TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to the field of integrated photonics, photonic integrated circuits (PICs) based on III-V compound semiconductor materials, and more particularly to electro-absorption modulators (EAM) and integrated electro-absorption modulated lasers (EML), for applications such as high-speed optical data center interconnect and next generation Gigabit Passive Optical Networks (GPON).
BACKGROUND
There is an increasing demand for high-speed optical transmitters and receivers capable of high-performance modulation, for applications such as ≥100 Gb/s data center interconnect and next generation (GPON). Currently, some of the available solutions are not optimized for ≥100 Gb/s interconnect, and/or suffer from performance and reliability issues.
Electro-absorption modulators (EAM) are commonly used in the fiber optics world as external modulators of light output from continuous wave lasers. For example, an EAM can be used with an inexpensive slow laser for a high-performance application, i.e. transmitting at data rates limited, not by the characteristics of the laser, but by the characteristics of the EAM. An assembly of a laser and an EAM is known as an electro-absorption modulated laser (EML).
Conventional EML assemblies may be made with discrete components, i.e. a separately fabricated DFB laser chip and an EAM chip, which may comprise different semiconductor materials. The laser and the EAM are butt-coupled on a common substrate, and requires cooling, e.g. is back-side cooled with a thermoelectric cooler (TEC). Butt-coupling may be achieved, for example, by directly fusing facets of the DFB laser and the EAM, or bonding the facets with an encapsulant or bonding material. However, in EML assemblies of these types of structures, the interface region between the DFB laser and EAM components, particularly when fabricated from semiconductor materials having different crystalline compositions, is a region of high-stress and strain, e.g., due to lattice mismatch, different temperature coefficients of expansion (CTE), and other inherently different characteristics as a function of operating conditions. Thus, these EML assemblies typically have a very narrow operating temperature range, e.g. ˜1 C, even when cooled. For some EML assemblies, it has been reported that reliable operation is limited to ˜2000 hrs and failures may occur at <3000 hrs.
In principle, monolithic integration of optical waveguide devices having different waveguide core regions and functions can be achieved in one of the following ways:
- a) direct butt-coupling: multiple steps of epitaxial growth, with selective area etching and regrowth, are used to provide the required semiconductor layers for each waveguide device, which are laterally coupled through a common horizontal optical plane on a PIC die;
- b) modified butt-coupling: growth of single epitaxial layer stack, with selective area post-growth modification form regions to each waveguide device, which are laterally coupled through a common horizontal optical plane on a PIC die; and
- c) evanescent-field coupling: an epitaxial layer stack defines vertically stacked waveguide devices which are vertically coupled through resonant or non-resonant evanescent field coupling.
By way of example, device structures for monolithically integrated EML using direct butt-coupling or modified butt-coupling are described in:
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,120,183 to Krasulick et al., issued Oct. 10, 2006, entitled “Electro-absorption modulated laser with high operating temperature tolerance”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,809,038 to Makino, issued Oct. 5, 2010, entitled “Electro-absorption modulator integrated with a laser to produce long distance, low power 1550 nm optical device with optimized parameters”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,476,558 issued Jan. 13, 2009, entitled “Method for manufacturing selective area grown stacked-layer electro-absorption modulated laser structure”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,476,558 to Zhu, issued Jan. 13, 2009, entitled “Method for manufacturing selective area grown stacked-layer electro-absorption modulated laser structure”;
- United States Patent publication no. US2010/0290489 to Agresti, published Nov. 18, 2010, entitled “Electro-absorption modulated laser (EML) assembly having a ¼ wavelength phase shift located in the forward portion of the distributed feedback DFB of the EML assembly, and a method”;
- PCT International Patent publication no. WO2018/091094A1 to Moehrle, published May 24, 2018, entitled “Method for fabricating and electro-absorption modulated laser and electro-absorption modulated laser”.
Fabrication of multi-guide vertical integration (MGVI) structures, which are based on non-resonant evanescent field vertical coupling are described, for example, in: PCT International Patent publication no. WO2013/185218A1 to Tolstikhin, published Dec. 19, 2013, entitled “Space-Wavelength Division Multiplexing Transmitter and Receiver Photonic Integrated Circuits”.
In most applications of EAMs to date, the modulator and the electronics driving the modulator are separate chips mounted on a common substrate and interconnected by a matched impedance strip-line circuit. At the speeds where EAMs are typically used, a matched impedance drive circuit is required, unless the interconnect length is much less than a wavelength. Commonly available packaging approaches do not meet this requirement and matched impedance interconnect is needed. However, use of a matched impedance strip-lines results in significant power loss, i.e. loss of half of the drive voltage due to the matched impedances. For a typical EAM drive voltage, which is in the order of 2 Volts, and an impedance of 50 Ohms, the drive power is quite high, because of the low impedance. To reduce power loss and improved performance, there is a need for alternative solutions that eliminate the need for matched impedance strip-lines.
Another issue is that EAMs are non-linear, temperature dependent and wavelength dependent. As such, they are normally used in applications where the modulation of the light is simple on-off modulation. Analog modulation schemes for high performance applications, such as optical data center interconnects, use other types of modulators, such as Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulators. MZ modulators are typically larger, costlier and require a digital signal processor (DSP) or other methods to compensate for their sinusoidal modulation function. Where EAMs are used for modulation, it is known to resort to simple manual tuning of each device to select the most linear region of operation. High performance modulation, e.g. PAM4, may not be achievable with currently available, low cost, emitters, with discrete driver and control electronics.
For some applications, currently available lasers, either directly modulated or EML, do not provide sufficient optical output power for longer distance optical interconnect, which necessitates use of more sensitive avalanche photo-diode detectors, which are expensive and have poorer long-term reliability. Higher power output lasers are needed to allow for use of receivers comprising low cost, reliable PIN diode detectors.
Accordingly, there is a need for improved EAM and monolithically integrated EML which address at least one of the above-mentioned issues of performance, output power, reliability, linearization and temperature compensation, et al. For example, there is a need for improvements to integrated EML to address requirements of applications such as >100 Gb/s data center interconnect and next generation GPON.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
The present invention seeks to eliminate or mitigate one or more of the above-mentioned disadvantages of known devices and systems comprising EAM and EML, or at least provide an alternative.
Aspects of the invention provide monolithically integrated EMLs with vertical integration of active components based on a MGVI structure compatible with a single epitaxial growth process or a multiple epitaxial growth process, and methods for fabrication of monolithically integrated EMLs, with and without integrated driver and control electronic circuitry.
One aspect provides a monolithically integrated EML comprising: a semi-insulating substrate, a laser diode and an electro-absorption modulator (EAM) integrated on the semi-insulating substrate, wherein the laser diode and the EAM are optically coupled by a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler.
One aspect provides a monolithically integrated EML comprising: a semi-insulating substrate, a laser diode and an electro-absorption modulator (EAM) integrated on the semi-insulating substrate, wherein the laser diode and the EAM are optically coupled by a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler, and electronic circuitry comprising an EAM driver.
One aspect provides monolithically integrated electro-absorption modulated laser (EML) comprising:
- a semi-insulating (SI) substrate;
- a first plurality of semiconductor layers comprising electronic circuitry;
- a second plurality of semiconductor layers comprising a plurality of vertically stacked optical waveguides, wherein
- a first optical waveguide comprises an electro-absorption modulator (EAM);
- a second optical waveguide defines a laser and a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler extending from an optical output of the laser;
- the laser being horizontally displaced from the EAM along the direction of optical propagation, and the laterally tapered vertical optical coupler being structured to couple an emitted optical mode from the laser to an input of the EAM;
- the electronic circuitry comprising an EAM driver, and
- first electrical interconnections to the laser configured to operate the laser in continuous wave (CW) mode and second electrical interconnections between the EAM driver and the EAM configured to drive the EAM to provide a modulated optical output.
