1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a vibrator, an oscillator, a real-time clock, an electronic device and a moving object.
2. Related Art
Hitherto, a tuning fork type vibration element using a quartz crystal has been known. Such a vibration element includes a base portion and a pair of vibrating arms, and is configured to flexurally vibrate using a flexural reverse-phase mode (hereinafter, referred to as an X-axis reverse-phase mode) in which the pair of vibrating arms alternately repeat approach and separation to and from each other, when seen in plan view, as a main vibration. In addition, in the field of such a vibration element, various configurations for reducing the vibration leakage (loss of elastic energy leaking outside of the vibration element) of the main vibration have been disclosed. For example, JP-A-2002-261575 discloses that the vibration leakage of the main vibration is reduced by forming notches on both sides of the base portion. In addition, JP-A-2005-236563 discloses that the vibration leakage of the main vibration is reduced by lengthening a transmission path of the main vibration with the base portion formed in a frame shape, and providing the base portion with a vibration offset portion that cancels the main vibration. In addition, JP-A-2002-141770 discloses that the vibration leakage of the main vibration is reduced by providing a support portion extending out from the base portion and supporting the vibration element through the support portion, to thereby lengthen a transmission path of the main vibration. In addition, JP-A-2015-149592 discloses that since coupling between modes is strengthened in a case where the resonance frequency of the main vibration and the resonance frequency of inherent modes (unnecessary vibration modes) other than the main vibration are close to 1:1, the vibration leakage of the main vibration is reduced by weakening this coupling.
As described above, various inventions for reducing the vibration leakage have been disclosed, but all of the inventions are inventions for reducing the vibration leakage of a flexural vibration (main vibration itself) in a pure X-axis reverse-phase mode, or inventions relating to coupling in which the resonance frequencies of the main vibration and the unnecessary vibration are set to be in the vicinity of 1:1 due to the number of unnecessary vibration modes being limited to one. Such inventions do not disclose internal resonance with inherent modes (unnecessary vibration modes) other than the main vibration, particularly, the vibration leakage of the main vibration caused by a plurality of unnecessary vibration modes, and the vibration leakage of the main vibration caused by internal resonance except in the vicinity of a condition in which a resonance frequency ratio with respect to a singular unnecessary vibration mode is set to 1.
An advantage of some aspects of the invention is to provide a vibrator, an oscillator, a real-time clock, an electronic device and a moving object which are capable of internal resonance of an unnecessary vibration mode with a main vibration, and reducing the leakage of energy of the main vibration through the unnecessary vibration mode.
The invention can be implemented as the following application examples.
A vibrator according to this application example includes: a vibrator element including a base portion and a pair of vibrating arms which are coupled to the base portion; and a base on which the vibrator element is installed, wherein when n is set to one of natural numbers equal to or greater than 2, and j is set to a natural number equal to or greater than 1 and equal to or less than n, the vibrator element includes the n inherent vibration modes having resonance frequencies different from each other, when a resonance frequency of a main vibration of the vibrator element in the n inherent vibration modes is set to ω1 in a relationship between an arbitrary integer kj and a resonance frequency ωj corresponding to each of the n inherent vibration modes, the following two expressions are satisfied:
the arbitrary integer kj satisfies a relation between the following two expressions.
With this configuration, the vibrator is obtained which is capable of reducing the vibration leakage of the main vibration caused by internal resonance with inherent modes other than the main vibration.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that when the vibration frequency of the main vibration is set to f [Hz], a relation of 1×103 [Hz]≦f<1×106 [Hz] is satisfied, and Q of the vibrator satisfies a relation of the following expression.
In the expression,
W
emin
=C(AL+B)
With this configuration, a vibrator element is obtained which is small in size and has a high Q value.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that a relation of the following expression is satisfied.
With this configuration, coupling between the main vibration and other inherent modes is not likely to occur even in a vibrator element in which low-order non-linearity appears conspicuously, and it is possible to reduce vibration leakage.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that a relation of the following expression is satisfied.
With this configuration, coupling between the main vibration and other inherent modes is not likely to occur even in a vibrator element in which low-order non-linearity appears conspicuously, and it is possible to reduce vibration leakage.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that the inherent mode includes at least two of: a first direction reverse-phase mode in which the pair of vibrating arms flexurally vibrate mutually in reverse-phase along a first direction in which the pair of vibrating arms are lined up; a first direction in-phase mode in which the pair of vibrating arms flexurally vibrate mutually in phase along the first direction; a third direction reverse-phase mode in which the pair of vibrating arms flexurally vibrate mutually in reverse-phase in a second direction in which the base portion and the vibrating arms are lined up, and a third direction perpendicular to the first direction; a third direction in-phase mode in which the pair of vibrating arms flexurally vibrate mutually in phase in the third direction; a twisted reverse-phase mode in which the pair of vibrating arms are twisted mutually in reverse-phase, using a virtual central line along the first direction through a center of a cross section along each vibrating arm in the first direction and the third direction as an axis of rotation; a twisted in-phase mode in which the pair of vibrating arms are twisted mutually in phase, using the virtual central line as an axis of rotation; and a high-order mode of a second direction reverse-phase mode, a high-order mode of a second direction in-phase mode, a high-order mode of the third direction reverse-phase mode, a high-order mode of the third direction in-phase mode, a high-order mode of the twisted reverse-phase mode and a high-order mode of the twisted in-phase mode.
With this configuration, since the vibration of regions other than the vibrating arm is reduced, a vibrator having small vibration leakage is obtained.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that the order of each high-order mode of the twisted in-phase mode, the first direction reverse-phase mode, the first direction in-phase mode, the third direction reverse-phase mode, the third direction in-phase mode, the twisted reverse-phase mode and the twisted in-phase mode is a second order.
The high-order mode has a greater influence on the main vibration as the order becomes smaller, and thus the effect of the invention further increases.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that the main vibration is the first direction reverse-phase mode.
