Ahn, H. S., Crim, W., Pitts, B., and Sybertz, E. J., “Calcium-Calmodulin-Stimulated and Cyclic-GMP-Specific Phosphodiesterases”, Advances in Second Messenger and Phosphoprotein Research, 25: 271-283 (1992). |
Aronson, W. J., Trio-Rocha, F., Ignarro, L. J., and Rajfer, J., “The role of Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP in Mediating Pelvic Nerve Stimulation Induced Erection in Dogs”, J. Urology, 147: 454A (1992). |
Azadzoi, K. M., and Saenz de Tejada, I., “Diabetes Mellitus Impairs Neurogenic and Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation of Rabbit corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle”, J. Urol., 148: 1587-1591 (Nov. 1992). |
Azadzoi, K. M., Kim, N., Brown, M. L., Goldstein, I., Cohen, R. A., and Saenz de Tejada, I., “Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide and Cyclooxygenase Products Modulate Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle Tone”, J. Urol., 147: 220-225 (Jan. 1992). |
Azadzoi, K. M., and Saenz de Tejada, I., “Hypercholesterolemia Impairs Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation of Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle”, J. Urol., 146: 238-240 (Jul. 1991). |
Beavo, J. A., “Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Functional Implications of Multiple Isoforms”, Physiological Reviews, 75(4): 725-748 (Oct. 1995). |
Beavo, J. A., Conti, M., and Heaslip, R. J., “Multiple Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase”, Mol. Pharmacol., 46: 399-405 (1994). |
Beavo, J. A., and Reifsnyder, D. H., “Primary sequence of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isozymes and the design of selective inhibitors”, TIPS, 11: 150-155 (Apr. 1990). |
Bowman, A., and Drummond, A. H., “Cyclic GMP mediates neurogenic relaxation in the bovine retractor penis muscle”, Br. J. Pharmac., 81: 665-674 (1984). |
Burger, A., Med. Chem., 2nd ed., Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York (1960), “Relation of Chemical Structure and Biological ACtivity”, pp. 36-45. |
Bush, M. A., PhD Thesis, Univerisity of California, Los Angeles (1993), “The Role of the L-Arginine-Nitric Oxide-Cyclic GMP Pathway in Relaxation of Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle”. |
Bush, P. A., Gonzalez, N. E., and Ignarro, L. J., “Biosynthesis of Nitric Oxide and Citrulline from L-Arginine by Constitutive Nitric Oxide Synthase Present in Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum”, Biochem. & Biophys. Res. Comm., 186(1): 308-314 (Jul. 1992). |
Bush, P. A., Aronson, W. J., Rajfer, J., Buga, G. M., and Ignarro, L. J., “Comparison of nonadrenergic, noncholingergic- and nitric oxide-mediated relaxation of corpus cavernosum”, Int. J. Impotence Res., 4: 85-93 (1992). |
Bush, P. A., Aronson, W. J., Buga, G. M., Rajfer, J., and Ignarro, L. J., “Nitric Oxide is a Potent Relaxant of Human and Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum”, J. Urology, 147: 1650-1655 (Jun. 1992). |
Coste, H., and Grondin, P., “Characterization of a Novel Potent and Specific Inhibitor of Type V Phosphodiesterase”, Biochemical Pharmacology, 50(10): 1577-1585 (1995). |
Dumaitre, B., and Dodie, N., “Synthesis and cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterase Inhibitory Activity of a Series of 6-Phenylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidones”, J. Med. Chem., 39: 1635-1644 (1996). |
Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ed. Gilman, et al., McGraw Hill, 8th ed., (1990), pp. 33-43. |
Hamilton, H. W., Ortwine, D. F., Worth, D. F., and Bristol, J. A., “Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationships of Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-ones as Adenosine Receptor Anagonists”, J. Med. Chem., 30: 91-96 (1987). |
Holmquist, F., Fridstrand, M., Hedlund, H., and Anderson, K. E., “Actions of 3-Morpholinosydnonimin (SIN-1) on Rabbit Isolated Penile Erectile Tissue”, J. Urology, 150: 1310-1315 (Oct. 1993). |