In some embodiments, the electronic circuitry may comprise a laser driver and the first electrical interconnections are between the laser and the laser driver.
In some embodiments, the monolithically integrated EML comprises a third optical waveguide, structured as a passive output waveguide. For example, the second optical waveguide comprising the laser is vertically disposed above the first optical waveguide comprising the EAM, the passive output waveguide is vertically disposed under the first optical waveguide and the first optical waveguide comprises a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler to couple an optical output of the EAM to the passive output waveguide. The passive output waveguide may comprise a spot size converter (SSC).
In some embodiments, a part of the first optical waveguide comprises a passive output waveguide which is laterally coupled to an optical output of the EAM.
The laser may be a DFB laser, having a surface etched grating or a buried grating, or other suitable type of laser such as a DBR laser or a Fabry-Pérot laser.
For example, the SI substrate is InP, e.g. Fe-doped InP and the EML is fabricated from an InP-based material system, comprising selected binary, ternary and quaternary and other compositions of In, Ga, As, P and Al, Sb.
In some embodiments, the plurality of stacked optical waveguides are formed overlying part of the first plurality of semiconductor layers on a first area of the SI substrate, and the electronic circuitry is formed from another part of the first plurality of semiconductor layers on a second area of the SI substrate, adjacent the first area. The second plurality of semiconductor layers are vertically separated from the first plurality of semiconductor layers by a spacer layer.
The first and second electrical interconnections may comprise lithographically defined conductive traces formed by one or more metallization layers. Lengths of the electrical interconnections between the EAM driver and the EAM are in a range of microns to tens of microns.
In some embodiments, the EAM driver comprises control circuitry for linearization and temperature compensation, comprising one of:
- an electrical photocurrent sensor for monitoring optical output of the EAM and an electrical temperature sensor for monitoring an operating temperature of the EAM; and
- an optical tap and a photodetector for monitoring optical output of the EAM and an electrical temperature sensor for monitoring the operating temperature of the EAM.
For example, the electronic circuitry comprises EAM driver and control circuitry, and the EAM has first and second electrical terminals for applying a bias voltage for operating the EAM and an electrical control terminal for receiving an input analog modulation signal which is fed through the control circuitry to a drive transistor of driver circuitry of the EAM; and
- wherein the control circuitry comprises: a first sense means for detecting a temperature of the EAM and generating a first feedback signal dependent on the temperature of the EAM and first control loop element for combining the first feedback signal and the input analog modulation signal to provide a temperature compensated modulation signal; a second sense means for detecting an output level of the EAM and generating a second feedback signal dependent on the output level of the EAM and a second control loop element for combining the second feedback signal and the temperature compensated modulation signal to provide a linearized modulation signal.
In one embodiment, the first sense means for detecting a temperature of the electro-absorption modulate comprises an electrical temperature sensor placed in close proximity to the EAM and the first control loop element for combining comprises a coupler for adding the first feedback signal, to the input analog modulation signal to provide a temperature compensated modulation signal. For example, the first feedback signal comprises a temperature dependent offset bias.
For example, the second sense means comprises electrical components for detecting a photocurrent of the electro-absorption modulator and generating the second feedback signal; or the second sense means comprises electro-optical components comprising an optical tap, for sampling an optical output of electro-absorption modulator, a photodetector and a transimpedance amplifier for generating the second feedback signal.
In an embodiment, the second control loop element for combining the second feedback signal and the temperature compensated modulation signal comprises a differential amplifier, and the temperature compensated modulation signal is input to a non-inverting input of the differential amplifier and the second feedback signal is input to an inverting input of the differential amplifier, to generate an error voltage from the difference between the two signals, which is fed to the driver.
Advantageously, dimensions of the electrically conductive interconnect tracks between the EAM driver and control circuitry and the EAM are lithographically defined conductive traces formed by one or more metallization layers. For example, lengths of interconnect traces are in the range of microns to tens of microns, thereby reducing timing delays and phase delays, e.g. to enable advanced high-speed modulation schemes.
In example embodiments, the DFB laser is a VC SEG DFB laser, or a DFB laser with a buried/embedded grating. In other embodiments, the laser may be another type of semiconductor laser, such as a Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) laser or a Fabry-Pérot laser.
In EML of some embodiments, the epitaxial layer structure is compatible with a single epitaxial growth process, fabricated using III-V semiconductor materials. In some embodiments, the integrated EML is fabricated using an InP-based material system, comprising selected binary, ternary and quaternary compositions of In, Ga, As, P, Al and Sb. For example, the SI substrate may be iron doped InP. In some embodiments multiple epitaxial growths may be used.
Another aspect provides a method of fabricating a monolithically integrated electro-absorption modulated laser (EML), wherein a laser is vertically integrated with an EAM by a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler, comprising:
- providing a semi-insulating (SI) substrate;
- growing a blanket epitaxial layer structure on first and second areas of the SI substrate, the first area being designated for optical components of the EML and the second area being designated for electronic circuitry;
- the blanket epitaxial layer structure comprising:
- a first plurality of semiconductor layers for fabrication of electronic circuitry;
- at least one spacer layer; and
- a plurality of vertically stacked optical waveguides, wherein:
- a first optical waveguide comprises layers structured as an EAM waveguide;
- a second optical waveguide comprises layers structured as a laser waveguide;
- protecting the first area and selectively removing from the second area the plurality of vertically stacked optical waveguides and the at least one spacer layer;
- processing the first plurality of semiconductor layers to define the electronic circuitry;
- protecting the second area comprising the electronic circuitry;
- processing the plurality of vertically stacked optical waveguides comprising:
- patterning layers of the second optical waveguide to define a laser mesa comprising a laser cavity and a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler extending from an optical output of the laser cavity;
- patterning layers of the first optical waveguide to define a mesa of the EAM;
- the laser cavity being horizontally displaced from the EAM along the direction of optical propagation, and the laterally tapered vertical optical coupler being structured to couple an emitted optical mode from the laser cavity to an input of the EAM;
- and providing first electrical connections between the electronic circuitry and the laser for operating the laser in CW mode and second electrical connections between the EAM and the electronic circuitry for driving the EAM.
For example, the method comprises providing the SI substrate comprising Fe-doped InP, and the EML is fabricated from an InP based material system, comprising selected binary, ternary and quaternary and other compositions of In, Ga, As, P, Al, and Sn.
Another aspect provides a monolithically integrated electro-absorption modulated laser (EML) comprising:
- a semi-insulating (SI) substrate;
- a plurality of semiconductor layers comprising a plurality of vertically stacked optical waveguides, wherein
- a first optical waveguide comprises an electro-absorption modulator (EAM);
- a second optical waveguide comprises a laser and a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler extending from an optical output of the laser;
- the laser being horizontally displaced from the EAM along the direction of optical propagation, and the laterally tapered vertical optical coupler being structured to couple an emitted optical mode from the laser to an input of the EAM;
- and
- first electrical interconnections to the laser configured to operate the laser in continuous wave (CW) mode and second electrical interconnections configured to drive the EAM to provide a modulated optical output.
In some embodiments, the electronic circuitry comprising the EAM driver is monolithically integrated on the SI substrate, and said second electrical interconnections are provided between the EAM driver and the EAM. In some embodiments, the electronic circuitry comprising the EAM driver is hybrid integrated on the SI substrate, and said second electrical interconnections are provided between the EAM driver and the EAM.