With this configuration, a vibrator is obtained which is capable of realizing a high Q value and has a small CI value.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that the high-order mode includes at least one of second-order modes of the first direction reverse-phase mode, the first direction in-phase mode, the third direction reverse-phase mode, and the third direction in-phase mode.
Such an inherent mode is a vibration which has a low resonance frequency among high-order modes, and particularly has a tendency to be coupled to the main vibration (first direction reverse-phase mode). Therefore, the effect of the invention further increases.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that when seen in plan view, the vibrating arm includes: a weight portion; and an arm which is disposed between the weight portion and the base portion, when a length of the arm along a direction in which the base portion and the vibrating arm are lined up is set to L, a relation of L≦0.9 mm is satisfied, when a thickness of the arm is set to T, the relation of 50 μm≦T≦150 μm is satisfied, when a width of the arm along a direction in which the pair of vibrating arms are lined up is set to W, a relation of W≦60 μm is satisfied, when a length of the weight portion along the direction in which the base portion and the vibrating arm are lined up is set to L′, a relation of L′/L≦0.5 is satisfied, and when a width of the weight portion along the direction in which the pair of vibrating arms are lined up is set to W″, a relation of L′<W″ is satisfied.
With this configuration, a vibrator element is obtained which is relatively small in size, and there is a tendency for non-linearity to increase due to symmetry being lost from the shape of the vibrator element.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that the vibrating arm is provided with a groove portion on at least one main surface side of a first main surface and a second main surface which have a front-back relationship with each other along a plane including a direction in which the pair of vibrating arms are lined up and a direction in which the base portion and the vibrating arm are lined up, and when a depth of the groove portion is set to T′, a relation of 0.8 T≦T′≦0.98 T is satisfied.
With this configuration, it is possible to reduce a thermoelastic loss, and to improve a Q value.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that when a width of a portion, along the direction in which the pair of vibrating arms are lined up, which is located between the groove portion and an outer edge of the one main surface of the vibrating arm along the second direction is set to W′ when seen in plan view, the relation of W′≦6 μm is satisfied.
With this configuration, it becomes difficult to symmetrically form the vibrating arm.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that the length L is equal to or less than 1,800×10−6 [m].
With this configuration, it is possible to achieve a reduction in the size of the vibrator.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that the length L is equal to or less than 1,400×10−6 [m].
With this configuration, it is possible to achieve a reduction in the size of the vibrator.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that the length L is equal to or less than 1,000×10−6 [m].
With this configuration, it is possible to achieve a reduction in the size of the vibrator.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that the length L is equal to or less than 800×106 [m].
With this configuration, it is possible to achieve a reduction in the size of the vibrator.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that the vibration frequency f is any of two times, four times, eight times and sixteen times 32.768±1 kHz.
With this configuration, it is possible to relatively easily obtain a signal of 32.768 kHz by frequency dividing.
In the vibrator according to the application example, it is preferable that the natural number n is any of 2, 3, and 4.
Even in a case where non-linearity is not expressed greater as the natural number n becomes smaller, the main vibration and inherent modes other than the main vibration have a tendency to be coupled to each other, and thus the effect of the invention becomes more conspicuous.
An oscillator according to this application example includes the vibrator according to the application example; and an oscillation circuit.
With this configuration, an oscillator having high reliability is obtained.
A real-time clock according to this application example includes the vibrator according to the application example.
With this configuration, a real-time clock having high reliability is obtained.
An electronic device according to this application example includes the vibrator according to the application example.
With this configuration, an electronic device having high reliability is obtained.
A moving object according to this application example includes the vibrator according to the application example.
With this configuration, a moving object having high reliability is obtained.
The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like numbers reference like elements.
Hereinafter, a vibrator, an oscillator, a real-time clock, an electronic device and a moving object according to the invention will be described in detail on the basis of preferred embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings.
First, a vibrator according to a first embodiment of the invention will be described.
A vibrator 1 shown in
Hereinafter, the package 9 and the vibrator element 2 will be described in order.
Package 9
As shown in
In addition, internal terminals 951 and 952 are formed on the bottom of the concave portion 911 of the base 91. In addition, external terminals 961 and 962 are formed on the bottom of the base 91. The internal terminal 951 and external terminal 961, and the internal terminal 952 and the external terminal 962 are electrically connected to each other, respectively, through internal wirings (not shown) disposed in the base 91. In addition, the internal terminals 951 and 952 are provided with conductive adhesives (fixing members) 971 and 972. The vibrator element 2 is fixed to the base 91 through these conductive adhesives 971 and 972, and is electrically connected to the internal terminals 951 and 952.
Vibrator Element 2
As shown in
The vibration substrate 3 is formed by patterning a Z cut quartz crystal plate. The Z cut quartz crystal plate refers to a quartz crystal substrate having a Z-axis (optical axis), which is the crystal axis of a quartz crystal, set to be in a thickness direction. Meanwhile, the Z-axis is preferably coincident with the thickness direction of the vibration substrate 3, but may be slightly (for example, approximately less than ±15°) inclined with respect to the thickness direction, from the viewpoint of reducing a frequency-temperature change in the vicinity of ordinary temperature. In addition, in the following, as shown in each drawing, the electrical axis of a quartz crystal is set to an X-axis, and the mechanical axis of the quartz crystal is set to a Y-axis.
As shown in
In addition, as shown in
In addition, the vibrating arm 32 includes a bottomed groove portion 321 which is open to the upper surface (main surface on the +Z-axis side) and a bottomed groove portion 322 which is open to the lower surface (main surface on the −Z-axis side). Similarly, the vibrating arm 33 includes a bottomed groove portion 331 which is open to the upper surface and a bottomed groove portion 332 which is open to the lower surface. In this manner, the vibrating arms 32 and 33 are provided with the groove portions, and thus it is possible to reduce a thermoelastic loss in an adiabatic region, and to improve a Q value. Meanwhile, the total sum T′ of the depths of the groove portions 321 and 322 (groove portions 331 and 332) is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to satisfy a relation of 0.8 T≦T′≦0.98 T. Thereby, the above effect becomes more conspicuous.
