | 14746615 | US |
