Patent Grant
9271967
This application is the national stage of PCT Application No. PCT/EP2011/069640, filed Nov. 8, 2011, which claims priority from European Patent Application No. 10190326.8, filed Nov. 8, 2010, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety.
The present invention relates to novel triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine derivatives which are positive allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 (“mGluR2”) and which are useful for the treatment or prevention of neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction and diseases in which the mGluR2 subtype of metabotropic receptors is involved. The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, to processes to prepare such compounds and compositions, and to the use of such compounds for the prevention or treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders and diseases in which mGluR2 is involved.
Glutamate is the major amino acid neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Glutamate plays a major role in numerous physiological functions, such as learning and memory but also sensory perception, development of synaptic plasticity, motor control, respiration, and regulation of cardiovascular function. Furthermore, glutamate is at the centre of several different neurological and psychiatric diseases, where there is an imbalance in glutamatergic neurotransmission.
Glutamate mediates synaptic neurotransmission through the activation of ionotropic glutamate receptor channels (iGluRs), and the NMDA, AMPA and kainate receptors which are responsible for fast excitatory transmission.
In addition, glutamate activates metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) which have a more modulatory role that contributes to the fine-tuning of synaptic efficacy.
Glutamate activates the mGluRs through binding to the large extracellular amino-terminal domain of the receptor, herein called the orthosteric binding site. This binding induces a conformational change in the receptor which results in the activation of the G-protein and intracellular signalling pathways.
The mGluR2 subtype is negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase via activation of Gαi-protein, and its activation leads to inhibition of glutamate release in the synapse. In the central nervous system (CNS), mGluR2 receptors are abundant mainly throughout cortex, thalamic regions, accessory olfactory bulb, hippocampus, amygdala, caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens.
Activating mGluR2 was shown in clinical trials to be efficacious to treat anxiety disorders. In addition, activating mGluR2 in various animal models was shown to be efficacious, thus representing a potential novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of schizophrenia, epilepsy, drug addiction/dependence, Parkinson's disease, pain, sleep disorders and Huntington's disease.
To date, most of the available pharmacological tools targeting mGluRs are orthosteric ligands which activate several members of the family as they are structural analogues of glutamate.
A new avenue for developing selective compounds acting at mGluRs is to identify compounds that act through allosteric mechanisms, modulating the receptor by binding to a site different from the highly conserved orthosteric binding site.
Positive allosteric modulators of mGluRs have emerged recently as novel pharmacological entities offering this attractive alternative. Various compounds have been described as mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators. WO 2009/062676 (Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Addex Pharma S.A.) published on 22 May 2009 discloses imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives as mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators. WO2010/130424, WO2010/130423 and WO2010/130422, published on 18 Nov. 2010, disclose 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine derivatives as mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators.
It was demonstrated that such compounds do not activate the receptor by themselves. Rather, they enable the receptor to produce a maximal response to a concentration of glutamate, which by itself induces a minimal response. Mutational analysis has demonstrated unequivocally that the binding of mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators does not occur at the orthosteric site, but instead at an allosteric site situated within the seven transmembrane region of the receptor.
Animal data suggest that positive allosteric modulators of mGluR2 have effects in anxiety and psychosis models similar to those obtained with orthosteric agonists. Allosteric modulators of mGluR2 were shown to be active in fear-potentiated startle, and in stress-induced hyperthermia models of anxiety. Furthermore, such compounds were shown to be active in reversal of ketamine- or amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, and in reversal of amphetamine-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle effect models of schizophrenia.
Recent animal studies further reveal that the selective positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 biphenyl-indanone (BINA) blocks a hallucinogenic drug model of psychosis, supporting the strategy of targeting mGluR2 receptors for treating glutamatergic dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Positive allosteric modulators enable potentiation of the glutamate response, but they have also been shown to potentiate the response to orthosteric mGluR2 agonists such as LY379268 or DCG-IV. These data provide evidence for yet another novel therapeutic approach to treat the above mentioned neurological and psychiatric diseases involving mGluR2, which would use a combination of a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR2 together with an orthosteric agonist of mGluR2.
The present invention is directed to potent mGluR2 PAM compounds with an advantageous balance of properties. In particular, the compounds according to the present invention show appropriate potency and/or metabolic balance and brain occupancy after oral dosing.
Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a compound according to Formula (I)
or a stereochemically isomeric form thereof,
wherein
R1 is selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl; (C3-8cycloalkyl)C1-3alkyl;
(C1-3alkyloxy)C1-3alkyl; and C1-3alkyl substituted with 1, 2 or 3 fluoro substituents;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of C1, CF3, —CN and cyclopropyl;
R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and CF3;
R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl;
or R3 and R4 together with the carbon to which they are bound form a cyclopropyl ring;
L is selected from the group consisting of (L-a), (L-b), (L-c), (L-d), (L-e), (L-f), (L-g) and (L-h):
wherein
ma, Mb, and mc are each independently selected from the group consisting of 0 and 1;
me and mg are each independently selected from the group consisting of 1 and 2;
na, nb, nc, nd, ne, nf, hg and nh are each independently selected from the group consisting of 0, 1 and 2;
R5a, R5b, R5c, R5d, R5e, R5f, R5g and R5h are each independently selected from the group consisting of halo; C1-3 alkyl; C1-3 alkyl substituted with 1, 2 or 3 fluoro substituents;
C1-3alkyloxy; and C1-3alkyloxy substituted with 1, 2 or 3 fluoro substituents.
R6a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; halo; C1-3alkyl; C1-3alkyl substituted with 1, 2 or 3 fluoro substituents; C1-3alkyloxy; and C1-3alkyloxy substituted with 1, 2 or 3 fluoro substituents;
R6c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; halo; C1-3alkyl; C1-3alkyl substituted with 1, 2 or 3 fluoro substituents; C1-3alkyloxy; C1-3alkyloxy substituted with 1, 2 or 3 fluoro substituents; and cyclopropyl;
R7a, R8a, R7b and R8b are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; fluoro and methyl; or R7a and R8a, and R7b and R8b together with the carbon to which they are attached form a cyclopropyl or a carbonyl group;
wherein
each halo is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo;
with the proviso that (L-c) is not bound to the triazolopyridine core through a carbon atom that is alpha to the oxygen atom;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof.
The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
Additionally, the invention relates to a compound of Formula (I) for use as a medicament and to a compound of Formula (I) for use as a medicament for the treatment or prevention of neurological and psychiatric disorders in which mGluR2 is involved.
The invention also relates to the use of a compound according to Formula (I) or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing neurological and psychiatric disorders in which mGluR2 is involved.
Additionally, the invention relates to the use of a compound of Formula (I) in combination with an additional pharmaceutical agent for the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing neurological and psychiatric disorders in which mGluR2 is involved.
Furthermore, the invention relates to a process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, characterized in that a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is intimately mixed with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).
The invention also relates to a product comprising a compound of Formula (I) and an additional pharmaceutical agent, as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment or prevention of neurological or psychiatric disorders and diseases.
The present invention is directed to compounds of Formula (I) as defined hereinbefore, stereochemically isomeric forms thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof. The compounds of formula (I) have mGluR2 modulator activity, and are useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to a compound of formula (I) as previously defined, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of (cyclopropyl)methyl; ethyl; and (ethoxy)methyl.
In an additional embodiment, R1 is (C3-8cycloalkyl)C1-3alkyl.
In an additional embodiment, R1 is (cyclopropyl)methyl.
In an additional embodiment, R2 is CF3 or Cl.
In an additional embodiment, R3 and R4 are both hydrogen.
In an additional embodiment L is
wherein R5a is fluoro and na is selected from the group consisting of 0, 1 and 2.
In an additional embodiment L is
wherein R5b is fluoro and nb is selected from the group consisting of 0, 1 and 2.
In an additional embodiment L is selected from (L-c1), (L-c2), (L-c3) and (L-c4)
wherein each R6c is independently selected from hydrogen and methyl.
In an additional embodiment L is (L-d), wherein nd is 0.
In an additional embodiment L is selected from (L-e1), (L-e2) and (L-f1)
wherein me is selected from the group consisting of 1 and 2.
In an additional embodiment L is (L-g1)
wherein mg is selected from 1 and 2.
In an additional embodiment L is (L-d1)
In an additional embodiment L is (L-h1)
In an additional embodiment L is selected from the group selected from (L-a1), (L-b1), (L-c1), (L-c2), (L-c3), (L-c4), (L-e1), (L-e2), (L-f1), (L-g1) and (L-d) wherein nd is 0.
All possible combinations of the above-indicated interesting embodiments are considered to be embraced within the scope of this invention.
Particular compounds may be selected from the group of
Included within the scope of this list are stereoisomeric forms, the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and the solvates thereof.
The names of the compounds of the present invention were generated according to the nomenclature rules agreed upon by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) using Advanced Chemical Development, Inc., software (ACD/Name product version 10.01; Build 15494, 1 Dec. 2006) or according to the nomenclature rules agreed upon by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) using Advanced Chemical Development, Inc., software (ACD/Name product version 10.01.0.14105, October 2006). In case of tautomeric forms, the name of the depicted tautomeric form of the structure was generated. However it should be clear that the other non-depicted tautomeric form is also included within the scope of the present invention.
The notation “C1-3alkyl” or “C1-6alkyl” as used herein alone or as part of another group, defines a saturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon radical having, unless otherwise stated, from 1 to 3 or 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methyl-propyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl and the like.
The notation “C3-8cycloalkyl” as used herein alone or as part of another group, defines a saturated, cyclic hydrocarbon radical having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
The notation “halogen” or “halo” as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo, with fluoro or chloro being preferred.
The notation “C1-3alkyl substituted with 1, 2 or 3 fluoro substituents” as used herein alone or as part of another group, and unless otherwise specified, defines an alkyl group as defined above, substituted with 1, 2 or 3 fluorine atoms, such as fluoromethyl; difluoromethyl; trifluoromethyl; 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl; 1,1-difluoroethyl; 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl. Particular examples of these groups are trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl and 1,1-difluoroethyl.
The expression “(L-c) is not bound to the triazolopyridine core through a Carbon atom that is alpha to the Oxygen atom” as used herein, means that (L-c) is not bound to the triazolopyridine core through a Carbon atom that is adjacent to the Oxygen atom, i.e. the ether linkage in the ring, thus when mc is 0 and therefore, (L-c) represents a tetrahydrofuran ring, or me is 1 and therefore, (L-c) represents a tetrahydropyran ring, the following possibilities are available:
Whenever the term “substituted” is used in the present invention, it is meant, unless otherwise is indicated or is clear from the context, to indicate that one or more hydrogens, preferably from 1 to 3 hydrogens, more preferably from 1 to 2 hydrogens, more preferably 1 hydrogen, on the atom or radical indicated in the expression using “substituted” are replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a chemically stable compound, i.e. a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into a therapeutic agent.
It will be appreciated that some of the compounds of formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts and solvates thereof may contain one or more centres of chirality and exist as stereoisomeric forms.
Hereinbefore and hereinafter, the term “compound of formula (I)” is meant to include the stereoisomers thereof. The terms “stereoisomers” or “stereochemically isomeric forms” hereinbefore or hereinafter are used interchangeably. The invention includes all stereoisomers of the compound of Formula (I) either as a pure stereoisomer or as a mixture of two or more stereoisomers. Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. A 1:1 mixture of a pair of enantiomers is a racemate or racemic mixture. Diastereomers (or diastereoisomers) are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers, i.e. they are not related as mirror images. If a compound contains a double bond, the substituents may be in the E or the Z configuration. If a compound contains an at least disubstituted non aromatic cyclic group, the substituents may be in the cis or trans configuration. Therefore, the invention includes enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, E isomers, Z isomers, cis isomers, trans isomers and mixtures thereof.
The absolute configuration is specified according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog system. The configuration at an asymmetric atom is specified by either R or S. Resolved compounds whose absolute configuration is not known can be designated by (+) or (−) depending on the direction in which they rotate plane polarized light.
When a specific stereoisomer is identified, this means that said stereoisomer is substantially free, i.e. associated with less than 50%, preferably less than 20%, more preferably less than 10%, even more preferably less than 5%, in particular less than 2% and most preferably less than 1%, of the other isomers. Thus, when a compound of formula (I) is for instance specified as (R), this means that the compound is substantially free of the (S) isomer; when a compound of formula (I) is for instance specified as E, this means that the compound is substantially free of the Z isomer; when a compound of formula (I) is for instance specified as cis, this means that the compound is substantially free of the trans isomer.