In some embodiments, the first optical waveguide is disposed above the second optical waveguide, or, the second optical waveguide is disposed above the first optical waveguide.
Another aspect provides a method of fabricating a monolithically integrated electro-absorption modulated laser (EML) wherein a laser is vertically integrated with an EAM by a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler, comprising:
- providing a semi-insulating (SI) substrate;
- growing on the SI substrate an epitaxial layer structure,
- the epitaxial layer structure comprising a plurality of vertically stacked optical waveguides, wherein:
- a first optical waveguide structure to provide an EAM waveguide;
- a second optical waveguide structured to provide a laser waveguide;
- patterning layers of the second optical waveguide to define a laser mesa comprising a laser cavity, and a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler extending from an optical output of the laser cavity;
- patterning layers of the first optical waveguide to define an EAM;
- the laser cavity being horizontally displaced from the EAM along the direction of optical propagation, and the laterally tapered vertical optical coupler being structured to couple an emitted optical mode from the laser to an input of the EAM; and
- providing first electrical connections to the laser for operating the laser in CW mode and second electrical connections for driving the EAM.
Another aspect provides an integrated EML comprising: a semi-insulating substrate, a laser diode and an electro-absorption modulator integrated on the semi-insulating substrate.
The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, of embodiments of the invention, which description is by way of example only.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 (Prior Art) shows a schematic block diagram of an example of a butt-coupled EML assembly;
FIG. 2 (Prior Art) shows a typical transfer function for the EML of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 (Prior Art) shows a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of an integrated EML comprising a DFB laser and EAM which are fabricated on the same substrate using different epitaxial layer structures for the DFB laser and EAM;
FIG. 4 (Prior Art) shows a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of an integrated EML of a stacked layer structure fabricated by selective area growth;
FIG. 5 (Prior Art) shows a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of an integrated EML comprising a DFB laser and EAM which are fabricated on the same substrate with a shared epitaxial layer structure for the DFB laser and the EAM;
FIG. 6 shows a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of a monolithically integrated EML of a first embodiment, fabricated using MGVI;
FIG. 7 shows a schematic plan view of the monolithically integrated EML of the first embodiment;
FIG. 8 (Prior Art) shows an isometric view of an example of a DFB laser in the form of a vertically-coupled SEG DFB laser which is compatible with fabrication of a monolithically integrated EML using MGVI;
FIG. 9 shows a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of an integrated EML of a second embodiment, fabricated using MGVI, and comprising integrated electronic circuitry;
FIG. 10 shows a schematic plan view of the integrated EML of the second embodiment;
FIGS. 11A and 11B show schematic cross-sectional views representing some steps in a method of fabrication of the device structure of FIGS. 9 and 10;
FIG. 12A shows a schematic plan view of an integrated EML of a third embodiment comprising integrated driver and control circuitry;
FIG. 12B shows a schematic plan view of an integrated EML of a fourth embodiment comprising integrated driver and control circuitry;
FIG. 13 shows a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of an integrated EML of a fifth embodiment, fabricated using MGVI, comprising a spot-size-converter (SSC) and integrated driver electronics;
FIG. 14 shows schematic cross-sectional views representing some steps in fabrication of the device structure of FIG. 13;
FIG. 15 shows a circuit schematic for a first example of an electro-absorption modulator having monolithically integrated control circuitry for linearization and temperature compensation; and
FIG. 16 shows a circuit schematic for a second example of an electro-absorption modulator having monolithically integrated control circuitry for linearization and temperature compensation;
FIG. 17 shows a schematic plan view of an integrated EML of a sixth embodiment, comprising monolithically integrated driver and control electronics;
FIG. 18 shows a schematic plan view of an integrated EML of a seventh embodiment, comprising monolithically integrated driver and control electronics;
FIG. 19A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an integrated EML of another embodiment;
FIG. 19B is a schematic plan view of the integrated EML of FIG. 19A;
FIG. 20A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an integrated EML of another embodiment;
FIG. 20B is a schematic plan view of the integrated EML of FIG. 20A;
FIG. 21A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an integrated EML of another embodiment; and
FIG. 21B is a schematic plan view of the integrated EML of FIG. 21A;
FIG. 21C is a schematic cross-sectional view of the integrated EML of FIG. 21B to illustrate hybrid integration of the photonics chip and electronics chip of FIG. 21B;
FIG. 22 shows a schematic plot of bandwidth vs. frequency for a vertically integrated EML of an example embodiment fabricated on a SI substrate; and
FIG. 23 shows a table to compare features of a conventional EML using multiple-growth and butt-coupling of a laser diode and EAM and a vertically coupled EML of an example embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A schematic block diagram of an example of a butt-coupled EML assembly is shown in FIG. 1 (Prior Art). The EML assembly comprises a CW laser diode bonded to an EAM, mounted on a common substrate, which is back-side cooled using a thermo-electric cooler (TEC). FIG. 2 (Prior Art) shows a typical normalized transfer function for an EML such as shown in FIG. 1, i.e. a normalized transmission of the EAM as a function of applied voltage. In this example the EAM has 100% transmission at the designated wavelength with zero bias, and 0% transmission at a reverse bias of −2V.
FIGS. 3 to 5 (Prior art) show schematic longitudinal cross-sectional views (i.e. through the axis of optical propagation) of three examples of monolithically integrated EML. The EML shown schematically in FIG. 3 comprises a DFB laser and EAM which are fabricated on the same substrate using two different epitaxial layer structures for waveguide structures for the DFB laser and EAM, which are optically coupled through an isolation region (e.g. see WO2018/091094A1). The EML show schematically in FIG. 4 has a stacked layer structure fabricated by selective area growth of a plurality of epitaxial layers 1 to 12 on a stepped substrate (e.g. see U.S. Pat. No. 7,476,558) wherein epitaxial layers 5 to 8, which form the waveguide of laser diode (LD) section 17, are selectively removed from the portion forming the EAM section 15, which comprises epitaxial layers 4 on the step formed by thicker parts of layers 2 and 3, so that the optical axis of the EAM and LD are horizontally co-planar, and the EAM and LD are laterally butt-coupled by the upper part of the isolation region 16. The EML shown schematically in FIG. 5 (Prior Art) comprises a DFB laser and EAM which are fabricated on the same substrate with a shared epitaxial layer structure (e.g. see US2010/0290489A1).
Each of the EML structures shown in FIGS. 1 to 5 are examples of directly or indirectly butt-coupled lasers and EAM. Butt-coupled EML tend to exhibit early failure and reliability issues, e.g. due to stress/strain in the interface region between the laser and EAM, particularly for higher power operation.
Monolithically integrated EML of some example embodiments will now be described, by way of example. Each integrated EML comprises a DFB laser and EAM which are vertically integrated, fabricated using MGVI, wherein the DFB laser and the EAM are vertically coupled by a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler.
