Patent Grant
7355401
This invention relates to a nuclear quadrupole resonance detection system and to the use therein of two or more sensors. The sensors are tuned to at least two different nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies of a target compound to detect the different nuclear quadrupole resonance signals, and thereby provide improved nuclear quadrupole resonance detection system performance.
The use of nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) as a means of detecting explosives and other contraband has been recognized for some time. See e.g. T. Hirshfield et al, J. Molec. Struct. 58, 63 (1980); A. N. Garroway et al, Proc. SPIE 2092, 318 (1993); and A. N. Garroway et al, IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 39, 1108 (2001). NQR provides some distinct advantages over other detection methods. NQR requires no external magnet such as required by nuclear magnetic resonance. NQR is sensitive to the compounds of interest, i.e. there is a specificity of the NQR frequencies.
One technique for measuring NQR in a sample is to place the sample within a solenoid coil that surrounds the sample. The coil provides a radio frequency (RF) magnetic field that excites the quadrupole nuclei in the sample and results in their producing their characteristic resonance signals. This is the typical apparatus configuration that might be used for scanning mail, baggage or luggage.
There is also a need for a NQR detector that permits detection of NQR signals from a source outside the detector, e.g. a wand detector, that could be passed over persons or containers as is done with existing metal detectors. Problems associated with such detectors using conventional systems are the decrease in detectability with distance from the detector coil, and the associated equipment needed to operate the system.
A detection system can have one or more coils that both transmit and receive, or it can have separate coils that only transmit and only receive. A transmit, or transmit and receive, coil of an NQR detection system provides a radio frequency (RF) magnetic field that excites the quadrupole nuclei in the sample and results in their producing their characteristic resonance signals that the coil receives. The NQR signals have low intensity and short duration. The transmit, receive, or transmit and receive, coil preferably has a high quality factor (Q). The transmit, receive, or transmit and receive, coil has typically been a copper coil and therefore has a Q of about 102.
It can be advantageous to use a transmit, receive, or transmit and receive, coil made of a high temperature superconductor (HTS) rather than copper since the HTS self-resonant coil has a Q of the order of 103-106. The large Q of the HTS self-resonant coil produces large magnetic field strengths during the RF transmit pulse and does so at lower RF power levels. This dramatically reduces the amount of transmitted power required to produce NQR signals for detection, and thereby reduces the size of the RF power supply sufficiently so that it can be run on portable batteries.
The large Q of the HTS self-resonant coil also plays an important role during the receive time. In view of the low intensity NQR signal, it is important to have a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) as large as possible. The signal-to-noise ratio is proportional to the square root of Q so that the use of the HTS self-resonant coil results in an increase in S/N by a factor of 10-100 over that of the copper system.
These advantages during both the transmit and the receive times enable a detector configuration that is small and portable. In particular, the use of a high temperature superconductor sensor receive coil prepared from a high temperature superconductor material, provides a distinct advantage over the use of an ordinary conductor coil.
One goal in using NQR for the detection of contraband is to minimize the number of erroneous results. A target compound that is an NQR source has a plurality of signature NQR frequencies, i.e. a set of NQR frequencies that is specific to that compound. Any one of these frequencies may overlap the NQR line of another compound. With a sensor tuned to such a frequency there can be false-positive identifications as a result of the intentional or inadvertent presence of the other compound.
An object of the present invention is to provide a NQR detection system with improved performance with respect to misidentification of an NQR source.
The invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawing, which form a part of this application and in which the sole FIGURE is a diagrammatic representation of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention and used to practice the method of the present invention.
One embodiment of this invention is a method of detecting nuclear quadrupole resonance in a target compound by applying a radio frequency magnetic field to the target compound, and providing two or more sensors tuned to at least two different nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies of the target compound to detect the different nuclear quadrupole resonance signals thereof.
Another embodiment of this invention is a method of detecting nuclear quadrupole resonance in a target compound by applying a radio frequency magnetic field to the target compound, and providing N sensors tuned to M different nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies of the target compound to detect the M different nuclear quadrupole resonance signals thereof, wherein N≧2 and 2≦M≦N.
A further embodiment of this invention is a nuclear quadrupole resonance detection system that includes two or more sensors tuned to at least two different nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies of a target compound, wherein the sensors detect the different nuclear quadrupole resonance signals characteristic of the target compound.
Yet another embodiment of this invention is a nuclear quadrupole resonance detection system that includes N sensors tuned to M different nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies of a target compound, wherein the N sensors detect the M different nuclear quadrupole resonance signals, and wherein N≧2 and 2≦M≦N.