For therapeutic use, salts of the compounds of formula (I) are those wherein the counterion is pharmaceutically acceptable. However, salts of acids and bases which are non-pharmaceutically acceptable may also find use, for example, in the preparation or purification of a pharmaceutically acceptable compound. All salts, whether pharmaceutically acceptable or not, are included within the ambit of the present invention.
The pharmaceutically acceptable acid and base addition salts as mentioned hereinabove or hereinafter are meant to comprise the therapeutically active non-toxic acid and base addition salt forms which the compounds of Formula (I) are able to form. The pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can conveniently be obtained by treating the base form with such appropriate acid. Appropriate acids comprise, for example, inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acids, e.g. hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric and the like acids; or organic acids such as, for example, acetic, propanoic, hydroxyacetic, lactic, pyruvic, oxalic (i.e. ethanedioic), malonic, succinic (i.e. butanedioic acid), maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclamic, salicylic, p-aminosalicylic, pamoic and the like acids. Conversely said salt forms can be converted by treatment with an appropriate base into the free base form.
The compounds of Formula (I) containing an acidic proton may also be converted into their non-toxic metal or amine addition salt forms by treatment with appropriate organic and inorganic bases. Appropriate base salt forms comprise, for example, the ammonium salts, the alkali and earth alkaline metal salts, e.g. the lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium salts and the like, salts with organic bases, e.g. primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic and aromatic amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, isopropylamine, the four butylamine isomers, dimethylamine, diethylamine, diethanolamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, di-n-butylamine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, quinuclidine, pyridine, quinoline and isoquinoline; the benzathine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, hydrabamine salts, and salts with amino acids such as, for example, arginine, lysine and the like. Conversely the salt form can be converted by treatment with acid into the free acid form.
The term solvate comprises the solvent addition forms as well as the salts thereof, which the compounds of formula (I) are able to form. Examples of such solvent addition forms are e.g. hydrates, alcoholates and the like.
Some of the compounds according to formula (I) may also exist in their tautomeric form. Such forms although not explicitly indicated in the above formula are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
In the framework of this application, an element, in particular when mentioned in relation to a compound according to Formula (I), comprises all isotopes and isotopic mixtures of this element, either naturally occurring or synthetically produced, either with natural abundance or in an isotopically enriched form. Radiolabelled compounds of Formula (I) may comprise a radioactive isotope selected from the group of 3H, 11C, 18F, 122I, 123I, 125I, 131I, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br and 82Br. Preferably, the radioactive isotope is selected from the group of 3H, 11C and 18F.
The compounds according to the invention can generally be prepared by a succession of steps, each of which is known to the skilled person. In particular, the compounds can be prepared according to the following synthesis methods.
The compounds of Formula (I) may be synthesized in the form of racemic mixtures of enantiomers which can be separated from one another following art-known resolution procedures. The racemic compounds of Formula (I) may be converted into the corresponding diastereomeric salt forms by reaction with a suitable chiral acid. Said diastereomeric salt forms are subsequently separated, for example, by selective or fractional crystallization and the enantiomers are liberated therefrom by alkali. An alternative manner of separating the enantiomeric forms of the compounds of Formula (I) involves liquid chromatography using a chiral stationary phase. Said pure stereochemically isomeric forms may also be derived from the corresponding pure stereochemically isomeric forms of the appropriate starting materials, provided that the reaction occurs stereospecifically.
Final compounds according to Formula (I) can be prepared following art known procedures by cyclization of intermediate compound of Formula (II) in the presence of a halogenating agent such as for example phosphorus (V) oxychloride (POCl3) or trichloroacetonitrile-triphenylphosphine mixture in a suitable solvent such as for example DCE or CH3CN stirred under microwave irradiation, for a suitable period of time that allows the completion of the reaction, such as for example 50 min at a temperature between 140-200° C.
Alternatively, final compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared by heating the intermediate compound of Formula (II) for a suitable period of time that allows the completion of the reaction, such as for example 1 h at a temperature between 140-200° C. In reaction scheme (1), all variables are defined as in Formula (I).
Final compounds according to Formula (I) can be prepared by art known procedures in analogy to the syntheses described in J. Org. Chem., 1966, 31, 251, or J. Heterocycl. Chem., 1970, 7, 1019, by cyclization of intermediate compounds of Formula (III) under suitable conditions in the presence of a suitable ortho-ester of Formula (IV), wherein R1 is a suitable substituent as defined for compounds of formula (I), like for example, a methyl group, according to reaction scheme (2). The reaction can be carried out in a suitable solvent such as, for example, xylene. Typically, the mixture can be stirred for 1 to 48 h at a temperature between 100-200° C. In reaction scheme (2), all variables are defined as in Formula (I).
Alternatively, final compounds according to Formula (I) can be prepared by art known procedures in analogy to the synthesis described in Tetrahedron Lett., 2007, 48, 2237-2240 by reaction of intermediate compound of Formula (III) with carboxylic acids of Formula (V) or acid equivalents such as acid halides of Formula (VI) to afford final compounds of Formula (I). The reaction can be carried out using a halogenating agent such as for example trichloroacetonitrile-triphenylphosphine mixture in the presence of a suitable solvent such as for example dichloroethane stirred at a temperature between 100-200° C. for 1 to 48 h or under microwave irradiation for 20 min. In reaction scheme (2), all variables are defined as in Formula (I).
Final compounds according to Formula (I) can be prepared by art known procedures, by cyclization of intermediate compounds of Formula (VII) under suitable conditions in the presence of a suitable oxidising agent such as copper (II) chloride in a suitable solvent such as DMF, stirred for 1 to 48 h at a temperature between r.t. and 200° C. In reaction scheme (3), all variables are defined as in Formula (I).
Alternatively, final compounds according to Formula (I) can be prepared by reacting an intermediate of Formula (VIII) with an intermediate of Formula (IX) under alkylating conditions that are known by those skilled in the art. This is illustrated in reaction scheme (4) wherein all variables are defined as in mentioned hereinabove and X is a group suitable for alkylation reactions such as for example halo, methylsulfonate or p-tolylsulfonate. The reaction may be performed, for example, in the presence of a suitable base such as for example diisopropylethylamine in a suitable reaction solvent such as, for example, DMF for a suitable period of time that allows the completion of the reaction at suitable temperature such as for example 120° C.
The final compounds according to Formula (I) wherein the carbon between L and the triazolopyrimidine core is monosubstituted either with R3 or R4, hereby represented as (I-a), can be prepared by reacting an intermediate of Formula (X) with an intermediate of Formula (IX) under reductive amination conditions that are known by those skilled in the art. This is illustrated in reaction scheme (5) wherein all variables are defined as in Formula (I). The reaction may be performed, for example, in the presence of sodium triacetoxy borohydride in a suitable reaction-inert solvent such as, for example, 1,2-dichloroethane, at a suitable temperature, for example at temperature between r.t. and 150° C., under either classical heating or microwave irradiation, for a suitable period of time that allows the completion of the reaction.
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (II) can be prepared following conditions that are known to those skilled in the art by reacting an intermediate of Formula (III) with a carboxylic acid of Formula (V) via an amide bond formation reaction in the presence of a suitable coupling reagent. This is illustrated in reaction scheme (6) wherein all variables are defined as in Formula (I).
Alternatively, intermediate compounds according to Formula (II) can be prepared by art known procedures by reacting an intermediate of Formula (III) with a carboxylic acid of Formula (V). The reaction can be carried out using a halogenating agent such as for example a trichloroacetonitrile-triphenylphosphine mixture in the presence of a suitable solvent such as for example dichloroethane stirred at a temperature between 100-200° C. for 1 to 48 h or under microwave irradiation for 20 min. In reaction scheme (6), all variables are defined as in Formula (I).
Alternatively, intermediate compounds according to Formula (II) can be prepared by art known procedures by reacting an intermediate of Formula (III) with an acid halide of formula (VI). The reaction can be carried out using a inert-solvent such as for example DCM in the presence of a base such as for example TEA, for example at r.t. for a suitable period of time that allows completion of the reaction. In reaction scheme (6), all variables are defined as in Formula (I).
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (III) can be prepared by reacting an intermediate compound of Formula (XI) with hydrazine according to reaction scheme (7), a reaction that is performed in a suitable reaction-inert solvent, such as, for example, ethanol or THF under thermal conditions such as, for example, heating the reaction mixture for example at 160° C. under microwave irradiation for 20 min or classical thermal heating at 90° C. for 16 h. In reaction scheme (7), all variables are defined as in Formula (I) and halo is chloro, bromo or iodo.
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (VII) can be prepared following conditions that are known to those skilled in the art by reacting an intermediate of Formula (III) with an aldehyde of Formula (XII) via imine bond formation reaction. The reaction can be carried out using a protic solvent such as for example EtOH, for example at temperature between r.t. and 150° C. for a suitable period of time that allows completion of the reaction. In reaction scheme (8), all variables are defined as in Formula (I).
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (XI) wherein the carbon between L and the triazolopyrimidine core is monosubstituted either with R3 or R4, hereby represented as (XI-a), can be prepared by reacting an intermediate of Formula (XIII) with an intermediate of Formula (IX) under reductive amination conditions that are known to those skilled in the art. This is illustrated in reaction scheme (9) wherein all variables are defined as in Formula (I). The reaction may be performed, for example, in the presence of triacetoxy borohydride in a suitable reaction-inert solvent such as, for example, DCE, at a suitable temperature, typically at r.t., for a suitable period of time that allows the completion of the reaction.
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (XIII) can be prepared by subjecting an intermediate of Formula (XIV) to conditions that are known to those skilled in the art. This is illustrated in reaction scheme (10) wherein all variables are defined as mentioned hereinabove. The reaction may be performed, for example, by first converting the aryl halide into an aryl metal derivative where the metal may be lithium, magnesium, boron or zinc followed by reaction with the appropriate carbonyl compound. Methods accomplishing these transformations are well known to those skilled in the art and include metal-halogen exchange with a Grignard reagent such as isopropylmagnesium chloride or strong base such as for example BuLi in a suitable reaction inert solvent such as THF, diethyl ether or toluene, preferably THF at a temperature between −78° C. and 40° C., followed by reaction with the carbonyl compound such as for example DMF at a temperature between −78° C. and 100° C.
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (X) can be prepared by reacting an intermediate of Formula (XV) under dihydroxylation and oxidative cleavage conditions that are known to those skilled in the art and can be realized for example with oxone, osmium tetroxide. The process may be carried out optionally in a solvent such as 1,4-dioxane, water and generally at temperatures between about −100° C. and about 100° C. A summary of such methods is found in “Comprehensive Organic Transformations”, VCH Publishers, (1989), R. C. Larock, pp. 595-596. This is illustrated in reaction scheme (10a) wherein all variables are defined as mentioned hereinabove.
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (XV) can be prepared by coupling reactions, such as Stille or Suzuki reactions, of an intermediate of Formula (XVI) with a compound of Formula (XVII) under conditions that are known to those skilled in the art. This is illustrated in reaction scheme (11) wherein all variables are defined as mentioned hereinabove, wherein M is trialkyltin, boronic acid or boronate ester, and a palladium catalyst. The process may be carried out optionally in a solvent such as 1,4-dioxane, water and generally at temperatures between about r.t and about 200° C. in the presence of a base.
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (XVI) can be prepared following art known procedures by cyclization of an intermediate compound of Formula (XVIII) in the presence of a halogenating agent such as for example phosphorus (V) oxychloride (POCl3) in a suitable solvent such as, for example, dichloroethane, stirred under microwave irradiation, for a suitable period of time that allows the completion of the reaction, as for example 5 min at a temperature between 140-200° C. In reaction scheme (12), all variables are defined as in Formula (I) and halo is chloro, bromo or iodo.
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (XVIII) can be prepared by art known procedures by reaction of a hydrazine intermediate of Formula (XIX) with acid halides of Formula (VI). The reaction can be carried out using an inert-solvent, such as for example DCM, in the presence of a base such as for example triethylamine, for example at r.t. for a suitable period of time that allows completion of the reaction, for example 20 min. In reaction scheme (13), all variables are defined as in Formula (I).
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (XIX) can be prepared by reacting an intermediate compound of Formula (XX) with hydrazine according to reaction scheme (14), a reaction that is performed in a suitable reaction-inert solvent, such as, for example, ethanol, THF or 1,4-dioxane under thermal conditions such as, for example, heating the reaction mixture for example at 160° C. under microwave irradiation for 30 min or classical thermal heating at 70° C. for 16 h. In reaction scheme (14), R2 is defined as in Formula (I) and halo is chloro, bromo or iodo.