FIG. 6 shows a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of a monolithically integrated EML 100 of a first embodiment, comprising a DFB laser and EAM, fabricated using MGVI. This method of fabrication provides for vertical integration of active and passive components formed in multiple vertically stacked optical waveguides, and is compatible with single epitaxial growth, e.g. using an InP based material system. In this example, the structure comprises a semi-insulating (SI) substrate, e.g. Fe doped InP, on which an epitaxial layer stack (which may be referred to as an epi-layer stack or epi-stack or epilayers) is grown to define layers of: a first level optical waveguide, labelled output waveguide; a second level optical waveguide, labelled EAM waveguide; and a third level optical waveguide labelled DFB laser waveguide, on which is defined a surface-etched-grating SEG. The waveguides are optically coupled vertically by vertical couplers formed by laterally tapered portions of the respective waveguides, as illustrated schematically in the schematic plan view of the monolithically integrated EML 100 of the first embodiment, which is shown in FIG. 7. The third level waveguide is processed to define a laser mesa and a first laterally tapered vertical coupler 1. The SEG is etched in a top surface of the DFB laser portion of the mesa to form the DFB laser and the tapered vertical coupler extends from the optical output of the laser over a length of the second level waveguide for vertically optical coupling of the emitted mode from the laser to the second level waveguide. Electrical contact areas for driving the DFB laser are provided, e.g. on top of the mesa along edges of the mesa, and each side of the mesa, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 7. The DFB laser section of the third level optical waveguide (laser waveguide) comprising the electrical contact areas for driving the laser forms the active region of the laser, or the laser cavity. The laterally tapered vertical coupler 1 comprises a passive part of the third level optical waveguide (laser waveguide). The EAM section of the second level optical waveguide (EAM waveguide) comprising the electrical contacts for driving the EAM forms the active region of the EAM. The second laterally coupled vertical optical coupler comprises a passive part of the second level optical waveguide (EAM waveguide).
As an example, FIG. 8 (Prior Art) shows an isometric view of an embodiment of a vertically-coupled (VC) SEG DFB laser 200, which is compatible with fabrication of monolithically integrated EML using MGVI. The structure and fabrication of the VC SEG DFB laser shown in FIG. 8 are described in US2012/0106583A1 and related applications. That is, the epitaxial layer structure of waveguide forming the DFB laser comprises, e.g.: a substrate layer 210, upper and lower emitter layers 231 and 232, upper and lower separate confinement heterostructures 233A and 233B, and a multi-quantum well active gain region 234, with at least one layer of the laser mesa, e.g. an aperture layer 235, being structured to provide lateral optical confinement of the fundamental optical mode and lateral confinement of current injection. The SEG 270 comprises trenches 265 etched into a top surface of the laser mesa. Electrical contacts 275A and 275B are provided to the lower and upper emitter layers. The output facet of the DFB laser, i.e. in plane 250, is an etched facet.
Referring back to FIG. 6, the epitaxial layers of the second level waveguide are structured to form the EAM waveguide, i.e. comprising upper and lower cladding layers and a multi-quantum well semiconductor structure having a composition with an electrically controllable absorption to provide an appropriate transfer function, e.g. high transmission (substantially transparent) of light of the laser wavelength at zero bias, and minimal transmission under a reverse bias of a few volts. Electrical contact areas for the EAM are provided along the length of the EAM section of the waveguide, i.e. on top of the EAM mesa and each side of the EAM mesa, e.g. as illustrated schematically in FIG. 7. The second level waveguide extends along the optical propagation direction from the EAM, and is patterned to form a laterally tapered second vertical optical coupler 2 for optically coupling modulated light transmitted by the EAM to the underlying first level waveguide, which acts as an optical output waveguide. The lateral tapering of the vertical optical couplers 1 and 2 of the second and third level waveguides are shown schematically in FIG. 7. The optical path of the cw output from the laser, which is vertically coupled through first vertical coupler, through the EAM to produce modulated output which is vertically coupled through the second vertical coupler to the first level (output) waveguide is represented schematically by the large arrows in the schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view shown in FIG. 6. If required, the third level waveguide may also be structured to provide a detector for back-facet power monitoring (not shown).
The epitaxial layer structure may be selected to be compatible with a single epitaxial growth process. Multiple epitaxial growth steps may alternatively be used.
The general principles of selecting materials and structuring the waveguide layers for vertical optical coupling using laterally tapered vertical optical couplers, i.e. appropriate selection of bandgap wavelength and refractive index, is described in, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 7,444,055B2 to Tolstikhin, entitled “Integrated Optics Arrangements for Wavelength (de) Multiplexing in a Multi-Guide Vertical Stack”, and references cited therein.
A schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of an integrated EML 300 of a second embodiment, fabricated using MGVI, is shown in FIG. 9. In this embodiment, the EML is monolithically integrated with EAM driver circuitry and laser driver circuitry. The latter comprises bias control for operation of the laser as a CW light source, and optionally comprises other elements, e.g. for temperature sensing, power monitoring, control loop for temperature stabilization and power adjustment. The layers forming the three vertically stacked waveguides for the DFB laser and the EAM modulator, and the output waveguide, and the laterally tapered vertical couplers, are similar to those shown in FIG. 6. The structure shown schematically in FIG. 9 differs from that shown in FIG. 6 in that additional layers are provided between the SI substrate and the waveguide layers. That is, the additional layers comprise layers for forming high-speed electronic circuitry for the laser driver and EAM driver circuitry. The additional layers comprise InP based semiconductor layers for fabricating heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT), which are labelled as HBT epilayers for electronic circuitry, and a spacer, which comprises one or more layers and includes one or more etch stop layers, which allow for separate processing of the photonic components and the electronic circuitry.
As shown in FIG. 10, which is a schematic plan view of EML 300 of this embodiment, the multilevel optical waveguide structure for the DFB laser, EAM and output waveguide of the second embodiment are formed on a first area of the SI substrate, and the electronic circuitry is formed on an adjacent second area of the SI substrate, e.g. laterally spaced from the optical components.
FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate schematically examples of some of the processing steps 300-1 to 300-6 for fabrication of an EML device structure with integrated driver circuitry, such as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10. A first epitaxial layer stack, comprises semiconductor layers for fabrication of InP heterojunction bipolar transistors, and is referred to as the “HBT epi-stack”. The HBT epi-stack for the high-speed electronics is grown on the SI substrate (step 300-1). If the high-speed electronics were grown on top of the photonics components, the conductivity of the layers forming the laser and EAM waveguides would reduce the speed of operation of the transistors. Thus, a second epi-layer stack (“optical epi-stack”) for the optical waveguides is grown above the layers for the electronics, and includes a spacer, or stitching layers (step 300-2) which include an etch stop, which separates the HBT epi-stack and the overlying epi-stack for the optical wave guides (step 300-3). Note that, if required, the epitaxial layers may be selected to be compatible with a single epitaxial growth process for forming all of the HBT epi-layer stack, the stitching layers, and the optical epi-layer stack. Multiple epitaxial growth steps may alternatively be used.
For example, for fabrication of the integrated EML structure shown schematically in FIGS. 9 and 10, the optical epi-layer stack is structured to form first, second and third level waveguides (step 300-3 in FIG. 11A). Both the HBT and optical epi-layer stacks, and the stitching layers, are blanket deposited over the entire substrate. Then device areas (islands) for the optical components are protected, e.g. by a mask layer and the exposed part of the optical epi-stack is etched back to the HBT epi-stack (step 300-4). The size of the islands for the optical components and for the electronic components are selected so that during subsequent processing, there is enough planar area for each island to allow for proper alignment and stepper lithography, including placement of alignment marks on exposed surface layers. The materials of the stitching layers in-between the HBT epi-stack and the optical epi-stack are selected so that that there is at least one highly etch-selective etch stop layer in between the optical epi-stack and the HBT epi-stack, for subsequent processing steps, e.g. for independent processing of the electrical circuitry components vs. optical components.
The HBTs and other components for the electronic circuitry are processed while the optical epi-stack is protected, up to the point that interconnect metallization is required. A first level of interconnect metallization may be provided for the electronic circuitry. Second level interconnect metallization for the electronic circuitry and for electrical connections to the optoelectronic components is provided later in the process sequence, after processing of the optical components.