In addition, the support portion 34 is provided so as to extend out from the end of the base portion 31 on the −Y-axis side to the −Y-axis side, and further includes a pair of support arms 341 and 342 extending to the +Y-axis side in a folded state. The base portion 31 and the base end sides of the vibrating arms 32 and 33 are located between the pair of support arms 341 and 342.
In addition, the electrode includes first drive electrodes 411 and a first drive terminal 412, and second drive electrode 421 and a second drive terminal 422. The first drive electrodes 411 are disposed on the upper and lower surfaces (inner surfaces of the groove portions 321 and 322) of the vibrating arm 32 and on both lateral sides of the vibrating arm 33, and the second drive electrodes 421 are disposed on both lateral sides of the vibrating arm 32 and the upper and lower surfaces (inner surfaces of the groove portions 331 and 332) of the vibrating arm 33.
In addition, the first drive terminal 412 is disposed on the support arm 341, and is electrically connected to the first drive electrodes 411. Similarly, the second drive terminal 422 is disposed on the support arm 342, and is electrically connected to the second drive electrodes 421. In addition, the first drive terminal 412 comes into contact with a conductive adhesive 971, and the second drive terminal 422 comes into contact with a conductive adhesive 972. Thereby, the external terminal 961 and the first drive electrodes 411 are electrically connected to each other, and the external terminal 962 and the second drive electrodes 421 are electrically connected to each other.
In such a vibrator element 2, in a case where an alternating voltage is applied between the first and second drive electrodes 411 and 421 through the external terminals 961 and 962, as shown in
Meanwhile, the shape of the vibrator element 2 is not limited thereto. For example, the support portion 34 may be omitted. In this case, each of the first drive terminal 412 and the second drive terminal 422 may be provided on the base portion 31. In addition, the vibrating arms 32 and 33 may not include the weight portions 32B and 33B, and the weight portions 32B and 33B may not be larger in width than the arms 32A and 33A.
As stated above, the configuration of the vibrator element 2 has been described simply. Next, a description will be given of a relationship between the X-axis reverse-phase mode of the aforementioned main vibration and the other unnecessary vibration modes which are also the feature of the invention.
First, the unnecessary vibration mode will be described. The vibrator element 2 has an inherent vibration mode (unnecessary vibration mode) which is unstable with respect to a temperature and is not designed so that vibration leakage is reduced (or makes it difficult to reduce the leakage), in addition to the aforementioned main vibration (X-axis reverse-phase mode). In a case where the resonance frequency of this unnecessary vibration mode has a relationship, described later, with the resonance frequency of the main vibration, the unnecessary vibration mode internally resonates with the main vibration, and thus energy of the main vibration leaks to the outside through the unnecessary vibration mode. For this reason, the Q value of the main vibration deteriorates, the CI value of the main vibration increases accordingly, the resonance frequency of the main vibration does not stabilize, and the like, which lead to a deterioration in vibration characteristics.
Such an unnecessary vibration mode is not particularly limited insofar as the inherent vibration mode other than the main vibration is used, but includes, for example, at least one of an X-axis in-phase mode (first direction in-phase mode), a Z-axis reverse-phase mode (third direction reverse-phase mode), a Z-axis in-phase mode (third direction in-phase mode), a twisted reverse-phase mode, twisted in-phase mode and a high-order mode of each of these modes. Meanwhile, the order of each mode is not particularly limited, but is preferably second-order. Since a high-order mode has a greater tendency to be coupled to the main vibration as the order becomes smaller, the unnecessary vibration has a second-order mode, and the effect of the invention described below becomes more conspicuous. In addition, it is preferable that the unnecessary vibration includes at least one of the respective second-order modes of the X-axis reverse-phase mode, the X-axis in-phase mode, the Z-axis reverse-phase mode, and the Z-axis in-phase mode, among the high-order modes. Since these modes are low in resonance frequency among the second-order modes, and have a greater tendency to be coupled to the main vibration, the unnecessary vibration has these second-order modes, and thus the effect of the invention described below becomes more conspicuous.
Meanwhile, the X-axis in-phase mode refers to an inherent mode in which the vibrating arms 32 and 33 flexurally vibrate in phase (mutually in the same direction) in the X-axis direction as shown in
Next, a relationship between the resonance frequency of the main vibration (X-axis reverse-phase mode) and the resonance frequency of the above-mentioned unnecessary vibration mode will be described.
When the vibrator element 2 has n (where, n is a natural number equal to or greater than 2) inherent vibration modes, that is, the X-axis reverse-phase mode which is the main vibration and at least one unnecessary vibration mode, the resonance frequency of each inherent vibration mode is set to ωj, an arbitrary integer is set to kj (where, two or more of kj are not 0 (≠0), and k1≠0), and the resonance frequency of the main vibration among the resonance frequencies ωj is set to ω1 (that is, j=1), the following Expression (1) and the following Expression (2) are satisfied.
Further, the integer kj and the natural number n satisfy the following Expression (3) and Expression (4).
By satisfying Expression (2), it is possible to reduce internal resonance between the unnecessary vibration mode and the main vibration, and thus it is possible to reduce the leakage of energy of the main vibration through the unnecessary vibration mode. Therefore, the vibrator element 2 (vibrator 1) is obtained which has a small vibration leakage and is capable of exhibiting excellent vibration characteristics. Hereinafter, this reason will be described.
