5-METHOXY-N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE (5-MEO-DMT) FOR TREATING DEPRESSION

Abstract

Provided are compositions for use in treating a patient suffering from a mental disorder in particular major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse. Further provided are dosing regimens for treating these disorders.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention is directed to improved methods for the treatment of mental disorders, in particular major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Hallucinogens are chemical compounds, some naturally occurring, some synthetic, which are defined by their ability to induce in humans after consumption sensory distortions, such as changes in auditory and visual perception, as well as distortions of mood and cognition. The term hallucinogen encompasses a rather broad group of psychoactive molecules with different modes of action. Some mental disorders have been suggested as in principle being amenable for treatment with psychoactive molecules.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating mental disorders, in particular major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT).

The invention in particular relates to 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a patient who is diagnosed with major depressive disorder by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice. The disorder may be diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association. For instance, the patient may suffer from moderate or severe major depressive disorder as indicated by a Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score of 20 or more or by a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score of 17 or more. It is further considered that the patient may suffers from severe major depressive disorder as indicated by a Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score of 35 or more or by a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score of 25 or more. The patient may be diagnosed with a treatment-resistant form of major depressive disorder.

Further, the patient may suffer from suicidal ideation, in particular from suicidal ideation with intent to act. The patient may even be at imminent risk for suicide.

5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered at a dose or in a dosage regimen that causes the patient to experience a peak psychedelic experience. A dosage of about 4 mg to about 20 mg 5-MeO-DMT or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be administered. Further, the dosage may be about 6 mg; or of about 12 mg; or of about 18 mg 5-MeO-DMT or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and then be administered in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience.

Further, the 5-MeO-DMT may be administered in a dosage from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for a first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for a second administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for a third administration, wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT. The first dosage of 5-MeO-DMT may be about 6 mg, the second dosage of 5-MeO-DMT may be about 12 mg, and the third dosage of 5-MeO-DMT may be about 18 mg; or equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.

The interval between two administrations may not be less than 1 hour and not more than 24 hours and may preferably be about 2 to 4 hours.

The occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience can be identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire or preferably is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.

5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is preferably administered via inhalation. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may in particular be administered in the form of an aerosol comprising (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable gas; (b) aerosol particles of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l. The aerosol may be generated by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer to produce aerosol particles. The aerosol preferably contains 5-MeO-DMT in the form of the free base.

When administered by inhalation, the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT or of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt to be administered to the patient is preferably inhaled with a single breath.

Treatment as indicated above with 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof leads to a clinical response. The response may be assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score or the Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) score, which improvement preferably occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, preferably persists until at least 6 days, more preferably at least 14 days and in particular at least 28 days, after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The clinical response may also be assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT. This response preferably occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Further, a remission of depressive symptoms, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, preferably occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, preferably persists until at least 6 days, more preferably until at least 14 days, in particular until at least 28 days, after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Preferably, there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 7, more preferably also on day 14 and in particular also on day 28, after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Further preferably, the patient is in remission of depressive symptoms, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, on day 7 preferably also on day 14, in particular also on day 28, after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Further aspects of the present invention are defined below in the embodiments section.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Hallucinogens include e.g., the cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which acts on cannabinoid receptors, the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) which acts on trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), and the dissociative anesthetic ketamine which acts as a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist.

A further group of hallucinogens entails the compounds which bind to the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors, or serotonin receptors (described are 7 families 5-HT1 to 5-HT7 with 14 subtypes), such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). This latter group of serotonergic agents is often referred to as “classical hallucinogens” or “psychedelics”, which emphasizes their predominant ability to induce qualitatively altered states of consciousness such as euphoria, trance, transcendence of time and space, spiritual experiences, dissolution of self-boundaries, or even near-death experiences, while other effects such as sedation, narcosis, or excessive stimulation are only minimal.

Chemically, serotonergic psychedelics are either phenylalkylamines or indoleamines, with the indoleamine class being divided into two subsets, ergolines and tryptamines, the latter being derived from tryptamine having the following formula:

The various serotonergic psychedelics have different binding affinity and activation potency for various serotonin receptors, particularly 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C, and their activity may also be modulated by interaction with other targets such as monoamine transporters and trace amine-associated receptors.

Naturally occurring psychedelics, such as the tryptamine DMT, which is contained in the South American shrub Psychotria viridis, or the tryptamine psilocybin, which is contained in over 200 mushroom species, or the phenylalkylamine mescaline, which is contained in the Peyote cactus of the American Southwest and Northern Mexico, have been used for centuries by indigenous cultures in ritual or sociocultural contexts and in the context of religious sacraments. While an unspecific “healing” potential had been ascribed to the use of naturally occurring psychedelics in those settings, more scientific investigations into their potential therapeutic application for defined disease entities had not been pursued until after the discovery of the synthetic ergoline LSD in 1943.

Those early clinical experiences of the 1950s and 1960s were methodologically still relatively weak, but encouraging data was e.g. reported from a treatment program of alcoholism, where patients who received LSD together with psychotherapy had higher rates of abstinence or improvement than patients who received psychotherapy alone (Jensen S E, Q J Stud Alcohol. 1962; 23:315-20), or from observations in patients with personality trait disturbance or anxiety where administration of LSD as an aid to psychotherapy yielded an outcome of “much improved” or “improved” in over 90% of patients (MacLean J R et al., QJ Stud Alcohol. 1961; 22:34-45), or from treatment of patients suffering from terminal state of cancer, where about two-thirds of patients who received LSD treatment improved in varying degrees (Pahnke W N et al., Psychedelic drugs. Proceedings of a Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital Symposium. Editors: Richard E. Hicks, Paul Jay Fink, Van Buren O. Hammett. Grune & Stratton, New York/London 1969, pp. 33-42).

With the emerging knowledge about the serotonin system and its role in brain function, researchers more and more specified the molecular activity of the psychedelic drugs. However, how that activity translated into their observed therapeutic effects in mental disorders was less clear. Two main concepts were proposed: The first concept was coined “psycholytic therapy” and it emphasized the ability of psychedelics given at low doses to facilitate the loosening of psychological defensive mechanisms, which in combination with psychotherapy allows a deep introspective insight and the revival of traumata and their subsequent catharsis. The basic mechanism considered in the psycholytic approach was therefore the activation and deepening of the concomitant psychotherapeutic process, and it required multiple drug and therapy sessions. The second concept was coined as “psychedelic therapy” and it emphasized the ability of psychedelics given at high single doses to induce so called “peak psychedelic experiences”. Peak experiences are predominantly characterized by the loss of judgment to time and space and the dissolution of ego boundaries, which often culminates in the experience of a blissful state and feelings of being a whole and harmonious existence in the cosmic unity. The basic mechanism considered in the psychedelic approach was therefore to produce a unique, overwhelming experience with an intuitive perception of psychological integration and harmony and subsequent self-improvements and enhanced joy in living and a sense of inner peace.

While scientific research around the use of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders blossomed in the 1960s, there was also a rapidly growing recreational use of these substances, and soon psychedelics were depicted in the media as highly dangerous drugs of abuse. A perceived danger to the social order led to the passage of the United States Controlled Substances Act of 1970, under which LSD and other psychedelics were placed into the most restrictive category Schedule 1, which contains drugs deemed to have no medical use and a high potential for abuse. Very little progress was made regarding possible therapeutic uses of psychedelic drugs for the next 30 years.

Only recently has the interest in the field of psychedelic therapy resurged. For example, in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial comparing a very low placebo-like single dose of psilocybin with a high single dose in 51 cancer patients with anxiety and/or mood symptoms, the high dose produced large decreases in clinician- and self-rated measures of depression, anxiety or mood disturbances and increases in measures of quality of life at five weeks after treatment, and these effects were sustained at 6-months (Griffiths R R et al., J Psychopharmacol. 2016; 30(12):1181-1197). In another randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial of a single dose of psilocybin with niacin as comparator in 29 cancer patients with anxiety and depression psilocybin produced immediate and substantial improvements in anxiety and depression and led to decreases in cancer-related demoralization and hopelessness and increased quality of life, with enduring effects at the 6.5-month follow-up (Ross S et al., J Psychopharmacol. 2016; 30(12):1165-1180). Further positive experiences with psilocybin were generated in an open-label, single arm feasibility study where 20 patients with treatment-resistant depression (as specifically defined in the study) received a low dose and a high dose of psilocybin seven days apart, and in this trial depressive symptoms were significantly reduced from baseline at one and five weeks after treatment (Carhart-Harris R L et al., Lancet Psychiatry. 2016; 3(7):619-27; Carhart-Harris R L et al., Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018; 235(2):399-408). Psilocybin has also shown promise in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (Moreno F A et al., J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67(11):1735-40) and alcohol (Bogenschutz M P et al., J Psychopharmacol. 2015; 29(3):289-99) and tobacco dependency (Johnson M W et al., J Psychopharmacol. 2014; 28(11):983-92; Johnson M W et al., Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2017; 43(1):55-60). Further, for the serotonergic psychedelic LSD, a double-blind, randomized, active placebo-controlled pilot study in 12 patients with anxiety associated with life-threatening diseases reported significant effects on anxiety measures at two months follow-up (Gasser P et al., J Nerv Ment Dis. 2014; 202(7):513-20). Also, for the shamanic brew Ayahuasca, which contains the psychoactive agent DMT together with the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a single dosing session in 35 patients with treatment-resistant major depression (as specifically defined in the trial) showed a rapid antidepressant effect compared to placebo (Palhano-Fontes F et al., bioRxiv 103531. 2017; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/103531).

The inventor considers that those results show that administration of certain serotonergic psychedelics may be a promising approach for the treatment of various mental disorders. However, at this point efficacy and safety studies complying with regulatory standards have yet to be conducted and no psychedelic drug has been approved by any regulatory agency. Further, it is evident from the currently available data that none of the tested drugs will achieve remissions in all patients, that some patients may lose response after achieving a remission, and that the tested drugs still suffer from relevant side effects. Also, the acute psychedelic effects after oral dosing of psychedelics currently proposed for therapeutic use have a duration of several hours, which is inconvenient for the patient and the provider and which poses significant limitations in their practical use. For example, in the study of psilocybin in treatment-resistant depression (as specifically defined in the study) published by Carhart-Harris et al. 9 of 20 patients had a response at week 5, but 3 relapsed again until month 6, with frequently reported side effects of anxiety, headache and nausea, and monitoring requirements for at least 7 hours after drug administration, based on a duration of the acute psychedelic effects of psilocybin of approximately 5 to 6 hours (Carhart-Harris R L et al., Lancet Psychiatry. 2016; 3(7):619-27; Carhart-Harris R L et al, Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018; 235(2):399-408). Additionally, not only a shorter duration of psychedelic effects, but also a more rapid onset of clinical response compared with currently available treatments and currently studied psychedelics would be beneficial. Further, while some mental disorders have been suggested as in principle being amenable for treatment with psychedelics, specific disease entities and specific subgroups of disease entities remain to be identified.

Therefore, an aim of the current invention is to provide a compound for improved psychoactive therapies and dosing regimens for said therapies which are more effective (i.e., (a) larger percentage of patients experiencing a clinical response, b) a larger average clinical response, c) an earlier onset of the clinical response, d) a more durable clinical response) than previously described therapies. A further aim of the current invention is to provide a compound for improved psychoactive therapies and dosing regimens for said therapies which have a better safety profile and/or are better tolerated than previously described therapies. Another aim of the current invention is to provide a compound for improved psychoactive therapies and dosing regimens for said therapies which are more convenient than previously described therapies. Another aim of the current invention is to provide a compound for improved psychoactive therapies and dosing regimens for said therapies which are associated with higher rates of patient compliance (including higher rates of treatment initiation) than previously described therapies. A still further aim of the current invention is to identify specific disease entities and specific subgroups of disease entities which benefit from such improved psychoactive therapies.

The currently available treatments for mental disorders, in particular for major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse are unsatisfactory because of the often limited or not durable treatment response, the late onset of response, side effects which limit the long-term drug administration, and inconvenient dosing regimens which often limit compliance of the patient.

Recently published clinical studies which have used serotonergic psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin and DMT (using the shamanic brew Ayahuasca) in some of those mental disorders suggest that those compounds could provide an alternative to the currently available treatments. However, even for those drugs still not all patients will respond, some patients will lose response overtime, and specific side effects will occur. Further, the acute psychoactive effects of the so far tested compounds and dosing regimens persist for several hours after administration, which is a significant implementation and convenience problem. Also, the onset of clinical response with those compounds is not rapid enough, e.g. for treatment of very symptomatic patients or for patients with active suicidal ideation with intent to act, including such patients who are at imminent risk for suicide. Finally, while some indications have been shown to be in principle amenable for treatment with those serotonergic psychedelic agents, specific disease entities and specific subgroups of disease entities remain to be identified.

The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is therefore in a broad sense to provide an improved psychoactive therapy based on the application of a serotonergic psychedelic in a patient with a mental disorder. The technical problem further encompasses the identification of specific mental disorders and subgroups of mental disorders amenable for treatment with such improved therapy.

Although it is believed that most serotonergic psychedelics mediate their psychoactive effects primarily via 5-HT2A receptors, other receptors also play a role and the complete pharmacology is rather complex. Because there is furthermore no clear correlation between the various mental conditions and specific 5-HT receptor systems, it is not easily predictable which specific receptor affinity profile of a psychedelic will provide the optimal therapeutic effects.

The inventor has recognized that the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience during the acute phase after administration of a specific psychedelic is driving its therapeutic benefit, either in a causal relationship or at least as a surrogate behavioral marker for the underlying unknown therapeutic mechanism.

The inventor considers that the relevance of the type and intensity of psychedelic experiences is e.g. supported by the study on depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer where Griffiths et al. reported that the immediate post-session mystical experience score after administration of psilocybin showed a significant association with various therapeutic outcome measures 5 weeks later (Griffiths R R et al., J Psychopharmacol. 2016; 30(12):1181-1197). Also, in the comparable study in cancer patients with anxiety and depression reported by Ross et al. it was found that intensity of the subjective mystical experience during the drug exposure significantly mediated (e.g. suggestive of causality) the clinical benefit (Ross S et al., J Psychopharmacol. 2016; 30(12):1165-1180). In the study of psilocybin in treatment-resistant depression (as specifically defined in the study), it was found that Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) (sharing features with mystical-type experiences, e.g. experiences of unity and blissful state) was significantly more predictive of reduced depressive symptoms than psilocybin's more generic visual and auditory perceptual effects (Roseman L et al., Front Pharmacol. 2018; 8:974). Further, in the study of psilocybin in alcohol dependence by Bogenschutz et al. it was found that the intensity of effects in the first psilocybin session strongly predicted change in drinking during weeks 5-8 (Bogenschutz M P et al., J Psychopharmacol. 2015; 29(3):289-99). Also, in the study on tobacco dependence by Johnson et al. it was found that those who were smoke-free at six months scored significantly higher on a measure of psilocybin-occasioned mystical experience compared to those who had relapsed (Johnson M W et al., J Psychopharmacol. 2014; 28(11):983-92; Garcia-Romeu A, Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2014; 7(3):157-64). Similar observations had already been made in the early days of psychedelic research, where e.g. in patients with alcohol dependence who had received therapy with LSD it was reported that “50 percent of these people are changed [that is, they stop drinking or are much improved] . . . . As a general rule . . . those who have not had the transcendental experience are not changed; they continue to drink. However, the large proportion of those who have had it are changed” (cited in Unger S M, Psychiatry. 1963; 26:111-25). In fact, those early experiences had spurred the previously discussed concept of “psychedelic therapy”.

The inventor believes that the prominent role of the type and intensity of the acute psychedelic experience for long-term clinical improvement in such a broad range of mental conditions can be explained by recent observations regarding human brain functional connectivity (FC) via so called resting-state networks (RSNs). Those RSNs have been shown to be responsible for various aspects of complex cognitive function, and it has been found that these connectivity networks can be disturbed in mental disorders, in particular major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse, and also in patients with suicidal ideation which can be comorbid with those diseases.

The inventor believes that disruption of the normal hierarchical architecture of RSNs is a final common pathway of those diseases, which may also explain why many of the involved diseases can occur in the same patient at the same time. The inventor considers that the further showings that a) administration of psychedelics such as psilocybin, LSD and DMT can lead to decreased connectivity within specific RSNs (Carhart-Harris R L et al., Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):13187; Palhano-Fontes F et al., PLoS One. 2015; 10(2):e0118143; Carhart-Harris R L et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016; 113(17):4853-8), that b) this decreased connectivity correlates with ratings of peak experiences (Carhart-Harris R L et al., Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):13187; Carhart-Harris R L et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016; 113(17):4853-8), and that c) after the peak experience an increased reorganization (or normalization) of specific RSN activity can be observed (Carhart-Harris R L et al., Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):13187), which d) correlates with treatment response (Carhart-Harris R L et al., Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):13187), explains the observations that the type and intensity of the acute psychedelic experience is correlated with therapeutic outcome.

The inventor has recognized that the occurrence of a peak experience is an important mechanism or at the least a surrogate behavioral marker for the underlying mechanism for the therapeutic efficacy of a psychedelic drug. Therefore, the inventor has recognized that achieving peak experiences more rapidly, in a larger proportion of patients and with better reproducibility in an individual patient, compared with previously tested psychedelic agents and dosing regimens, will lead to a better therapeutic profile.