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (XX) can be prepared by reacting an intermediate compound of Formula (XXI) with benzyl alcohol according to reaction scheme (15), a reaction that is performed in a suitable reaction-inert solvent, such as, for example, N,N-dimethylformamide in the presence of a suitable base, such as for example sodium hydride at r.t. for a suitable period of time that allows the completion of the reaction, such as for example 1 h. In reaction scheme (15), R2 is defined as in Formula (I) and halo is chloro, bromo or iodo.
Intermediate compounds of Formula (XXI) wherein R2 is trifluoromethyl, hereby named (XXI-a), can be prepared by reacting an intermediate of Formula (XXI) wherein R2 is iodine, hereby named (XXI-b), with a suitable trifluoromethylating agent, such as for example fluorosulfonyl(difluoro)acetic acid methyl ester, according to reaction scheme (16). This reaction is performed in a suitable reaction-inert solvent such as, for example, N,N-dimethylformamide in the presence of a suitable coupling agent such as for example, copper(I) iodide, under thermal conditions such as, for example, heating the reaction mixture for example at 160° C. under microwave irradiation for 45 min. In reaction scheme (16), halo is chloro, bromo or iodo.
Intermediate compounds of Formula (XXI) wherein R2 is cyclopropyl, hereby named (XXI-c), can be prepared by an ortho metallation strategy by reacting an intermediate of Formula (XXII) with a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or an alkenyl halide (XXIII) in the presence of a suitable base, such as lithium diisopropylamide or butyllithium, according to reaction scheme (17) and following references: a) Tetrahedron 2001, 57(19), 4059-4090 or b) Tetrahedron 2001, 57(21), 4489-4505. This reaction is performed in a suitable reaction-inert solvent such as, for example, THF at low temperature such as, for example −78° C. for a period of time that allows the completion of the reaction such as, for example 2-5 h. In reaction scheme (17), halo may be chloro, bromo or iodo and E represents a cyclopropylradical. If required, intermediates (XXI-c) may be subjected to further simple functional group interconversion steps following art-known procedures to lead to the desirable final R2 group.
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (VIII) can be prepared from conversion of the hydroxyl group present in intermediate compound of Formula (XXIV) into a suitable leaving group such as for example halogen or mesylate under suitable conditions that are known to those skilled in the art. The reaction may be performed, for example, by reacting an intermediate compound of Formula (XXIV) with methyl sulfonic acid chloride in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, pyridine or halogenating reagens such as for example P(O)Br3 in a suitable reaction-inert solvent such as, for example, DCM or DMF or mixtures of both, at a suitable temperature, typically at room temperature, for a suitable period of time that allows the completion of the reaction.
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (XXIV) wherein the carbon between OH and the triazolopyrimidine core is monosubstituted either with R3 or R4, hereby represented as (XXIV-a) can be prepared by reacting an intermediate of Formula (X) under conditions that are known to those skilled in the art. This is illustrated in reaction scheme (19) wherein all variables are defined as mentioned hereinabove. The reaction may be performed, for example, by reacting intermediate of Formula (XVII) with a reductive reagent such as for example sodium borohydride in a suitable solvent such as for example methanol. The reaction may be performed at a suitable temperature, typically room temperature, for a suitable period of time that allows the completion of the reaction. This is illustrated in reaction scheme (19) wherein all variables are defined as mentioned hereinabove.
Alternatively, intermediate compounds of Formula (XVI) can be prepared following art known procedures by cyclization of intermediate compound of Formula (XXV) under heating for a suitable period of time that allows the completion of the reaction, as for example 1 h at a temperature between 140-200° C. In reaction scheme (20), all variables are defined as in Formula (I) and halo is chloro, bromo or iodo.
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (XXV) can be prepared by art known procedures by reaction of intermediate compounds of Formula (XXVI) with acid halides of Formula (VI). The reaction can be carried out using an inert-solvent such as for example DCM in the presence of a base such as for example triethylamine, for example at r.t. for a suitable period of time that allows completion of the reaction, for example 20 min. In reaction scheme (21), all variables are defined as in Formula (I) and halo is chloro, bromo or iodo.
Intermediate compounds according to Formula (XXVI) can be prepared by reacting an intermediate compound of Formula (XXVII) with hydrazine according to reaction scheme (22), a reaction that is performed in a suitable reaction-inert solvent, such as, for example, ethanol, THF or 1,4-dioxane under thermal conditions such as, for example, heating the reaction mixture for example at 160° C. under microwave irradiation for 30 min or classical thermal heating at 70° C. for 16 h. In reaction scheme (22), R2 is defined as in Formula (I) and halo is chloro, bromo or iodo.
Intermediate compounds of Formula (IX) can be prepared by deprotection of the nitrogen atom in an intermediate compound of formula (XXVIII), wherein PG represents a suitable protecting group for the nitrogen atom, such as for example tert-butoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, benzyl and methyl, according to reaction scheme (23) applying art known procedures. For example, when PG represents benzyl, then the deprotection reaction may be performed in a suitable reaction inert solvent, such as for example an alcohol, i.e. methanol, and 1,4-cyclohexadiene, in the presence of a suitable catalyst, such as for example palladium on charcoal, at a moderately high temperature such as, for example, 100° C. in a sealed vessel. Alternatively, when PG represents an alkyloxycarbonyl group, the deprotection reaction can be performed by reaction with a suitable acid, such as for example hydrochloric acid, in a suitable reaction-inert solvent, such as for example 1,4-dioxane at a moderately high temperature, such as for example reflux temperature. In reaction scheme (23), all variables are defined as in formula (I).
The starting materials according to Formulae (IV), (V), (VI), (IX), (XII), (XVII) or (XXVIII) are compounds that are either commercially available or may be prepared according to conventional reaction procedures generally known to those skilled in the art. For example, compounds of formula (IX), such as compounds with CAS numbers CAS 1082662-38-1; CAS 1228117-53-0; CAS 109926-35-4; CAS 1035093-81-2; CAS 2338-18-3; CAS 5769-08-4; CAS 5769-09-5; CAS 911826-56-7; CAS 946413-75-8; CAS 173601-49-5; CAS 946125-04-8; CAS 548465-08-3; or precursors thereof, such as CAS 183255-68-7; CAS 907997-17-5; CAS 741260-53-7; CAS 1150633-65-0; and CAS 741260-59-3; are known in the art.
In order to obtain the HCl salts forms of the compounds, several procedures known to those skilled in the art can be used. In a typical procedure unless otherwise stated, for example, the free base can be dissolved in DIPE or Et2O and subsequently, a 6N HCl solution in 2-propanol or a 1 N HCl solution in Et2O can be added dropwise. The mixture typically is stirred for 10 min after which the product can be filtered off. The HCl salt is usually dried in vacuo.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that in the processes described above the functional groups of intermediate compounds may need to be blocked by protecting groups. In case the functional groups of intermediate compounds were blocked by protecting groups, they can be deprotected after a reaction step.
Pharmacology
The compounds provided in this invention are positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of metabotropic glutamate receptors, in particular they are positive allosteric modulators of mGluR2. The compounds of the present invention do not appear to bind to the glutamate recognition site, the orthosteric ligand site, but instead to an allosteric site within the seven transmembrane region of the receptor. In the presence of glutamate or an agonist of mGluR2, the compounds of this invention increase the mGluR2 response. The compounds provided in this invention are expected to have their effect at mGluR2 by virtue of their ability to increase the response of such receptors to glutamate or mGluR2 agonists, enhancing the response of the receptor.
As used herein, the term “treatment” is intended to refer to all processes, wherein there may be a slowing, interrupting, arresting or stopping of the progression of a disease, but does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of all symptoms.
Hence, the present invention relates to a compound according to the general Formula (I), the stereoisomeric forms thereof and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts and the solvates thereof, for use as a medicament.
The invention also relates to the use of a compound according to the general Formula (I), the stereoisomeric forms thereof and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts and the solvates thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament.
The invention also relates to a compound according to the general Formula (I), the stereoisomeric forms thereof and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts and the solvates thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for use in the treatment or prevention of, in particular treatment of, a condition in a mammal, including a human, the treatment or prevention of which is affected or facilitated by the neuromodulatory effect of allosteric modulators of mGluR2, in particular positive allosteric modulators thereof.
The present invention also relates to the use of a compound according to the general Formula (I), the stereoisomeric forms thereof and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts and the solvates thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of, in particular treatment of, a condition in a mammal, including a human, the treatment or prevention of which is affected or facilitated by the neuromodulatory effect of allosteric modulators of mGluR2, in particular positive allosteric modulators thereof.
The present invention also relates to a compound according to the general Formula (I), the stereoisomeric forms thereof and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts and the solvates thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for use in the treatment, prevention, amelioration, control or reduction of the risk of various neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction in a mammal, including a human, the treatment or prevention of which is affected or facilitated by the neuromodulatory effect of positive allosteric modulators of mGluR2.
Also, the present invention relates to the use of a compound according to the general Formula (I), the stereoisomeric forms thereof and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts and the solvates thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, ameliorating, controlling or reducing the risk of various neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction in a mammal, including a human, the treatment or prevention of which is affected or facilitated by the neuromodulatory effect of positive allosteric modulators of mGluR2.
In particular, the neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction, include one or more of the following conditions or diseases: acute neurological and psychiatric disorders such as, for example, cerebral deficits subsequent to cardiac bypass surgery and grafting, stroke, cerebral ischemia, spinal cord trauma, head trauma, perinatal hypoxia, cardiac arrest, hypoglycemic neuronal damage, dementia (including AIDS-induced dementia), Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's Chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ocular damage, retinopathy, cognitive disorders, idiopathic and drug-induced Parkinson's disease, muscular spasms and disorders associated with muscular spasticity including tremors, epilepsy, convulsions, migraine (including migraine headache), urinary incontinence, substance dependence/abuse, substance withdrawal (including substances such as, for example, opiates, nicotine, tobacco products, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cocaine, sedatives, hypnotics, etc.), psychosis, schizophrenia, anxiety (including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder), mood disorders (including depression, major depressive disorder, treatment resistant depression, mania, bipolar disorders, such as bipolar mania), posttraumatic stress disorder, trigeminal neuralgia, hearing loss, tinnitus, macular degeneration of the eye, emesis, brain edema, pain (including acute and chronic states, severe pain, intractable pain, neuropathic pain, and post-traumatic pain), tardive dyskinesia, sleep disorders (including narcolepsy), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder.
In particular, the condition or disease is a central nervous system disorder selected from the group of anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, personality disorders, substance-related disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, migraine, epilepsy or convulsive disorders, childhood disorders, cognitive disorders, neurodegeneration, neurotoxicity and ischemia.
Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is an anxiety disorder, selected from the group of agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), mixed anxiety and depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social phobia and other phobias.
Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is a psychotic disorder selected from the group of schizophrenia, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder and substance-induced psychotic disorder.
Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is a personality disorder selected from the group of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and schizoid, schizotypal disorder.
Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is a substance abuse or substance-related disorder selected from the group of alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, alcohol withdrawal, alcohol withdrawal delirium, alcohol-induced psychotic disorder, amphetamine dependence, amphetamine withdrawal, cocaine dependence, cocaine withdrawal, nicotine dependence, nicotine withdrawal, opioid dependence and opioid withdrawal.
Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is an eating disorder selected from the group of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is a mood disorder selected from the group of bipolar disorders (I & II), cyclothymic disorder, depression, dysthymic disorder, major depressive disorder, treatment resistant depression, bipolar depression, and substance-induced mood disorder.
Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is migraine.
Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is epilepsy or a convulsive disorder selected from the group of generalized nonconvulsive epilepsy, generalized convulsive epilepsy, petit mal status epilepticus, grand mal status epilepticus, partial epilepsy with or without impairment of consciousness, infantile spasms, epilepsy partialis continua, and other forms of epilepsy.
Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Preferably, the central nervous disorder is selected from the group of schizophrenia, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, major depressive disorder, treatment resistant depression, bipolar depression, anxiety, depression, generalised anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar mania, epilepsy, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, substance abuse and mixed anxiety and depression.
Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is a cognitive disorder selected from the group of delirium, substance-induced persisting delirium, dementia, dementia due to HIV disease, dementia due to Huntington's disease, dementia due to Parkinson's disease, dementia of the Alzheimer's type, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, substance-induced persisting dementia and mild cognitive impairment.
Of the disorders mentioned above, the treatment of psychosis, schizophrenia, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, major depressive disorder, treatment resistant depression, bipolar depression, anxiety, depression, generalised anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar mania, substance abuse and mixed anxiety and depression, are or particular importance.