First, conditions in which internal resonance occurs will be described. In the occurrence of internal resonance, it is necessary for the vibrator element 2 to have a plurality of inherent vibration modes, that is, the X-axis reverse-phase mode which is the main vibration and at least one unnecessary vibration mode (condition A1). Further, it is also necessary to satisfy the following Expression (5) (condition A2). Here, the representation of “≈” in the following Expression (5) means the presence of an allowable amount for which a certain amount of internal resonance occurs even when the left side of the following Expression (5) is not strictly zero. Meanwhile, when the resonance frequency of each inherent vibration mode is set to ωn at least the relation of ωi>0 is satisfied. In addition, n is a natural number equal to or greater than 2. Where, k1, k2, . . . , ki, . . . , kn in Expression (5) are integers, and at least two of them are not 0 (≠0). In addition, i is a natural number equal to or greater than 1 and equal to or less than n.
k1ω1+k2ω2+ . . . +kiωi+ . . . +knωn≈0 (5)
In addition, it is necessary that the frequency Q (>0) of an electrical signal for exciting the main vibration is substantially equal to the resonance frequency e) of the main vibration. That is, it is necessary to satisfy the relation of Ω≈ω1 (condition A3). The reason for the wording “substantially equal” as used herein is because the resonance frequency during the vibration of a structure having, for example, piezoelectricity in an electrically opened state has a slight difference with an electrically excited resonance frequency, but hereinafter, “equal” is represented instead of “substantially equal”, then the both are identified with each other. In addition, the resonance frequency of the main vibration mode or the unnecessary vibration mode during a vibration by mechanical excitation from the outside is also identified with the resonance frequency of each inherent vibration mode in the invention. This is because the difference is sufficiently small as compared to Expression (2) or Expression (12). Meanwhile, the resonance frequency of the main vibration mode or the unnecessary vibration mode can be measured by heterodyne interferometry or the like in a state where the lid 92 is removed from the package 9. In this case, in a case where vibration displacement in each vibration mode is caused not to increase excessively, it has been confirmed by the inventors that an error between measurement with the inside of the package 9 set in an atmospheric state and measurement in a decompressed state is sufficiently small.
The internal resonance occurs by satisfying all the conditions A1, A2, and A3 stated above. For this reason, at least one of the conditions A1, A2, and A3 has only not to be satisfied in order to reduce the internal resonance. The vibrator element 2 is configured not to satisfy the condition A2. That is, in the vibrator element 2, the following Expression (6) is satisfied instead of Expression (5).
k1ω1+k2ω2+ . . . +kiωi+ . . . +knωn≠0 (6)
Next, the allowable amount contained in the representation of “≈” in Expression (5) is specified. When the virtual resonance frequency in the vicinity of the main vibration is set to ω1′, ω1′ can be defined by the following Expression (7).
This is calculated from the resonance frequency of an inherent vibration other than the main vibration, and is a virtual resonance frequency at which strongest internal resonance occurs when ω1′ and ω1 are equal to each other.
When a value obtained by standardizing the difference between the virtual resonance frequency ω1′ in the vicinity of the main vibration and the resonance frequency ω1 of the main vibration by the resonance frequency ω1 of the main vibration is set to Δω, this value is the above-mentioned allowable amount, and Δω can be represented by the following Expression (8).
When Expression (7) is substituted into Expression (8), the following Expression (9) is obtained.
The arrangement of Expression (9) makes Expression (1) obtained. Therefore, the vibrator element 2 having a reduction in internal resonance is obtained by satisfying Expression (1). Here, as described above, k1, k2, . . . , ki, . . . , kn in Expression (5) are integers, and at least two of them are not 0. It is preferable that a resonance frequency ωm using k (set to km) which is not 0 as a coefficient is substantially equal to a resonance frequency in an unnecessary vibration mode in which the Z-axis direction perpendicular to the X-axis which is the vibration direction of the main vibration is set to a displacement direction, that is, the Z-axis in-phase mode or the Z-axis reverse-phase mode. In other words, it is preferable that the vibrator element 2 has the Z-axis in-phase mode or the Z-axis reverse-phase mode as an unnecessary vibration mode. In addition, it is preferable to include these high-order modes, but it is particularly preferable to include a lowest-order mode, or a second-order mode. Such an unnecessary vibration mode is, particularly, a vibration having a tendency to be coupled to the main vibration among other unnecessary vibration modes. For this reason, an effect due to satisfying Expression (1) further increases.
In addition, the vibrator element 2 preferably has an unnecessary vibration mode with a resonance frequency ten times or less the resonance frequency of the main vibration, and more preferably has an unnecessary vibration mode with a resonance frequency three times or less the above resonance frequency. The unnecessary vibration mode having such a frequency has a concern of being more strongly coupled to the main vibration than in other unnecessary vibration modes. For this reason, an effect due to satisfying Expression (1) further increases.
In addition, in the vibrator 1, it is preferable that Expression (2) is satisfied with respect to all the unnecessary modes having a resonance frequency three times or less the resonance frequency of the main vibration, and more preferable that Expression (2) is satisfied with respect to all the unnecessary modes having a resonance frequency ten times or less the above resonance frequency. In this manner, it is possible to drastically reduce a concern of the occurrence of internal resonance with an unnecessary mode having a tendency to be strongly coupled to the main vibration.
In addition, it is preferable to have an unnecessary vibration mode with a lower resonance frequency than the resonance frequency of the main vibration mode. That is, it is preferable to have an unnecessary vibration mode with a resonance frequency ω2 satisfying the relation of ω1>ω2 with respect to the resonance frequency ω1 of the main vibration mode. This is because the unnecessary vibration mode having a lower resonance frequency than that in the main vibration mode, particularly, among the unnecessary vibration modes has a tendency to internally resonate with the main vibration.
Meanwhile, as described above, in the vibrator element 2, Expression (3) is further satisfied. Expression (3) is to perform the restriction of an internal resonance order. This internal resonance order has a relationship with a non-linear order, and is more greatly influenced by the internal resonance even when non-linearity is small as a condition has a smaller non-linear order. Therefore, by satisfying Expression (3) and Expression (2), it is possible to effectively reduce a concern of the internal resonance occurring in, particularly, a condition which is greatly influenced by the internal resonance.