The inventor has identified 5-MeO-DMT (see formula below) as a serotonergic psychedelic with larger propensity to induce peak experiences than the serotonergic psychedelics previously studied for the treatment of mental disorders, and the inventor has also recognized that peak experiences under 5-MeO-DMT more often involve the dissolution of ego boundaries and experiences of a blissful state and/or unity.

The inventor has also recognized that 5-MeO-DMT can induce peak experiences more rapidly than the serotonergic psychedelics previously studied for the treatment of mental disorders, and that the duration of the psychedelic experience is shorter. The inventor considers that those characteristics of 5-MeO-DMT are associated with an improved therapeutic profile and can be explained by specific alterations of RSN activity under 5-MeO-DMT treatment.

In one aspect, the invention relates to the use of therapeutically effective amounts of 5-MeO-DMT in the treatment of mental disorders, in particular major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse. The use of therapeutically effective amounts of 5-MeO-DMT in the treatment of such disorders includes the use of therapeutically effective amounts of 5-MeO-DMT in patients with such a disorder and suicidal ideation. It in particular includes the use of therapeutically effective amounts of 5-MeO-DMT in patients with a treatment-resistant form of such a disorder, including the use in patients with suicidal ideation. All those conditions are known to be associated with disturbed activity of RSNs, and the inventor has recognized that this makes them amenable for treatment with 5-MeO-DMT.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of therapeutically effective amounts of 5-MeO-DMT in the treatment of mental disorders, in particular major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse, whereby a clinical response is achieved rapidly after administration of 5-MeO-DMT.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of therapeutically effective amounts of 5-MeO-DMT in the treatment of mental disorders, in particular major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse, whereby a clinical response persists for extended periods of time after administration of 5-MeO-DMT.

In another aspect, the invention relates to novel dosing regimens of 5-MeO-DMT for use in the treatment of mental disorders, in particular major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse, which novel dosing regimen allow achievement of peak experiences in a large proportion of patients and with good reproducibility within the same patient. Besides allowing for a high rate of peak experiences and consequently improved therapeutic effects those novel dosing regimens at the same time reduce the risk of overdosing which improves the safety profile. Such improved dosing regimens rely on the application of increasing dosages of 5-MeO-DMT to the same patient on subsequent administrations on the same day or on directly subsequent days.

Via each of those aspects and in particular by a combination of those aspects the invention solves the problems of 1) providing an improved psychoactive therapy based on the application of a psychedelic in a patient with a mental disorder and 2) identifying specific mental disorders and specific subgroups of mental disorders amenable for treatment with such improved therapy.

The fact that 5-MeO-DMT has improved therapeutic effects despite its short duration of acute psychedelic effects (5 to 20 minutes after inhalation compared with several hours for e.g. oral psilocybin and oral LSD) is surprising, but in fact this short duration of action, and the absence of relevant tolerance (i.e. the absence of diminished or no psychedelic effects after re-administration), is a basis for enabling the novel dosing regimen with frequent re-administrations (such as more than once daily, or daily), which are designed to increase the rate of occurrence of peak experiences, thereby increasing the therapeutic benefit. Such repeat administrations within short time also allow an intraindividual dose-optimization which reduces the risk of overdosing, which may otherwise lead to somatic side effects, such as the serotonin syndrome, negative psychic reactions, such as flashbacks of the experience at later timepoints, or to less meaningful psychedelic experiences with few or no memories of the altered state (so-called “white-outs”). Further, starting with a low dose allows familiarization of the patient with the psychedelic experience in general, and allows preparation for the more intense symptoms to occur at the higher doses, which will positively influence the experience at those higher doses. Also, the prospect of being able to initiate treatment with a low dose will increase patient acceptance of the therapeutic approach and improve overall compliance rates on the patient population level.

Frequent re-administrations of a serotonergic psychedelic with the aim to increase the rate and tailor the reproducibility of peak experiences and to improve the therapeutic effect, reduce the side effects and improve the compliance rates have not been contemplated in the prior art, and in fact they may not be possible with the currently tested administration regimens for other psychedelics, due to the late onset and long duration of psychedelic effects observed with their current dosing regimens and due to the rapid development of tolerance (i.e. diminished or no psychedelic effects after re-administration) which can last for several days. The hitherto described dosing regimens for psychedelic drugs used in the therapeutic context either contemplated only a single administration or repeat administrations only after several days.

Hence, those currently applied dosing regimens do not allow peak experiences to be reliably achieved and they do not offer the additional benefits as described above. 5-MeO-DMT is a naturally occurring serotonergic psychedelic tryptamine which acts as a 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor agonist. 5-MeO-DMT was first isolated from the bark of Dictyoloma incanescens, but it is also contained in other plants, and it has been identified as the major active ingredient in the venom of Bufo alvarius toads. In addition, 5-MeO-DMT is synthesized in human pineal and retina, and it has been found in human body fluids including urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. 5-MeO-DMT is mainly inactivated through a deamination pathway mediated by monoamine oxidase A, and it is O-demethylated by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme to produce an active metabolite, bufotenine. Bufotenine binds to the 5-HT2A receptor with much higher affinity than 5-MeO-DMT itself.

5-MeO-DMT and compositions comprising 5-MeO-DMT besides other active components have hitherto only been used in the ritual or recreational context (erowid.org/chemicals/5meo_dmt/5meo_dmt_dose.shtml and erowid.org/chemicals/5meo_dmt/5meo_dmt_effects.shtml, accessed Mar. 1, 2018). A recent internet survey which aimed to examine patterns of use, motivations for consumption, subjective effects, and potential benefits and consequences associated with the use of 5-MeO-DMT and compositions comprising 5-MeO-DMT besides other active ingredients, described that the majority of respondents with self-reported psychiatric conditions, including anxiety, depression, substance use problems, and post-traumatic stress disorder, perceived improvements in symptoms related to those disorders (Davis A K et al., J Psychopharmacol. 2018 July; 32(7):779-792). However, as noted by the authors, “this study is cross-sectional, lacked a validated measure of psychiatric symptoms and assessment of prior psychiatric treatment, included many polysubstance users, which limits any causal inferences in the relation between the use of 5-MeO-DMT and an improvement in symptoms, and thus the associations of psychiatric benefits remain observational”.

Application of 5-MeO-DMT together with a MAO inhibitor leads to an enhanced and prolonged drug effect but can also lead to more toxicity. Most commonly described routes of administration for 5-MeO-DMT in the ritual or recreational context are inhalation of smoke or vapor or intranasal insufflation, but other routes such as intravenous, rectal or oral application have also been described, with absorption via the latter route being limited by a substantial first-pass effect, probably through the rapid action of MAO enzymes in the gut and liver.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

The advantageous effects of the invention, as compared to the current standard of care in the respective indication include, but are not limited to: a) a larger percentage of patients experiencing a clinical response, b) a larger average clinical response, c) an earlier onset of the clinical response, d) a more durable clinical response, e) a similar or better clinical response with fewer or different side effects and therefore improved compliance, and f) a similar or better clinical response with a more convenient therapeutic regimen with fewer drug administrations and therefore improved compliance. As compared to the previously studied psychedelics the invention can additionally provide, for example, for g) a similar or better clinical response with a shorter duration of the acute psychoactive effects after dosing and therefore improved convenience and compliance, h) an improved dosing regimen with higher propensity for and better reproducibility of achievement of peak psychedelic experiences, while avoiding unnecessary high doses and associated side effects, and therefore improved compliance. It is further noted that the advantageous effects are in particular achieved in treatment-resistant patients as defined herein.

Definitions

As used in the context of the present invention, unless otherwise noted, the term “5-MeO-DMT” refers to the free base 5-MeO-DMT. It is contemplated that pharmaceutically acceptable salts of 5-MeO-DMT may also be used. An example for such a salt is the hydrochloride. The appropriate weight amount of a salt to be administered can be calculated from the weight amount of the free base, assuming that equimolar amounts are used.

As used in the context of the present invention, a “patient” to be treated is a human subject who is diagnosed with major depressive disorder by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice. Diagnosis can, for instance, be in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association as suffering from a mental disorder, in particular major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder, or psychoactive substance abuse. The diagnosis will be by a physician or a psychologist. It is not sufficient that the human subject himself considers that he is suffering from one of the disorders.

As used the context of the present invention, “suicidal ideation” refers to thinking about, considering, or planning for suicide. The presence of suicidal ideation in a patient will be diagnosed by a physician or a psychologist, using established protocols and methods for diagnosing suicidality. It is generally not sufficient that the patient himself considers that he is suffering from suicidal ideation. In some situations, a patient experiencing suicidal ideation will be at imminent risk of committing suicide, or will be considered to have ‘intent to act.’

As used in the context of the present invention, unless otherwise noted, the terms “treating” and “treatment” shall include the management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating a disease, condition, or disorder and includes the administration of compounds and methods according to present invention to alleviate the signs and/or symptoms or eliminate the disease, condition, or disorder.

As used in the context of the present invention, unless otherwise noted, the term “therapeutically effective amount” shall mean the amount of active compound or pharmaceutical ingredient that elicits the biological or clinical response in a human that is being sought by a researcher, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the signs and/or symptoms of the disease, condition or disorder being treated.

“Clinical response” includes, but is not limited to, improvements on rating scales such as the Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale (CGI-S), the Patient Global Impression-Severity scale (PGI-S), the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale (CGI-I) or the Patient Global Impression-Improvement scale (PGI-I) and further includes, but is not limited to, endpoints such as the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) or the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) for major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder, anxiety symptoms e.g. as measured by the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) or the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for anxiety disorder, the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CAPS) for posttraumatic stress disorder, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS) for body dysmorphic disorder, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) for obsessive-compulsive disorder, weight gain for anorexia nervosa, frequency of binge-purge episodes for bulimia nervosa, frequency of binge episodes for binge eating disorder, duration of abstinence or reduced substance use in psychoactive substance abuse and suicidality rating scales such as the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) or the suicidal thoughts item of the MADRS for suicidal ideation or the Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Suicidality-Revised (CGI-SS-R) scale (the CGI-SS-R is derived from the CGI-S, and is scored 0=Normal, Not At All Suicidal; 1=Questionably Suicidal; 2=Mildly Suicidal; 3=Moderately Suicidal; 4=Markedly Suicidal; 5=Severely Suicidal; 6=Extremely Suicidal). When assessing a clinical response at an early timepoint after drug administration (e.g. at 2 hours) based on endpoints which have been developed for a longer recall period (e.g. normally 7 days for the MADRS), a rational modification of such endpoint (e.g. changing the MADRS recall period to 2 hours and carrying forward the sleep item recorded at baseline before drug administration) may be applied.

As used in the context of the present invention, unless otherwise noted, the term “administration” (or “application”) shall mean the introduction of an amount, which may be a predetermined amount, of active compound or pharmaceutical ingredient into a patient via any route. Preferably, the active compound is administered by inhalation, nasally, by buccal administration or by sublingual administration.

As used in the context of the present invention, unless otherwise noted, the terms “dose” and “dosage” and “dosage amount” shall mean the amount of active compound or pharmaceutical ingredient which is administered to a patient in an individual administration. The term “dosage regimen” (or “dosing regimen”) shall mean a defined sequence of one or more individual administrations.

As used herein, “aerosol” means a stable system consisting of a gaseous medium (a pharmaceutically acceptable gas, such as air) and miniscule suspended solid and/or liquid particles.

The term “degradation product” refers to a compound resulting from a chemical modification of 5-MeO-DMT as a result of a chemical reaction during aerosol formation. Such reaction includes, without limitation, oxidation.

When a percentage of a “degradation product” is described in the context of the present invention, then this refers to the quantity of 5-MeO-DMT degradation products present in a sample divided by the quantity of 5-MeO-DMT plus 5-MeO-DMT degradation products present in the sample multiplied by 100%, i.e., (Sum of quantities of all 5-MeO-DMT degradation products present in the sample)/((Quantity of 5-MeO-DMT present in the sample)+(Sum of quantities of all 5-MeO-DMT degradation products present in the sample))×100%.

As used herein, the term “impurity” refers to unwanted compounds contaminating a sample of 5-MeO-DMT (or of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof). Impurities may be contained in the starting material before aerosol formation or may be degradation products.

The term “purity” refers to 100% minus the percent of all 5-MeO-DMT degradation products and all other impurities present, i.e., (100%−(Sum of quantities of all 5-MeO-DMT degradation products present+Sum of quantities of all other impurities present)/(Quantity of 5-MeO-DMT present+Sum of quantities of all 5-MeO-DMT degradation products present+Sum of quantities of all other impurities present)×100%.

The term “mass median aerodynamic diameter” (MMAD), is the diameter at which 50% of the particles present in an aerosol are larger than this calculated diameter, and 50% are smaller.

The term “aerosol particle mass density” refers to the mass of aerosol particles per unit volume of aerosol.

The term “aerosol particle formation rate” refers to the aerosolized mass of 5-MeO-DMT per unit of aerosolization time.

Aspects of the Invention

The present invention is directed to improved methods for the treatment of mental disorders, in particular major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse comprising administering to a patient as defined herein a therapeutically effective amount of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Treatment of these disorders includes, but is not limited to, the use of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in patients as defined herein with such a disorder and suicidal ideation. Treatment of these disorders specifically includes the use of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in patients as defined herein with a treatment-resistant form of a mentioned disorder. As used in the context of the present invention, “treatment-resistant” is defined for major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder as no adequate improvement to at least two adequate courses of pharmacological therapy in the current episode of depression, for anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder as no adequate improvement to at least one adequate course of pharmacological therapy and at least one adequate course of psychotherapy, and for eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse as no adequate improvement after at least one adequate course of psychotherapy with or without pharmacological therapy. Whether an improvement is adequate is assessed in terms of clinical response and whether a therapy course is adequate is assessed in terms of regimen, dose, duration, and compliance. Adequateness is assessed and documented by a physician or psychologist using a defined set of criteria and it is not sufficient that the patient himself considers that a prior therapy course was not adequate or that he not adequately responded. Adequateness can be assessed retrospectively and prospectively.

The treatment of patients with anxiety disorder includes, but is not limited to, patients with panic disorder, phobic anxiety disorders, social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. The treatment of patients with eating disorder includes but is not limited to anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. The treatment of patients with substance abuse includes, but is not limited to, patients with alcohol related disorders, opioid related disorders, sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic related disorders, cocaine related disorders, other stimulant related disorders and nicotine dependence.

Disorders preferably treated according to the invention are major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive-disorder and anorexia nervosa including their treatment-resistant forms. The disorder most preferably treated according to the invention is major depressive disorder including its treatment-resistant form, and including patients with major depressive disorder having suicidal ideation.

In an embodiment the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT administered to a patient, as defined herein, with a mental disorder, in particular major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse, including a treatment-resistant form of these disorders, and including these disorders associated with suicidal ideation, is in the range of about 1 mg to about 25 mg, or any amount of range therein, preferably from about 2 mg to about 20 mg, more preferably from about 4 mg to about 20 mg. Useful specific amounts are e.g. about 4 mg, about 6 mg, about 8 mg, about 10 mg, about 12 mg, about 14 mg, about 16 mg, about 18 mg, and about 20 mg. Patients may also be treated with an equimolar dose of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of 5-MeO-DMT. Note that in this specification, when ranges are set forth, such as “about 1 mg to about 25 mg,” the inventor contemplates all discrete values within that range, some of which are specifically mentioned, but all of which are not—simply for the purpose of brevity.

In preferred embodiments the improved methods for the treatment of a patient, as defined herein, with a mental disorder, in particular major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse, including a treatment-resistant form of these disorders, and including these disorders associated with suicidal ideation, with a therapeutically effective amount of 5-MeO-DMT, comprise the occurrence of a clinical response not later than about 2 hours after administration of 5-MeO-DMT.

In preferred embodiments the improved methods for the treatment of a patient, as defined herein, with a mental disorder, in particular major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse, including a treatment-resistant form of these disorders, and including these disorders associated with suicidal ideation, with a therapeutically effective amount of 5-MeO-DMT, comprise the persistence of a clinical response, including a clinical response which occurred not later than about 2 hours after administration of 5-MeO-DMT, until at least about 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT, preferably until at least about 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT, more preferably until at least about 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT.

In preferred embodiments the improved methods for the treatment of a patient, as defined herein, with a mental disorder, in particular major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse, including a treatment-resistant form of these disorders, and including these disorders associated with suicidal ideation, with a therapeutically effective amount of 5-MeO-DMT comprise the administration of more than a single dose of 5-MeO-DMT.

In a preferred embodiment this more than a single dose of 5-MeO-DMT is administered to a patient in one or more treatment blocks, each block consisting of 2 to 7 administrations, with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration within each treatment block, and not less than about 6 days between the end of one treatment block and the start of the next treatment block.

In an even more preferred embodiment this more than a single dose of 5-MeO-DMT is administered to a patient in one or more treatment blocks, each block consisting of 1 to 3 administrations, with about 24 hours between each administration within each treatment block, and not less than about 6 days between the end of one treatment block and the start of the next treatment block.