Of the disorders mentioned above, the treatment of anxiety, schizophrenia, migraine, depression, and epilepsy are of particular importance.
At present, the fourth edition of the Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) of the American Psychiatric Association provides a diagnostic tool for the identification of the disorders described herein. The person skilled in the art will recognize that alternative nomenclatures, nosologies, and classification systems for neurological and psychiatric disorders described herein exist, and that these evolve with medical and scientific progresses.
Therefore, the invention also relates to a compound according to the general Formula (I), the stereoisomeric forms thereof and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts and the solvates thereof, for use in the treatment of any one of the diseases mentioned hereinbefore.
The invention also relates to a compound according to the general Formula (I), the stereoisomeric forms thereof and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts and the solvates thereof, for use in treating any one of the diseases mentioned hereinbefore.
The invention also relates to a compound according to the general Formula (I), the stereoisomeric forms thereof and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts and the solvates thereof, for the treatment or prevention, in particular treatment, of any one of the diseases mentioned hereinbefore.
The invention also relates to the use of a compound according to the general Formula (I), the stereoisomeric forms thereof and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts and the solvates thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of any one of the disease conditions mentioned hereinbefore.
The invention also relates to the use of a compound according to the general Formula (I), the stereoisomeric forms thereof and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts and the solvates thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of any one of the disease conditions mentioned hereinbefore.
The compounds of the present invention can be administered to mammals, preferably humans, for the treatment or prevention of any one of the diseases mentioned hereinbefore.
In view of the utility of the compounds of Formula (I), there is provided a method of treating warm-blooded animals, including humans, suffering from any one of the diseases mentioned hereinbefore, and a method of preventing in warm-blooded animals, including humans, any one of the diseases mentioned hereinbefore.
Said methods comprise the administration, i.e. the systemic or topical administration, preferably oral administration, of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), a stereoisomeric form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt or solvate thereof, to warm-blooded animals, including humans.
Therefore, the invention also relates to a method for the prevention and/or treatment of any one of the diseases mentioned hereinbefore comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to the invention to a patient in need thereof.
One skilled in the art will recognize that a therapeutically effective amount of the PAMs of the present invention is the amount sufficient to modulate the activity of the mGluR2 and that this amount varies inter alia, depending on the type of disease, the concentration of the compound in the therapeutic formulation, and the condition of the patient. Generally, an amount of PAM to be administered as a therapeutic agent for treating diseases in which modulation of the mGluR2 is beneficial, such as the disorders described herein, will be determined on a case by case by an attending physician.
Generally, a suitable dose is one that results in a concentration of the PAM at the treatment site in the range of 0.5 nM to 200 μM, and more usually 5 nM to 50 μM. To obtain these treatment concentrations, a patient in need of treatment likely will be administered an effective therapeutic daily amount of about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg body weight, preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg body weight, more preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg body weight, more preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 2.5 mg/kg body weight, even more preferably from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg body weight, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.5 mg/kg body weight. The amount of a compound according to the present invention, also referred to here as the active ingredient, which is required to achieve a therapeutically effect will, of course vary on case-by-case basis, vary with the particular compound, the route of administration, the age and condition of the recipient, and the particular disorder or disease being treated. A method of treatment may also include administering the active ingredient on a regimen of between one and four intakes per day. In these methods of treatment the compounds according to the invention are preferably formulated prior to admission. As described herein below, suitable pharmaceutical formulations are prepared by known procedures using well known and readily available ingredients.
Because such positive allosteric modulators of mGluR2, including compounds of Formula (I), enhance the response of mGluR2 to glutamate, it is an advantage that the present methods utilize endogenous glutamate.
Because positive allosteric modulators of mGluR2, including compounds of Formula (I), enhance the response of mGluR2 to agonists, it is understood that the present invention extends to the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction by administering an effective amount of a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR2, including compounds of Formula (I), in combination with an mGluR2 agonist. Examples of mGluR2 agonists include, for example, LY-379268; DCG-IV; LY-354740; LY-404039; LY-544344; LY-2140023; LY-181837; LY-389795; LY-446433; LY-450477; talaglumetad; MGS0028; MGS0039; (−)-2-oxa-4-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylate; (+)-4-amino-2-sulfonylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid; (+)-2-amino-4-fluorobicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; 1S,2R,5S,6S-2-amino-6-fluoro-4-oxobicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; 1S,2R,4S,5S,6S-2-amino-6-fluoro-4-hydroxybicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; 1S,2R,3R,5S,6S-2-amino-3-fluorobicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; 1S,2R,3S,5S,6S-2-amino-6-fluoro-3-hydroxybicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; (+)-4-amino-2-sulfonylbicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid; (+)-2-amino-4-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; 1S,2R,5S,6S-2-amino-6-fluoro-4-oxobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; 1S,2R,4S,5S,6S-2-amino-6-fluoro-4-hydroxybicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; 1S,2R,3R,5S,6S-2-amino-3-fluorobicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; or 1S,2R,3S,5S,6S-2-amino-6-fluoro-3-hydroxybicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid. More preferable mGluR2 agonists include LY-379268; DCG-IV; LY-354740; LY-404039; LY-544344; or LY-2140023.
The compounds of the present invention may be utilized in combination with one or more other drugs in the treatment, prevention, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of diseases or conditions for which compounds of Formula (I) or the other drugs may have utility, where the combination of the drugs together are safer or more effective than either drug alone.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
The present invention also provides compositions for preventing or treating diseases in which modulation of the mGluR2 receptor is beneficial, such as the disorders described herein. While it is possible for the active ingredient to be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical composition. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and, as active ingredient, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to the invention, in particular a compound according to Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a solvate thereof or a stereochemically isomeric form thereof. The carrier or diluent must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not deleterious to the recipients thereof.
The compounds according to the invention, in particular the compounds according to Formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, the solvates and the stereochemically isomeric forms thereof, or any subgroup or combination thereof may be formulated into various pharmaceutical forms for administration purposes. As appropriate compositions there may be cited all compositions usually employed for systemically administering drugs.
The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy, for example, using methods such as those described in Gennaro et al. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, 1990, see especially Part 8: Pharmaceutical preparations and their Manufacture). To prepare the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention, a therapeutically effective amount of the particular compound, optionally in salt form, as the active ingredient is combined in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, which carrier or diluent may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration. These pharmaceutical compositions are desirable in unitary dosage form suitable, in particular, for oral, topical, rectal or percutaneous administration, by parenteral injection or by inhalation. For example, in preparing the compositions in oral dosage form, any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed such as, for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations such as, for example, suspensions, syrups, elixirs, emulsions and solutions; or solid carriers such as, for example, starches, sugars, kaolin, diluents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of powders, pills, capsules and tablets. Because of the ease in administration, oral administration is preferred, and tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit forms in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. For parenteral compositions, the carrier will usually comprise sterile water, at least in large part, though other ingredients, for example, surfactants, to aid solubility, may be included. Injectable solutions, for example, may be prepared in which the carrier comprises saline solution, glucose solution or a mixture of saline and glucose solution. Injectable suspensions may also be prepared in which case appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like may be employed. Also included are solid form preparations that are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations. In the compositions suitable for percutaneous administration, the carrier optionally comprises a penetration enhancing agent and/or a suitable wetting agent, optionally combined with suitable additives of any nature in minor proportions, which additives do not introduce a significant deleterious effect on the skin. Said additives may facilitate the administration to the skin and/or may be helpful for preparing the desired compositions. These compositions may be administered in various ways, e.g., as a transdermal patch, as a spot-on, as an ointment.
It is especially advantageous to formulate the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions in unit dosage form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Unit dosage form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active ingredient calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. Examples of such unit dosage forms are tablets (including scored or coated tablets), capsules, pills, powder packets, wafers, suppositories, injectable solutions or suspensions and the like, teaspoonfuls, tablespoonfuls, and segregated multiples thereof.
Since the compounds according to the invention are orally administrable compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising aid compounds for oral administration are especially advantageous.
In order to enhance the solubility and/or the stability of the compounds of Formula (I) in pharmaceutical compositions, it can be advantageous to employ α-, β- or γ-cyclodextrins or their derivatives, in particular hydroxyalkyl substituted cyclodextrins, e.g. 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or sulfobutyl-β-cyclodextrin. Also co-solvents such as alcohols may improve the solubility and/or the stability of the compounds according to the invention in pharmaceutical compositions.
The exact dosage and frequency of administration depends on the particular compound of formula (I) used, the particular condition being treated, the severity of the condition being treated, the age, weight, sex, extent of disorder and general physical condition of the particular patient as well as other medication the individual may be taking, as is well known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, it is evident that said effective daily amount may be lowered or increased depending on the response of the treated subject and/or depending on the evaluation of the physician prescribing the compounds of the instant invention.
Depending on the mode of administration, the pharmaceutical composition will comprise from 0.05 to 99% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 70% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 50% by weight of the active ingredient, and, from 1 to 99.95% by weight, preferably from 30 to 99.9% by weight, more preferably from 50 to 99.9% by weight of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, all percentages being based on the total weight of the composition.
The amount of a compound of Formula (I) that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the disease treated, the mammalian species, and the particular mode of administration. However, as a general guide, suitable unit doses for the compounds of the present invention can, for example, preferably contain between 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg of the active compound. A preferred unit dose is between 1 mg to about 500 mg. A more preferred unit dose is between 1 mg to about 300 mg. Even more preferred unit dose is between 1 mg to about 100 mg. Such unit doses can be administered more than once a day, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 times a day, but preferably 1 or 2 times per day, so that the total dosage for a 70 kg adult is in the range of 0.001 to about 15 mg per kg weight of subject per administration. A preferred dosage is 0.01 to about 1.5 mg per kg weight of subject per administration, and such therapy can extend for a number of weeks or months, and in some cases, years. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the individual being treated; the time and route of administration; the rate of excretion; other drugs that have previously been administered; and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy, as is well understood by those of skill in the area.
A typical dosage can be one 1 mg to about 100 mg tablet or 1 mg to about 300 mg taken once a day, or, multiple times per day, or one time-release capsule or tablet taken once a day and containing a proportionally higher content of active ingredient. The time-release effect can be obtained by capsule materials that dissolve at different pH values, by capsules that release slowly by osmotic pressure, or by any other known means of controlled release.
It can be necessary to use dosages outside these ranges in some cases as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Further, it is noted that the clinician or treating physician will know how and when to start, interrupt, adjust, or terminate therapy in conjunction with individual patient response.
As already mentioned, the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compounds according to the invention and one or more other drugs for use as a medicament or for use in the treatment, prevention, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of diseases or conditions for which compounds of Formula (I) or the other drugs may have utility. The use of such a composition for the manufacture of a medicament as well as the use of such a composition for the manufacture of a medicament in the treatment, prevention, control, amelioration or reduction of risk of diseases or conditions for which compounds of Formula (I) or the other drugs may have utility are also contemplated. The present invention also relates to a combination of a compound according to the present invention and an mGluR2 orthosteric agonist. The present invention also relates to such a combination for use as a medicine. The present invention also relates to a product comprising (a) a compound according to the present invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a solvate thereof, and (b) a mGluR2 orthosteric agonist, as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment or prevention of a condition in a mammal, including a human, the treatment or prevention of which is affected or facilitated by the neuromodulatory effect of mGluR2 allosteric modulators, in particular positive mGluR2 allosteric modulators. The different drugs of such a combination or product may be combined in a single preparation together with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents, or they may each be present in a separate preparation together with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents.
The following examples are intended to illustrate but not to limit the scope of the present invention.
Chemistry
Several methods for preparing the compounds of this invention are illustrated in the following Examples. Unless otherwise noted, all starting materials were obtained from commercial suppliers and used without further purification.
Hereinafter, “CI” means chemical ionisation; “DAD” means diode-array detector; “THF” means tetrahydrofuran; “DIPE” means diisopropylether; “DMF” means N,N-dimethylformamide; “DMSO” means dimethylsulfoxide; “EtOAc” means ethyl acetate; “DCM” or “CH2Cl2” means dichloromethane; “DCE” means dichloroethane; “DME” means 1,2-dimethoxyethane; “DIPEA” means N,N-diisopropylethylamine; “HPLC” means High Performance Liquid Chromatography; “l” or “L” means liter; “LCMS” means Liquid chromatography/Mass spectrometry; “LRMS” means low-resolution mass spectrometry/spectra; “HRMS” means high-resolution mass spectra/spectrometry; “NH4Ac” means ammonium acetate; “NH4OH” means ammonium hydroxide; “NaHCO3” means sodium hydrogencarbonate; “Et2O” means diethyl ether; “MgSO4” means magnesium sulphate; “EtOH” means ethanol; “ES” means electrospray; “Na2SO4” means sodium sulphate; “CH3CN” means acetonitrile; “NaH” means sodium hydride; “MeOH” means methanol; “MS” means mass spectrometry; “NH3” means ammonia; “Na2S2O3” means sodium thiosulphate; “AcOH” means acetic acid; “Et3N” or “TEA” mean triethylamine; “NH4Cl” means ammonium chloride; “Pd/C” means Palladium on activated charcoal; “Pd(PPh3)4” means tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0); “PPh3” means triphenylphosphine; “eq” means equivalent; “RP” means reverse phase; “r.t.” means room temperature; “Rt” means retention time; “mp” means melting point; “min” means minutes; “h” means hours; “s” means second(s); “quant.” means quantitative; “sat.” means saturated“TOF” means time of flight.