Meanwhile, the vibrator 1 is not particularly limited insofar as Expression (3) is satisfied, but it is more preferable to satisfy the following Expression (10), and still more preferable to satisfy the following Expression (11). Thereby, coupling between the main vibration and the unnecessary vibration mode is not likely to occur even in the vibrator element 2 in which low-order non-linearity appears conspicuously, and thus it is possible to reduce the vibration leakage of the main vibration through the unnecessary vibration mode.
In addition, n is preferably equal to or less than 3, and is more preferably 2. This is because, there is a greater tendency for internal resonance to occur as the value of n becomes smaller, and the effect of the invention increases.
In addition, in the vibrator 1, Expression (2) is satisfied as described above. When |Δω| is excessively close to 0, there is a tendency for the unnecessary vibration mode to occur due to the internal resonance with the main vibration. Therefore, by satisfying Expression (2), it is possible to reduce the occurrence of the unnecessary vibration mode. Hereinafter, this will be described simply. In addition, in the following, a case where the unnecessary vibration mode is the X-axis in-phase mode will be described representatively for convenience of description, but it is confirmed that the same relation is satisfied even in a case where the unnecessary vibration modes other than the X-axis in-phase mode are used.
As can be seen from
Meanwhile, when Expression (2) or the following Expression (12) is satisfied at ordinary temperature, it is possible to reduce the leakage of energy of the main vibration at ordinary temperature. In addition, when Expression (2) or the following Expression (12) is satisfied in an operating temperature range inclusive of temperature other than ordinary temperature, for example, the entire range of −40° C. to 85° C. or −40° C. to 150° C., it is possible to reduce the leakage of energy of the main vibration within the temperature range.
|Δω|≧0.2 (12)
As stated above, the vibrator 1 has been described.
Next, some specific examples will be given of a case where the number (n) of inherent vibration modes is 2, 3, and 4. Meanwhile, in the following, it is assumed that the relation of the following Expression (13) is satisfied. In addition, the resonance frequency of the main vibration is set to ω1, and the frequency of the unnecessary vibration mode is set to ω2.
Specific Example 1: m=3, n=2
In this case, the following Expression (14) can be derived from Expression (7).
For example, when k1=1 and k2=−2, the relation of ω1′=2ω2 is established, and the following Expression (15) can be derived from Expression (8). When k1=2 and k2=−1, the relation of ω1′=ω2/2 is established, and the following Expression (16) can be derived from Expression (8).
In addition, in the invention, since it is necessary to satisfy Expression (3) (or Expression (10) Expression (11)), the relation of 3≦|k1|+|k2| has to be established when n=2. That is, the condition of k1=1 and k2=−1 is not included in the invention. In such a condition, ω1′=ω2 is derived from Expression (14), and Δω=(ω2−ω1)/ω1 is derived from Expression (8). In a condition in which the relation of |Δω|≈0 is established, the relation of ω2≈ω1 is eventually established. This represents coupling known hitherto in which the resonance frequency ω1 of the main vibration mode and the resonance frequency ω2 of the unnecessary vibration mode are coupled adjacently to each other. In the invention, a coupling state is disclosed which is not able to be known at all from such hitherto known coupling occurring by the resonance frequency of the main vibration mode and the resonance frequency of the unnecessary vibration mode coming close to each other.
In addition, in the invention, it is premised that, as an electrical signal for exciting the main vibration, only a sinusoidal signal having a frequency Ω equal to the resonance frequency of the main vibration, or an electrical signal in a state of being close thereto is input. For example, in a case where a square wave is input as the electrical signal, a sine wave having a frequency component of an odd multiple (3Ω, 5Ω, . . . ) of Ω is input in addition to the sine wave of the frequency Ω, and in a case where one (particularly, 3Ω having a small numeral has also a great influence due to a large amplitude) of frequencies of an odd multiple of Ω and one resonance frequency within the unnecessary vibration mode come close to each other, the unnecessary vibration mode is excited, but this is not included in the invention. In addition, in a case where a duty ratio is other than 50%, a sine wave having a frequency component of an even multiple (2 Ω, 4Ω, . . . ) of Ω is input, but this is not also included in the invention.
Specific Example 2: m=3, n=3
In this case, the following Expression (17) can be derived from Expression (7).
For example, when k1=−1 and k2=k3=1, the relation of ω1′=ω2+ω3 is established, and the following Expression (18) can be derived from Expression (8). When k1=k3=−1 and k2=1, the relation of ω1′=ω2−ω3 is established, and the following Expression (19) can be derived from Expression (8).
Specific Example 3: m=4, n=2
For example, when k1=−1 and k2=3, the relation of ω1′=3ω2 is established, and the following Expression (20) can be derived from Expression (8). When k1=3 and k2=2, the relation of (ω1′=ω2/3 is established, and the following Expression (21) can be derived from Expression (8).
Specific Example 4: m=4, n=3
For example, when k1=−2 and k2=k3=1, the relation of ω1′=(ω2+ω3)/2 is established, and the following Expression (22) can be derived from Expression (8). When k1=−2, k2=1, and k3=−1, ω1′=(ω2−ω3)/2 is established, and the following Expression (23) can be derived from Expression (8). When k1=−1, k2=2, and k3=1, the relation of ω1′=2ω2+ω3 is established, and the following Expression (24) can be derived from Expression (8). When k1=−1, k2=2, and k3=−1, the relation of ω1′=2ω2−ω3 is established, and the following Expression (25) can be derived from Expression (8).
Specific Example 4: m=4, n=4
In this case, the following Expression (26) can be derived from Expression (7).