In a most preferred embodiment this more than a single dose of 5-MeO-DMT is administered to a patient in one or more treatment blocks, each block consisting of 1 to 3 administrations, with about 2 to 4 hours between each administration within each treatment block, and not less than about 6 days between the end of one treatment block and the start of the next treatment block.

In an embodiment the dosage amount of the 5-MeO-DMT administered to an individual patient in each of the administrations and in each of the treatment blocks is constant for that individual patient and is selected from about 1 mg to about 25 mg, preferably from about 2 mg to about 20 mg, more preferably from about 4 mg to about 20 mg. Useful specific amounts are e.g. about 4 mg, about 6 mg, about 8 mg, about 10 mg, about 12 mg, about 14 mg, about 16 mg, about 18 mg, and about 20 mg.

In a preferred embodiment the dosage amount of the 5-MeO-DMT administered to an individual patient is selected from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for the first administration within each treatment block, and then increases with each subsequent administration within each treatment block until the earlier of 20 mg being reached or all administrations within that treatment block being administered.

In an even more preferred embodiment the dosage amount of the 5-MeO-DMT administered to an individual patient is selected from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for the first administration within each treatment block, and then increases with each subsequent administration within each treatment block until the earlier of 20 mg being reached or all administrations within that treatment block being administered or the patient having experienced a peak psychedelic experience or the supervising physician having decided that further dose increases are inappropriate based on observed side effects.

For embodiments where the dosage amount increases for subsequent administrations, the dosage amount for the next administration is determined by adding about 2 mg to about 10 mg, preferably about 4 mg to about 8 mg, most preferably about 6 mg, to the dosage amount of the prior administration. For example, if the dosage amount of the first administration was 6 mg and the dosage amount increase is 6 mg, unless one of the previously mentioned stopping criteria has been reached, then the dosage amount of the second administration will be 12 mg. Preferably, the dosage amount for the third administration will be 18 mg.

In a preferred embodiment the dosage amount of the 5-MeO-DMT administered to an individual patient in each treatment block is selected from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for the first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience within that treatment block or the supervising physician has decided that further dose increases are inappropriate based on observed side effects, to a dosage selected from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for the second administration, and from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for the third administration. Useful specific amounts for the first, second and third administration are e.g. about 6 mg, about 12 mg, and about 18 mg.

In a further preferred embodiment the dosage amount of the 5-MeO-DMT administered to an individual patient is selected from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for the first administration of the first treatment block, and then increases with each subsequent administration within that first treatment block until the earlier of 20 mg being reached or all administrations within that treatment block being administered or the patient having experienced a peak psychedelic experience or the supervising physician having decided that further dose increases are inappropriate based on observed side effects, with that highest dosage in that first treatment block being used as the dosage for all subsequent treatment blocks and administrations within those subsequent treatment blocks. For example, if the highest dosage in the first treatment block was 18 mg because the patient experienced a peak psychedelic experience at that dose, then the dosage for all subsequent treatment blocks and administrations within those subsequent treatment blocks will be 18 mg.

In a most preferred embodiment the dosage amount of the 5-MeO-DMT administered to an individual patient is selected from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for the first administration of the first treatment block, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience within that treatment block or the supervising physician has decided that further dose increases are inappropriate based on observed side effects, to a dosage selected from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for the second administration of the first treatment block, and from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for the third administration of the first treatment block, with the highest dosage in that first treatment block being used as the dosage for all subsequent treatment blocks and administrations within those subsequent treatment blocks. Useful specific amounts for the first, second and third administration in the first treatment block are e.g. about 6 mg, about 12 mg, and about 18 mg.

It is understood that a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of 5-MeO-DMT can also be used in all of the above dosing regimen, and that the appropriate weight amounts of a salt to be administered can be calculated from the stated weight amounts of the free base, assuming that equimolar amounts are used.

According to the invention, 5-MeO-DMT is preferably not administered together with a MAO inhibitor.

The occurrence of a “peak psychedelic experience” in a patient can be identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) (as described in Barrett F S, J Psychopharmacol. 2015; 29(11):1182-90; Score items shown in Example 4).

The occurrence of a “peak psychedelic experience” in a patient can also be identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire (as described in Roseman L et al., Front Pharmacol. 2018; 8:974).

The occurrence of a “peak psychedelic experience” in a patient can also be identified through achievement of a score of at least 75 in the Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score, which averages answers scored by the patient from 0 to 100 for the following three questions: 1. How intense was the experience; 2. To what extent did you lose control; 3. How profound (i.e. deep and significant) was the experience?

The therapeutically effective amount of 5-MeO-DMT is administered by inhalation, by nasal administration, by buccal administration or by sublingual administration. Administration via these routes can assure a rapid onset of action. A most preferred route of administration is administration by inhalation. Preferably, the inhalation of the therapeutically effective amount of 5-MeO-DMT occurs within a single breath.

For nasal administration, 5-MeO-DMT can be employed as a neat substance or in the form of a formulation for nasal administration, examples of which are known in the art. For nasal administration, 5-MeO-DMT can be employed as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or in the form of a formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Examples of appropriate devices are known in the art.

Buccal administration or sublingual administration make use of 5-MeO-DMT as such or in the form of formulations, for instance, tablets, films, sprays, creams, examples of which are known in the art. Buccal administration or sublingual administration can also rely on a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of 5-Meo-DMT as such or in the form of formulations, for instance, tablets, films, sprays, creams, as generally known in the art.

Administration is in particular by inhalation of an aerosol. Such an aerosol comprises (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable gas; (b) aerosol particles of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l, preferably of about 1.3 mg/l to about 10 mg/l, in particular of about 2 mg/l to about 9 mg/l. The pharmaceutically acceptable gas is preferably air.

The aerosol particles preferably contain less than 1 wt % impurities, in particular less than 0.5 wt % impurities. They furthermore preferably contain less than 0.5 wt % 5-MeO-DMT degradation products, in particular less than 0.2 wt % 5-MeO-DMT degradation products resulting from a chemical modification of 5-MeO-DMT as a result of a chemical reaction during aerosol formation.

In a further preferred aspect, the aerosol essentially consists of (a) air; (b) aerosol particles of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The aerosol particles preferably contain 5-MeO-DMT in the form of the free base.

The aerosol is preferably characterized by a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 3 micron and more than 0.1 micron, in particular by a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 2 micron and more than 0.1 micron.

The aerosol may be formed by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT to produce aerosol particles. The thin layer may have a thickness of less than about 10 μm, in particular less than about 7.5 μm. It may have a thickness in the range of about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm, in particular in the range of about 0.3 μm to about 7.5 μm.

The thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT, configured on a solid support, may be exposed to thermal energy via the air passing over the thin layer. Alternatively, the thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT, configured on a solid support, may be exposed to thermal energy via the solid support.

The air passing over the thin layer may have a temperature in the range of about 180° C. to about 260° C. The air passing over the thin layer may in particular have a temperature of about 210° C. and pass over the thin layer at a rate of about 12 l/min for a duration of about 15 seconds.

The aerosol particles may be contained in a volume of equal or less than about 3 liters, in particular in a volume of about 2 to about 3 liters. The aerosol is in particular for use in therapy. It is preferably delivered to a patient via a single inhalation.

The present invention aims at providing 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a form suitable for inhalation in a medical context. The invention in particular provides 5-MeO-DMT and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in the form of aerosols. These aerosols have a suitable aerosol particle mass density so that a therapeutically effective dose of the aerosol can be administered to a patient via a single inhalation.

Aerosols useful in the present invention can be formed using thermal energy. When using thermal energy to form an aerosol of a compound, it is very difficult to predict which conditions are suitable for safe, efficient and predictable aerosolization, in particular if the aerosol is to be used for systemic delivery of that compound to a patient via the lungs. Relevant variables in this context include a) the dose of the compound, b) the morphological state in which that compound is made available for aerosolization (e.g. in crystal form, or in form as a thin layer), c) the amount of thermal energy to which the compound is exposed (defined by temperature and duration of exposure), and d) the volume of air introduced to create the aerosol (defined by flow rate and duration of air flow).

The present invention aims at providing compositions and methods for safe, efficient and predictable systemic delivery of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a patient through inhalation. “Safe” means that the aerosol particles should contain only a very small amount of impurities and 5-MeO-DMT degradation products, “efficient” means that the dosage is aerosolized to a defined extent and preferably almost completely or completely, that the aerosol has desirable physical properties for delivery of the 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof systemically via the lungs mainly via absorption in the pulmonary alveoli, and that the aerosol can be inhaled by the patient in a single inhalation (i.e., within one deep breath), and “predictable” means that there should be almost no or no variability in the amount of degradation products, in the extent of aerosolization, and in the physical properties of the aerosol.

A suitable aerosol can be achieved by a) providing the therapeutically effective amounts of 5-MeO-DMT as a thin layer, on a solid support, b) exposing the thin 5-MeO-DMT layer to elevated controlled temperatures for a short duration of time, and c) providing a controlled amount of air so that an aerosol is formed.

A composition for delivery of a therapeutically effective amount of 5-MeO-DMT may comprise an aerosol, wherein the aerosol is formed by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT; wherein said aerosol has one or more of the following features: 1) it contains aerosol particles which are characterized by a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 3 micron, 2) it contains aerosol particles which are characterized by less than 1% wt impurities and less than 0.5%5-MeO-DMT degradation products, 3) it can be delivered to a patient via a single inhalation.

The generation of aerosol particles characterized by a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 3 microns, with less than 1% wt impurities and less than 0.5% wt 5-MeO-DMT drug degradation products, in an aerosol volume which can be delivered to a patient via a single inhalation, is achieved by defining a) the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT contained in the thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT, b) the thickness of the thin layer of the 5-MeO-DMT, c) the thermal energy to which the thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT is exposed (defined by temperature and duration of exposure), and d) the total amount of the air which passes over the thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT (defined by airflow rate and duration of airflow).

Preferably the thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT is exposed to thermal energy via the air passing over the thin layer, in which case that air is heated. The heated air passing over the thin layer may have a temperature in the range of about 180° C. to about 260° C. The air passing over the thin layer may in particular have a temperature of about 210° C.

Alternatively, the thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT is exposed to thermal energy via the solid support, in which case the air passing over the thin layer is not heated, but the solid support is heated. The heated solid support may have a temperature in the range of about 180° C. to about 420° C.

Preferably the 5-MeO-DMT used for formation of the thin layer, on the solid support, is highly pure, with a purity of at least 99%, preferably at least 99.5%.

Preferably the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT contained in the thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT, configured on the solid support, is from about 1 mg to about 25 mg, preferably from about 2 mg to about 20 mg, more preferably from about 4 mg to about 20 mg. Useful specific amounts are, e.g., about 4 mg, about 6 mg, about 8 mg, about 10 mg, about 12 mg, about 14 mg, about 16 mg, about 18 mg, and about 20 mg. Preferred specific amounts are e.g. about 6 mg, about 12 mg, and about 18 mg.

Solid supports, on which 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is provided, can have a variety of shapes. Examples of such shapes include, without limitation, cylinders of less than 1.0 mm in diameter, boxes of less than 1.0 mm thickness and virtually any shape permeated by small (e.g., less than 1.0 mm-sized) pores. Preferably, solid supports provide a large surface to volume ratio (e.g., greater than 100 per meter) and a large surface to mass ratio (e.g., greater than 1 cm2 per gram).

A solid support of one shape can also be transformed into another shape with different properties. For example, a flat sheet of 0.25 mm thickness has a surface to volume ratio of approximately 8,000 per meter. Rolling the sheet into a hollow cylinder of 1 cm diameter produces a support that retains the high surface to mass ratio of the original sheet but has a lower surface to volume ratio (about 400 per meter).

A number of different materials are used to construct the solid supports. Classes of such materials include, without limitation, metals, inorganic materials, carbonaceous materials and polymers. The following are examples of the material classes: aluminum, silver, gold, stainless steel, copper and tungsten; silica, glass, silicon and alumina; graphite, porous carbons, carbon yarns and carbon felts; polytetrafluoroethylene and polyethylene glycol. Combinations of materials and coated variants of materials are used as well.

Where aluminum is used as a solid support, aluminum foil is a suitable material. Examples of silica, alumina and silicon based materials include amphorous silica S-5631 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), BCR171 (an alumina of defined surface area greater than 2 m2/g from Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) and a silicon wafer as used in the semiconductor industry. Carbon yams and felts are available from American Kynol, Inc., New York, N.Y.

Preferably the thickness of the thin layer of the 5-MeO-DMT, configured on the solid support, is less than about 10 μm, in particular less than about 7.5 μm. It may have a thickness in the range of about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm, in particular in the range of 0.3 μm to 7.5 μm.

Preferably the total amount of the air passing over the thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT is defined by a flow rate of between about 6 liters per minute and about 40 liters per minute, preferable between about 8 liters per minute and about 16 liters per minute and the duration of airflow is chosen so that the total volume of aerosol does not exceed about 3 liters, preferably is between about 2 liters and 3 liters. E.g., at an airflow rate of about 6 liters per minute, the duration of airflow should be less than about 30 seconds. A useful specific airflow rate and duration is about 12 liters per minute and about 15 seconds, leading to an aerosol volume of about 3 liters. Another useful specific airflow rate and duration is 10 liters per minute and about 15 seconds, leading to leading to an aerosol volume of about 2.5 liters. Another useful specific airflow rate and duration is 8 liters per minute and about 15 seconds, leading to leading to an aerosol volume of about 2 liters. Another useful specific airflow rate and duration is 10liters per minute and about 12 seconds, leading to leading to an aerosol volume of about 2 liters.

The aerosol formation rate is greater than 0.1 mg/sec.

The aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l, preferably of about 1.3 mg/l to about 10 mg/l, in particular of about 2 mg/l to about 9 mg/l.

The 5-MeO-DMT aerosol particles are characterized by a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 3 micron and more than 0.1 micron, preferably of less than 2.5 micron and more than 0.1 micron, most preferably of less than 2 micron and more than 0.1 micron.

The 5-MeO-DMT aerosol particles are characterized by less than 1% wt impurities, preferably by less than 0.5% wt impurities. The 5-MeO-DMT aerosol particles are characterized by less than 0.5% wt 5-MeO-DMT degradation products, preferably by less than 0.2% wt 5-MeO-DMT degradation products.

A composition for delivery of a therapeutically effective amount of 5-MeO-DMT may comprise an aerosol, wherein the aerosol is formed by a) exposing a dosage amount of 12 mg 5-MeO-DMT, configured as a thin layer of less than 5 micron thickness on a solid support, to a temperature of 210° C. via passing heated air over the thin layer for a duration of 15 seconds; wherein said aerosol has one or more of the following features: 1) it contains aerosol particles which are characterized by a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 3 micron, 2) it contains aerosol particles which are characterized by less than 1% impurities and less than 0.5% wt 5-MeO-DMT degradation products, 3) it can be delivered to a patient via a single inhalation.

A skilled person, knowing the aerosol characteristics and the aerosolization conditions defined in the present invention, can identify suitable vaporization devices or systems, which lead to the required aerosol characteristics. Examples of such suitable vaporization devices or systems include e.g. the Volcano Medic Vaporization System with the associated dosing capsules with drip pad (Storz & Bickel, Germany; as disclosed in e.g. EP 0 933 093 B1, and EP 1 884 254 B1 and Registered Community Design 003387299-0001) and the Staccato device (Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, USA; as disclosed e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 7,458,374 B2, U.S. Pat. No. 9,370,629 B2 and U.S. Pat. No. 9,687,487 B2).

The aerosol generated may be collected in a balloon and inhaled by the patient from the balloon.

The patient may also receive psychotherapeutic interventions.

In a specific embodiment the disease to be treated is major depressive disorder. In this same specific embodiment the patient may suffer from a treatment-resistant form of major depressive disorder. In this same specific embodiment the patient may also suffer from suicidal ideation with intent to act, and he may be considered at imminent risk for suicide. In this same specific embodiment the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT administered to a patient, as defined herein, with a major depressive disorder, is in the range from about 4 mg to about 20 mg, and is administered via inhalation. Useful specific amounts of 5-MeO-DMT in this specific embodiment are, e.g., about 4 mg, about 6 mg, about 8 mg, about 10 mg, about 12 mg, about 14 mg, about 16 mg, about 18 mg, and about 20 mg. Patients may also be treated with an equimolar dose of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of 5-MeO-DMT.

In a specific embodiment the disease to be treated is major depressive disorder. In this same specific embodiment the patient may suffer from a treatment-resistant form of major depressive disorder. In this same specific embodiment the patient may also suffer from suicidal ideation with intent to act, and he may be considered at imminent risk for suicide. In this same specific embodiment the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT administered to a patient, as defined herein, with a major depressive disorder, is in the range from about 4 mg to about 20 mg, and is administered via inhalation. Useful specific amounts of 5-MeO-DMT in this specific embodiment are, e.g., about 4 mg, about 6 mg, about 8 mg, about 10 mg, about 12 mg, about 14 mg, about 16 mg, about 18 mg, and about 20 mg. In this same specific embodiment, a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, or a clinical response as assessed as at least a score of “much improved” in CGI-I or PGI-I scores, occurs not later than about 2 hours after administration of 5-MeO-DMT.