Microwave assisted reactions were performed in a single-mode reactor: Initiator™ Sixty EXP microwave reactor (Biotage AB), or in a multimode reactor: MicroSYNTH Labstation (Milestone, Inc.).
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on silica gel 60 F254 plates (Merck) using reagent grade solvents. Open column chromatography was performed on silica gel, particle size 60 Å, mesh=230-400 (Merck) using standard techniques. Automated flash column chromatography was performed using ready-to-connect cartridges from Merck, on irregular silica gel, particle size 15-40 μm (normal phase disposable flash columns) on a SPOT or LAFLASH system from Armen Instrument.
To a solution of n-butyllithium (27.6 ml, 69 mmol, 2.5 M in hexanes) in dry Et2O (150 ml) cooled at −78° C., under a nitrogen atmosphere, was added 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine (11.64 ml, 69 mmol), dropwise. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 10 min., and then a solution of 2,3-dichloropyridine (10 g, 67.57 mmol) in dry THF (75 ml) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min. and then a solution of iodine (25.38 g, 100 mmol) in dry THF (75 ml) was added. The mixture was allowed to warm to r.t. overnight, quenched with Na2S2O3 (aqueous sat. solution) and extracted twice with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed with NaHCO3 (aqueous sat. solution), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was precipitated with heptane, filtered off and dried to yield intermediate compound I-1 (8.21 g, 44%) as a pale cream solid.
To a solution of compound I-1 (8 g, 29.21 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (450 ml), was added hydrazine monohydrate (14.169 ml, 175.255 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 70° C. for 16 h. After cooling, NH4OH (32% aqueous solution) was added and the resulting mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The white solid residue thus obtained was taken up in EtOH. The suspension thus obtained was heated and then filtered off and the filtered solution cooled to r.t. The precipitate formed was filtered off and then the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate compound I-2 (2.67 g, 52%) as a white solid.
To a solution of I-2 (0.73 g, 2.709 mmol) in dry DCM (8 ml), cooled at 0° C., was added Et3N (0.562 ml, 4.064 mmol) and cyclopropyl-acetyl chloride (0.385 g, 3.251 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 16 h and then NaHCO3 (aqueous sat. solution) was added. The resulting solution was extracted with DCM. The organic layer was separated, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate compound I-3 (0.94 g, 99%).
I-3 (0.74 g, 2.389 mmol) was heated at 160° C. for 40 min. After cooling, the brown gum thus obtained was triturated with DIPE yielding intermediate compound I-4 (0.74 g, 93%).
To a solution of I-4 (12 g, 35.976 mmol), vinylboronic acid pinacol ester (6.713 ml, 39.573 mmol) in NaHCO3 (aqueous sat. solution, 90 ml) in 1,4-dioxane (360 ml) under a nitrogen atmosphere was added Pd(PPh3)4 (2.079, 1.8 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 100° C. for 16 h. After cooling, the resulting reaction mixture was diluted with NaHCO3 (aqueous sat. solution) and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in DCM 0/100 to 80/20). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo. The residue thus obtained was triturated with DIPE to yield intermediate I-5 (6.09 g, 72%) as a yellow solid.
To a solution of I-5 (6.09 g, 25.059 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (320 ml) stirred at r.t. was added osmium tetroxide (2.5% in tert-butanol, 13.483 ml, 1.042 mmol). Then a solution of sodium periodate (16.721 g, 78.177 mmol) in water (80 ml) was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h, then, diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The solid residue was triturated with Et2O, filtered and dried in vacuo to yield intermediate I-6 (5.48 g, 89%) as a cream solid.
To a solution of 2,4-dichloropyridine (5.2 g, 35.14 mmol) and DIPEA (3.91 g, 38.65 mmol) in dry THF (40 mL) cooled at −78° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere, was added n-butyllithium (24.16 mL, 38.65 mmol, 1.6 M in hexanes) dropwise. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 45 min. and then a solution of iodine (9.81 g, 38.651 mmol) in dry THF (20 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h., allowed to warm to r.t., diluted with EtOAc and quenched with NH4Cl (aqueous sat. solution) and Na2S2O3 (aqueous sat. solution). The organic layer was separated, washed with NaHCO3 (aqueous sat. solution), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel; DCM in heptane 0/100 to 20/80). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate compound I-7 (7.8 g, 81%).
To a mixture of compound I-7 (2 g, 7.30 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) were added fluorosulfonyl-difluoro-acetic acid methyl ester [C.A.S. 680-15-9] (1.86 ml, 14.60 mmol) and copper (I) iodide (2.79 g, 14.60 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 100° C. for 5 h. After cooling, the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate compound I-8 (1.5 g, 95%).
To a suspension of NaH (0.49 g, 12.73 mmol, 60% mineral oil) in DMF (50 mL) cooled at 0° C., was added benzyl alcohol (1.26 mL, 12.2 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 min. then; intermediate compound I-8 (2.5 g, 11.57 mmol) was added. The resulting reaction mixture was gradually warmed to r.t. and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with Et2O. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel; DCM in Heptane 0/100 to 100/0). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate compound I-9 (1.1 g, 33%).
To a suspension of compound I-9 (1.09 g, 3.79 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (9 mL), was added hydrazine monohydrate (3.67 mL, 75.78 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 160° C. under microwave irradiation for 30 min. After cooling, the resulting solution was concentrated in vacuo. The residue thus obtained was dissolved in DCM and washed with NaHCO3 (aqueous sat. solution). The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate compound I-10 (0.89 g, 83%) as a white solid.
To a solution of I-10 (0.89 g, 3.14 mmol) in dry DCM (3 mL) was added Et3NH (0.65 mL, 4.71 mmol) and cyclopropyl-acetyl chloride [C.A.S. 543222-65-5] (0.37 g, 3.14 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min. The resulting mixture was then concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate compound I-11 (1.1 g, 96%).
Intermediate I-12 was synthesized following the same approach described for intermediate I-11. Starting from I-10 (3.2 g, 11.3 mmol) and replacing cyclopropyl chloride for propionyl chloride. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 18 h yielding intermediate I-12 (2.3 g, 59.7%) as white solid.
Intermediate I-13 was synthesized following the same approach described for intermediate I-11. Starting from I-10 (4 g, 14.12 mmol) and replacing cyclopropyl chloride for ethoxy-acetyl chloride, intermediate I-13 (5 g, 96%) was obtained. The compound was used without purification for the next step.
I-11 (1.14 g, 1.87 mmol) and phosphorous (V) oxychloride (0.35 g, 3.74 mmol) in CH3CN (10 mL) were heated at 150° C. under microwave irradiation for 10 min. After cooling, the resulting reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with NaHCO3 (aqueous sat. solution), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel; 7M solution of NH3 in MeOH in DCM 0/100 to 20/80). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate compound I-14 (0.261 g, 51%) as a white solid.
Intermediate I-15 was synthesized following the similar approach described for intermediate I-14. Starting from I-13 (12.4 g, 30.3 mmol) and DIPEA (6.35 ml, 36.45 mmol), intermediate I-15 (2.5 g, 29.8%) was obtained as light brown solid.
Intermediate I-16 was synthesized following similar approach described for intermediate I-14. Starting from I-12 [2.3 g (80% pure), 5.4 mmol] and DIPEA (0.707 ml, 4.039 mmol), intermediate I-16 (1.12 g, 83%) as brown solid was obtained.
A suspension of I-14 (1.65 g, 5.986 mmol), vinylboronic acid pinacol ester (1.218 ml, 7.183 mmol), Pd(PPh3)4 (0.346, 0.3 mmol) and NaHCO3 (aqueous sat. solution, 12.5 ml) in 1,4-dioxane (64.5 ml) was heated at 150° C. under microwave irradiation for 13 min. After cooling, the resulting reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc/water and filtered through diatomaceous earth. The filtrate was washed with water and NaCl (aqueous sat. solution) and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified again by column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in DCM from 0/100 to 40/60). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate I-17 (1.34 g, 83.7%).
Intermediate I-18 was synthesized following the same approach described for intermediate I-17. Starting from I-16 (2.8 g, 15.22 mmol), intermediate I-18 (4 g, 94%) was synthesized as cream solid.
Intermediate I-19 was synthesized following the same approach described for intermediate I-17. Starting from I-15 (4 g, 14.3 mmol), intermediate I-19 (quant. yield) was obtained as light brown solid.
A solution of I-17 (6.24 g, 21.014 mmol), sodium periodate (13.484 g, 63.041 mmol), osmium tetroxide (2.5% in tert-butanol, 10.873 ml, 0.841 mmol) in water (55 ml) and 1,4-dioxane (221 ml) was stirred at r.t. for 2 h. The resulting reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc/water and filtered through diatomaceous earth. The filtrate was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The solid residue was washed with Et2O, filtered and dried in vacuo to yield intermediate I-20 (3.84 g, 67.9%).
Intermediate I-21 was synthesized following the same approach described for intermediate I-20. Starting from I-18 (4 g, 16.5 mmol), intermediate I-21 (1.88 g, 46.6%) as cream solid was obtained.
Intermediate I-22 was synthesized following the same approach described for intermediate I-20. Starting from I-19 (3.88 g, 14.3 mmol), intermediate I-22 (2.2 g, 56.7%) as light brown solid was obtained.
To a solution of I-20 (1.73 g, 6.426 mmol) in MeOH (58 ml) stirred at 0° C., was added portionwise sodium borohydride (0.243, 6.426 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was treated with water and NaCl (aqueous sat. solution) and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica; MeOH/NH3 in DCM 0/100 to 5/95). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate I-23 (1.015 g, 58%) as brown syrup.
To a solution of I-23 (1.341 g, 9.678 mmol) and Et3N (0.778 ml, 5.612 mmol) in DCM (42 ml) stirred at 0° C., was added dropwise methylsulfonyl chloride (0.749 ml, 9.678 mmol) and stirred at r.t. for 2 h. The resulting mixture was treated with NaHCO3 (aqueous sat. solution) and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was separated and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate I-24 (2.6 g, 87%).
n-Butyllithium (2.5 M in THF, 8.64 mL, 21.6 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of DIPEA (3.12 mL, 22.26 mmol) in 12 ml of THF at −78° C. and under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 15 min and then, a solution of 1,4-cyclo-hexanedione monoethylene acetal (3 g, 19.208 mmol) in 15 ml of THF was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 hour. Then, a solution of N-phenyl-trifluoromethanesulfonimide (6.924 g, 19.381 mmol) in 15 ml of THF was added and the mixture was kept in an ice-water bath and then allowed to warm to r.t. and stirred for 16 h. The mixture was evaporated in vacuo, the crude product was purified by short open column (silica; EtOAc in heptane 0/100 to 15/85), the desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate I-25 (6.13 g, 89% purity) as light brown oil which was used in the next reaction step without any further purification.
A mixture of intermediate I-25 (6.11 g, 89% pure, 18.86 mmol), 2,4-difluorophenyl-boronic acid (4.55 g, 28.86 mmol), LiCl (3.26 g, 1.41 mmol), Na2CO3 (8.1 g, 76.46 mmol), in DME (70.2 mL) and H2O (38 mL) was deoxygenated with a nitrogen flow. Then, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (1.63 g, 1.41 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere, at reflux for 5 hours. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc/H2O and filtered off over diatomaceous earth. The filtrate was washed with saturated NaHCO3 and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by two flash column chromatographies (silica; EtOAc in heptane 0/100 to 5/95, then silica; CH2Cl2 100%). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate I-26 (1.56 g, 32.7%) as oil.
A solution of intermediate I-26 (1.5 g, 5.89 mmol) in HCl (5 M in H2O, 26 mL) and THF (26 mL) was stirred at reflux for 4 h. The mixture was cooled with an ice-water bath, basified with Na2CO3 and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in heptane 0/100 to 15/85). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo, to yield intermediate I-27 as colorless oil that solidified upon standing.