Referring to FIG. 11B, the device structures of the HBT epi-stack are then protected, e.g. by a mask (see step 300-5) and the mask (i.e. see step 300-4) is removed from the optical epi-stack. The optical components comprising the DFB laser, EAM and lateral tapers for the vertical optical couplers are then processed from the top down to define the structures of each waveguide. These process steps may comprise, for example, a) patterning and etching of the laser waveguide to define sidewalls of the laser mesa and the laterally tapered first vertical optical coupler 1, and etching of the SEG for the laser; b) patterning and etching of the EAM waveguide to define the sidewalls of the EAM and the laterally tapered second vertical optical coupler 2; c) patterning and etching of the output waveguide.
After these optical waveguide structures are complete, and after removal of the mask from the electronic device structures of the HBT epi-stack, back-end metallization and interconnection of the electrical circuitry and electrical connections for optical devices is performed, including a planarization and post-processing.
As mentioned above, if required, in some embodiments, the epitaxial layers may be selected to be compatible with a single epitaxial growth process for forming the HBT epi-layer stack, the stitching layers, and the optical epi-layer stack. Alternatively, in other embodiments, multiple epitaxial growth steps may be used.
It will be appreciated that the schematics shown in the Figures, e.g. FIGS. 6 to 10, 11A and 11B referred to above, are highly simplified representations of the layers of the device structures, and layer thicknesses and lateral dimensions, are not drawn to scale. While elements of only one EML device structure are shown in each drawing, in practice fabrication is done on a wafer scale, with many EML devices per wafer. As will be appreciated, each of the waveguides comprise many epitaxial layers e.g. a core comprising a multi-quantum-well (MQW) active region, separate confinement heterostructure (SCH) layers and cladding layers of the waveguide; the substrate and the HBT epi-stack and the optical epi-stack may include additional layers, e.g. buffer layers, intermediate layers, spacers, as appropriate. Spacers may provide lateral or vertical electrical isolation. Semiconductor materials comprise III-V semiconductor materials which are suitable for fabrication of both the HBT epi-layer stack for the high-speed electronic circuitry and the optical epi-layer stack for the waveguides for the active and passive optical components. For example, semiconductor materials may comprise III-V semiconductors based on an InP-based material system, e.g., comprising selected binary, ternary and quaternary compositions of In, Ga, As, P, Al, and Sb. For example, the SI substrate comprises Fe-doped InP. Spacers may provide lateral or vertical electrical isolation. Metallization layers and dielectric layers are selected to be compatible with InP-based semiconductor materials.
Referring to the schematic plan view shown in FIG. 10, in the EML 300 of the second embodiment, the DFB laser control circuitry and EAM driver and control circuitry are shown schematically as positioned laterally of the EML. In the cross-sectional view shown in step 300-6 in FIG. 11B, driver electronics are shown schematically as positioned on an area spaced longitudinally from the EML waveguide structures, e.g. behind the back facet of the DFB laser. As mentioned above, a back facet power monitor for the laser, i.e. a pin diode detector (not illustrated in the Figures) may be included. In practice, the integrated electronic circuitry may be positioned on the SI substrate around the EML as appropriate, e.g. to optimize interconnect, distribute heat generation from the electronics, and to optimize use of the device area. Beneficially, the integrated EAM driver circuitry is positioned in close proximity to the EAM to minimize interconnect lengths, e.g. to enable higher performance modulation. For example, a schematic plan view of a device area of an integrated EML 400-1 of a third embodiment, comprising monolithically integrated driver and control circuitry, is shown in FIG. 12A. In the layout of this embodiment, the EAM driver and control electronics are positioned near the EAM, to optimize interconnect, e.g. provide shorter interconnect lengths, for high performance modulation, and the laser driver electronics are positioned behind the back-facet of the DFB laser. It will be appreciated that, for example, in an integrated EML 400-2 of an alternative embodiment, illustrated schematically in FIG. 12B, the EML is monolithically integrated with the EAM driver and control electronics, while other electronics, e.g. the laser driver, monitoring and control circuitry, are provided on a separate chip. In other embodiments based on the monolithically integrated EML structure shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 without integrated electronics, the laser and EAM driver and control electronics are provided as separate chips.
A schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of an integrated EML 500 of a fifth embodiment, fabricated using MGVI, is shown in FIG. 13. The EML 500 differs from EML 300 shown schematically in FIGS. 9 and 10 in that it also includes a spot-size-converter (SSC) for direct coupling of the optical output to a single-mode optical fiber. That is, the first level waveguide is a coupling waveguide, which is vertically optically coupled by a laterally tapered third vertical optical coupler to waveguide layers of the SSC. The SSC forms a diluted coupling waveguide at the bottom of the vertical stack for low-loss, high alignment tolerance coupling to single-mode fiber. The SSC is formed in a deep trench etched into the layers of the spacer, HBT epi-stack, and into the substrate.
In fabrication of an EML 500 of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 13, the process flow is adjusted, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 14, because of the required topography for the SSC. For example, the SSC has a height and width, e.g. ˜7 μm, for alignment and optical coupling to a standard single mode optical fiber, whereas the thickness of the HBT epi-stack and the spacer may be, e.g. ˜2 μm. For the integration of the SSC to be successfully achieved, as illustrated in the process steps 500-1 to 500-3 shown schematically in FIG. 14, the HBT epi-stack is grown on the SI substrate, together with layers for the spacer. Backside alignment marks are etched into the substrate wafer, to allow for alignment of subsequent processing. Next, deep trenches are etched into the substrate wafer, through the HBT epi-stack, and into the substrate (500-1). These deep trenches define the location of the SSC for each island. The SSC epi-layer stack is then grown in the trenches, e.g. using a lift-off process. The top layer of the SSC epi-layer stack is selected to have a material that is etch selective to the surrounding layers of the HBT epi-stack. The SSC epi-stack is grown slightly proud of the trench, and then planarized using a selective dry-etch chemistry to planarize the SSC material to the surface of the HBT epi-stack. A quick wet etch may be required at this point to remove any roughness from the surface. Next the optical epi-stack for the waveguides for the coupling waveguide, EAM and DFB laser is grown blanket across the wafer (500-2). Using the backside alignment marks to align the SSC waveguides in their trenches, the optical epi-stack is protected, and the process continues with fabrication of the electronic circuitry and the optical components (500-3), e.g. as described above with reference to FIGS. 11A and 11B. As shown schematically in 500-3 of FIG. 14, the electronic circuitry for the EML of this embodiment occupies an area beside the EML waveguide stack.
FIG. 15 shows a circuit schematic for a first example of an electro-absorption modulator having monolithically integrated control circuitry for linearization and temperature compensation and FIG. 16 shows a circuit schematic for a second example of an electro-absorption modulator having monolithically integrated control circuitry for linearization and temperature compensation, as disclosed in the related US application nos. U.S. Ser. No. 16/263,169 and U.S. Ser. No. 16/708,887.
Referring to FIG. 15, elements of the electro-photonic integrated circuit 100-1 are monolithically fabricated on a device area 102 of the SI substrate, and comprise the electro-absorption modulator 120 and integrated driver and control circuitry elements. The electro-absorption modulator 120 has an optical input 122 for receiving continuous wave (CW) optical input and an optical output 124 for outputting a modulated optical output. For example, the CW optical input may be provided by a discrete or integrated laser diode (not illustrated) that is coupled to the electro-absorption modulator via an optical waveguide and/or a spot size converter (SSC). The optical output 124 may also comprise a SSC for coupling to other optical components. Electrical terminals 126 and 128 of the electro-optical modulator are provided for applying a reverse DC bias for operation of the electro-absorption modulator 120. An input modulation signal, i.e. an analog electrical signal, provided at control input 132, and fed through elements of the control circuitry to the control terminal drive transistor 138 of the driver circuitry of the electro-absorption modulator 120 for modulation of the optical output signal. The integrated driver and control circuitry form a fast feedback control loop, comprising a first sense means with a first control loop element, with, for temperature compensation and a second sense means with a second control loop element, for linearization of the electro-absorption modulator.