In a specific embodiment the disease to be treated is major depressive disorder. In this same specific embodiment the patient may suffer from a treatment-resistant form of major depressive disorder. In this same specific embodiment the patient may also suffer from suicidal ideation with intent to act, and he may be considered at imminent risk for suicide. In this same specific embodiment the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT administered to a patient, as defined herein, with a major depressive disorder, is in the range from about 4 mg to about 20 mg, and is administered via inhalation. Useful specific amounts of 5-MeO-DMT in this specific embodiment are, e.g., about 4 mg, about 6 mg, about 8 mg, about 10 mg, about 12 mg, about 14 mg, about 16 mg, about 18 mg, and about 20 mg. In this same specific embodiment, a remission of depressive symptoms as assessed by a MADRS score equal or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal or less than 7, occurs not later than about 2 hours after administration of 5-MeO-DMT.

In a specific embodiment the disease to be treated is major depressive disorder. In this same specific embodiment the patient may suffer from a treatment-resistant form of major depressive disorder. In this same specific embodiment the patient may also suffer from suicidal ideation, with intent to act, and he may be considered at imminent risk for suicide. In this same specific embodiment the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT administered to a patient, as defined herein, with a major depressive disorder, is in the range from about 4 mg to about 20 mg, and is administered via inhalation. Useful specific amounts of 5-MeO-DMT in this specific embodiment are, e.g., about 4 mg, about 6 mg, about 8 mg, about 10 mg, about 12 mg, about 14 mg, about 16 mg, about 18 mg, and about 20 mg. In this same specific embodiment, a clinical response as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score compared to the respective score prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, or a clinical response as assessed as at least a score of “much improved” in CGI-I or PGI-I scores, including a clinical response which occurred not later than about 2 hours after administration of 5-MeO-DMT, persists until at least about 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT, preferably until at least about 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT, more preferably until at least about 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT.

In a specific embodiment the disease to be treated is major depressive disorder. In this same specific embodiment, the dosage amount of the 5-MeO-DMT administered to an individual patient is selected from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for the first administration of the first treatment block, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience within that treatment block or the supervising physician has decided that further dose increases are inappropriate based on observed side effects, to a dosage selected from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for the second administration of the first treatment block, and from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for the third administration of the first treatment block, with the highest dosage in that first treatment block being used as the dosage for all subsequent treatment blocks and administrations within those subsequent treatment blocks. Useful specific amounts for the first, second and third administration in the first treatment block are e.g. about 6 mg, about 12 mg, and about 18 mg. In this same specific embodiment, the interval between each administration within the first treatment block is about 3 hours. In this same specific embodiment, the 5-MeO-DMT is administered via inhalation. In this same specific embodiment, the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) (as described in Barrett F S, J Psychopharmacol. 2015; 29(11):1182-90) or by achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.

In a further specific embodiment the disease to be treated is major depressive disorder. In this same specific embodiment, the dosage amount of the 5-MeO-DMT administered to an individual patient in each treatment block is selected from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for the first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience within that treatment block or the supervising physician has decided that further dose increases are inappropriate based on observed side effects, to a dosage selected from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for the second administration, and from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for the third administration. Useful specific amounts for the first, second and third administration in the first treatment block are e.g. about 6 mg, about 12 mg, and about 18 mg. In this same specific embodiment, the interval between each administration within each treatment block is about 3 hours and the interval between the end of one treatment block and the start of the next treatment block is about 6 days. In this same specific embodiment, the 5-MeO-DMT is administered via inhalation. In this same specific embodiment, the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) (as described in Barrett F S, J Psychopharmacol. 2015; 29(11):1182-90) or by achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.

In a specific embodiment the disease to be treated is treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. In this same specific embodiment the patient may suffer from suicidal ideation with intent to act, and he may be considered at imminent risk for suicide. In this same specific embodiment, the dosage amount of the 5-MeO-DMT administered to an individual patient is selected from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for the first administration of the first treatment block, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience within that treatment block or the supervising physician has decided that further dose increases are inappropriate based on observed side effects, to a dosage selected from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for the second administration of the first treatment block, and from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for the third administration of the first treatment block, with the highest dosage in that first treatment block being used as the dosage for all subsequent treatment blocks and administrations within those subsequent treatment blocks. Useful specific amounts for the first, second and third administration in the first treatment block are e.g. about 6 mg, about 12 mg, and about 18 mg. In this same specific embodiment, the interval between each administration within the first treatment block is about 3 hours. In this same specific embodiment, the 5-MeO-DMT is administered via inhalation. In this same specific embodiment, the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) (as described in Barrett F S, J Psychopharmacol. 2015; 29(11):1182-90) or by achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.

In a further specific embodiment the disease to be treated is treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. In this same specific embodiment, the dosage amount of the 5-MeO-DMT administered to an individual patient in each treatment block is selected from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for the first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience within that treatment block or the supervising physician has decided that further dose increases are inappropriate based on observed side effects, to a dosage selected from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for the second administration, and from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for the third administration. Useful specific amounts for the first, second and third administration in the first treatment block are e.g. about 6 mg, about 12 mg, and about 18 mg. In this same specific embodiment, the interval between each administration within each treatment block is about 3 hours and the interval between the end of one treatment block and the start of the next treatment block is about 6 days. In this same specific embodiment, the 5-MeO-DMT is administered via inhalation. In this same specific embodiment, the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) (as described in Barrett F S, J Psychopharmacol. 2015; 29(11):1182-90) or by achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.

EMBODIMENTS

Specific embodiments of the present invention are listed below.

It will be appreciated that the present invention encompasses in addition all methods of treatment which are defined by replacing language like “5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a patient” by “method of treatment of a patient by administration of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof” in the embodiments and claims as set out herein.

It is emphasized that embodiments and claims which describe that a clinical response a) occurs not later than a specified timepoint, b) persists until at least a specified timepoint, or c) is present at a specified timepoint “after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof”, include, through dependencies from other embodiments and claims, such as embodiments and claims where a) the “last administration” is actually the first administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and b) the “last administration” is actually the administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where the patient experienced a peak psychedelic experience, which can be the first administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, but can also be a later administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a higher dose than the first administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Embodiments Relating to the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder

• • 1. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a patient who is diagnosed with major depressive disorder by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice.
  • 2. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 1, wherein the disorder is diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association.
  • 3. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the patient suffers from moderate or severe major depressive disorder as indicated by a Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score of 20 or more or by a 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score of 17 or more.
  • 4. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 3, wherein the patient suffers from severe major depressive disorder as indicated by a MADRS score of 35 or more or by a HAM-D score of 25 or more.
  • 5. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the patient is diagnosed with a treatment-resistant form of major depressive disorder.
  • 6. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the patient suffers in addition from suicidal ideation.
  • 7. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 6, wherein the patient suffers from suicidal ideation with intent to act.
  • 8. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the patient is at imminent risk for suicide.
  • 9. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered at a dose or in a dosage regimen that causes the patient to experience a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 10. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 4 mg to about 20 mg 5-MeO-DMT is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 11. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 6 mg; or of about 12 mg; or of about 18 mg is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 12. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 13. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is administered in a dosage from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for a first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for a second administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for a third administration, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 14. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 13, wherein the first dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 6 mg, the second dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 12 mg, and the third dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 18 mg; or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 15. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 12 to 14, wherein the interval between two administrations is not less than 1 hour and not more than 24 hours, such as about 2 to 4 hours.
  • 16. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 9 to 15, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire or is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 17. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 16, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 18. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in any of the prior embodiments, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via inhalation.
  • 19. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 18, wherein 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of an aerosol comprising (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable gas; (b) aerosol particles of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l.
  • 20. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 19 wherein the aerosol is generated by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer to produce aerosol particles.
  • 21. 5-MeO-DMT for use as in embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is used in the form of the free base.
  • 22. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt to be administered to the patient is inhaled with a single breath.
  • 23. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 22, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score or the Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) score, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 24. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 25. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 26. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 27. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 26, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 28. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 27, wherein a remission of depressive symptoms, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 29. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 30. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 29, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 31. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the patient is in remission of depressive symptoms, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 32. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 33. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 32, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 34. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the patient is in remission of depressive symptoms, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 35. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 36. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 35, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 37. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 36, wherein the patient is in remission of depressive symptoms, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 38. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in one or more treatment blocks.
  • 39. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38, wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 40. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 39, wherein the first treatment block involves administration of the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof as defined in embodiments 9 to 22.
  • 41. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38 to 40, wherein the first treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations of the dosage at which the patient experienced a peak experience, with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration.
  • 42. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 41, wherein each treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration within each treatment block.
  • 43. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 or 42, wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves one or more administrations of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block.
  • 44. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 45. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.

Embodiments Relating to the Treatment of Persistent Depressive Disorder

• • 1. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a patient who is diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice.
  • 2. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 1, wherein the disorder is diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association.
  • 3. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the patient suffers from moderate or severe depression as indicated by a Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score of 20 or more or by a 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score of 17 or more.
  • 4. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 3, wherein the patient suffers from severe depression as indicated by a MADRS score of 35 or more or by a HAM-D score of 25 or more.
  • 5. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the patient is diagnosed with a treatment-resistant form of persistent depressive disorder.
  • 6. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the patient suffers in addition from suicidal ideation.
  • 7. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 6, wherein the patient suffers from suicidal ideation with intent to act.
  • 8. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the patient is at imminent risk for suicide.
  • 9. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered at a dose or in a dosage regimen that causes the patient to experience a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 10. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 4 mg to about 20 mg 5-MeO-DMT is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 11. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 6 mg; or of about 12 mg; or of about 18 mg is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 12. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 13. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is administered in a dosage from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for a first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for a second administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for a third administration, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 14. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 13, wherein the first dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 6 mg, the second dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 12 mg, and the third dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 18 mg; or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 15. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 12 to 14, wherein the interval between two administrations is not less than 1 hour and not more than 24 hours, such as about 2 to 4 hours.
  • 16. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 9 to 15, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire or is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 17. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 16, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 18. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in any of the prior embodiments, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via inhalation.
  • 19. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 18, wherein 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of an aerosol comprising (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable gas; (b) aerosol particles of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l.
  • 20. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 19 wherein the aerosol is generated by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer to produce aerosol particles.
  • 21. 5-MeO-DMT for use as in embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is used in the form of the free base.
  • 22. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt to be administered to the patient is inhaled with a single breath.
  • 23. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 22, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score or the Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) score, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 24. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 25. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 26. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 27. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 26, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 28. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 27, wherein a remission of depressive symptoms, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 29. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 30. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 29, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 31. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the patient is in remission of depressive symptoms, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 32. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 33. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 32, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 34. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the patient is in remission of depressive symptoms, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 35. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 36. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 35, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 37. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 36, wherein the patient is in remission of depressive symptoms, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 38. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in one or more treatment blocks.
  • 39. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38, wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 40. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 39, wherein the first treatment block involves administration of the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof as defined in embodiments 9 to 22.
  • 41. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38 to 40, wherein the first treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations of the dosage at which the patient experienced a peak experience, with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration.
  • 42. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 41, wherein each treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration within each treatment block.
  • 43. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 or 42, wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves one or more administrations of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block.
  • 44. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 45. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.

Embodiments Relating to the Treatment of Anxiety Disorder

• • 1. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a patient who is diagnosed with anxiety disorder by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice.
  • 2. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 1, wherein the disorder is diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association.
  • 3. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the patient suffers from moderate or severe anxiety as indicated by a Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) score of 19 or more or by a Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) score of 15 or more.
  • 4. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 3, wherein the patient suffers from severe anxiety as indicated by a BAI score of 30 or more or by a HAM-A score of 24 or more.
  • 5. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the patient is diagnosed with a treatment-resistant form of anxiety disorder.
  • 6. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the patient suffers in addition from suicidal ideation.
  • 7. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 6, wherein the patient suffers from suicidal ideation with intent to act.
  • 8. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the patient is at imminent risk for suicide.
  • 9. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered at a dose or in a dosage regimen that causes the patient to experience a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 10. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 4 mg to about 20 mg 5-MeO-DMT is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 11. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 6 mg; or of about 12 mg; or of about 18 mg is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 12. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 13. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is administered in a dosage from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for a first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for a second administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for a third administration, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 14. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 13, wherein the first dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 6 mg, the second dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 12 mg, and the third dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 18 mg; or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 15. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 12 to 14, wherein the interval between two administrations is not less than 1 hour and not more than 24 hours, such as about 2 to 4 hours.
  • 16. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 9 to 15, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire or is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 17. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 16, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 18. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in any of the prior embodiments, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via inhalation.
  • 19. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 18, wherein 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of an aerosol comprising (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable gas; (b) aerosol particles of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l.
  • 20. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 19 wherein the aerosol is generated by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer to produce aerosol particles.
  • 21. 5-MeO-DMT for use as in embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is used in the form of the free base.
  • 22. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt to be administered to the patient is inhaled with a single breath.
  • 23. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 22, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score or the Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) score, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 24. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 25. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 26. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 27. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 26, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the BAI or HAM-A score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 28. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 27, wherein a remission of anxiety symptoms, as assessed by a BAI score equal to or less than 9, or a HAM-A score equal to or less than 7, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 29. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the BAI or HAM-A score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 30. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 29, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the BAI or HAM-A score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 31. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the patient is in remission of anxiety symptoms, as assessed by a BAI score equal to or less than 9, or a HAM-A score equal to or less than 7, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 32. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the BAI or HAM-A score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 33. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 32, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the BAI or HAM-A score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 34. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the patient is in remission of anxiety symptoms, as assessed by a BAI score equal to or less than 9, or a HAM-A score equal to or less than 7, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 35. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the BAI or HAM-A score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 36. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 35, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the BAI or HAM-A score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 37. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 36, wherein the patient is in remission of anxiety symptoms, as assessed by a BAI score equal to or less than 9, or a HAM-A score equal to or less than 7, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 38. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in one or more treatment blocks.
  • 39. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38, wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 40. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 39, wherein the first treatment block involves administration of the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof as defined in embodiments 9 to 22.
  • 41. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38 to 40, wherein the first treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations of the dosage at which the patient experienced a peak experience, with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration.
  • 42. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 41, wherein each treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration within each treatment block.
  • 43. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 or 42, wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves one or more administrations of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block.
  • 44. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 45. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.

Embodiments Relating to the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

• • 1. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a patient who is diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice.
  • 2. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 1, wherein the disorder is diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association.
  • 3. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the patient suffers from moderate, severe or extreme posttraumatic stress disorder as indicated by a total score of 23 or more in the 20 severity items of the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5).
  • 4. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 3, wherein the patient suffers from severe or extreme posttraumatic stress disorder as indicated by a total score of 35 or more in the 20 severity items of the CAPS-5.
  • 5. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the patient is diagnosed with a treatment-resistant form of posttraumatic stress disorder.
  • 6. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the patient suffers in addition from suicidal ideation.
  • 7. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 6, wherein the patient suffers from suicidal ideation with intent to act.
  • 8. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the patient is at imminent risk for suicide.
  • 9. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered at a dose or in a dosage regimen that causes the patient to experience a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 10. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 4 mg to about 20 mg 5-MeO-DMT is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 11. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 6 mg; or of about 12 mg; or of about 18 mg is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 12. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 13. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is administered in a dosage from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for a first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for a second administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for a third administration, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 14. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 13, wherein the first dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 6 mg, the second dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 12 mg, and the third dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 18 mg; or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 15. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 12 to 14, wherein the interval between two administrations is not less than 1 hour and not more than 24 hours, such as about 2 to 4 hours.
  • 16. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 9 to 15, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire or is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 17. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 16, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 18. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in any of the prior embodiments, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via inhalation.
  • 19. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 18, wherein 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of an aerosol comprising (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable gas; (b) aerosol particles of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l.
  • 20. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 19 wherein the aerosol is generated by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer to produce aerosol particles.
  • 21. 5-MeO-DMT for use as in embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is used in the form of the free base.
  • 22. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt to be administered to the patient is inhaled with a single breath.
  • 23. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 22, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score or the Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) score, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 24. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 25. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 26. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 27. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 26, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least 30% improvement in the total score of the 20 severity items of the CAPS-5, compared to the score prior to treatment, occurs not later than about 7 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 28. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 27, wherein a remission of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, as assessed by a score equal to or less than 10 in the total score of the 20 severity items of the CAPS-5, occurs not later than about 7 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 29. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 30% improvement in the total score of the 20 severity items of the CAPS-5, compared to the score prior to treatment, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 30. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 29, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement in the total score of the 20 severity items of the CAPS-5, compared to the score prior to treatment, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 31. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the patient is in remission of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, as assessed by a score equal to or less than 10 in the total score of the 20 severity items of the CAPS-5, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 32. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 30% improvement in the total score of the 20 severity items of the CAPS-5, compared to the score prior to treatment, persists until at least 21 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 33. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 32, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement in the total score of the 20 severity items of the CAPS-5, compared to the score prior to treatment, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 34. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the patient is in remission of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, as assessed by a score equal to or less than 10 in the total score of the 20 severity items of the CAPS-5, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 35. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 30% improvement in the total score of the 20 severity items of the CAPS-5, compared to the score prior to treatment, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 36. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 35, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement in the total score of the 20 severity items of the CAPS-5, compared to the score prior to treatment, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 37. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 36, wherein the patient is in remission of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, as assessed by a score equal to or less than 10 in the total score of the 20 severity items of the CAPS-5, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 38. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in one or more treatment blocks.
  • 39. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38, wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 40. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 39, wherein the first treatment block involves administration of the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof as defined in embodiments 9 to 22.
  • 41. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38 to 40, wherein the first treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations of the dosage at which the patient experienced a peak experience, with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration.
  • 42. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 41, wherein each treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration within each treatment block.
  • 43. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 or 42, wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves one or more administrations of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block.
  • 44. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 45. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.