Holmquist, F., Stief, C. G., Jonas, U., and Anderson, K.-F., “Effects of the Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor NG-Nitro-L-Arginine on the Erectile Response to Cavernosum Nerve Stimulation in the Rabbit”, Acta Physiol. Scand., 143: 299-304 (1991). |
Ignarro, L. J., et al., “Neurotransmitter Identity Doubt”, Nature, 347: 131 (Sep. 1990). |
Ignarro, L. J., Bush, P. A., Buga, G. M., Wood, K. S., Fukuto, J. M., and Rafjer, J., “Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP Formation Upon Electrical Field Stimulation Cause Relaxation of Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle”, Biochem. & Biophys. Res. Comm., 170(2): 843-850 (Jul. 1990). |
Kim, N., Vardi, Y., Padma-Nathan, H., Daley, J., Goldstein, I., and Saenz de Tejada, I., “Oxygen Tension Regulates the Nitric Oxide Pathway. Physiological Role in Penile Erection”, J. Clin. Invest., 91: 437-442(Feb. 1993). |
Kim, N., Azadzoi, K. M., Goldstein, I., and Saenz de Tejada, I., “A Nitric Oxide-like Factor Mediates Nonadrenergic-Noncholinergic Neurogenic Relaxation of Penile Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle”, J.Clin. Inv., 88: 112-118 (Jul. 1991). |
Korenman, S. G., and Viosca, S. P., “Treatment of Vasculogenic Sexual Dysfunction with Pentoxifylline”, JAGS, 41(4): 363-366 (Apr. 1993). |
Lee, S. J., Konishi, Y., Yu, D. T., Miskowski, T. A., Riviello, C. M., Macina, O. T., Frierson, M. R., Kondo, K., Sugitani, M., Sircar, J. C., and Blazejewski, K. M., “Discovery of Potent Cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors. 2-Pyridyl- and 2-Imidazolylquinazolines Possessing Cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterase and Thromboxane Synthesis Inhibitory Activities”, J. Med. Chem., 38: 3547-3557 (1995). |
Morrison, R. T., and Boyd, R. N., Organic Chemistry, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 3rd ed., (1972), pp. 858-859. |
Murray, K. J., “Phosphodiesterase VA Inhibitors”, DN&P, 6(3): 150-156 (Apr. 1993). |
Nicholson, C. D., Challiss, R. A. J., and Shahid, M., “Differential modulation of tissue function and therapeutic potential of selective inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoenzymes”, TIPS, 12:19-27 (Jan. 1991). |
Rajfer, J., Aronson, W. J., Bush, P. A., Dorey, F. J., and Ignarro, L. J., “Nitric Oxide as a Mediator of Relaxation of the Corpus Cavernosum in Response to Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic Neurotransmission”, The New England Journal of Medicine, 326(2): 90-94 (Jan. 1992). |
Saenz de Tejada, I., Blanco, R., Goldstein, I., Azadzoi, K., Morenas de las, A., Krane, R. J., and Cohen, R. A., “Cholinergic Neurotransmission in Human Corpus Cavernosum. I. Responses of Isolated Tissue”, Am. J. Physiol., 254: H459-H467. |
Saenz de Tejada, I., Goldstein, I., Azadzoi, K., Krane, R. J., and Cohen, R. A., “Impaired Neurogenic and Endothelium-Mediated Relaxation of Penile Smooth Muscle from Diabetic Men with Impotence”, N. Engl. J. Med., 320: 1025-1030 (Apr. 1989). |
Silver, P. J., Dundore, R. L., Bode, D. C., De Garavilla, L., Buchholz, R. A., Van Aller, G., Hamel, L. T., Bacon, E., Singh, B., Lesher, G. Y., Hlasta, D., and Pagani, E. D., “Cyclic GMP Potentiation by WIN 58237, a Novel Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor”, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 271(3): 1143-1149 (1994). |
Stief, C. G., Uckert, S., Truss, M. C., Becker, A. J., Taher, A., Jonas, U., “Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Isoenzymes in Human Cavernous Smooth Muscle: Characterization and Functional Effects of PDE-Inhibitors in Vitro and in Vivo”, Int. J. Impot. Res., 7(1): 03 (Sep. 1995). |
Sybertz, E. J., Czarniecki, M., and Ahn, H.-S., “cGMP Phosphodiesterase Inhibition: a New Mechanism for the Discovery of Therapeutic Agents”, Current Pharma. Design, 1(4): 373-390 (1995). |