For example, when k1=−1 and k2=k3=k4=1, the relation of ω1′=ω2+ω3+ω4 is established, and the following Expression (27) can be derived from Expression (8). When k1=k3=−1 and k2=k4=1, the relation of ω1′=ω2−ω3+ω4 is established, and the following Expression (28) can be derived from Expression (8). When k1=k4=−1 and k2=k3=1, the relation of ω1′=ω2+ω3−ω4 is established, and the following Expression (29) can be derived from Expression (8). When k1=k3=k4=−1 and k2=1, the relation of ω1′=ω2−ω3−ω4 is established, and the following Expression (30) can be derived from Expression (8).
Next, some specific examples will be given of a case where the inherent vibration mode is specified.
For example, in a case where the vibrator element 2 has the main vibration (resonance frequency ω1=32.768 kHz), and has the Z-axis in-phase mode (resonance frequency ω2=20.49 kHz) as the unnecessary vibration mode, it is necessary to satisfy the relation of k1ω1+k2≧2=0 as a condition in which internal resonance occurs most strongly. However, a combination of {k1, k2} in which the above expression is satisfied within the range of m≦10 (see Expression (3)) is not present. Therefore, in this case, when m=3 which is a condition in which Expression (6) is satisfied and |Δω| becomes smallest is taken by way of example, the relation of |Δω|=25.06% is established from Expression (15), and thus it can be understood that the unnecessary vibration mode is not likely to be coupled to the main vibration.
For example, in a case where the vibrator element 2 has the main vibration (resonance frequency ω1=32.768 kHz) and has the Z-axis reverse-phase mode (resonance frequency ω2=82.05 kHz) as the unnecessary vibration mode, it is necessary to satisfy the relation of k1≧1+k2ω2=0 as a condition in which the internal resonance occurs most strongly. However, a combination of {k1, k2} for satisfying the above expression within the range of m≦10 (see Expression (3)) is not present. Therefore, in this case, when m=3 of a condition in which Expression (6) is satisfied and |Δω| becomes smallest is taken by way of example, the relation of |Δω|=25.20% is established from Expression (16), and thus it can be understood that the unnecessary vibration mode is not likely to be coupled to the main vibration.
As stated above, the specific examples have been described by way of example.
Meanwhile, the size of the vibrator element 2 is not particularly limited, but the length L of the vibrating arms 32 and 33 preferably satisfies the relation of L≦0.9 mm, more preferably satisfies the relation of L≦0.7 mm, and most preferably satisfies the relation of L≦0.5 mm. In addition, the thickness T of the vibrating arms 32 and 33 preferably satisfies the relation of 50 μm≦T≦150 μm, more preferably satisfies the relation of 80 μm≦T≦140 μm, and most preferably satisfies the relation of 120 μm≦T≦130 μm. In addition, the width W of the arms 32A and 33A of the vibrating arms 32 and 33 is preferably W≦60 μm, but is more preferably W≦45 μm, and is most preferably W≦30 μm. In addition, the width W′ of the main surfaces remaining on both sides of the groove portions 321 and 322 (331, 332) of the arm 32A (33A) preferably satisfies the relation of W′≦6 μm, more preferably satisfies the relation of W′≦4.5 μm, and most preferably satisfies the relation of W′≦3 μm. In addition, the length L′ of the weight portion 32B of the arm 32A (33A) preferably satisfies the relation of L′/L≦0.5, more preferably satisfies the relation of L′/L≦0.35, and most preferably satisfies the relation of L′/L≦0.25. In addition, the width W″ and the length L′ of the weight portion 32B (33B) preferably satisfy the relation of L′<W″.
The vibrator element 2 is set to have the size as described above, and thus the vibrator element 2 which is relatively small in size is obtained. For this reason, particularly in a case where the vibration substrate 3 is obtained by patterning a quartz crystal wafer using wet etching, damage to the symmetry of the shape and an increase in non-linearity due to etching anisotropy of a quartz crystal substrate make the main vibration and the unnecessary vibration more likely to cause the internal resonance. Thus, energy of the main vibration leaks to the outside through the unnecessary vibration which is not designed so that vibration leakage is reduced (or makes it difficult to reduce the leakage). Particularly, the width W′ is set to be relatively small, the weight portions 32B and 33B are provided, and the relation of L′<W″ is satisfied, whereby the asymmetry of the transverse cross-sectional shapes of the vibrating arms 32 and 33 is likely to occur, which leads to the above-mentioned problem becoming more conspicuously. Therefore, in the vibrator element having a size which makes such an unnecessary vibration more likely to occur, the aforementioned configuration is adopted, thereby allowing the aforementioned effect to be more conspicuously exhibited.
In addition, the unnecessary vibration mode includes a mode in which the structure of a lid or a package vibrates, and a vibration mode in which, in a case where a support arm is formed, the support arm vibrates independently or in conjunction with the structure of a vibrator element other than the support arm such as a vibrating arm, thereby allowing the minute leakage of energy from the main vibration to be further reduced. Moreover, in case where only a pair of vibrating arms extending in the same direction are included as the vibrating arm like a tuning fork type vibration element, the symmetry of a shape in an opposite direction to the above-mentioned extending direction with reference to the base portion is not taken, and thus the invention acts more effectively.
In addition, in a quartz crystal, the crystal plane is formed to be complicated. Therefore, in a case where a vibration element is formed by wet etching using a quartz crystal as a base material, the invention can be implemented more effectively.
Next, a vibrator according to a second embodiment of the invention will be described.
Hereinafter, the vibrator according to the second embodiment will be described with a focus on differences from the aforementioned first embodiment, and the description of similar particulars will not be given.
The vibrator according to the second embodiment of the invention is the same as that of the aforementioned first embodiment, except for a difference in the configuration of the vibrator element. Meanwhile, the same components as those of the aforementioned first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals and signs.
As shown in
In the second embodiment described above, it is also exhibit the same effect as that in the aforementioned first embodiment.