Embodiments Relating to the Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder

• • 1. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a patient who is diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice.
  • 2. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 1, wherein the disorder is diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association.
  • 3. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the patient suffers from moderate or severe body dysmorphic disorder as indicated by a score of 31 or more in the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS).
  • 4. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 3, wherein the patient suffers from severe body dysmorphic disorder as indicated by a score of 41 or more in the BDD-YBOCS.
  • 5. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the patient is diagnosed with a treatment-resistant form of body dysmorphic disorder.
  • 6. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the patient suffers in addition from suicidal ideation.
  • 7. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 6, wherein the patient suffers from suicidal ideation with intent to act.
  • 8. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the patient is at imminent risk for suicide.
  • 9. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered at a dose or in a dosage regimen that causes the patient to experience a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 10. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 4 mg to about 20 mg 5-MeO-DMT is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 11. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 6 mg; or of about 12 mg; or of about 18 mg is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 12. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 13. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is administered in a dosage from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for a first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for a second administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for a third administration, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 14. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 13, wherein the first dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 6 mg, the second dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 12 mg, and the third dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 18 mg; or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 15. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 12 to 14, wherein the interval between two administrations is not less than 1 hour and not more than 24 hours, such as about 2 to 4 hours.
  • 16. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 9 to 15, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire or is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 17. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 16, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 18. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in any of the prior embodiments, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via inhalation.
  • 19. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 18, wherein 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of an aerosol comprising (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable gas; (b) aerosol particles of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l.
  • 20. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 19 wherein the aerosol is generated by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer to produce aerosol particles.
  • 21. 5-MeO-DMT for use as in embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is used in the form of the free base.
  • 22. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt to be administered to the patient is inhaled with a single breath.
  • 23. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 22, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score or the Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) score, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 24. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 25. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 26. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 27. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 26, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least 30% improvement in the BDD-YBOCS, compared to the score prior to treatment, occurs not later than about 7 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 28. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 27, wherein a remission of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms, as assessed by a score equal to or less than 16 in the BDD-YBOCS, occurs not later than about 7 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 29. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 30% improvement in the BDD-YBOCS, compared to the score prior to treatment, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 30. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 29, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement in the BDD-YBOCS, compared to the score prior to treatment, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 31. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the patient is in remission of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms, as assessed by a score equal to or less than 16 in the BDD-YBOCS, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 32. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 30% improvement in the BDD-YBOCS, compared to the score prior to treatment, persists until at least 21 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 33. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 32, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement in the BDD-YBOCS, compared to the score prior to treatment, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 34. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the patient is in remission of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms, as assessed by a score equal to or less than 16 in the BDD-YBOCS, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 35. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 30% improvement in the BDD-YBOCS, compared to the score prior to treatment, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 36. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 35, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement in the BDD-YBOCS, compared to the score prior to treatment, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 37. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 36, wherein the patient is in remission of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms, as assessed by a score equal to or less than 16 in the BDD-YBOCS, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 38. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in one or more treatment blocks.
  • 39. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38, wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 40. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 39, wherein the first treatment block involves administration of the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof as defined in embodiments 9 to 22.
  • 41. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38 to 40, wherein the first treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations of the dosage at which the patient experienced a peak experience, with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration.
  • 42. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 41, wherein each treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration within each treatment block.
  • 43. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 or 42, wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves one or more administrations of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block.
  • 44. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 45. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.

Embodiments Relating to the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• • 1. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a patient who is diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice.
  • 2. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 1, wherein the disorder is diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association.
  • 3. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the patient suffers from moderate or severe obsessive-compulsive disorder as indicated by a score of 26 or more in the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS).
  • 4. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 3, wherein the patient suffers from severe obsessive-compulsive disorder as indicated by a total score of 35 or more in the Y-BOCS.
  • 5. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the patient is diagnosed with a treatment-resistant form of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
  • 6. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the patient suffers in addition from suicidal ideation.
  • 7. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 6, wherein the patient suffers from suicidal ideation with intent to act.
  • 8. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the patient is at imminent risk for suicide.
  • 9. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered at a dose or in a dosage regimen that causes the patient to experience a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 10. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 4 mg to about 20 mg 5-MeO-DMT is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 11. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 6 mg; or of about 12 mg; or of about 18 mg is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 12. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 13. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is administered in a dosage from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for a first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for a second administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for a third administration, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 14. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 13, wherein the first dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 6 mg, the second dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 12 mg, and the third dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 18 mg; or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 15. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 12 to 14, wherein the interval between two administrations is not less than 1 hour and not more than 24 hours, such as about 2 to 4 hours.
  • 16. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 9 to 15, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire or is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 17. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 16, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 18. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in any of the prior embodiments, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via inhalation.
  • 19. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 18, wherein 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of an aerosol comprising (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable gas; (b) aerosol particles of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l.
  • 20. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 19 wherein the aerosol is generated by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer to produce aerosol particles.
  • 21. 5-MeO-DMT for use as in embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is used in the form of the free base.
  • 22. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt to be administered to the patient is inhaled with a single breath.
  • 23. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 22, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score or the Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) score, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 24. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 25. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 26. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 27. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 26, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least 35% improvement in the YBOCS, compared to the score prior to treatment, occurs not later than about 7 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 28. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 27, wherein a remission of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms, as assessed by a score equal to or less than 12 in the YBOCS, occurs not later than about 7 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 29. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 35% improvement in the YBOCS, compared to the score prior to treatment, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 30. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 29, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement in the YBOCS, compared to the score prior to treatment, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 31. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the patient is in remission of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms, as assessed by a score equal to or less than 12 in the YBOCS, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 32. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 35% improvement in the YBOCS, compared to the score prior to treatment, persists until at least 21 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 33. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 32, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement in the YBOCS, compared to the score prior to treatment, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 34. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the patient is in remission of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms, as assessed by a score equal to or less than 12 in the YBOCS, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 35. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 35% improvement in the YBOCS, compared to the score prior to treatment, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 36. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 35, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement in the YBOCS, compared to the score prior to treatment, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 37. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 36, wherein the patient is in remission of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms, as assessed by a score equal to or less than 12 in the YBOCS, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 38. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in one or more treatment blocks.
  • 39. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38, wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 40. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 39, wherein the first treatment block involves administration of the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof as defined in embodiments 9 to 22.
  • 41. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38 to 40, wherein the first treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations of the dosage at which the patient experienced a peak experience, with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration.
  • 42. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 41, wherein each treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration within each treatment block.
  • 43. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 or 42, wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves one or more administrations of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block.
  • 44. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 45. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.

Embodiments Relating to the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa

• • 1. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a patient who is diagnosed with anorexia nervosa by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice.
  • 2. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 1, wherein the disorder is diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association.
  • 3. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the patient suffers from moderate or severe or extreme anorexia nervosa as indicated by a body mass index of less than 17 kg/m2.
  • 4. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 3, wherein the patient suffers from severe or extreme anorexia nervosa as indicated by a body mass index of less than 16 kg/m².
  • 5. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the patient is diagnosed with a treatment-resistant form of anorexia nervosa.
  • 6. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the patient suffers in addition from suicidal ideation.
  • 7. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 6, wherein the patient suffers from suicidal ideation with intent to act.
  • 8. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the patient is at imminent risk for suicide.
  • 9. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered at a dose or in a dosage regimen that causes the patient to experience a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 10. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 4 mg to about 20 mg 5-MeO-DMT is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 11. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 6 mg; or of about 12 mg; or of about 18 mg is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 12. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 13. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is administered in a dosage from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for a first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for a second administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for a third administration, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 14. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 13, wherein the first dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 6 mg, the second dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 12 mg, and the third dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 18 mg; or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 15. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 12 to 14, wherein the interval between two administrations is not less than 1 hour and not more than 24 hours, such as about 2 to 4 hours.
  • 16. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 9 to 15, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire or is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 17. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 16, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 18. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in any of the prior embodiments, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via inhalation.
  • 19. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 18, wherein 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of an aerosol comprising (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable gas; (b) aerosol particles of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l.
  • 20. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 19 wherein the aerosol is generated by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer to produce aerosol particles.
  • 21. 5-MeO-DMT for use as in embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is used in the form of the free base.
  • 22. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt to be administered to the patient is inhaled with a single breath.
  • 23. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 22, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score or the Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) score, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 24. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 25. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 26. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 27. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 26, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least a 1 kg/m² increase in the body mass index, compared to the body mass index prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, occurs not later than about 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 28. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 27, wherein a remission of anorexia nervosa, as assessed by a body mass index of at least 18.5 kg/m², occurs not later than about 56 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 29. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a 1 kg/m² increase in the body mass index, compared to the body mass index prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, persists until at least 56 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 30. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 29, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least a 1 kg/m² increase in the body mass index, compared to the body mass index prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 31. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the patient is in remission of anorexia nervosa, as assessed by a body mass index of at least 18.5 kg/m², on day 56 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 32. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in one or more treatment blocks.
  • 33. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 32, wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 34. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 32 to 33, wherein the first treatment block involves administration of the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof as defined in embodiments 9 to 22.
  • 35. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 32 to 34, wherein the first treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations of the dosage at which the patient experienced a peak experience, with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration.
  • 36. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 32 to 35, wherein each treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration within each treatment block.
  • 37. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 32 or 36, wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves one or more administrations of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block.
  • 38. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 39. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.

Embodiments Relating to the Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa

• • 1. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a patient who is diagnosed with bulimia nervosa by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice.
  • 2. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 1, wherein the disorder is diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association.
  • 3. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the patient suffers from moderate or severe bulimia nervosa as indicated by 4 or more binge-purge episodes per week.
  • 4. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 3, wherein the patient suffers from severe bulimia nervosa as indicated by 8 or more binge-purge episodes per week.
  • 5. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the patient is diagnosed with a treatment-resistant form of bulimia nervosa.
  • 6. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the patient suffers in addition from suicidal ideation.
  • 7. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 6, wherein the patient suffers from suicidal ideation with intent to act.
  • 8. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the patient is at imminent risk for suicide.
  • 9. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered at a dose or in a dosage regimen that causes the patient to experience a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 10. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 4 mg to about 20 mg 5-MeO-DMT is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 11. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 6 mg; or of about 12 mg; or of about 18 mg is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 12. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 13. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is administered in a dosage from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for a first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for a second administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for a third administration, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 14. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 13, wherein the first dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 6 mg, the second dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 12 mg, and the third dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 18 mg; or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 15. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 12 to 14, wherein the interval between two administrations is not less than 1 hour and not more than 24 hours, such as about 2 to 4 hours.
  • 16. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 9 to 15, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire or is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 17. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 16, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 18. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in any of the prior embodiments, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via inhalation.
  • 19. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 18, wherein 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of an aerosol comprising (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable gas; (b) aerosol particles of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l.
  • 20. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 19 wherein the aerosol is generated by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer to produce aerosol particles.
  • 21. 5-MeO-DMT for use as in embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is used in the form of the free base.
  • 22. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt to be administered to the patient is inhaled with a single breath.
  • 23. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 22, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score or the Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) score, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 24. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 25. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 26. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 27. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 26, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% reduction in the number of binge-purge episodes per week, compared to the number of binge-purge episodes per week prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, occurs not later than about 7 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 28. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 27, wherein a remission of bulimia nervosa symptoms, as assessed by 0 binge-purge episodes per week, occurs not later than about 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 29. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% reduction in the number of binge-purge episodes per week, compared to the number of binge-purge episodes per week prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 30. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 29, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% reduction in the number of binge-purge episodes per week, compared to the number of binge-purge episodes per week prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 31. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the patient is in remission of bulimia nervosa symptoms, as assessed by 0 binge-purge episodes per week, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 32. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% reduction in the number of binge-purge episodes per week, compared to the number of binge-purge episodes per week prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, persists until at least 21 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 33. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 32, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% reduction in the number of binge-purge episodes per week, compared to the number of binge-purge episodes per week prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 34. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the patient is in remission of bulimia nervosa symptoms, as assessed by 0 binge-purge episodes per week, on day 21 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 35. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% reduction in the number of binge-purge episodes per week, compared to the number of binge-purge episodes per week prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 36. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 35, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% reduction in the number of binge-purge episodes per week, compared to the number of binge-purge episodes per week prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 37. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 36, wherein the patient is in remission of bulimia nervosa symptoms, as assessed by 0 binge-purge episodes per week, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 38. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in one or more treatment blocks.
  • 39. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38, wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 40. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 39, wherein the first treatment block involves administration of the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof as defined in embodiments 9 to 22.
  • 41. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38 to 40, wherein the first treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations of the dosage at which the patient experienced a peak experience, with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration.
  • 42. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 41, wherein each treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration within each treatment block.
  • 43. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 or 42, wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves one or more administrations of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block.
  • 44. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 45. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.

Embodiments Relating to the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder

• • 1. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a patient who is diagnosed with binge eating disorder by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice.
  • 2. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 1, wherein the disorder is diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association.
  • 3. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the patient suffers from moderate or severe binge eating disorder as indicated by 4 or more binge episodes per week.
  • 4. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 3, wherein the patient suffers from severe binge eating disorder as indicated by 8 or more binge episodes per week.
  • 5. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the patient is diagnosed with a treatment-resistant form of binge eating disorder.
  • 6. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the patient suffers in addition from suicidal ideation.
  • 7. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 6, wherein the patient suffers from suicidal ideation with intent to act.
  • 8. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the patient is at imminent risk for suicide.
  • 9. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered at a dose or in a dosage regimen that causes the patient to experience a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 10. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 4 mg to about 20 mg 5-MeO-DMT is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 11. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 6 mg; or of about 12 mg; or of about 18 mg is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 12. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 13. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is administered in a dosage from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for a first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for a second administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for a third administration, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 14. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 13, wherein the first dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 6 mg, the second dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 12 mg, and the third dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 18 mg; or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 15. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 12 to 14, wherein the interval between two administrations is not less than 1 hour and not more than 24 hours, such as about 2 to 4 hours.
  • 16. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 9 to 15, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire or is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 17. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 16, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 18. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in any of the prior embodiments, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via inhalation.
  • 19. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 18, wherein 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of an aerosol comprising (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable gas; (b) aerosol particles of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l.
  • 20. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 19 wherein the aerosol is generated by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer to produce aerosol particles.
  • 21. 5-MeO-DMT for use as in embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is used in the form of the free base.
  • 22. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt to be administered to the patient is inhaled with a single breath.
  • 23. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 22, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score or the Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) score, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 24. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 25. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 26. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 27. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 26, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% reduction in the number of binge episodes per week, compared to the number of binge episodes per week prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, occurs not later than about 7 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 28. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 27, wherein a remission of binge eating disorder symptoms, as assessed by 0 binge episodes per week, occurs not later than about 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 29. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% reduction in the number of binge episodes per week, compared to the number of binge episodes per week prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 30. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 29, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% reduction in the number of binge episodes per week, compared to the number of binge episodes per week prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 31. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the patient is in remission of binge eating disorder symptoms, as assessed by 0 binge episodes per week, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 32. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% reduction in the number of binge episodes per week, compared to the number of binge episodes per week prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, persists until at least 21 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 33. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 32, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% reduction in the number of binge episodes per week, compared to the number of binge episodes per week prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 34. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the patient is in remission of binge eating disorder symptoms, as assessed by 0 binge episodes per week, on day 21 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 35. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% reduction in the number of binge episodes per week, compared to the number of binge episodes per week prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 36. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 35, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% reduction in the number of binge episodes per week, compared to the number of binge episodes per week prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 37. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 36, wherein the patient is in remission of binge eating disorder symptoms, as assessed by 0 binge episodes per week, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 38. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in one or more treatment blocks.
  • 39. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38, wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 40. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 39, wherein the first treatment block involves administration of the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof as defined in embodiments 9 to 22.
  • 41. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38 to 40, wherein the first treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations of the dosage at which the patient experienced a peak experience, with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration.
  • 42. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 41, wherein each treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration within each treatment block.
  • 43. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 or 42, wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves one or more administrations of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block.
  • 44. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 45. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.