In the drawing reference character 10 denotes an NQR detection system in accordance with the present invention and used to practice the method of the present invention. Reference character 12 denotes an object containing a target compound that is interrogated using the system 10. Reference character 14 denotes one shielded-loop high temperature superconductor resonator coil for applying a radio frequency magnetic field to the target compound. The energy spectrum of the resonator coil 14 is sufficiently broad to produce a number of different nuclear quadrupole resonance signals from the target compound. The frequency of the NQR responses are indicated by reference character f1,f2, . . . fN. Reference characters 16A, 16B, . . . 16N denote N number of sensors. Each sensor is implemented using a high temperature superconductor self-resonant planar coil. Each sensor is a high temperature superconductor self-resonant planar coil operative solely to detect nuclear quadrupole resonance signals. Each sensor is tuned to a different nuclear quadrupole resonance frequency f1,f2, . . . fN emanating from the target compound.
Preferably, the two or more sensors are used solely for sensing, i.e. receiving, the NQR signals, and one or more separate coils are used as the transmit, i.e. excitation, coils to provide the RF magnetic field that excites the quadrupole nuclei in the target compound to be scanned. Preferably, each sensor is a high temperature superconductor coil. More preferably, each sensor is comprised of a high temperature superconductor self-resonant planar coil, or is comprised of two or more coupled high temperature superconductor self-resonant planar coils.
This invention for improving the reliability of the identification of a target compound, and thereby improving the performance of a nuclear quadrupole resonance detection system, is especially important when the nuclear quadrupole resonance detection system is used for detecting the nuclear quadrupole resonance of explosives, drugs and other contraband.
This invention provides a method of nuclear quadrupole detection in which the false alarm rate is improved by requiring confirmation of the presence of at least two different NQR frequencies of a target compound. This invention also provides an NQR detection system that can accomplish this improved performance.
In this invention, two or more sensors tuned to at least two different nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies of a target compound are used to detect the different nuclear quadrupole resonance signals emitted by the compound. That is, this invention uses N sensors, wherein N≧2. These N sensors are tuned to M different nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies, wherein 2≦M≦N. For example, if 3 sensors were used, 2 sensors could be tuned to one nuclear quadrupole resonance frequency, and the other sensor could be tuned to a different nuclear quadrupole resonance frequency of the same compound. Alternatively, the 3 sensors could be tuned to 3 different nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies of the same compound.
While one of the NQR frequencies of the target compound may overlap an NQR line of another compound, it is unlikely that two or more NQR frequencies of the target compound would both or all overlap NQR lines of the other compound. Therefore, the use of two or more sensors tuned to at least two different nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies of the target compound to detect the different nuclear quadrupole resonance signals, and thereby make an identification of the target compound, greatly reduces the probability of a false-positive identification.
A “sensor” as used in this invention is a receive device, such as a receive coil, and the sensors used to detect nuclear quadrupole resonance in a target compound will typically be used as receive coils only. In certain embodiments, it may be possible to use them as transmit and receive coils, but, preferably, separate coils are used to transmit the RF signal, and the sensors (as their name implies) are used solely as receive coils.
Preferably, the two or more sensors are high temperature superconductor (HTS) coils. A high temperature superconductor coil is preferably in the form of a self-resonant planar coil, i.e. a surface coil, with a coil configuration of HTS on one or both sides of a substrate. High temperature superconductors are those that superconduct above 77K. The high temperature superconductors used to form the HTS self-resonant coil are preferably selected from the group consisting of YBa2Cu3O7, TI2Ba2CaCu2O8, TlBa2Ca2Cu3O9, (TlPb) Sr2CaCu2O7 and (TlPb)Sr2Ca2Cu3O9. Most preferably, the high temperature superconductor is YBa2Cu3O7 or Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8.
An HTS self-resonant coil can be formed by various known techniques. Preferably, a planar coil is formed by first depositing HTS layers on both sides of a single crystal substrate. In a preferred technique for forming a TI2Ba2CaCu2O8 coil, the HTS layers are formed directly on a single crystal LaAlO3 substrate or on a CeO2 buffer layer on a single crystal sapphire (Al2O3) substrate. An amorphous precursor layer of Ba:Ca:Cu oxide about 500 nm thick and with a stoichiometry of about 2:1:2 is deposited by off-axis magnetron sputtering from a Ba:Ca:Cu oxide target. The precursor film is then thallinated by annealing it in air for about 45 minutes at 850° C. in the presence of a powder mixture of TI2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 and TI2O3. When this powder mixture is heated, TI2O evolves from the powder mixture, diffuses to the precursor film and reacts with it to form the TI2Ba2CaCu2O8 phase.
The sample is then coated with photoresist on both sides and baked. A coil design mask is prepared. The design mask is then centered on the photoresist covering the TI2Ba2CaCu2O8 film on the front side of the substrate and exposed to ultraviolet light. If the coil is to have the same HTS pattern on both sides of the substrate, the design mask is then centered on the photoresist covering the TI2Ba2CaCu2O8 film on the back side of the substrate and exposed to ultraviolet light. The resist is then developed on both sides of the substrate and the portion of the TI2Ba2CaCu2O8 film exposed when the resist is developed is etched away by argon beam etching. The remaining photoresist layer is then removed by an oxygen plasma. The result is the desired HTS coil. If two coupled high temperature superconductor self-resonant coils are to be used as the sensor coil, a second coil can be produced using the same technique.