Next, a vibrator according to a third embodiment of the invention will be described.
Hereinafter, the vibrator of the third embodiment will be described with a focus on differences from the aforementioned first embodiment, and the description of similar particulars will not be given.
The vibrator according to the third embodiment of the invention is the same as that of the aforementioned first embodiment, except for a difference in the configuration of the vibrator element. Meanwhile, the same components as those of the aforementioned first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals and signs.
The vibrator element 5 of the present embodiment is an angular velocity detection element capable of detecting an angular velocity. As shown in
The vibration substrate 6 includes a base portion 61, detection arms 621 and 622 extending out from the base portion 61 to both sides in the Y-axis direction, connecting arms 631 and 632 extending out from the base portion 61 to both sides in the X-axis direction, drive arms 641 and 642 extending out from the connecting arm 631 to both sides in the Y-axis direction, drive arms 643 and 644 extending out from the connecting arm 632 to both sides in the Y-axis direction, support portions 651 and 652, and beam portions 661, 662, 663, and 664 that connect the support portions 651 and 652 to the base portion 61. The vibration substrate 6 is fixed to the base 91 (not shown) by the support portions 651 and 652.
A drive signal electrode and a drive ground electrode which are not shown are disposed on the drive arms 641 to 644. Therefore, when a drive signal is applied between these electrodes, the drive arms 641 to 644 flexurally vibrate in a direction (X-axis direction) shown by arrow A shown in
In the third embodiment described above, it is also possible to exhibit the same effect as that in the aforementioned first embodiment.
Next, a vibrator according to a fourth embodiment of the invention will be described.
Hereinafter, the vibrator of the fourth embodiment will be described with a focus on differences from the aforementioned first embodiment, and the description of similar particulars will not be given.
The vibrator according to the fourth embodiment of the invention is the same as that of the aforementioned first embodiment, except for a difference in the configuration of the vibrator element. Meanwhile, the same components as those of the aforementioned first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals and signs.
As shown in
As is the case with the aforementioned first embodiment, in such a vibrator 1, Expressions (1) and (2) are also satisfied. Hereinafter, an effect (effect which is not described in the aforementioned first embodiment) due to satisfying Expression (2) will be described using actual measured values. Meanwhile, the size of the vibrator element 2 used in measurement is configured such that the thickness of the vibration substrate 3 is 120 μm, the length L of the vibrating arms 32 and 33 is 1, 618 μm, the length L′ of the weight portions 32B and 33B is 723 μm, the width W of the arms 32A and 33A is 134 μm, the width W″ of the weight portions 32B and 33B is 185 μm, the length A1 of a portion located closer to the base end side than the vibrating arms 32 and 33 is 581 μm, the width A2 of the base portion 31 is 499 μm, and the width A3 of a connecting portion (constriction portion) located between the base portion 31 and the support portion 34 is 146 μm. In addition, an adhesive of bismaleimides, Young's modulus=3.4 GPa, Poisson's ratio=0.33, and mass density=4070 kg/m3 has been used as the conductive adhesives 971 and 972 for fixing the vibrator element 2 to the base 91. In addition, the measurement of the resonance frequencies ω1 and ω2 has been performed using heterodyne interferometry in a state where the lid 92 is not sealed.
On the other hand,
Meanwhile, there is slightly more deterioration occurring than in a case where the relation of Expression (2) is satisfied, but it is also possible to exhibit the same effect in a case where the relation of |Δω|≦0.05 is satisfied.
In addition, in the vibrator 1 of the present embodiment, Q of the vibrator 1 satisfies the relation of the following Expression (31), f0max of Expression (31) satisfies the relation of the following Expression (32), and Wemin of Expression (32) satisfies the relation of the following Expression (33).
In Expressions (31), (32), and (33), A=7.3690×10−2, B=1.2544×10−5, C=1.1 to 1.3, and f0max [Hz] are resonance frequencies (thermal relaxation frequency) at which a thermoelastic loss is maximized when the equivalent arm width We of the vibrating arms 32 and 33 is a minimum value Wemin, described later, in a case where the cross-sectional shapes of the vibrating arms 32 and 33 (arms 32A and 33A) are replaced by rectangular shapes so that thermoelastic losses become equal to each other, L [m] is the length of the vibrating arms 32 and 33 in an extending direction, ρ [kg/m3] is the mass density of the vibrating arms 32 and 33, Cp [J/(kg·K)] is the heat capacity of the vibrating arms 32 and 33, c [N/m2] is the elastic constant of the vibrating arms 32 and 33 in the extending direction, α[1/K] is the coefficient of thermal expansion of the vibrating arms 32 and 33 in the extending direction, Θ [K] is the environmental temperature, k[W/(m·k)] is the thermal conductivity of the vibrating arms 32 and 33 in a width direction, and π is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
Hereinafter, a method of deriving Expression (31) will be described. First, the following Table 1 shows a relationship between the length L of the vibrating arms 32 and 33 considered to be effective in order to achieve a reduction in size, and the minimum value Qmin of the Q value which is obtained in a case of the length. To satisfy such a relationship is to obtain the vibrator element 2 which is small in size and has a high Q value. By obtaining such a vibrator element 2, the vibrator element 2 having a high Q value makes it possible to reduce the power consumption of an oscillation circuit using this, and to reduce the emission of CO2 generated during manufacturing due to a reduction in size, and thus it is possible to obtain a vibrator having a small environmental load.
The minimum value Wemin with respect to the length L is calculated by substituting f=32.768 kHz and Qmin, as QTED (Q value considering only a thermoelastic loss), into the following Expressions (34) and (35), and calculating the width W satisfying the relation of f>f0. The calculation results of this minimum value Wemin are shown in the following Table 3. Meanwhile, each numerical value in Expressions (34) and (35) is as shown in the following Table 2. In addition, f0 is a thermal relaxation frequency, and f>f0 means that the vibrator element 2 is present in an adiabatic region.