Embodiments Relating to the Treatment of Psychoactive Substance Abuse

• • 1. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a patient who is diagnosed with psychoactive substance abuse by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice.
  • 2. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 1, wherein the disorder is diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association.
  • 3. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the patient suffers from moderate or severe psychoactive substance abuse as indicated by at least 4 diagnostic criteria present of the 11 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorder.
  • 4. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 3, wherein the patient suffers from severe psychoactive substance abuse as indicated by at least 6 diagnostic criteria present of the 11 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorder.
  • 5. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the patient is diagnosed with a treatment-resistant form of psychoactive substance abuse.
  • 6. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the patient suffers in addition from suicidal ideation.
  • 7. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 6, wherein the patient suffers from suicidal ideation with intent to act.
  • 8. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the patient is at imminent risk for suicide.
  • 9. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered at a dose or in a dosage regimen that causes the patient to experience a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 10. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 4 mg to about 20 mg 5-MeO-DMT is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 11. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a dosage of about 6 mg; or of about 12 mg; or of about 18 mg is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 12. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 13. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is administered in a dosage from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for a first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for a second administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for a third administration, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 14. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 13, wherein the first dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 6 mg, the second dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 12 mg, and the third dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 18 mg; or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 15. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 12 to 14, wherein the interval between two administrations is not less than 1 hour and not more than 24 hours, such as about 2 to 4 hours.
  • 16. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 9 to 15, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire or is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 17. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 16, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75. 18. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in any of the prior embodiments, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via inhalation.
  • 19. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 18, wherein 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of an aerosol comprising (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable gas; (b) aerosol particles of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l.
  • 20. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 19 wherein the aerosol is generated by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer to produce aerosol particles.
  • 21. 5-MeO-DMT for use as in embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is used in the form of the free base.
  • 22. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt to be administered to the patient is inhaled with a single breath.
  • 23. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 22, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score or the Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) score, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 24. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 25. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 26. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 27. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 26, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% reduction in the number of diagnostic criteria present of the 11 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorder, compared to the number prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, occurs not later than about 7 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 28. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 27, wherein a remission of psychoactive substance abuse, as assessed by 0 diagnostic criteria present of the 11 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorder, occurs not later than about 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 29. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% reduction in the number of diagnostic criteria present of the 11 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorder, compared to the number prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 30. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 29, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% reduction in the number of diagnostic criteria present of the 11 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorder, compared to the number prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 31. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the patient is in remission of psychoactive substance abuse, as assessed by 0 diagnostic criteria present of the 11 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorder, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 32. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% reduction in the number of diagnostic criteria present of the 11 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorder, compared to the number prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, persists until at least 21 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 33. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 32, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% reduction in the number of diagnostic criteria present of the 11 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorder, compared to the number prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 34. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the patient is in remission of psychoactive substance abuse, as assessed by 0 diagnostic criteria present of the 11 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorder, on day 21 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 35. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% reduction in the number of diagnostic criteria present of the 11 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorder, compared to the number prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 36. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 35, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% reduction in the number of diagnostic criteria present of the 11 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorder, compared to the number prior to administration of 5-MeO-DMT, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 37. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 36, wherein the patient is in remission of psychoactive substance abuse, as assessed by 0 diagnostic criteria present of the 11 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorder, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 38. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in one or more treatment blocks.
  • 39. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38, wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 40. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 39, wherein the first treatment block involves administration of the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof as defined in embodiments 9 to 22.
  • 41. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 38 to 40, wherein the first treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations of the dosage at which the patient experienced a peak experience, with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration.
  • 42. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 to 41, wherein each treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration within each treatment block.
  • 43. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 38 or 42, wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves one or more administrations of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block.
  • 44. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 45. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.

Embodiments Relating to the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder with Suicidal Ideation with Intent or with Imminent Risk for Suicide.

• • 1. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a patient who is diagnosed with major depressive disorder by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice, and who also has suicidal ideation with intent or has imminent risk for suicide, as diagnosed by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice.
  • 2. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 1, wherein the disorder is diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association.
  • 3. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the patient suffers from moderate or severe major depressive disorder as indicated by a Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score of 20 or more or by a 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score of 17 or more and is considered Moderately Suicidal, Markedly Suicidal, Severely Suicidal or Extremely Suicidal based on the Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Suicidality-Revised (CGI-SS-R) scale.
  • 4. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 3, wherein the patient suffers from severe major depressive disorder as indicated by a MADRS score of 35 or more or by a HAM-D score of 25 or more and is considered Markedly Suicidal, Severely Suicidal or Extremely Suicidal based on the Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Suicidality-Revised (CGI-SS-R) scale.
  • 5. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the patient is diagnosed with a treatment-resistant form of major depressive disorder.
  • 6. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered at a dose or in a dosage regimen that causes the patient to experience a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 7. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 6, wherein a dosage of about 4 mg to about 20 mg 5-MeO-DMT is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 8. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 6, wherein a dosage of about 6 mg; or of about 12 mg; or of about 18 mg is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 9. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience.
  • 10. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is administered in a dosage from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for a first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for a second administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for a third administration, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 11. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 10, wherein the first dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 6 mg, the second dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 12 mg, and the third dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 18 mg; or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.
  • 12. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 9 to 11, wherein the interval between two administrations is not less than 1 hour and not more than 24 hours, such as about 2 to 4 hours.
  • 13. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 6 to 12, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire or is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 14. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 13, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.
  • 15. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in any of the prior embodiments, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via inhalation.
  • 16. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 15, wherein 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of an aerosol comprising (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable gas; (b) aerosol particles of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l.
  • 17. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 16 wherein the aerosol is generated by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer to produce aerosol particles.
  • 18. 5-MeO-DMT for use as in embodiments 15 to 17, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is used in the form of the free base.
  • 19. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 15 to 18, wherein the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt to be administered to the patient is inhaled with a single breath.
  • 20. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 19, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score or the Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) score, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 21. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 20, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 22. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 21, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 23. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 22, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 24. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 23, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, and a reduction of at least one level on the CGI-SS-R scale, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 25. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 24, wherein a remission of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, and a score of Not At All Suicidal or Questionably Suicidal on the CGI-SS-R scale, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 26. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, and a reduction of at least one level on the CGI-SS-R scale, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 27. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 26, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, and a reduction of at least two levels on the CGI-SS-R scale, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 28. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 27, wherein the patient is in remission of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, and a score of Not At All Suicidal or Questionably Suicidal on the CGI-SS-R scale, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 29. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, and a reduction of at least one level on the CGI-SS-R scale, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 30. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 29, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, and a reduction of at least two levels on the CGI-SS-R scale, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 31. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the patient is in remission of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, and a score of Not At All Suicidal or Questionably Suicidal on the CGI-SS-R scale, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 32. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, and a reduction of at least one level on the CGI-SS-R scale, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 33. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 32, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, and a reduction of at least two levels on the CGI-SS-R scale, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 34. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the patient is in remission of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, and a score of Not At All Suicidal or Questionably Suicidal on the CGI-SS-R scale, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • 35. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in one or more treatment blocks.
  • 36. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 35, wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 37. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 35 to 36, wherein the first treatment block involves administration of the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof as defined in embodiments 9 to 22.
  • 38. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiment 35 to 37, wherein the first treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations of the dosage at which the patient experienced a peak experience, with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration.
  • 39. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 35 to 38, wherein each treatment block involves 1 to 7 administrations with not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours between each administration within each treatment block.
  • 40. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 35 or 39, wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves one or more administrations of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block.
  • 41. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.
  • 42. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in two or more treatment blocks; wherein in the first treatment block the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in the first treatment block in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience; wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75; wherein the interval between two administrations in the first treatment block is not less than about 1 hour and not more than about 24 hours; wherein the second and any subsequent treatment block involves a single administration of the highest dosage of 5-MeO-DMT or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as administered during the first treatment block; wherein a subsequent treatment block is administered not less than about 6 days after the preceding treatment block.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples are listed to aid understanding of the invention and are not intended and should not be construed to limit in any way the invention set forth in the claims which follow thereafter.

Example 1

Example 1A—Administration of 5-MeO-DMT Via Inhalation

Volcano Medic Vaporization System

A 5-MeO-DMT aerosol was generated by volatilization of the drug by way of the Volcano Medic Vaporization System (Storz & Bickel, Germany). The device consists of a hot air generator and a detachable valve balloon from which the aerosol is inhaled by the patient. The hot air generator can generate temperatures adjustable between about 40° C. to about 210° C., with an airflow rate of about 12 liters per minute. The central part of the device is the dosing capsule to which relevant doses of 5-MeO-DMT in an ethanol solution are applied and which is then applied into the filling chamber of the device, where it is heated via the hot air. The dosing capsules contain a small disc made of tightly packed stainless-steel wire mesh (called the drip pad or liquid pad). The bottom and the lid of the dosing capsules have holes, allowing airflow through the dosing capsules. The dosing capsules and drip pad have the following characteristics, based on measurements of 10 sample capsules:

TABLE 1
Example 1A, Characteristics of dosing capsules and drip pads.
                                 Mean (standard
Item                             deviation)1
Dosing capsule without lid (outer diameter) 14.3 mm (0.03 mm)
Dosing capsule without lid (height) 8.0 mm (0.03 mm)
Dosing capsule without lid (weight) 236.3 mg (2.6 mg)
Dosing capsule with lid (weight) 361.9 mg (2.6 mg)
Dosing capsule with lid and with drip 1323.4 mg (52.5 mg)
pad (weight)
Lid (outer diameter)             14.4 mm (0.06 mm)
Lid (height)                     3.2 mm (0.03 mm)
Lid (weight)                     125.6 mg (0.8 mg)
Number of holes (lid)            33 (0)
Number of holes (dosing capsule base) 33 (0)
Diameter of holes in lid and base 1138 m (57 m)
Drip pad (weight)                961.9 mg (52.2 mg)
Stainless steel wire in drip pad (diameter) 113 m (12 m)
Stainless steel wire in drip pad (length) 1062.0 cm (55.8 cm)
Stainless steel wire in drip pad 37.78 cm2 (1.99 cm2)
(calculated surface area)
Drip pad weight/length index (mg/cm) 0.906 (0.013)

All measurements show the mean and standard deviation for measurements of 10 capsules, except for the diameter of holes in lid and base, which is based on 40 measurements across 2 capsules and for diameter of the stainless steel wire in drip pad, which is based on 40 measurements in different locations.

5-MeO-DMT Aerosol Generation and Administration

Step 1: A stock solution of 5-MeO-DMT free base in 100% ethanol is prepared in a volumetric flask, so that the target dosage of 5-MeO-DMT free base to be administered via inhalation to the volunteer or patient is contained in a solution volume of 200 μl. Typical target dosages are from 1 mg to 25 mg 5-MeO-DMT. E.g. for a target dosage of 18 mg 5-MeO-DMT, 90 mg of 5-MeO-DMT will be dissolved in 100% ethanol for a final solution volume of 1 ml. Aliquots of the stock solution can then be stored in vials until further use.

Step 2: 200 μl of the solution is transferred to a dosing capsule containing the drip pad (Storz & Bickel, Germany), and then the dosing capsule is closed with its lid.

Step 3: The dosing capsule filled with the 5-MeO-DMT ethanol solution is transferred to the filling chamber of a first Volcano Medic Vaporizer, which has been pre-heated with the temperature set at 55° C. Then the airflow of the vaporizer is switched on for 60 seconds at the pre-set rate of about 12 l/min. The heated air will flow through the dosing capsule, allowing the ethanol to evaporate, with the target dosage of 5-MeO DMT being left in the capsule, as a thin layer covering the stainless-steel wire mesh. Accurate preparation of the dosing capsule can be confirmed by demonstrating that the final weight increase of the capsule compare to the weight of the empty capsule is about equal to the target dosage of 5-MeO-DMT.

Step 4: The prepared dosing capsule is removed from the filling chamber. It is then transferred to the filling chamber of a second Volcano Medic Vaporizer, which has been pre-heated with the temperature set at 210° C. and the airflow on for at least 5 minutes and then turned off immediately prior to transfer. An inhalation balloon with a valve (Storz & Bickel, Germany) is mounted on the socket of the filling chamber, the filling chamber is closed tightly and immediately afterwards the airflow is switched on for exactly 15 seconds at the pre-set flow rate of about 12 l/min, and then turned off. This will allow the full dose of 5-MeO-DMT to aerosolize and be distributed in approximately 3 liters of air in the inhalation balloon. Accurate aerosolization of the 5-MeO-DMT can be confirmed by demonstrating that the capsule weight has returned to about its initial weight.

Step 5: The balloon is then disconnected from the filling chamber, which automatically closes the valve. After attachment of the mouthpiece to the balloon, the aerosol is ready for immediate administration to the volunteer or patient.

Step 6: To prepare for the administration, the patient is asked to initially perform 1-2 deep inhalations with full exhalations, ending this sequence with a deep exhalation. Then, with the mouthpiece firmly held against the lips, the full and complete volume of the inhalation balloon is inhaled in one inhalation, holding the breath for 10 (±2.5) seconds, followed by a normal exhalation. After completing the inhalation procedure, the patient will be instructed to lie down.

Example 1B—Loading of Dosing Capsules with 5-MeO-DMT, and Determination of Aerosolized Dose

Triplicates of dosing capsules with a 5-MeO-DMT target dosage of 2 mg and 18 mg were prepared as described in Example 1A, Steps 1 to 3, using a 5-MeO-DMT stock solution stored as 200 plaliquots in single use vials. For confirmation of accurate loading of the dosing capsules with the target dosage of 5-MeO-DMT, the baseline weight of the empty capsules was subtracted from the weight of the capsules after Step 3, confirming that about 94% of the target dose of 5-MeO-DMT was loaded on the capsules, with only minimal variability (Example 1B, Table 1). The fact that not 100% of the target dose was achieved can be explained by loss of material in the vials used for storage of the 5-MeO-DMT stock solution (which had about 2 μl residual volume) and by additional loss in the pipette tips used for transfer of the solution from the vials to the capsules. Such loss however can be prevented by pipetting from a larger volume of stock solution and by optimizing pipetting technique.

5-MeO-DMT was then aerosolized from the dosing capsules as described in Example 1A, Steps 4 and 5. For confirmation of accurate aerosolization of 5-MeO-DMT from the dosing capsules, the weight after Step 4 was subtracted from the weight after Step 3, confirming that between 96% and 100% of the loaded dose was aerosolized (Example 1B, Table 1).

TABLE 1
Example 1B, Loading of dosing capsules with 5-MeO-DMT and subsequent aerosolization.
	2 mg - 1	2 mg - 2	2 mg - 3	18 mg - 1	18 mg - 2	18 mg - 3
Empty (mg)	1291.1	1312.1	1255.5	1288.5	1225.9	1297.4
After Step 3 (mg)	1292.9	1314.0	1257.4	1305.4	1242.6	1314.4
Loaded dose1 (mg)	1.8	1.9	1.9	17.0	16.7	17.0
% of target dose	92.0	94.0	93.0	94.3	92.9	94.3
After Step 4	1291.1	1212.1	1255.5	1289.1	1226.5	1298.1
Aerosolized dose2 (mg)	1.9	1.9	1.9	16.3	16.2	16.3
% of loaded dose	100.5	99.5	99.5	96.3	96.5	95.9
Weights are shown in mg for triplicates of dosing capsules with a 5-MeO-DMT target dosage of 2 mg and 18 mg.
1Loaded dose = Empty weight − Weight after Step 3.
2Aerosolized dose = Weight after Step 3 − Weight after Step 4.

Instead of determining the loading of dosing capsules with the 5-MeO-DMT target dose by weighing the dosing capsules before and after formation of the 5-MeO-DMT layer, alternatively the loading can also be determined by extracting the drug from the dosing capsule and measuring the amount analytically.

Instead of determining the extent of aerosolization of the 5-MeO-DMT target dose from the capsules by weighing the capsules before and after formation of the 5-MeO-DMT layer and again after aerosolization, alternatively the emitted dose of 5-MeO-DMT can be determined by delivering the 5-MeO-DMT-containing aerosol into a confined chamber and measuring the amount of 5-MeO-DMT collected in the chamber analytically.

Example 1C. Thickness of 5-MeO-DMT Layer

The thickness of the 5-MeO-DMT layer covering the stainless-steel wire mesh after evaporation of the ethanol solvent can be calculated as follows: 5-MeO-DMT layer thickness (μm)=5-MeO-DMT loaded dose (mg)/[5-MeO-DMT density (mg/cm³)×wire surface area (cm²)]*10000. The wire surface area can be calculated based on the length of the wire (which can be measured, or calculated, from the weight of the wire mesh) and diameter of the wire (which can be measured).

For the dosing capsules as prepared in Example 1B, the following layer thickness was determined:

TABLE 1
Example 1C, Thickness of 5-MeO-DMT layer for
dosing capsules as prepared in Example 1B.
	2 mg - 1	2 mg - 2	2 mg - 3	18 mg - 1	18 mg - 2	18 mg - 3
Loaded dose (mg)1	1.8	1.9	1.9	17.0	16.7	17.0
Wire surface are (cm2)	36.58	37.35	35.29	36.49	34.21	36.81
Thickness (μm)	0.46	0.46	0.48	4.23	4.45	4.19
1Loaded dose from Example 1B; For the calculations a 5-MeO-DMT density of 1100 mg/cm3 was assumed.

For a target loaded dose of 2 mg, the thickness of the 5-MeO-DMT layer based on an average wire surface area of 37.78 cm²can be calculated as 0.48 μm; and for a target loaded dose of 20 mg, the thickness of the 5-MeO-DMT layer can be calculated as 4.8 μm.