Taher, A., Meyer, M., Stief, C. G., Jonas, U., and Forssmann, W. G., “Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase in Human Cavernous Smooth Muscle”, World J. Urol., 15: 32-35 (1997). |
Taher, A., Meyer, M., Schulz-Knappe, P., Forssmann, W., Stiel, C. G., Jonas, U., “Phosphodiesterase Activity in Human cavernous Tissue and the Effect of Various Selective Inhibitors”, J. Urology, 149(4): 285 (Apr. 1993). |
Taher, A., Stief, C. G., Raida, M., Jonas, U., and Forssmann, W. G., “Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in human cavernous smooth muscle and the effect of various selective inhibitors”, Int. J. Impotence Res., 4(2): 11 (1992). |
Takase, Y., Watanabe, N., Matsui, M., Ikuta, H., Saeki, T., Adachi, H., Souda, S., and Saito, I., “The Quinazoline Derivatives as Novel Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Cyclic GMP-Phosphodiesterase”, 206th American Chemical Society National Meeting, Chicago (1993). |
Terret, N. K., Bell, A. S., Brown, D., and Ellis, P., “Sildenafil (Viagra™), a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Type 5 CGMP Phosphodiesterase with Utility for the Treatment of Male Erectile Dysfunction”, Biorg. & Med. Chem. Letters, 6(15): 1819-1824 (1996). |
Thompson, W. J., “Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and function”, Pharmac. Ther., 5: 13-33 (1991). |
Torphy, T. J., and Cieslinski, L. B., “Characterization and Selective Inhibition of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Isozymes in Canine Tracheal Smooth Muscle”, Molecular Pharmacology, 37: 206-214 (1989). |
Trapani, A. J., Smits, G. J., McGraw, D. E., McMahon, E. G., and Blaine, E. H., “Hemodynamic Basis for the Depressor Activity of Zaprinast, a Selective Cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor”, J. Pharmacol. & Exp. Ther., 258: 269-274 (1991). |
Trigo-Rocha, F., Donatucci, C. F., Hsu, G. L., Nunes, L., Lue, T. F., and Tanagho, E. A., “The effect of intracavernous injection of potassium channel openers in monkeys and dogs”, Int. J. Impotence Res., 7: 41-48 (1995). |
Trigo-Rocha, F., Hsu, G. L., Donatucci, C. F., and Lue, T. F., “The Role of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate, Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate, Endothelium and Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic Neurotransmission in Canine Penile Erection”, J. Urology, 149: 872-887 (Apr. 1993). |
Triga-Rocha, F., Aronson, W. J., Hohenfellner, M., Ignarro, L. J., and Lue, T. F., “Nitric oxide and cGMP: mediators of pelvic nerve-stimulated erection in dogs”, J. Am. Phys., 264(2): H419-H422 (Feb. 1993). |
Trigo-Rocha, F., Hsu, G.-L., Donatucci, C. F., Martinez-Piñeiro, L., Lue, T. F., and Tanagho, E. A., “Intracellular Mechanism of Penile Erection in Monkeys”, Neurology and Urodynamics, 13: 71-80 (1994). |
Chem. Abstr. 87: 201571g (1977), Koizumi, M., Murakami, Y., Matauura, I., “4(3H)-Quinazolines”, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan. Kokai, JP 52051378. |
Rational Approaches to Structure, Activity, and Ecotoxicology of Agrochemicals, W. Draber, and T. Fujita eds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1992), p. 4. |
Andrejus Korolkovas, Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1988), pp. 78-82. |
Gibson, A., “Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors and Nitrergic Transmission—From Zaprinast to Sildenafil”, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 411: 1-10 (2001). |
Katz, et al., J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 36(3): 845-851 (2000). |
Charles, I. et al., “Bicyclic Heterocycles with Nitrogen at the Ring Junction. Part 2. Application of the Dakin-West Reaction to the Synthesis of Imidazo-[5,1-f]-1,2,4-triazin-4(3H)-ones”, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Transactions 1, No. 5, pp. 1139-1146 (May 1980). |