The first sense means operates to detect a temperature of the electro-absorption modulator and generate a first feedback signal dependent on the temperature of the electro-absorption modulator, and a first control loop element operates to combine the first feedback signal and the input analog modulation signal to provide a temperature compensated modulation signal. The first sense means comprises an electrical sensor 140 for detecting a temperature of the electro-absorption modulator and generating a temperature dependent bias voltage. The temperature dependent bias voltage is fed to control circuit element 136 where it is combined with the input modulation signal to generate a temperature compensated modulation signal. The temperature sensor generates a DC bias which is dependent on the temperature of the modulator, and which is applied to adjust the analog input signal to compensate for temperature changes.
Preferably, the electrical temperature sensor placed in close proximity to the electro-absorption modulator and the first control loop element for combining comprises a coupler 136 for adding the first feedback signal, e.g. a temperature dependent bias voltage, to the input analog modulation signal to provide a temperature compensated modulation signal.
The second sense means comprises electrical circuitry 150 for detecting the output level of the electro-absorption modulator, e.g. an electrical photocurrent sense element for detecting the absorbed photocurrent of the electro-absorption modulator and generating the second feedback signal, dependent on the output level of the electro-absorption modulator. The second control loop element comprises a differential amplifier 134 for combining the second feedback signal and the temperature compensated modulation signal to provide a linearized modulation signal. That is, the temperature compensated modulation signal is input to a non-inverting input of the differential amplifier and the second feedback signal is input to an inverting input of the differential amplifier, to generate an error voltage from the difference between the two signals. Thus, the fast feedback control circuitry measures the output optical signal and compares that to the electrical input signal driving the block. The error voltage is generated from the difference between the two signals and is fed to the driver.
Referring to FIG. 16, many elements of the circuit 100-2 are similar to those of the circuit 100-2 of the first example and are labelled with the same reference numerals. Temperature sensor 140 provides for temperature compensation as described for circuit 100 shown in FIG. 15. The fast feedback circuitry shown in FIG. 16 differs from that shown in FIG. 15 in that it comprises electro-optic circuitry for measuring the output optical signal level. That is, the fast feedback circuitry comprises optical tap 152, output sense photo-diode 154 and output sense transimpedance amplifier (TIA) 156 to measure the output optical signal and provide the second feedback signal to the differential amplifier 134. That is, as in the electro-absorption modulator 100-1, the temperature compensated modulation signal is input to a non-inverting input of the differential amplifier and the second feedback signal is input to an inverting input of the differential amplifier, to generate an error voltage from the difference between the two signals which is fed to the driver.
The two embodiments with integrated EAM driver described above differ in the way the feedback measurement of output light is done, i.e. they comprise different forms of output monitor (second sense means) for detecting an output level of the EAM. The first embodiment shown in FIG. 15 uses the absorbed photo-current to measure the output level. The second embodiment shown in FIG. 16 taps off a small amount of the output optical signal, and detects it using a high-speed photo detector and a TIA. In each case, the feedback circuit measures the output optical signal and compares that to the electrical input signal driving the block. The error voltage is generated from the difference between the two signals and is fed to the driver. In both implementations, the first sense means comprises a temperature sensor, which is placed in close proximity to the modulator. In this way a DC bias is generated that sets the bias dependent on the temperature of the modulator.
For small form factor, low-cost and relatively short reach applications, such as 400 G data center interconnects, when the driving electronics and the EAM are integrated into a sufficiently small device area, it is possible to eliminate the matched impedance strip-line drive circuit and the associated power loss. Monolithic integration of the optical modulator and the associated driver and control electronics places the components in closer proximity and significantly reduces the lengths of conductive interconnect tracks, e.g. from millimeters to microns. This approximate 1000:1 reduction in distances that electrical signals must travel, dramatically reduces phase and time delays between blocks thus enabling a fast feedback circuit of either electronic or electro-optic form to be implemented, even at very high speeds. The feedback approach can linearize the overall transfer function of the modulator as well as closely monitor the temperature of the modulator and apply the appropriate temperature dependent bias voltage to keep the operating range of the modulator properly centered.
The monolithic integration reduces the scale of interconnect to microns and this fact, combined with very high-speed transistors, a drive circuit can be implemented that uses feedback to linearize the electro-optical transfer function of the modulator within a limited range of input electrical signals and input optical signals. When operating within this range, the input Continuous Wave (CW) light signal can be linearly modulated allowing advanced modulation schemes, such as QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), PAM-4 (4-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation) or even QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), to be applied to the optical signal. For limited reach applications, such as data center interconnect where the path losses and impairments due to dispersion are limited, complex analog modulation of the light signal can be implemented effectively within a limited dynamic range, while providing good error rate performance across the link. This allows a significant reduction in complexity, cost and power of the link by using simpler building blocks such as an EA modulator and its associated integrated analog electronics, to replace more complex assemblies of Mach-Zehnder modulators, strip line packaging and DSPs to implement the transmitter.
FIG. 17 shows a schematic plan view of an integrated EML 600 of a sixth embodiment comprising integrated driver circuitry, e.g. comprising integrated EAM driver and control circuitry as illustrated in FIG. 15. Many elements of FIG. 17 are similar to those illustrated schematically in FIG. 10. The schematic plan view in FIG. 17 shows schematically how the photocurrent sense and temperature sense of the integrated EAM driver and control circuitry of FIG. 15 may be incorporated into the device layout.
FIG. 18 shows a schematic plan view of an integrated EML 700 of a seventh embodiment with integrated driver circuitry, e.g. integrated EAM driver and control circuitry as illustrated in FIG. 16. In this embodiment, the waveguide layers of the epi-layer stack near the optical output waveguide are patterned to provide optical tap: i.e. layers of the second level waveguide are patterned as represented schematically in FIG. 18, to define an optical detector, i.e. using active layers of the EAM waveguide stack, and underlying the first level waveguide is patterned to form a lateral optical coupler, configured to tap a small percentage, e.g. 1% of the modulated optical output, which is coupled by another laterally tapered vertical optical coupler to the optical detector.
Monolithically integrated EML of some exemplary embodiments have been described by way example. In each of the exemplary embodiments, vertical integration of a DFB laser and EAM through laterally tapered vertically optical couplers, based on MGVI fabrication, provides for integration of these components in a device structure that may provide increased reliability compared to conventional butt-coupling of a DFB laser and EAM. As mentioned in the background section, it is recognized that a directly- or indirectly-butt-coupled interface between a DFB laser and EAM results in an interface with high stress and strain, which may result in reliability issues, or premature failure, particularly under higher power operation. The structure of the laterally-tapered vertical optical couplers of the EML of the exemplary embodiments provides efficient vertical optical coupling between the output of the DFB laser and the input of the EAM. The epi-layer structure for the vertically integrated waveguides for the DFB laser and EAM can be designed to reduce stress/strain between the optical components, and the vertically integrated EML avoids a high stress/strain interface region between a conventionally butt-coupled DFB laser and EAM.