Example 1D. Determination of Aerosol Particle Formation Rate and Aerosol 5-MeO-DMT Mass Density

The aerosol particle formation rate can be calculated as follows: Aerosol particle formation rate=Aerosolized dose/Aerosolization time. For the aerosolized dose data and the aerosolization time of 15 seconds from Example 1B, the following aerosol particle formation rate was determined:

TABLE 1
Example 1D, Aerosol particle formation rate for
dosing capsules as prepared in Example 1B.
	2 mg - 1	2 mg - 2	2 mg - 3	18 mg - 1	18 mg - 2	18 mg - 3
Aerosolized dose (mg)1	1.9	1.9	1.9	16.3	16.2	16.3
Aerosol particle	0.12	0.12	0.12	1.09	1.08	1.09
formation rate (mg/s)
1Aerosolized dose from Example 1B

For a target aerosolized dose of 2 mg and an aerosolization time of 15 seconds, the aerosol particle formation rate can be calculated as 0.13 mg/s; and for a target aerosolized dose of 20 mg and an aerosolization time of 15 seconds, the particle formation rate can be calculated as 1.33 mg/s.

The aerosol 5-MeO-DMT mass density can be calculated as follows: Aerosol 5-MeO-DMT mass density=Aerosolized dose/Aerosol volume. For the aerosolized dose data and the aerosol volume of about 3 liters from Example 1B, the following aerosol 5-MeO-DMT mass density was determined:

TABLE 2
Example 1D, Aerosol 5-MeO-DMT mass density for
dosing capsules as prepared in Example 1B.
Weights/Dose	2 mg - 1	2 mg - 2	2 mg - 3	18 mg - 1	18 mg - 2	18 mg - 3
Aerosolized dose (mg)1	1.9	1.9	1.9	16.3	16.2	16.3
Aerosol 5-MeO-DMT	0.62	0.62	0.62	5.45	5.38	5.43
mass density (mg/l)
1Aerosolized dose from Example 1B.

For a target aerosolized dose of 2 mg in 3 liters, the aerosol 5-MeO-DMT mass density can be calculated as 0.66 mg/l; for a target aerosolized dose of 20 mg in 3 liters, the aerosol 5-MeO-DMT mass density can be calculated as 6.66 mg/l. For a target aerosolized dose of 2 mg in 2 liters, the aerosol 5-MeO-DMT mass density can be calculated as 1 mg/l; for a target aerosolized dose of 20 mg in 2 liters, the aerosol 5-MeO-DMT mass density can be calculated as 10 mg/l.

Example 1E. HPLC Assay for Determination of Purity of 5-MeO-DMT

An HPLC assay was developed to allow determination of the purity of 5-MeO-DMT. The assay was tested for linearity and precision. Based on the results, the method was considered as fit for purpose.

The following method parameters were used:

• Instrument: A suitable HPLC system equipped with UV detection, linked to the laboratory data handling system Column: ACE C18 (150×4.6×3 μm)
• Injection Volume: 5 μl
• Flow Rate: 0.75 ml/minute
• Detector: UV at 227 nm
• Run Time: 25 minutes
• Column Temperature: 30° C.
• Diluent: Methanol
• Mobile Phase A: 0.013M Ammonium acetate in water
• Mobile Phase B: Acetonitrile

TABLE 1
Example 1E, Gradient
	% Mobile	% Mobile
Time (minutes)	Phase A	Phase B
0.0	80	20
18.0	26	74
20.0	26	74
20.1	80	20
25.0	80	20

Typical retention time of 5-MeO-DMT: 5.5 min

Testing of the HPLC Method for Linearity:

A stock solution of 5-MeO-DMT was prepared in methanol. A nominal concentration of 0.15 mg/ml was taken.

TABLE 2
Example 1E, Testing of the HPLC method for linearity
	Actual
	concentration	Peak Area
% Nominal	(mg/ml)	Injection 1	Injection 2	mean	%RD
150	0.226	132.511	134.435	133.473	1.4
125	0.181	109.305	108.094	108.700	−1.1
100	0.151	91.466	92.675	92.070	1.3
80	0.121	73.543	72.295	72.919	−1.7
50	0.075	46.871	46.891	46.881	0.0
25	0.038	23.965	24.056	24.011	0.4
10	0.015	9.675	9.706	9.690	0.3
5	0.008	4.670	4.694	4.682	0.5
1	0.000	0.982	0.989	0.985	0.7
0.1	0.002	0.468	0.472	0.470	0.8
0.01	0.000	0.097	0.095	0.096	−2.1
All duplicate injections were within ±2%

Linearity of the HPLC-Method

Y intercept % at nominal concentration was determined to be 0.8%. Method is deemed linear.

Testing of the HPLC Method for Precision:

Six sample solutions were prepared at nominal concentration (12-18 mg in 100 ml methanol). The purity results were as follows:

TABLE 3
Example 1E, Testing of the HPLC method for precision.
          Purity
Precision (% area)
1         99.21
2         99.02
3         99.18
4         99.21
5         99.17
6         99.17
Average   99.16
SD        0.07
RSD (%)   0.07

Acceptance criteria for purity values across the six samples would be 1% RSD, the actual reading was 0.07%. Therefore, the analytical method is considered to exhibit adequate precision.

Example 1F. Evaluation of Purity and Degradation Products of 5-MeO-DMT Aerosol

Duplicates of dosing capsules with a 5-MeO-DMT target dosage of 18 mg were prepared as described in Example 1A, Steps 1 to 3, using a stock solution of 180.7 mg 5-MeO-DMT free base in 2 ml of ethanol (90.4 mg/ml), of which 200 μl were pipetted onto the drip pad in the capsules. The purity of the 5-MeO-DMT starting material, as determined by HPLC, was 99.605%, with three minor fractions of impurities (Example 1F, Table 1).

TABLE 1
Example 1F, Purity of 5-MeO-DMT starting material.
		Retention	Area	Relative
	Peak Name	Time (min)	(mAU*min)	Area (%)
	5-MeO-DMT	6.144	125.808	99.605
	Impurity 1	7.659	0.125	0.099
	Impurity 2	14.128	0.019	0.015
	Impurity 3	14.337	0.354	0.281

5-MeO-DMT was then aerosolized from the dosing capsules as described in Example 1A, Steps 4 and 5, PG-1T except that only one Volcano Medic Vaporizer was used (i.e. the vaporizer in step 3 and step 4 was the same, with pre-heating between the capsule preparation and the aerosol generation performed according to the instructions).

For purity analysis of the aerosol, each replicate valve balloon containing the aerosol was connected to a Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) cartridge (Discovery® DSC-18). A vacuum was then applied until the balloon was fully deflated. 4 aliquots of 5 ml methanol were added to the cartridge and the extracts were analysed neat by HPLC. Extract 1 was further diluted (1 ml to 10 ml) to achieve a response in the linear range.

For Replicate 1, Extract 1 (Example 1F, Table 1), it was found that the purity of the aerosol was even higher than the purity of the starting material (99.710% vs. 99.605%), that the pre-existing Impurities 2 and 3 were undetectable while pre-existing Impurity 1 only minimally increased (0.206% vs. 0.099%), and that only a minimal amount of new 5-MeO-DMT degradation products occurred (Degradation product 1: 0.039%, Degradation product 2: 0.044%), with a total percentage of 5-MeO-DMT degradation products in the aerosol of 0.19% (including the additional amount of Impurity 1). The results for the other replicate were very similar and the results for the other extracts did not change the conclusions.

TABLE 2
Example 1F, Purity of 5-MeO-DMT
aerosol, Replicate 1, Extract 1.
	Retention	Area	Relative
Peak Name	Time (min)	(mAU*min)	Area (%)
5-MeO-DMT	6.096	138.196	99.710
Impurity 11	7.625	0.286	0.206
Impurity 2	Not detected	—	—
Impurity 3	Not detected	—	—
Degradation product 1	15.084	0.055	0.039
Degradation product 2	16.686	0.061	0.044
1The amount of Impurity 1 has increased after aerosolization and the additional amount of Impurity 1 is also considered a degradation product.

In conclusion, a highly pure aerosol with only a minimal amount of degradation products, can be generated based on the methods and compositions described herein.

Example 1G. Preparation of Starting Material

5-MeO-DMT (2.0 g) was dissolved in MTBE (4 ml, 2.0 volumes) at 35 to 40° C. before being cooled to room temperature over 30 minutes. After stirring at room temperature for 50 minutes no crystallisation was observed, therefore, the batch temperature was decreased to 7 to 12° C. over 30 minutes. After stirring at 7 to 12° C. for 10 minutes crystallisation occurred. The batch was subsequently filtered following a 1 hour stir out at 7 to 12° C. After washing with MTBE (1 ml, 0.5 volumes), at 7 to 12° C., the batch was pulled dry under vacuum for 3.5 hours to yield a pale orange solid in 1.02 g (50% recovery). The isolated solid was analysed for purity by HPLC. The purity was found to be 99.74% area.

The table below displays the impurity profile of isolated material.

TABLE 1
Example 1G, Impurity profile of isolated material.
	Impurity Profile		HPLC Purity (area %)
	RRT	Raw Material	Isolated Material
		0.87	0.07	0.06
		0.90	0.04	0.02
		0.92	0.03	—
	5-MeO-DMT	1.00	99.21	99.74
		1.18	0.13	0.04
		1.24	0.15	0.02
		1.28	0.02	<0.01
		1.64	—	0.02
		1.67	—	<0.01
		1.72	—	—
		1.96	0.02	—
		2.08	—	—
		2.11	—	—
		2.34	0.03	—
		2.38	0.29	0.08
		2.42	—	—
		2.61	—	—
		2.76	0.01	—
		2.82	—	—
		2.90	—	—

The results from the analysis indicated that the overall purity of the material was increased and the impurities at RRT 1.18 and at RRT 1.24 were purged to below 0.10%. The impurity at RRT 2.38 was also reduced to below the target of NMT 0.10%.

Solvent analysis of sample indicated an MTBE level of 17 ppm against an expected limit of NMT5000 ppm.

Example 2

Clinical Trial of 5-MeO-DMT Administered Via Inhalation to Patients with Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Study Design:

A clinical trial was performed in which 5-MeO-DMT free base (purity not less than 99%) was administered to patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (TRD). The objectives of the study were to assess the safety and tolerability, the dose-related psychedelic effects and the effects on various measures of depression of single-day dosing of 5-MeO-DMT. The trial was reviewed and approved by the relevant national competent authority and local medical ethics committee. Patients recruited into the trial had to meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria for single-episode or recurrent major depressive disorder and had to be treatment-resistant, both aspects as evaluated by a psychiatrist or registered psychologist. Patients who were using any psychoactive medication or substance (such as anti-depressive medication) had to discontinue such medication or substance and had to observe a wash-out period before the 5-MeO-DMT administration. On the administration day, a single dose of 12 mg 5-MeO-DMT was administered to the patients via a single inhalation as described in Example 1A. Patients were closely monitored for 3.5 hours after administration, with additional follow-up visits 1 day and 7 days after dosing. Various safety related measures (e.g., adverse event reporting, safety laboratory analyses, vital signs, electrocardiogram (ECG), Clinician Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS), Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST)), measures of the intensity of the psychedelic effects (e.g., Peak Pyschedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ), Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) Questionnaire, Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30), subjective description of the psychedelic experience), measures of depression severity (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Patient's Global Impression of Severity scale (PGI-S), Patient's Global Impression of Improvement scale (PGI-I)), and additional psychological measures (e.g., Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)) were recorded at different time points. Psychological support via a psychologist and/or psychiatrist was available to the patients throughout the study, but no specific psychotherapy was applied, and no additional psychoactive medication was provided.

Patient Characteristics:

Two patients with major depressive disorder diagnosed by a psychiatrist according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria were recruited into the study (Example 2, Table 1). The patients were considered treatment-resistant because they had not shown adequate improvement to at least two adequate courses of pharmacological therapy in the current episode of depression.

TABLE 1
Example 2, Patient Characteristics
	Patient 1	Patient 2
	Sex	Female	Male
	Age	51 years	25 years
	Inadequate response to adequate	2	2
	course of therapy (n)*
	*Number of trials with an inadequate response (minimally improved; no change; minimally worse; much worse; very much worse; much or very much improved but relapsed on same regimen) to an adequate course of pharmacological therapy in the current episode of depression as assessed using the Antidepressant Treatment History Form - Short Form (ATHF-SF).

Results:

The patients completed all planned visit days. The inhalation procedure was adequately performed by the patients and was well tolerated with no inhalation-related adverse events. The first psychedelic symptoms occurred within a few seconds after the inhalation. The duration of the psychedelic experience as judged by an external observer was 16 min for patient 1 and 40 minutes for patient 2.

Except for a temporary, not clinically relevant increase in heart rate and blood pressure shortly after administration of 5-MeO-DMT, no other noteworthy changes in vital parameters occurred. Assessments of ECG (at 3 hours after administration), safety laboratory analyses (at 3 hours and 7 days), CADSS (at 3 hours, 1 day and 7 days) and cognitive tests (PVT, DSST; at 1 day and 7 days) were unremarkable. The few reported adverse events were mild, short-lasting and resolved spontaneously by the end of the study (Example 2, Table 2).

TABLE 2
Example 2, Reported adverse events.
	Patient 1	Patient 2
	Administration day	Dizziness	None reported
	Day 1	Headache, Flashback	Headache
	Day 7	Headache	None reported

All reported adverse events were mild and resolved spontaneously by the end of the study.

With regard to the intensity of the psychedelic experience, patient 1 fulfilled the criteria for a peak psychedelic experience based on all three assessed scores, while patient 2 fulfilled the criteria for the MEQ30 and PPEQ, but not for the ASC (Example 2, Table 3).

TABLE 3
Example 2, Measures of the intensity of the psychedelic effects
	Patient 1	Patient 2
	MEQ30
	Mystical (0 to 5)	3.5	3.1
	Positive Mood (0 to 5)	4.5	4.0
	Transcendence Time/Space (0 to 5)	3.7	3.5
	Ineffability (0 to 5)	4.7	3.3
	Total Score Average (0 to 5)	3.8	3.4
	PPE achieved1	Yes	Yes
	ASC
	Oceanic Boundlessness (0-2700)	1696	1297
	PPE achieved2	Yes	No
	PPEQ
	Intensity (0-100)	94	100
	Loss of Control (0-100)	45	58
	Profoundness (0-100)	87	80
	PPEQ Total Score (0-100)	75.3	79.3
	PPE achieved3	Yes	Yes
	MEQ30, 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire; ASC, Atered States of Consciousness Questionnaire; PPEQ, Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire; PPE, Peak Psychedelic experience.

¹Achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space and ineffability) of the MEQ30; ²Achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness dimension of the ASC; ³Achievement of a PPEQ Total Score of at least 75.

Astonishingly, the patients reported a major improvement of their depressive symptoms as assessed by the MADRS, PGI-S and PGI-already at the first assessment time point at 2 hours after drug administration, with the effect further deepening over time (Example 2, Table 4). The patients also fulfilled standard criteria for MADRS response (at least 50% improvement from baseline) and MADRS remission (MADRS total score equal or less than 10), rated “Normal, not at all ill” on the PGI-S and reported that their depressive symptoms had “very much improved” or “much improved” on the PGI-I at all assessment time points after drug administration, which is a highly surprising result.

The patients also improved on their ratings for suicidality after drug administration, as assessed using the suicidal thoughts item of the MADRS and the C-SSRS Suicidal Ideation items. Other general psychiatric symptoms as assessed by the BPRS, e.g., somatic concern, anxiety, guilt and tension, also improved after the drug administration.

Importantly, patient 1 and patient 2 had a very similar intensity of psychedelic effects, which correlated with very similar anti-depressive clinical response. This observation supports that the occurrence of a peak experience is an important mechanism or at the least a surrogate behavioral marker for the underlying mechanism for the therapeutic efficacy of 5-MEO-DMT.