The minimum value Wemin with respect to the length L is represented as a graph shown in
Meanwhile, for reference, the following Table 4 shows Qmin and Wemin at the length L=1.8×10−3 [m], 1.4×10−3 [m], 1.0×10−3 [m], and 8.0×10−4 [m] of the vibrating arms 32 and 33. In this manner, the length of the vibrating arms 32 and 33 is set to be equal to or less than 1.8×10−3 [m], and thus it is possible to sufficiently reduce the size of the vibrator element 2.
As stated above, the vibrator 1 of the present embodiment has been described, but the resonance frequency of the main vibration of the vibrator element 2 is not limited to 32.768 kHz (32.768±1 kHz), and may be, for example, any of two times, four times, eight times and sixteen times 32.768±1 kHz. According to such a frequency, it is possible to relatively simply obtain a signal of 32.768 kHz by frequency dividing.
Next, an oscillator according to a fifth embodiment of the invention will be described.
An oscillator 100 shown in
In the oscillator 100, the IC chip 110 is fixed to the concave portion 911 of the base 91. In addition, although not shown in the drawing, the IC chip 110 is electrically connected to an internal terminal and an external terminal. In addition, the IC chip 110 includes an oscillation circuit 111. Therefore, when the vibrator element 2 is driven by a drive signal from the IC chip 110, it is possible to extract a signal having a predetermined frequency through the external terminal. Since such an oscillator 100 has the vibrator 1 built-in, high reliability is obtained.
Next, a real-time clock according to a sixth embodiment of the invention will be described.
As shown in
The oscillator 100 is connected to the clocking circuit 210, and when a signal which is output from the oscillator 100 is frequency-divided to obtain a frequency of 1 [Hz], clocking of a year, a month, a day, an hour, a minute and a second is performed by each clocking register (not shown) using the signal of 1 [Hz]. That is, the clocking circuit 210 generates date and time data on the basis of a signal which is output from the oscillation circuit 111 of the oscillator 100. With such a clocking circuit 210, it is possible to obtain time data, and to record the date and time or the like during the occurrence of an event (for each event detection period) in the memory 230. Meanwhile, the clocking circuit 210 can also store data regarding a day of the week through setting, in addition to a year, a month, a day, an hour, a minute and a second stated above.
The event detection circuit 220 is connected to an event input terminal 201 which is an external terminal of the real-time clock 200. The event detection circuit 220 is configured to set an event occurrence flag when an electrical signal indicating the occurrence of an event is input to the event input terminal 201. In this manner, the occurrence of an event is indicated by a flag, and thus it is possible to determine the presence or absence of an event on the basis of the flag.
The memory 230 is a storage unit that records data relating to the time data and the event occurrence described above.
The clocking circuit 210, the event detection circuit 220, the memory 230, described above, and an interruption output terminal 202 as an external terminal are connected to the control circuit 240. The control circuit 240 is configured to be capable of reading out the time data, in which it is detected that the flag is set, from the clocking circuit 210, on the basis of flag information which is input from the event detection circuit 220.
Meanwhile, during the occurrence of any event input, the interruption output terminal 202 plays a role in storing the data relating to the time data and the event occurrence, and in simultaneously causing a CPU to perform interruption output on a signal.
Since such a real-time clock 200 has the vibrator 1 built-in, high reliability is obtained.
Next, an electronic device according to a seventh embodiment of the invention will be described.
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
Meanwhile, in addition to the personal computer of
Next, a moving object according to an eighth embodiment of the invention will be described.
As shown in
As stated above, the vibrator, the oscillator, the real-time clock, the electronic device and the moving object according to the invention have been described on the basis of the shown embodiments, but the invention is not limited thereto, and the configuration of each portion can be replaced by any configuration having the same function. In addition, any other configurations may be added to the invention. In addition, the respective embodiment described above may be appropriately combined.
In addition, in the above-described embodiment, the vibration substrate 3 is formed of a quartz crystal, but the configuration material of the vibration substrate 3 is not limited to a quartz crystal, and examples of the substrate capable of being used include a substrate of aluminum nitride (AlN), a substrate of an oxide such as lithium niobate (LiNbO3), lithium tantalate (LiTaO3), lead zirconate titanate (PZT), lithium tetraborate (Li2B4O7), langasite crystal (La3Ga5SiO14), potassium niobate (KNbO3), gallium phosphate (GaPO4), gallium arsenide (GaAs), aluminum nitride (AlN), zinc oxide (ZnO, Zn2O3), barium titanate (BaTiO3), lead titanate (PbPO3), sodium potassium niobate ((K, Na)NbO3), bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3), sodium niobate (NaNbO3), bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12), or bismuth sodium titanate (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3), a laminated piezoelectric substrate configured by laminating a piezoelectric material such as aluminum nitride or tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) on a glass substrate, a substrate of piezoelectric ceramics, or the like.
In addition, in the above-described embodiment, the vibrator element is formed by disposing the electrodes on the vibration substrate formed of a quartz crystal, but the vibrator element is not limited thereto, and may be configured to vibrate the vibration substrate by disposing a piezoelectric element (piezo element) on a substrate formed of a non-piezoelectric material as in, for example, a silicon substrate (silicon single crystal (Si), polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon), or non-crystalline silicon (amorphous silicon), and expanding and contracting this piezoelectric element. In addition, besides, a vibrator element of an electrostatic drive type using an electrostatic force, a Lorentz drive type using a magnetic force, or the like may be used.
The entire disclosure to Japanese Patent Application Nos: 2015-091592, filed Apr. 28, 2015 and 2015-233769, filed Nov. 30, 2015 are expressly incorporated by reference herein.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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2015-091592 | Apr 2015 | JP | national |
2015-233769 | Nov 2015 | JP | national |
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