As illustrated by the example embodiments, a vertically integrated EML may be fabricated with or without integrated driver and control electronics. Advantageously, at least the EAM driver and control electronics are also vertically integrated into the device structure, e.g. to optimize interconnect from the driver to the EAM, e.g. reduce interconnect length/inductance/resistance, etc., to enable reliable, higher performance modulation of the EAM, e.g. PAM4. The DFB laser is operated in CW mode, so close proximity of the laser driver and control electronics may not be as important, but optionally the integrated electronic circuitry includes a laser driver. Optionally, other electrical and optical components, e.g. a temperature sensor, optical detector for power monitoring, et al., may be monolithically integrated, as appropriate.
The device topology, i.e. physical layout over the device area, of the optoelectronic components and the electronic circuitry may be selected to optimize interconnect, improve thermal dissipation, make efficient use of the device area, et al. Thus, where feasible, various elements of the EML of the exemplary embodiments may be combined to provide additional or alternative embodiments. In some embodiments the passive output waveguide and the spot size converter may not be necessary and are omitted. For example, the vertically integrated EML of the first embodiment, without integrated driver and control circuitry and described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7, may be mounted on substrate with discrete driver and control circuitry. For example, a vertically integrated EML of another embodiment may comprise integrated EAM driver and control circuitry, e.g. as described for the EML of the embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10, integrated with other optical components and/or electronic circuitry.
The laser may be a DFB laser with a surface etched grating, a DFB laser with a buried or embedded grating, or other suitable type of semiconductor laser, such as a Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) laser or a Fabry-Pérot (FP) laser which is coupled to an EAM waveguide with a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler.
Typically, the epitaxial layer stack comprises a plurality of semiconductor layers which are structured to form a plurality of vertically stacked optical waveguides, configured for MGVI using one or more laterally tapered vertical optical couplers to optically couple the plurality of vertically stacked optical waveguides. For example, the plurality of vertically stacked optical waveguides comprise an EAM waveguide and a laser waveguide. After processing, the laser waveguide is horizontally displaced relative to the EAM waveguide, e.g. in a stepped configuration. The semiconductor layers of EAM waveguide may be vertically positioned or displaced above or below the semiconductor layers of the laser waveguide, so that the optical axes of the laser waveguide and the EAM are separated vertically, and the laser waveguide and the EAM waveguide are optically coupled by a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler. Optionally, the plurality of vertically stacked optical waveguides may comprise a passive output waveguide. The passive output waveguide may be part of the second optical waveguide, laterally coupled to the output of the EAM. The passive output waveguide may be a third optical waveguide vertically stacked relative to the EAM waveguide, and a second lateral optical coupler is configured to couple an output of the EAM to the passive output waveguide. Optionally, the device structure may comprise a spot size converter.
FIG. 19A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an integrated EML 800 of an embodiment comprising an SI substrate, an epitaxial layer stack comprising electronics layers grown on the SI substrate, a spacer layer and an overlying a plurality of photonics layers. The photonics layers are structured to provide first and second optical waveguides. The first optical waveguide (labelled laser waveguide) is structured to provide a laser and a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler. The second optical waveguide (labelled EAM waveguide) is structured to provide an EAM. The laser waveguide is coupled to the EAM waveguide with the laterally tapered vertical optical coupler. The electronics layers comprise a laser driver, an EAM driver and a laser-EAM control loop. The optical output of the EAM is output directly from an output facet of the EAM. The integrated EML structure of this embodiment comprises a laser waveguide and an EAM waveguide having some features similar to the structure shown in FIG. 9, and comprises monolithically integrated electronics. There is no passive output waveguide. The laser may be a DFB laser, such as a SEG DFB laser waveguide as described with reference to FIG. 9, or the laser waveguide may be another type of semiconductor laser waveguide. The EAM waveguide may comprise a MQW QCSE waveguide structure. Electrical connections are provided to the active region of the EAM. The laser waveguide may comprise a MQW active region, and a buried grating structure or a surface etched grating structure. Electrical connections are provided to the active region of the laser waveguide.
FIG. 19B is a schematic plan view of the integrated EML of FIG. 19A. As illustrated schematically, the photonics devices are provided on a first area of the substrate, and the electronics area provided on a second area of the substrate, in proximity to the photonics devices, to reduce electrical interconnect distances between the electronics and the photonics. The electronics may comprise a laser driver, an EAM driver and a laser-EAM control loop.
FIG. 20A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an integrated EML 900 of yet another embodiment, which is similar to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 19A, except that the EML 900 comprises a passive output waveguide which is laterally coupled with the EAM waveguide, so that the optical axis of the passive output waveguide is co-axial with the optical axis of the EAM waveguide. For example, the EAM is provided by a first part of the EAM waveguide comprising electrical connections to form the active region of the EAM, and a second part of the EAM waveguide extending from the output of the active region of the EAM forms the passive output waveguide. The device structure comprises an integrated laser driver and EAM driver, similar to the EML illustrated schematically in FIGS. 19A and 19B. FIG. 20B, is a schematic plan view of the integrated EML of FIG. 20A, in which the electronics are formed on an electronics area adjacent to the photonics area.
FIG. 21A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an integrated EML 1000 of yet another embodiment, and FIG. 21B is a schematic plan view of the integrated EML of FIG. 21A. The integrated EML of this embodiment comprises a hybrid integration of a photonics chip and an electronics chip, e.g. on a common substrate or chip carrier. Thus, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 21A, the EML comprises a laser waveguide, and an EAM waveguide which are optically coupled by a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler. For example, the EML may be fabricated on the SI substrate as described herein with substrate interconnect comprising conductive traces for electrical interconnections. The electronics chip comprising the laser driver and EAM driver may be flip chip bonded onto the SI substrate and interconnected to the conductive traces, e.g. by solder bumps, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 21C. Conductive traces between the substrate interconnect and the photonic components provide the laser driver interconnect and the EAM driver interconnect. Although hybrid integration of the photonics and electronics introduces some interconnect parasitics, fabrication of the EML on a SI substrate significantly reduces device capacitance of the EML, which offsets the effects of interconnect parasitics.
Monolithically integrated EML of other embodiments (not illustrated) comprising first and second optical vertically stacked waveguides wherein the laser waveguide is below the EAM waveguide, and the optical output mode from the laser is vertically coupled upwards to the EAM waveguide by a laterally tapered optical coupler; this configuration may comprise monolithically integrated electronics as described herein.
Implementation of vertically integrated EML of exemplary embodiments, and variants and modifications thereof, may be achieved using a III-IV based semiconductor materials system. In particular, an InP-based semiconductor material system may be used, e.g., comprising selected binary, ternary and quaternary and other compositions of In, Ga, As, P and Al, and Sb. An InP-based material system can be used to fabricate passive and active optical components, e.g. a passive waveguide, and optoelectronic device structures such active waveguides for the DFB laser and EAM, and can also be used for high-speed electronic circuitry comprising InP transistors, e.g. InP HBTs.
In summary, monolithically integrated EML and methods of fabrication are disclosed, which comprise vertically stacked optical waveguides for a laser, EAM and, optionally, a passive output waveguide. The laser and EAM waveguide are optically coupled using a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler. If the EML comprises a passive output waveguide, the EAM is coupled to the passive output waveguide with a second laterally tapered vertical optical coupler, or the EAM is coupled laterally to the passive output waveguide. The passive output waveguide may also be used to provide an optical tap, e.g. for output power monitoring. If required, the laser waveguide may be structured to provide a diode detector for back-facet power monitoring.
Vertical integration of the laser and EAM, using a laterally tapered vertical optical coupler, provides an alternative to conventional butt-coupling of a laser and EAM, potentially offering improved reliability for high power operation over extended lifetimes. Availability of higher power lasers enables use of receivers comprising lower cost, higher reliability PIN diode detectors in place of higher sensitivity avalanche photodiodes.