A mixture of intermediate I-27 (1.05 g, 4.99 mmol), benzhydrylamine (0.94 mL, 5.49 mmol) in DME (30 mL) was stirred at r.t. for 16 h. Then, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.58 g, 7.49 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 4 days. The mixture was treated with saturated Na2CO3 at 0° C. and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in heptane 10/90). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate I-28 (1.32 g, 70%) as colorless oil that solidified upon standing.
A mixture of intermediate I-28 and Palladium on activated carbon 10% (1.18 g, 3.47 mmol) in HCO2H/MeOH 4.4% (60 mL) was stirred at r.t. overnight. The cooled crude reaction was filtered off over diatomaceous earth and the catalyst washed with MeOH and MeOH/NH3. The filtrate was evaporated till dryness and the residue purified by open column chromatography (silica; MeOH/NH3 in CH2Cl2 0/100 and 15/85). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate I-29 (0.67 g, 91.3%) as white solid.
To a solution of intermediate I-27 (1.36 g, 6.46 mmol) in THF (17 mL), cooled at −78° C. and under nitrogen atmosphere, was added dropwise L-Selectride® (7.18 mL, 7.18 mmol) and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h and at r.t. overnight. Then more L-Selectride® (1.3 ml) was added at −78° C. and the mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h and at r.t. for additional 2 h. The cooled crude reaction was quenched dropwise with water, followed by NaOH (1M in H2O, 13.12 ml) and aqueous H2O2 (13.12 ml). The mixture was diluted with saturated Na2CO3 (197 ml) and extracted with Et2O (3×70 ml). The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica; EtOAc in heptane 0:100 to 20:80) yielding I-30 (0.72 g, 70%).
To a solution of intermediate I-30 (0.97 g, 4.57 mmol) and Et3NH (1.26 ml, 9.14 mmol) in DCM (20 mL), cooled with an ice-water bath, methanesulfonyl chloride (0.531 mL, 6.85 mmol) was added dropwise and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. The crude reaction was washed with water and brine, extracted with CH2Cl2, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and evaporated under vacuo to yield intermediate I-31 (1.52 g, 87% purity). The residue was used in the next reaction step without any further purification.
A mixture of intermediate I-31 (0.892 g, 87% pure, 2.67 mmol), sodium azide (0.265 g, 4 mmol) in DMSO (9 mL) was heated at 120° C. for 10 min under microwave irradiation. The mixture was washed with water, extracted with EtOAc, the organic layer separated, dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica; EtOAc in heptanes 0:100 to 4:96) the desired fraction collected and evaporated affording intermediate I-32 (76.8% yield).
A suspension of intermediate I-32 (0.685 g, 2.88 mmol) and Pd/C in EtOH (20 mL) was hydrogenated (atmospheric pressure), at r.t. overnight. The crude mixture was filtered off over diatomaceous earth and the filtrate was evaporated in vacuo yielding intermediate I-33 (0.52 g, 85%), that was used as such in the next reaction step.
To a solution of I-23 (0.376 g, 1.39 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (4 mL) in a sealed tube at 0° C., were added portionwise pyridine (0.336 mL, 4.16 mmol) followed by p-toluenesulfonyl chloride 0.529 g, 0.77 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The mixture was treated with HCl (2 N) and extracted with CH2Cl2. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; MeOH/NH3 in CH2Cl2 0/100 and 4/96). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate I-34 (114.3 mg, 28%) as a pale yellow solid.
Method A
A mixture of I-34 (0.114 g, 0.40 mmol), NaI (0.237 g, 1.58 mmol) and acetone (8.4 mL) in a sealed tube was stirred at reflux for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with water and extracted with CH2Cl2. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and the solvent evaporated till dryness. The residue was used in the next step without further purification.
Method B
A mixture of I-24 (16.485 mg, 0.05 mmol), NaI (28.29 mg, 0.19 mmol) and acetone (1 mL) in a sealed tube was stirred at reflux for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with water and extracted with CH2Cl2. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and the solvent evaporated till dryness. The residue was used in the next step without further purification.
Sodium acetate (503.852 mg, 6.14 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 4-chromanone ([CAS491-37-2], 700 mg, 4.73 mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride ([CAS5470-11-1], 426.808 mg, 6.14 mmol) in EtOH (31 mL). The mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to RT, diluted with EtOAc, and washed with water. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield I-36 (727.7 mg, 93%) as a white solid, which was used in the next step without further purification.
A solution of I-36 (727.7 mg, 4.46 mmol) in NH3 (7 N in MeOH, 85 mL, 595 mmol) was hydrogenated in a H-cube reactor (1.5 mL/min, 70 mm, Raney Ni Cartridge, full H2 mode, 80° C., 1 cycle). The product was evaporated in vacuo to yield I-37 as a green oil, which was used without further purification.
Sulfuric acid (1.05 mL, 19.70 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of 3-buten-1-ol (1.79 mL, 20.80 mmol) and benzaldehyde (neat, 1.076 mL, 10.59 mmol) at 5° C. and the mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. Ice water was added to the mixture; the mixture was then basified with 1N NaOH and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated in vacuo to give a crude product that was purified by flash chromatography (silica; MeOH in DCM 0/100 to 5/95). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to give I-38 (600 mg, 16%) as a brown oil.
DIPEA (1.95 mL, 11.32 mmol) and methanesulfonyl chloride (350 mg, 3.06 mmol) were added to stirred suspension of I-38 (540 mg, 2.58 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with water and brine and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to give I-39 as a brown oil.
Sodium azide (8 g, 121.18 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of I-39 (10 g, 31.21 mmol) in DMF (128.5 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 4 h. The mixture was then diluted with water and brine and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to give a crude that was purified by chromatography (silica; DCM 100%). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to give I-40 (6.6 g) as a yellow foam.
A solution of I-40 (6.6 g, 32.31 mmol) in EtOH (200.87 mL) was hydrogenated with Pd (145.459 mg, 1.37 mmol) as catalyst, at RT and normal pressure, overnight. The crude reaction was filtered off over diatomaceous earth and the filtrate was evaporated till dryness. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica; MeOH in DCM 0/100 to 10/90). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to give I-41 (1.3 g, 23%) as a yellow oil.
I-41 was then purified by chiral SFC on CHIRALPAK AD-H 5 μm 250×20 mm, mobile phase: 0.3% isopropylamine, 80% CO2, 20% MeOH, yielding I-41a (563 mg, 10%) and I-41b (610 mg, 11%) as a cream solid.
3,4-Epoxytetrahydrofuran (3.9 g, 45.30 mmol) in dry THF (9 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of phenylmagnesium bromide (15.1 mL, 45, 30 mmol), CuI (604.13 mg, 3.17 mmol) and dry THF (5 mL) under nitrogen at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. The mixture was diluted with sat. aq. NH4Cl and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and evaporated in vacuo.
A second batch was obtained according to the above procedure reacting 3,4-epoxy-tetrahydrofuran (1.0 g, 11.62 mmol), phenylmagnesium bromide (3.872 mL, 11.62 mmol), CuI (155.67 mg, 0.813 mmol) and dry THF (total volume of 3.6 mL). The residues obtained from the above two batches was mixed and purified by flash chromatography (silica; DCM in MeOH 0/100 to 10/90). The desired fractions were collected and evaporated in vacuo to give I-42 (5.5 g, 74%) as a yellow oil.
A solution of I-42 (2.02 g, 12.30 mmol) in DCM was passed through a cartridge of Chromium(VI) oxide (50 g Jones Reagent on silica 0.6 mmol/gr, 2.609 g, 24.60 mmol) at 5 mL/min at RT. The reaction solution was evaporated to yield I-43 (1.36 g, 68%) as a brown oil.
Benzylamine (0.859 g, 8.02 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of I-43 (1 g, 6.17 mmol) in dry DCM (25 mL) and the mixture was stirred at RT for 40 min. After this time, acetic acid (352.97 μL, 6.17 mmol) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.96 g, 9.25 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 18 h. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and evaporated in vacuo to give I-44 (500 mg, 32%) as a brown oil.
A solution of I-44 (500 mg, 1.97 mmol) in EtOH (40 mL) was hydrogenated in a H-Cube reactor (1.5 mL/min. (70 mm) Pd(OH)2/C cartridge, 1.97 mmol, full H2, 80° C., 1 cycle). The solvent was evaporated in vacuo to give a residue which was purified by flash chromatography (silica; 7 M solution of NH3 in MeOH in DCM 0/100 to 10/90). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to give I-45 (212.4 mg, 66%) as a yellow oil.
Intermediate I-20 (0.11 g, 0.409 mmol) was added to a solution of intermediate I-33 (0.103 g, 0.49 mmol) in DCE (2.4 mL) and the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h. Then, AcOH (0.041 mL) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.095 g, 0.44 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 18 h. Then more sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.1 equiv., 0.095 g) was added the mixture stirred for additional 2 h. After this time more sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.55 equiv., 0.047 g) was added again and the stirring was continued for 2 h more. The mixture was then treated with satured NaHCO3 and extracted with CH2Cl2. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified twice by flash column chromatography (silica; MeOH/NH3 in CH2Cl2 0/100 to 4/96). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo. Finally, the product was triturated with DIPE, filtered and dried to yield product E-1 (0.085 g, 45%) as white solid compound. M.P. 110.1° C. (Mettler FP 81HT/FP90).
Intermediate I-20 (0.11 g, 0.41 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)piperidin-4-amine [(C.A.S. 1016777-81-3), 0.133 g, 0.49 mmol] in DCE (2.4 mL) and the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h. Then, AcOH (0.041 mL) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.095 g, 0.45 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 18 h. After that, more sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.8 equiv., 0.069 g) was added and the mixture was stirred at r.t. for additional 2 h. The mixture was treated with satured NaHCO3 and extracted with CH2Cl2. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified twice by column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in CH2Cl2 0/100 to 100/0; then MeOH in CH2Cl2 0/100 to 5/95). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo. Finally, the product was triturated with DIPE, filtered and dried to yield E-2 (0.079 g, 41.3%) as white solid compound. M.P. 118.2° C. (Mettler FP 81HT/FP90).
A solution of intermediate I-24 (0.25 g, 0.64 mmol) in CH3CN (4 ml) was added to a stirred solution of trans-4-Phenylcyclohexylamine [(C.A.S. 5769-10-8), 0.14 g, 0.8 mmol] and DIPEA (0.166 mL, 0.961 mmol) in CH3CN (4 ml) in a sealed tube. The mixture was stirred at 85° C. for 6 h and then the solvent evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified twice by column chromatography (silica; MeOH/NH3 in CH2Cl2 0/100 to 5/95; and then EtOAc in CH2Cl2 0/100 to 100/0). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo to yield the desired compound only 63% pure. Thus the mixture was purified again by RP HPLC on C18 XBridge™ (30×100 5 μm), mobile phase (Gradient from 80% 0.1% NH4CO3H/NH4OH pH 9 solution in Water, 20% CH3CN to 0% 0.1% NH4CO3H/NH4OH pH 9 solution in Water, 100% CH3CN) yielding E-3 (0.034 g, 12.2%) as white solid.
Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.104 g, 0.49 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of I-21 (0.1 g, 0.33 mmol, 80% pure) and trans-4-Phenylcyclohexylamine [(C.A.S. 5769-10-8), 0.069 g, 0.39 mmol] in DCE (3.5 mL). The mixture was heated at 120° C. for 20 min under microwave irradiation. Then it was treated with satured NaHCO3 and extracted with CH2Cl2. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo. The crude mixture was then suspended in MeOH (3.5 mL) and sodium borohydride (0.013 g, 0.39 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 5 h. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; 7N solution of NH3 in MeOH in DCM 0/100 to 10/90), the desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo yielding the desired product 89% pure. The compound was further purified by RP HPLC on C18 XBridge™ (19×100 5 um). Mobile phase (Gradient from 80% 0.1% NH4CO3H/NH4OH pH 9 solution in Water, 20% CH3CN to 0% 0.1% NH4CO3H/NH4OH pH 9 solution in Water, 100% CH3CN), yielding E-4 (0.028 g, 21%) as white solid. M.P. >300° C. (Mettler FP 81HT/FP90).
Example E-5 was synthesized following the same approach described for E-1. Starting from I-20 (0.11 g, 0.41 mmol) and replacing intermediate I-33 for intermediate I-29, final product E-5 (0.088 g, 46.3%) was obtained as white solid compound. M.P. 123.1° C. (Mettler FP 81HT/FP90).