HTS self-resonant coils have high Q's and relatively small size. The use of HTS self-resonant coils as sensors makes the use of an array of two or more sensors in the instant invention especially attractive. If one or more HTS coils are used, provision must also be made for cooling the HTS to liquid nitrogen temperature.
It is often advantageous to be able to fine-tune the resonance frequency of the sensor. One means for accomplishing such tuning is to use two or more coupled high temperature superconductor self-resonant coils. The resonance frequency of the fundamental symmetric mode of the two or more coupled high temperature superconductor self-resonant coils can be varied by mechanically displacing the coils with respect to one another, and these coupled coils may serve as the HTS sensor. Preferably, the two or more coils are planar, i.e. surface, coils. Each planar coil has a HTS coil configuration on only one side of the substrate, or has essentially identical HTS coil configurations on both sides of the substrate. Most preferably, the HTS sensor coils are each comprised of a high temperature superconductor self-resonant planar coil or two or more coupled high temperature superconductor self-resonant planar coils.
As indicated above, when two or more coupled high temperature superconductor self-resonant coils are used as a sensor, the resonance frequency of the fundamental symmetric mode of the two or more coupled high temperature self-resonant coils can be varied by mechanically displacing one coil with respect to the other. Means for tuning the resonance frequency of the sensor to a specified nuclear quadrupole resonance frequency thus includes actuators to mechanically displace the coils as described above.
Alternatively, for a sensor comprised of a high temperature superconductor self-resonant coil or two coupled high temperature superconductor self-resonant coils, means for tuning the resonance frequency of the sensor to a specified nuclear quadrupole resonance frequency may also include a circuit. The circuit may be comprised of a single loop or coil to inductively couple the circuit to the high temperature superconductor self-resonant sensor, a reactance in series with the single loop or coil, and means to connect and disconnect the reactance to and from the single loop or coil. In essence, the tuning circuit is resonated which causes a mode split by coupling to the self-resonant high temperature superconductor sensor.
The single loop or coil can be made of a regular conductor such as copper or a high temperature superconductor. The reactance can be an inductance, capacitance or combination of both. The means to connect and disconnect the reactance to and from the single loop or coil may include at least one mechanical switch or electrical switch such as a diode. Preferably, the reactance can be varied so that the resonance frequency can be adjusted to more than one frequency. A variable reactance may be provided in the form of two or more capacitors in parallel, each of which can be individually connected to or disconnected from the single loop or coil. Alternatively, a variable reactance may comprise two or more inductors in series, each of which can be individually connected to or disconnected from the single loop or coil by a mechanical or electrical switch that can short-circuit the inductor, and thereby essentially remove it from the circuit.
The transmit coils used in this invention can be made of copper, silver, aluminum or a high temperature superconductor. A copper, silver or aluminum coil is preferably in the form of a shielded-loop resonator (SLR) coil. SLR's have been developed to eliminate the detuning effect of the electrical interaction between the coil and the surrounding material. Preferably, one or more SLR copper transmit coils are used to apply the RF signal to the sample.
More than one transmit coil may be needed to apply the RF signal necessary to excite the quadrupole nuclei and produce the various different nuclear quadrupole resonance signals characteristic of the target compound. Provision must be made for a power supply to supply power for transmitting the RF pulse.
While the discussion herein is presented primarily in terms of the use of a coil as the transmit, receive or transmit and receive device, this invention is not limited thereto, and is applicable to transmit, receive and transmit and receive devices that may have a configuration other than that of a coil.
Where an apparatus or method of this invention is stated or described as comprising, including, containing, having, being composed of or being constituted by certain components or steps, it is to be understood, unless the statement or description explicitly provides to the contrary, that one or more components or steps other than those explicitly stated or described may be present in the apparatus or method. In an alternative embodiment, however, the apparatus or method of this invention may be stated or described as consisting essentially of certain components or steps, in which embodiment components or steps that would materially alter the principle of operation or the distinguishing characteristics of the apparatus or method would not be present therein. In a further alternative embodiment, the apparatus or method of this invention may be stated or described as consisting of certain components or steps, in which embodiment components or steps other than those as stated would not be present therein.
Where the indefinite article “a” or “an” is used with respect to a statement or description of the presence of a component in an apparatus, or a step in a method, of this invention, it is to be understood, unless the statement or description explicitly provides to the contrary, that the use of such indefinite article does not limit the presence of the component in the apparatus, or of the step in the method, to one in number.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/541,784, filed Feb. 4, 2004, which is incorporated in its entirety as a part hereof for all purposes.
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