In some embodiments, the vertically integrated EML comprises monolithically integrated electronic circuitry, e.g., driver and control electronics for the laser and EAM. Beneficially, integrated EAM driver and control circuitry comprises a high-speed electro-optical control loop for very high-speed linearization and temperature compensation, e.g. to enable advanced modulation schemes, such as PAM-4 and DP-QPSK, for analog optical data center interconnect applications.
EML of example embodiments are compatible with fabrication using a single epitaxial growth. Other embodiments, e.g. for lasers having an embedded grating, are fabricated with a second epitaxial growth.
When multiple epitaxial growths are required, with etch processes in between, etch damage and defects at interface, such as dislocations, may create failure points. A process using single epitaxial growth, using vertically coupled waveguides, has the advantage that the electric connections and the optical connections are made through virgin crystalline material, and etching through active regions is avoided. This reduces risk of creating defects that act as failure points. For example, in butt-coupled EML using multiple epitaxial growths, it is observed that the butt-coupled interface between the laser diode and the modulator is a common failure point, leading to early-life failure.
In the near future, it is expected that there will be a significantly increased demand for 400 Gb/s optical links, which are being made and shipped in limited quantities. 400 G links are currently implemented by using 4×100 Gb/s per lane or channel, e.g. 4 parallel single mode channels or 4 channels with wavelength multiplexing. Alternatively, to compensate for EAM deficiencies, DSP processing power can be added to provide more complex encoding schemes, e.g. PAM-N, to increase bandwidth, e.g. 56 Gb/s PAM-4. In future years it is expected that demand will increase for 800 Gb/s optical links, and eventually 1.6 Tb/s optical links. For these speeds directly modulated lasers are too slow, and EAM for modulation of cw laser diodes and integrated EMLs offer a solution. However, significant improvements to the performance of EAM and EML are needed to meet future requirements.
For example, for current requirements for 400 G, it is desirable that an EAM has a −3 dB bandwidth of >40 GHz. At the time of filing of the parent (priority) application, commercially available EAM fall short of this requirement and typically provide a −3 dB bandwidth of 37 GHz to 38 GHz. Another consideration is that a 50Ω termination for impedance matching causes a 50% voltage drop across the laser diode, resulting in power loss and reduced efficiency.
Recent testing of EAM, and vertically integrated EML of example embodiments fabricated using InP semiconductor technology on SI substrates has demonstrated astonishingly fast response. For example, FIG. 22 shows a schematic plot of bandwidth vs. frequency for a vertically integrated EML of an example embodiment fabricated on a SI substrate. The bandwidth is flat out to 43 db and the −3 dB bandwidth is between 70 GHz and 90 GHz.
Using a highly doped conductive substrate to provide a large back-side contact introduces parasitic capacitance. It is believed that the fabrication of an EAM or EML on a semi-insulating (SI) substrate, e.g. a Fe-doped InP substrate contributes substantially to the increased −3 dB bandwidth, because the non-conductive substrate significantly reduces the junction capacitance, potentially by half compared with a conductive p-doped InP substrate. The metallization and pad capacitance is also reduced.
FIG. 23 shows a table to compare features of 1. a conventional EML using multiple-growth and butt-coupling of a laser diode and EAM and 2. a vertically coupled EML of an example embodiment.
The data in the second column of the table in FIG. 23 are for a commercially available 400 G EML using multiple-growth and butt-coupling of a laser diode and EAM. These are fabricated on a conductive heavily doped n++ InP substrate using a multiple epitaxial growth process. This means that the electrical path and the optical path passes through etched and re-grown materials. Since the device is fabricated on a conductive substrate, which provides a large backside contact, there is no isolation of the laser diode and the EAM. There is no ability to integrate the driver electronics. Test results demonstrated a speed, (3 dB bandwidth) in the range of 30 GHz to 38 GHz, and an extinction ratio of ˜6 dB to 7 dB. During testing of the butt-coupled lasers and EAM, there was a high incidence of early-life failure and the point of failure was the butt-coupled interface. This failure is believed to be caused by a high density of defects at the interface.
The data in the third column of the table in FIG. 23 are for a vertically coupled EML of an example embodiment, fabricated using a single epitaxial growth process on a SI InP substrate. In this structure, since etching and regrowth is avoided, in a structure fabricated using a single growth, the electrical path and optical path are made through a virgin crystalline structure, which reduces risk of defects, such as dislocations, which act as failure points. This structure provides high reliability, and no instances of early-life failure were observed. The SI substrate allows for the laser diode to be electrically isolated from the EAM, and provides a high breakdown voltage which allows for higher drive voltage levels. The SI substrate provides low capacitance. The low capacitance leads to very high-speed operation, with a speed (3 dB bandwidth) of 70 GHz to 90 GHz and an extinction ratio of >7 dB. This is very good for high-speed modulation such as 112 G PAM-4 (224 Gb/s). The high extinction ratio is important to reduce transmission error rates and meet transmission error rate requirements for high-speed modulation. Since the laser diode is electrically isolated, a negative bias supply can be eliminated, and this allows for differential drive. The ability to integrate drive electronics on the SI substrate reduces power consumption, and improves costs and yields.
For practical applications, there is a trade-off of various parameters. Increasing termination resistance to 50Ω drops the bandwidth but the extinction ratio goes up. Since a −3 dB bandwidth of 70 GHz to 90 GHz exceeds requirement for 400 Gb/s, there is an opportunity to increase the termination resistance to increase the extinction ratio. For example, one option is to find a termination resistance that optimizes the extinction coefficient, while offsetting power reduction.
Another consideration is thermal dissipation. Thermal conductivity of a SI InP substrate is lower than the thermal conductivity of an n-doped InP substrate. So another trade-off is thermal resistance, which can be managed by providing suitable thermal management, e.g. a heat-spreader, cooling, thinning of the substrate and transfer/bonding to a thermally conductive substrate to provide a suitable thermally conductive sub-mount. The thermally conductive substrate may a material such as, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride or other thermally conductive ceramic material, with a suitable coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Alternatively the EML may be mounted up-side down, flipped and bonded to a thermal substrate for heat dissipation. Or part of the substrate may be etched away to allow for insertion of a thermal slug or thermally conductive inlay.
Vertically integrated EML of example embodiments have been described in detail, based on a vertically-coupled waveguides fabricated with a single growth process and surface etched gratings. In some embodiments the laser waveguide has a buried (embedded) grating which requires a secondary epitaxial growth after etching the grating. Fabrication on an SI substrate with vertically coupled waveguides, using a single epitaxial growth or multiple epitaxial growth process, allows for integration of driver and control electronics, for reduced interconnect resistances, inductances and other parasitic capacitances, resistances and inductances. For example, the metallization and pad capacitances are reduced.
It is also observed that an SI substrate significantly improves performance of both the laser diode and EAM, e.g. due to reduced device capacitance.
Since fabrication of a vertically coupled EAM on a SI substrate significantly improves performance, it is also believed that integration of a laser diode and an EAM fabricated on a SI substrate, e.g. using conventional multiple epitaxial growths and regrown/buried grating structures, and/or conventional side-by-side butt-coupling of a laser and EAM, would also provide improved performance relative to fabrication on a conductive doped substrate. This is because in a conventional structure, the doped conductive substrate and large backside electrical contact introduces significant parasitic capacitance.
Although embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated in detail, it is to be clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and not to be taken by way of limitation, the scope of the present invention being limited only by the appended claims.
Patent Application
20250233388