Example E-6 was synthesized following the same approach described for E-1. Starting from I-20 (0.11 g, 0.41 mmol) and replacing intermediate I-33 for 2-Aminoindane [(C.A.S. 2975-41-9), 0.058 mL, 0.44 mmol] final product E-6 (0.065 g, 45.4%) was obtained as off-white solid compound. M.P. >300° C. (Mettler FP 81HT/FP90).
Example E-7 was synthesized following the same approach described for E-1. Starting from I-20 (0.11 g, 0.41 mmol) and cis-4-Phenylcyclohexylamine [(C.A.S. 5992-23-4), 0.050 mg, 0.4 mmol] final product E-7 (0.050 g, 35.2%) was obtained as white solid compound. M.P. 212.8° C. (Mettler FP 81HT/FP90).
Example E-8 was synthesized following the same approach described for E-4. Starting from I-21 (0.1 g, 0.33 mmol, 80% pure) and cis-4-Phenylcyclohexylamine (C.A.S. 5992-23-4) final product E-8 (0.012 g, 9.2%) was obtained as yellow oil.
Example E-9 was synthesized following the same approach described for E-4. Starting from I-21 (0.1 g, 0.41 mmol) and I-29 final product E-9 (0.003 g) was obtained as clear oil.
Example E-10 was synthesized following the same approach described for E-1, starting from I-22 (0.15 g, 0.55 mmol) and cis-4-Phenylcyclohexylamine (C.A.S. 5992-23-4). After the addition of sodium triacetoxyborohydride the reaction was heated at 120° C. for 20 min under microwave irradiation instead of r.t. as reported for the synthesis of final product E-1. The desired compound E-10 (0.037 g, 15.5%) was obtained as cream solid. M.P. 137.3° C. (Mettler FP 81HT/FP90).
Example E-11 was synthesized following the same approach described for E-1, starting from I-22 (0.15 g, 0.55 mmol) and trans-4-Phenylcyclohexylamine (C.A.S. 5769-10-8). After the addition of sodium triacetoxyborohydride the reaction was heated at 120° C. for 20 min under microwave irradiation instead of r.t. as reported for the synthesis of final product E-1. The desired compound E-11 (0.042 g, 20.1%) was obtained as white solid. M.P. 144.2° C. (Mettler FP 81HT/FP90).
Example E-12 was synthesized following the same approach described for E-1, starting from I-6 (0.1 g, 0.42 mmol) and cis-4-Phenylcyclohexylamine (C.A.S. 5992-23-4). The final product E-12 (0.045 g, 26.8%) was obtained as white solid. M.P. 267.9° C. (Mettler FP 62).
Example E-13 was synthesized following the same approach described for E-1, starting from I-6 (0.1 g, 0.42 mmol) and trans-4-Phenylcyclohexylamine (C.A.S. 5769-10-8). The final product E-13 (0.108 g, 64.4%) was obtained as cream solid. M.P. 171.1° C. (Mettler FP 62).
A solution of I-35 (113 mg, 0.30 mmol) in CH3CN (2 ml) was added to a stirred solution of trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine hydrochloride ([CAS1986-47-6], 60.359 mg, 0.36 mmol) and DIPEA (0.155 mL, 0.89 mmol) in CH3CN (1 mL) in a sealed tube. The mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 18 h. The mixture was treated with sat. NaHCO3 and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in CH2Cl2 0/100 to 20/80). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo. The product was triturated with ethyl ether/diisopropyl ether to yield crude E-27, which was purified by RP HPLC on (C18 XBridge 30×100 5 μm). Mobile phase (Gradient from 80% 0.1% NH4CO3H/NH4OH pH 9 solution in Water, 20% MeOH to 0% 0.1% NH4CO3H/NH4OH pH 9 solution in Water, 100% MeOH), yielding 34.37 mg of a crude, which was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; 7N solution of NH3 in MeOH in DCM 0/100 to 10/90). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo to yield final product E-27 (24 mg, 21%) as a colourless oil.
N-{[3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-7-yl]-methyl}-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-amine (E-25), (4*R)—N-{[3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl) [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-7-yl]methyl}-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-amine (E-28a) and (4*S)—N-{[3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl) [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-7-yl]methyl}-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-amine (E-28b)
wherein each of *R and *S denote stereochemical configuration where the absolute stereochemistry is undetermined but the compound itself has been isolated as a single stereoisomer and is enantiomerically pure.
Sodium triacetoxyborohydride ([CAS56553-60-7], 295.21 mg, 1.39 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of I-20 (150 mg, 0.56 mmol) and I-37 (137.916 mg, 0.67 mmol) in DCE (5.5 mL). The mixture was stirred at 120° C. for 20 minutes under microwave irradiation. The residue was diluted in DCM and washed with sat sol. of NaHCO3. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in CH3OH (4.1 mL) then sodium borohydride (47.081 mg, 1.9 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the crude was purified by flash chromatography (silica, EtOAc in DCM 0/100 to 100/0). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; 7 N solution of NH3 in MeOH in DCM 0/100 to 10/90). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo to yield final compound E-25 (88 mg, 37%) as a cream solid. E-25 was further purified by chiral SFC on CHIRALPAK AD-H 5 μm 250×20 mm; mobile phase: 0.3% isopropylamine, 60% CO2, 40% mixture of EtOH/iPrOH 50/50 v/v), yielding final compound E-28a (28 mg, 13%) and final compound E-28b (24 mg, 11%).
A solution of I-24 (0.15 g, 0.429 mmol) in CH3CN (3 mL) was added to a stirred solution of I-41b (0.101 g, 0.47 mmol), DIPEA (221.99 μL, 1.29 mmol) and NaI (0.00644 g, 0.043 mmol) in CH3CN (2 mL) in a sealed tube. The mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 18 h. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica; 7 M solution of NH3 in MeOH in DCM 0/100 to 10/90). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The desired product was triturated with DIPE to give E-26 (58.8 mg, 32%) as a cream solid.
Example E-30 was synthesized following the same approach described for E-29, starting from I-24 (0.15 g, 0.43 mmol) and I-41a (0.101 g, 0.47 mmol). The final product E-30 (50 mg, 27%) was obtained as a cream solid
A solution of I-24 (0.25 g, 0.72 mmol) in CH3CN (3 mL) were added to a stirred solution of I-45 (0.143 g, 0.79 mmol), DIPEA (370.0 μL, 2.15 mmol) and Nat (0.011 g, 0.072 mmol) in CH3CN (2 mL) in a sealed tube under nitrogen. The mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 18 h. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified twice by flash chromatography (silica; MeOH in DCM 0/100 to 5/95 and 7 M solution of NH3 in MeOH in DCM 0/100 to 10/90). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to give a brown oil, which was purified by RP HPLC on C18 XBridge 19×100 5 um; mobile phase: gradient from 80% 0.1% NH4CO3H/NH4OH pH 9 solution in H2O, 20% CH3CN to 0% 0.1% NH4CO3H/NH4OH pH 9 solution in H2O, 100% CH3CN), yielding final product E-31 (55.33 mg, 18%) as a yellow oil.
Table 1 below lists additional compounds of Formula (I).
Melting Points
Values are peak values, and are obtained with experimental uncertainties that are commonly associated with this analytical method. For a number of compounds, melting points were determined in open capillary tubes either on a Mettler FP62 or on a Mettler FP81HT-FP90 apparatus. Melting points were measured with a temperature gradient of 10° C./min. Maximum temperature was 300° C. The melting point was read from a digital display.
LCMS
For LCMS characterization of the compounds of the present invention, the following methods were used.
General Procedure A (for Waters MS Instruments) (TOF, ZQ, SQD)
The HPLC measurement was performed using an HP 1100 (Agilent Technologies) system comprising a pump (quaternary or binary) with degasser, an autosampler, a column oven, a diode-array detector (DAD) and a column as specified in the respective methods below. Flow from the column was split to the MS spectrometer. The MS detector was configured with either an electrospray ionization source or an ESCI dual ionization source (electrospray combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization). Nitrogen was used as the nebulizer gas. The source temperature was maintained at 140° C. Data acquisition was performed with MassLynx-Openlynx software.
General Procedure B (for Waters MS Instruments (Acquity-SQD))
The UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography) measurement was performed using an Acquity UPLC (Waters) system comprising a sampler organizer, a binary pump with degasser, a four column's oven, a diode-array detector (DAD) and a column as specified in the respective methods below. Column flow was used without split to the MS detector. The MS detector was configured with an ESCI dual ionization source (electrospray combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization). Nitrogen was used as the nebulizer gas. The source temperature was maintained at 140° C. Data acquisition was performed with MassLynx-Openlynx software.
Method 1
In addition to the general procedure A: Reversed phase HPLC was carried out on an Eclipse Plus-C18 column (3.5 μm, 2.1×30 mm) from Agilent, with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, at 60° C. without split to the MS detector. The gradient conditions used are: 95% A (0.5 g/l ammonium acetate solution +5% acetonitrile), 5% B (mixture of acetonitrile/methanol, 1/1), kept 0.2 minutes, to 100% B in 3.0 minutes, kept till 3.15 minutes and equilibrated to initial conditions at 3.30 minutes until 5.0 minutes. Injection volume 2 μl. Low-resolution mass spectra (single quadrupole, SQD detector) were acquired by scanning from 100 to 1000 in 0.1 second using an inter-channel delay of 0.08 second. The capillary needle voltage was 3 kV. The cone voltage was 20 V and 50 V for positive ionization mode and 30 V for negative ionization mode.
Method 2
In addition to the general procedure B: Reversed phase UPLC was carried out on a BEH-C18 column (1.7 μm, 2.1×50 mm) from Waters, with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, at 50° C. without split to the MS detector. The gradient conditions used are: 95% A (0.5 g/l ammonium acetate solution +5% acetonitrile), 5% B (acetonitrile), to 40% A, 60% B in 3.8 minutes, to 5% A, 95% B in 4.6 minutes, kept till 5.0 minutes. Injection volume 2.0 μl. Low-resolution mass spectra (single quadrupole, SQD detector) were acquired by scanning from 100 to 1000 in 0.1 seconds using an inter-channel delay of 0.08 second. The capillary needle voltage was 3 kV. The cone voltage was 25 V for positive ionization mode and 30 V for negative ionization mode.
Method 3
same gradient as method 2; column used: RRHD Eclipse Plus-C18 (1.8 μm, 2.1×50 mm) from Agilent.
General Procedure C (for Acquity-UPLC QUATTRO)
The LC measurement was performed using a UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography) Acquity (Waters) system comprising a binary pump with degasser, an autosampler, a diode-array detector (DAD) and a column as specified in the respective methods below, the column is hold at a temperature of 40° C. Flow from the column was brought to a MS detector. The MS detector was configured with an electrospray ionization source. Mass spectra were acquired by scanning from 100 to 1000 in 0.2 seconds using an interscan delay of 0.1 seconds. The capillary needle voltage was 3 kV and the source temperature was maintained at 130° C. on the Quattro (triple quadrupole mass spectrometer from Waters). Nitrogen was used as the nebulizer gas. Data acquisition was performed with MassLynx-Openlynx software (Waters).
Method 4
In addition to the general procedure C: Reversed phase UPLC was carried out on a Waters Acquity BEH (bridged ethylsiloxane/silica hybrid) Phenyl-Hexyl column (1.7 μm, 2.1×100 mm) with a flow rate of 0.343 ml/min. Two mobile phases (mobile phase A: 95% 7 mM ammonium acetate/5% acetonitrile; mobile phase B: 100% acetonitrile) were employed to run a gradient condition from 84.2% A and 15.8% B (hold for 0.49 minutes) to 10.5% A and 89.5% B in 2.18 minutes, hold for 1.94 min and back to the initial conditions in 0.73 min, hold for 0.73 minutes. An injection volume of 2 ml was used. Cone voltage was 20V for positive and negative ionization mode.
SFCMS
For SFCMS characterization of compounds of the present invention, the following method was used:
General Procedure
The SFC measurement was performed using Analytical system from Berger instrument comprises a FCM-1200 dual pump fluid control module for delivering carbon dioxide (CO2) and modifier, a CTC Analytics automatic liquid sampler, a TCM-20000 thermal control module for column heating from room temperature to 80° C. An Agilent 1100 UV photodiode array detector equipped with a high-pressure flow cell standing up to 400 bars was used. Flow from the column was split to a MS spectrometer. The MS detector was configured with an atmospheric pressure ionization source. The following ionization parameters for the Waters ZQ mass spectrophotometer are: corona: 9 μa, source temp: 140° C., cone: 30 V, probe temp 450° C., extractor 3 V, desolvatation gas 400 L/hr, cone gas 70 L/hr. Nitrogen was used as the nebulizer gas. Data acquisition was performed with a Waters-Micromass MassLynx-Openlynx data system.
Method
In addition to the general procedure: The chiral separation in SFC was carried out on a CHIRALPAK AD DAICEL column (10 μm, 4.6×250 mm) with a flow rate of 3.0 ml/min at 35° C. The mobile phase is 60% CO2, 20% EtOH+20% iPrOH (containing 0.3% iPrNH2, in EtOH/iPrOH 1:1) in isocratic mode.
Optical Rotations
Optical rotations were measured on a Perkin-Elmer 341 polarimeter with a sodium lamp and reported as follows: [α]λt° C. (c g/100 ml, solvent).
Optical rotation values for enantiomerically pure compounds are shown in table 2a.
The results of the analytical measurements are shown in tables 2a and 2b.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
For a number of compounds, 1H NMR spectra were recorded either on a Bruker DPX-400 or on a Bruker AV-500 spectrometer with standard pulse sequences, operating at 400 MHz and 500 MHz, respectively. Chemical shifts (6) are reported in parts per million (ppm) downfield from tetramethylsilane (TMS), which was used as internal standard.
Co. No. 1
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 0.28-0.41 (m, 2H), 0.56-0.70 (m, 2H), 1.14-1.23 (m, 1H), 1.24-1.36 (m, 2H), 1.58 (br. s., 1H), 1.51 (qd, J=12.9, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 1.84-1.96 (m, 2H), 2.04-2.16 (m, 2H), 2.57 (tt, J=11.1, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.81 (tt, J=12.2, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.11 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (br. d, J=1.8 Hz, 2H), 6.71-6.84 (m, 2H), 7.14 (td, J=8.4, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H).
Co. No. 2
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 0.29-0.40 (m, 2H), 0.58-0.68 (m, 2H), 1.14-1.23 (m, 1H), 1.54-1.69 (m, 3H), 1.98-2.06 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.74 (m, 3H), 3.11 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.34 (m, J=12.7 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (br. d, J=1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.74-6.84 (m, 2H), 6.87-6.94 (m, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H).
Co. No. 3
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 0.29-0.40 (m, 2H), 0.57-0.68 (m, 2H), 1.14-1.23 (m, 1H), 1.23-1.34 (m, 2H), 1.52 (qd, J=13.0, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 1.58 (br. s., 1H), 1.90-2.01 (m, 2H), 2.04-2.16 (m, 2H), 2.52 (tt, J=12.2, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (tt, J=11.1, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.11 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (br. d, J=1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.15-7.23 (m, 3H), 7.27-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H).
Co. No. 4
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 1.21-1.36 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.49 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.58 (br. s., 1H), 1.91-2.00 (m, 2H), 2.05-2.14 (m, 2H), 2.45-2.65 (m, 2H), 3.13 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (br. d, J=1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.16-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.27-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.34 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H).
Co. No. 5
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 0.28-0.41 (m, 2H), 0.56-0.70 (m, 2H), 1.13-1.24 (m, 1H), 1.54-1.67 (m, 3H), 1.67-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.84-1.94 (m, 2H), 2.85 (tt, J=11.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.97-3.03 (m, 1H), 3.11 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (br. d, J=1.8 Hz, 2H), 6.72-6.85 (m, 2H), 7.19 (td, J=8.5, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H).
Co. No. 6
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 0.28-0.39 (m, 2H), 0.55-0.68 (m, 2H), 1.13-1.22 (m, 1H), 1.62 (br. s., 1H), 2.81 (dd, J=15.6, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.10 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.21 (dd, J=15.6, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (quin, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (br. d, J=1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.12-7.24 (m, 4H), 7.31 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H).
Co. No. 7
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 0.29-0.40 (m, 2H), 0.57-0.69 (m, 2H), 1.14-1.23 (m, 1H), 1.34 (br. s., 1H), 1.64-1.75 (m, 4H), 1.77-1.91 (m, 4H), 2.58 (s, 1H), 2.92-3.02 (m, 1H), 3.11 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (br. d, J=1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.17-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.34 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H).
Co. No. 8
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 1.50 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.56 (br. s., 1H), 1.62-1.75 (m, 4H), 1.76-1.90 (m, 4H), 2.52-2.65 (m, 1H), 2.93-3.00 (m, 1H), 3.13 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (br. d, J=1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.17-7.26 (m, 3H), 7.28-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.35 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H).
Co. No. 9
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 1.50 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 3H), 1.56 (br. s., 1H), 1.60-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.91 (m, 4H), 2.85 (tt, J=11.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.97-3.02 (m, 1H), 3.12 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (br. d, J=1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.73-6.79 (m, 1H), 6.79-6.84 (m, 1H), 7.19 (td, J=8.5, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H).
Co. No. 10
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 1.21 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.57 (br. s., 1H), 1.63-1.75 (m, 4H), 1.77-1.91 (m, 4H), 2.54-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.95-3.01 (m, 1H), 3.56 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (br. d, J=1.8 Hz, 2H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 7.17-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H).
Co. No. 11
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 1.21 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.23-1.35 (m, 2H), 1.57 (br. s, 1H), 1.52 (qd, J=12.7, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 1.91-2.00 (m, 2H), 2.06-2.15 (m, 2H), 2.52 (tt, J=12.3, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (tt, J=11.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (br. d, J=1.8 Hz, 2H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 7.16-7.23 (m, 3H), 7.27-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H).
Co. No. 12
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 0.29-0.39 (m, 2H), 0.56-0.68 (m, 2H), 1.15-1.24 (m, 1H), 1.57 (br. s., 1H), 1.63-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.92 (m, 4H), 2.53-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.91-2.98 (m, 1H), 3.09 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (s, 2H), 7.14 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.90 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H).
Co. No. 13
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 0.27-0.41 (m, 2H), 0.56-0.69 (m, 2H), 1.15-1.23 (m, 1H), 1.23-1.36 (m, 2H), 1.43-1.64 (m, 3H), 1.89-1.99 (m, 2H), 2.07-2.16 (m, 2H), 2.46-2.60 (m, 2H), 3.09 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.15-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.26-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.89 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H).
[35S]GTPγS Binding Assay
The compounds provided in the present invention are positive allosteric modulators of mGluR2. These compounds appear to potentiate glutamate responses by binding to an allosteric site other than the glutamate binding site. The response of mGluR2 to a concentration of glutamate is increased when compounds of Formula (I) are present. Compounds of Formula (I) are expected to have their effect substantially at mGluR2 by virtue of their ability to enhance the function of the receptor. The effects of positive allosteric modulators tested at mGluR2 using the [35S]GTPγS binding assay method described below and which is suitable for the identification of such compounds, and more particularly the compounds according to Formula (I), are shown in Table 3.
[35S]GTPγS Binding Assay
The [35S]GTPγS binding assay is a functional membrane-based assay used to study G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) function whereby incorporation of a non-hydrolysable form of GTP, [35S]GTPγS (guanosine 5′-triphosphate, labelled with gamma-emitting 35S), is measured. The G-protein α subunit catalyzes the exchange of guanosine 5′-diphosphate (GDP) by guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and on activation of the GPCR by an agonist, [35S]GTPγS, becomes incorporated and cannot be cleaved to continue the exchange cycle (Harper (1998) Current Protocols in Pharmacology 2.6.1-10, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.). The amount of radioactive [35S]GTPγS incorporation is a direct measure of the activity of the G-protein and hence the activity of the agonist can be determined mGluR2 receptors are shown to be preferentially coupled to Gαi-protein, a preferential coupling for this method, and hence it is widely used to study receptor activation of mGluR2 receptors both in recombinant cell lines and in tissues. Here we describe the use of the [35S]GTPγS binding assay using membranes from cells transfected with the human mGluR2 receptor and adapted from Schaffhauser et al. ((2003) Molecular Pharmacology 4:798-810) for the detection of the positive allosteric modulation (PAM) properties of the compounds of this invention.
Membrane Preparation
CHO-cells were cultured to pre-confluence and stimulated with 5 mM butyrate for 24 h. Cells were then collected by scraping in PBS and cell suspension was centrifuged (10 min at 4000 RPM in benchtop centrifuge). Supernatant was discarded and pellet gently resuspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 by mixing with a vortex and pipetting up and down. The suspension was centrifuged at 16,000 RPM (Sorvall RC-5C plus rotor SS-34) for 10 minutes and the supernatant discarded. The pellet was homogenized in 5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 using an ultra-turrax homogenizer and centrifuged again (18,000 RPM, 20 min, 4° C.). The final pellet was resuspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 and stored at −80° C. in appropriate aliquots before use. Protein concentration was determined by the Bradford method (Bio-Rad, USA) with bovine serum albumin as standard.
[35S]GTPγS Binding Assay
Measurement of mGluR2 positive allosteric modulatory activity of test compounds was performed as follows. Test compounds and glutamate were diluted in assay buffer containing 10 mM HEPES acid, 10 mM HEPES salt, pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 3 mM MgCl2 and 10 μM GDP. Human mGlu2 receptor-containing membranes were thawed on ice and diluted in assay buffer supplemented with 14 μg/ml saponin. Membranes were pre-incubated with compound alone or together with a predefined (˜EC20) concentration of glutamate (PAM assay) for 30 min at 30° C. After addition of [35S]GTPγS (f.c. 0.1 nM), assay mixtures were shaken briefly and further incubated to allow [35S]GTPγS incorporation on activation (30 minutes, 30° C.). Final assay mixtures contained 7 μg of membrane protein in 10 mM HEPES acid, 10 mM HEPES salt, pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 3 mM MgCl2, 10 μM GDP and 10 μg/ml saponin. Total reaction volume was 200 μl. Reactions were terminated by rapid filtration through Unifilter-96 GF/B plates (Perkin Elmer, Mass., USA) using a 96-well filtermate universal harvester. Filters were washed 6 times with ice-cold 10 mM NaH2PO4/10 mM Na2HPO4, pH 7.4. Filters were then air-dried, and 40 μl of liquid scintillation cocktail (Microscint-O) was added to each well. Membrane-bound radioactivity was counted in a Microplate Scintillation and Luminescence Counter from Perkin Elmer.
Data Analysis
The concentration-response curves of representative compounds of the present invention—obtained in the presence of EC20 of mGluR2 agonist glutamate to determine positive allosteric modulation (PAM)—were generated using the Lexis software interface (developed at J&J). Data were calculated as % of the control glutamate response, defined as the maximal response that is generated upon addition of glutamate alone. Sigmoid concentration-response curves plotting these percentages versus the log concentration of the test compound were analyzed using non-linear regression analysis. The concentration producing half-maximal effect is then calculated as EC50. The pEC50 values below were calculated as the −log EC50, when the EC50 is expressed in M. Emax is defined as relative maximal effect (i.e. maximal % effect relative to the control glutamate response).
Table 3 below shows the pharmacological data obtained for compounds of Formula (I).
pEC50 values were not calculated in cases where the concentration-response curve did not reach a plateau level.
All compounds were tested in presence of mGluR2 agonist glutamate at a predetermined EC20 concentration, to determine positive allosteric modulation. pEC50 values were calculated from a concentration-response experiment of at least 8 concentrations. If more experiments were performed, the average pEC50 value is reported and error deviation was <0.5.
“Active ingredient” as used throughout these examples relates to a final compound of formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, the solvates and the stereochemically isomeric forms thereof.
Typical examples of recipes for the formulation of the invention are as follows:
1. Tablets
In this Example, active ingredient can be replaced with the same amount of any of the compounds according to the present invention, in particular by the same amount of any of the exemplified compounds.
2. Suspension
An aqueous suspension is prepared for oral administration so that each 1 milliliter contains 1 to 5 mg of one of the active compounds, 50 mg of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 1 mg of sodium benzoate, 500 mg of sorbitol and water ad 1 ml.
3. Injectable
A parenteral composition is prepared by stirring 1.5% by weight of active ingredient of the invention in 10% by volume propylene glycol in water.
4. Ointment
In this Example, active ingredient can be replaced with the same amount of any of the compounds according to the present invention, in particular by the same amount of any of the exemplified compounds.
Reasonable variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the scope of the invention. It will be obvious that the thus described invention may be varied in many ways by those skilled in the art.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10190326 | Nov 2010 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2011/069640 | 11/8/2011 | WO | 00 | 5/7/2013 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012/062750 | 5/18/2012 | WO | A |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20130338185 A1 | Dec 2013 | US |