TABLE 4
Example 2, Symptom scales at baseline, 2 hours,
1 day and 7 days after 5-MeO-DMT administration.
	Patient 1	Patient 2
	B	2 h	1 d	7 d	B	2 h	1 d	7 d
MADRS1	31	10	8	3	33	9	5	5
% MADRS change vs. baseline	—	−68	−74	−90	—	−73	−85	−85
PGI-S2	5	1	1	1	5	1	1	1
PGI-I3	—	1	1	1	—	2	2	2
MADRS suicidal thoughts item4	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0
C-SSRS Suicidal Ideation5	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
BPRS6	42	27	18	18	45	26	19	18
Somatic concern	3	2	1	1	4	1	1	1
Anxiety	7	2	1	1	5	2	1	1
Guilt feelings	5	1	1	1	5	1	1	1
Tension	4	3	1	1	3	1	1	1
Depressive Mood	6	2	1	1	5	3	1	1
Unusual thought content	1	1	1	1	6	1	1	1
B, Baseline;
2 h, 2 hours;
1 d, 1 day;
7 d, 7 days;
1The MADRS is a ten-item diagnostic questionnaire used to measure the severity of depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders, where each item yields a score of 0 to 6 and the overall score ranges from 0 to 60. Usual cut-off points are: 0 to 6 - normal/symptom absent, 7 to 19 - mild depression, 20 to 34 - moderate depression, >34 - severe depression; the recall period for MADRS at baseline was the last week, while the recall period at 2 hours, 1 day and 7 days after dosing spanned from the time point when the acute psychedelic effects after dosing have subsided to the assessment time point. At the 2-hour time point, the sleep item was not evaluated. Instead, the pre-dose MADRS score for the sleep item recorded at baseline before dosing was carried forward;
2The PGI-S for epression is a 7-point scale that requires the patient to rate the severity of his/her depressive symptoms at the time of assessment. Possible ratings are: 1, Normal, not at all ill; 2, Borderline ill; 3, Mildly ill; 4, Moderately ill; 5, Markedly ill; 6, Severely ill; 7, Extremely ill;
3The PGI-I for Depression is a 7-point scale that requires the patient to assess how much his/her depressive symptoms have improved or worsened relative to a baseline state at the beginning of the intervention. The PGI-I scale is rated as comparison to baseline: 1, Very much improved; 2, Much improved; 3, Minimally improved; 4, No change; 5, Minimally worse; 6, Much worse; 7, Very much worse;
4The MADRS suicidal thoughts item scores suicidality of the patient and ranges from 0, Enjoys life and takes it as it comes to 6, Explicit plans for suicide when there is an opportunity. Active preparations for suicide;
5The C-SSRS is a detailed questionnaire assessing both suicidal behavior and suicidal ideation, the table shows whether any of the suicidal ideation items were present;
6The BPRS is intended to screen for the presence of various psychiatric symptoms in a structured fashion. 18 symptoms (somatic concern, anxiety, emotional withdrawal, conceptual disorganization, guilt feelings, tension, mannerisms and posturing, grandiosity, depressive mood, hostility, suspiciousness, hallucinatory behavior, motor retardation, uncooperativeness, unusual thought content, blunted affect, excitement and disorientation) are scored and each symptom is rated on a scale of 1-7. In addition to the total BPRS, the individual BPRS symptom scores with most meaningful changes after drug administration are shown.

Summary and Conclusions:

• • A. A single dose of 12 mg 5-MeO-DMT administered via inhalation is well tolerated and induces an astonishing and very significant clinical response in patients formally diagnosed with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Such significant clinical response in treatment-resistant patients makes it plausible that a clinical response also occurs in previously untreated patients.
  • B. The clinical response occurs rapidly within 2 hours after 5-MeO-DMT administration. Such rapid onset is unusual and has not been seen with conventional classes of antidepressants, including tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRls), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and others, which generally take 4 to 6 weeks to show their effect.
  • C. The patients experienced a clinical remission within 2 hours after a single 5-MeO-DMT administration. This is highly superior to any other approved therapy for major depressive disorder, and also to all previously tested psychedelic agents.
  • D. The clinical response further deepened over the 7-day follow-up period, although 5-MeO-DMT was only given once and is no longer efficaciously present in the body during this time frame (see pharmacokinetic data in Example 3 below). This observation supports the superior clinical profile of 5-MeO-DMT and allows for convenient administration intervals. All conventional classes of antidepressants have been oral medications for chronic daily administration.
  • E. Besides anti-depressive effects, also endpoints assessing suicidal ideation were positively impacted, supporting the use of 5-MeO-DMT in patients with suicidal ideation, including patients with active suicidal ideation with intent to act, and including patients who are at imminent risk for suicide.
  • F. Besides anti-depressive effects, also endpoints assessing other psychiatric symptoms (such as somatic concern, anxiety, guilt and tension) were positively impacted, supporting the use of 5-MeO-DMT in patients with other mental diseases.
  • G. A correlation of the intensity of the acute psychedelic effects after 5-MeO-DMT administration with acute and longer-term anti-depressive treatment effects was observed. This demonstrates the advantage that achieving peak experiences more rapidly, in a larger proportion of patients, and with better reproducibility in an individual patient, will lead to a better therapeutic profile. The observation that peak psychedelic experiences can already occur with low 5-MeO-DMT doses in some patients (such as 6 mg, see example 3 below), while other patients need high doses (such as 18 mg, see example 3 below) supports therapeutic efficacy of a broad range of 5-MeO-DMT dosages, and supports the concept that in patients who have not achieved a peak experience after a first dose of 5-MeO-DMT any subsequent administration should use a dosage amount higher than the previous administration until the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience.

Each of the aforementioned aspects A) to G) is unexpected, and is medically highly relevant. Aspects A) to G) show that 5-MeO-DMT has a significantly improved efficacy profile compared to approved pharmacological therapies for major depressive disorder and to all previously tested psychedelic agents, when used according to the present invention. Together with the short duration of the acute psychedelic effects and the favorable safety profile, these data show that the technical problem to provide an improved psychoactive therapy in a patient with a major depressive disorder is solved by the present invention. The technical problem is also plausibly solved for persistent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorder and psychoactive substance abuse, based on the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on specific psychiatric symptoms observed in this study.

Example 3

Clinical Trial of 5-MeO-DMT Administered Via Inhalation to Healthy Volunteers

Study Design:

A clinical trial was performed in which 5-MeO-DMT free base (purity not less than 99%) at different dose levels was administered via inhalation (as described in Example 1) in a single day to healthy volunteers who had prior experiences with the use of synthetic or naturally-occurring psychedelics. The trial was reviewed and approved by the relevant national competent authority and local medical ethics committee. The trial consisted of two parts: Part A, where single doses of 5-MeO-DMT dosage amounts of 2 mg, 6 mg, 12 mg and 18 mg were administered; and Part B, where an initial 5-MeO-DMT dosage amount of 6 mg was administered, and then, unless the participant had already experienced a peak psychedelic experience based on the PPEQ or the supervising physician had decided that further dose increases were inappropriate based on observed side effects, further subsequent dosage amounts of 12 mg and 18 mg were administered with about 3 hours in between each administration. Participants in Part A only received one dose and were not allowed to receive higher doses in later parts of Part A and were not allowed to participate in Part B. Participants were closely monitored for 3.5 hours after the last dose, with additional follow-up visits 1 day and 7 days after dosing. Various safety related measures (e.g., adverse event reporting, safety laboratory analyses, vital signs, ECG, CADSS, PVT, DSST, Prospective MemoryTask (PMT)) as well as measures of the intensity of the psychedelic effects (MEQ30, ASC, PPEQ, subjective description of the psychedelic experience) were recorded. Pharmacokinetic analysis of 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenine plasma levels was performed at 1 hour and 3 hours after drug administration in Part A, and at 3 hours after drug administration in Part B.

Participant Characteristics:

18 participants were recruited into Part A of the study and 4 participants were recruited into Part B. 9 Participants were female and 13 participants were male. Median age was 29 years (range: 19 to 42 years). In Part A, 4 participants received 2 mg, 6 participants received 6 mg, 4 participants received 12 mg and 4 participants received 18 mg of 5-MeO-DMT. In Part B, 1 participant received 6 mg, 2 participants received 6 mg and then 12 mg and one participant received 6 mg, 12 mg and then 18 mg of 5-MeO-DMT.

Results:

All participants completed all planned visit days. In Part A, the inhalation procedure was adequately performed by 14 of the 18 participants, while 2 participants performed 2 inhalation sequences to inhale the total inhalation volume, and 2 participants inhaled only about % of the total inhalation volume. In Part B, the inhalation procedure was adequately performed by 3 of the 4 participants, while 1 participant performed an adequate inhalation at the first dose level but inhaled only about % of the total inhalation at the second dose level. No inhalation-related adverse events were reported.

The first psychedelic symptoms occurred within a few seconds after the inhalation in all participants. The duration of the psychedelic experience as judged by an external observer was between 7 minutes and 30 minutes, apparently with no dose-related trends.

Except for a temporary, not clinically relevant increase in heart rate and blood pressure shortly after administration of 5-MeO-DMT, no noteworthy changes in vital parameters occurred. The evaluation of ECG, safety laboratory analyses, CAMSS and cognitive tests (PVT, DSST, PMT) was unremarkable.

The reported adverse events were all mild (except for one moderate event) and all resolved spontaneously by the end of the study (Example 3, Table 1 for Part A; Example 3, Table 2 for Part B). While the overall tolerability profile of 5-MeO-DMT was very good, it was observed that the 18 mg dose group in Part A had the highest number of adverse events, and that this was the only dose group where hallucinations and flashbacks of the experience were reported at the day 1 and day 7 timepoints, respectively. In Part B, only few adverse events were reported despite the up to three administrations of 5-MeO-DMT in a single day, and in fact no adverse events were reported for the 18 mg dose (that followed a 6 mg and a12 mg dose).

TABLE 1
Example 3, Adverse events reported in Part A of the study
	Dose (number of	Administration
	volunteers)	day	Day 1	Day 7
	2 mg (n = 4)
	Nausea	2
	Tachycardia	1
	Vision blurred	1
	6 mg (n = 6)
	Anxiety	1
	Clumsiness		1
	Feeling hot		1
	Headache	1	1
	Nausea	1
	12 mg (n = 4)
	Anxiety	1
	Heart rate increased	11
	18 mg (n = 4)
	Nausea	1
	Headache	1
	Hyperacusis		1
	Mental fatigue		1
	Flashback			1
	Hallucination		1
	Abnormal dreams		1
	Insomnia		1
	Fatigue		1
	Shown are possibly related and probably related adverse events.
	1This event was moderate, all other events were mild in severity.

TABLE 2
Example 3, Adverse events reported in Part B of the study.
Dose (number of	Administration
volunteers)	day	Day 1	Day 7
6 mg (n = 4)
Nausea	1
12 mg (n = 3), after 6 mg
Headache	1
Nausea	1
Fatigue	1
Head discomfort	1
18 mg (n = 1), after
12 mg and 6 mg
None reported
Shown are possibly related and probably related adverse events. All events were mild in severity.

With regard to the intensity of the psychedelic experience as measured by the PPEQ in Part A, a dose-related trend for the individual PPEQ questions, for the PPEQ Total Score, and for the fraction of patients who achieved a peak psychedelic experience was observed for the 2 mg, 6 mg and 12 mg dose levels. For the 18 mg dose level, however, this dose-related trend only continued for the Loss of Control question (Example 3, Table 3). Based on the subjective descriptions by the participants, it was found that the psychedelic experience for the 18 mg dose level was associated with a very quick onset but only few memories of the altered state of consciousness in some participants, which may explain this observation (in line with the so-called “white-out” phenomenon). In Part B, where participants started with a 6 mg dosage amount and received further subsequent dosage amounts of 12 mg and 18 mg, if they had not achieved a peak psychedelic experience at the lower dose, it was observed that the intensity of the psychedelic experience increased with the increasing dosage amounts in all participants. Further, all participants were able to achieve a peak psychedelic experience at their maximum individual dose level, which was 6 mg for 1 participant, 12 mg for 2 participants and 18 mg for 1 participant. At this maximum individual dose level, the scores for the individual PPEQ questions and for the PPEQ Total Score were higher than in all dose groups of Part A (Example 3, Table 3). No predictors for the maximum individual dose level that was required to achieve a peak psychedelic experience could be identified.

TABLE 3
Example 3, Intensity of the psychedelic effects
measured with the PPEQ in Part A and Part B
					Part B
	Part A	Part A	Part A	Part A	max.
	2 mg	6 mg	12 mg	18 mg	dose1
PPEQ	(n=4)	(n=6)	(n=4)	(n=4)	(n=4)
Intensity (0-100)	16	53	78	62	97
Loss of Control (0-100)	4	37	69	80	94
Profoundness (0-100)	7	42	51	36	78
PPEQ Total Score	9.0	43.8	65.5	59.2	89.3
(0-100)
PPE achieved2	0/4	⅙	2/4	¼	4/4
Shown are average results for all participants in the respective group. In Part A, participants received only 1 dose. In Part B, one participant received 6 mg and then had a PPE, two participants received 6 mg and then 12 mg and then had a PPE and one participant received 6 mg, then 12 mg and then 18 mg and then had a PPE. PPEQ, Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire; PPE, Peak Psychedelic experience.
1Shown are data for the highest dose for each participant.
2Shown is the fraction of participants who achieved a PPEQ Total Score of at least 75.

With regard to plasma levels of 5-MeO-DMT, it was found that for any dose in Part A, plasma levels were already very low at the 1-hour timepoint, and that plasma levels in Part A and Part B reached the lower level of quantification (LLOQ) of the 5-MeO-DMT assay (0.014 ng/ml) at the 3-hour time point (Example 3, Table 4). With regard to the plasma levels of the 5-MeO-DMT metabolite bufotenine, minimal amounts below the LLOQ of the bufotenine assay (0.016 ng/ml) were seen in three participants at the 1-hour time point, but bufotenine was undetectable in all other samples.

TABLE 4
Example 3, 5-MeO-DMT plasma levels at 1 hour and 3 hours after drug administration
							Part B
	Part A	Part A	Part A	Part A	Part B	Part B	6 mg, 12 mg,
	2 mg	6 mg	12 mg	18 mg	6 mg	6 mg, 12 mg	18 mg
	(n = 4)	(n = 6)	(n = 4)	(n = 4)	(n = 4)	(n = 3)	(n = 1)
1 hour	0.38	0.33	0.19	0.65	—	—
	(0.03-0.69)	(0.09-0.64)	(0.13-0.29)	(0.15-2.42)
3 hours	0.03	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.01	0.03	0.05
	(0.01-0.04)	(0.00-0.06)	(0.01-0.01)	(0.01-0.24)	(0.00-0.09)	(0.01-0.05)	(0.05-0.05)
Shown is the group median (range minimum to maximum) of 5-MeO-DMT plasma levels in ng/ml.

Summary and Conclusions:

• • A. The tested 5-MeO-DMT dose levels of 2 mg, 6 mg and 12 mg in Part A and the individual dose-escalation scheme in Part B with up to three administrations of 5-MeO-DMT in a single day were well-tolerated in all participants and only few, mainly mild and only short-lasting adverse events occurred.
  • B. In Part A, initial measurable psychedelic experiences occurred at the 2 mg dose level. More significant psychedelic experiences and a first peak psychedelic experience occurred at the 6 mg dose level. Even stronger psychedelic experiences occurred at the 12 mg dose level, but still only 2/4 participants achieved a peak psychedelic experience. Administering an even higher dose of 18 mg to an unselected group of participants did not show a further increase in psychedelic experience scores and rates of peak psychedelic experiences, which is possibly related to a “white-out” phenomenon in some patients at this high dose level. Also, adverse event rates when given to an unselected group were highest in the 18 mg group of Part A.
  • C. The individual up-titration regimen as applied in Part B was superior to all individual dose levels in Part A with higher average psychedelic experience ratings, and 4/4 participants achieving a peak psychedelic experience at the individual highest dose. The one participant who was dosed with up to 18 mg in Part B did not experience any adverse events, again supporting that an individual up-titration has a superior therapeutic profile and avoids unnecessary high doses.
  • D. Plasma levels of 5-MeO-DMT are already very low one hour after administration, and barely measurable at 3 hours. Plasma levels of the 5-MeO-DMT metabolite bufotenine are barely detectable at the 1-hour time point, and undetectable at 3 hours. This pharmacokinetic data aligns well with the short duration of psychedelic effects after administration of 5-MeO-DMT.

In conclusion, the studied dosage amounts between 2 mg and 18 mg administered via inhalation were able to induce psychedelic experiences, and dosage amounts of 6 mg, 12 mg and 18 mg of 5-MeO-DMT administered via inhalation were able to induce peak psychedelic experiences in healthy participants. Because Example 2 makes it plausible that peak psychedelic experiences are associated with a therapeutic benefit in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder and other mental diseases, it can be predicted that dosage amounts between 4 mg and 20 mg, in particular between 6 mg and 18 mg, of 5-MeO-DMT administered via inhalation are therapeutically effective amounts. An individualized up-titration regimen, as applied in Part B, provides a higher chance to achieve peak psychedelic experiences along with superior tolerability, and therefore provides a superior therapeutic profile compared with administration of a single fixed dose.

Example 4

The 30-Item Revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) (Barrett F S, J Psychopharmacol. 2015 November; 29(11):1182-90)

The following questionnaire is applied in situations where the acute psychedelic experience after treatment with 5-MeO-DMT needs to be quantified. At the end of relevant treatment sessions, the patient is handed a paper form and asked to rate the degree to which at any time during that session he experienced any of the phenomena listed below using the scale listed below. The MEQ30 is then computed and the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is then evaluated as described under scoring instructions.

Scale:

0—none; not at all

1—so slight cannot decide

2—slight

3—moderate

4—strong (equivalent in degree to any other strong experience)

5—extreme (more than any other time in my life and stronger than 4)

Phenomena:

1. Loss of usual sense of time.

2. Experience of amazement.

3. Sense that the experience cannot be described adequately in words.

4. Gain of insightful knowledge experienced at an intuitive level.

5. Feeling that eternity or infinity was experienced.

6. Experience of oneness or unity with objects and/or persons perceived in your surroundings.

7. Loss of usual sense of space.

8. Feelings of tenderness and gentleness.

9. Certainty of encounter with ultimate reality (in the sense of being able to “know” and “see” what is really real at some point during your experience.

10. Feeling not to be able to do justice to the experience by describing it in words.

11. Loss of usual awareness of where one was.

12. Feelings of peace and tranquility.

13. Sense of being “outside of” time, beyond past and future.

14. Freedom from the limitations of the personal self and feeling a unity or bond with what was felt to be greater than the personal self.

15. Sense of being at a spiritual height.

16. Experience of pure being and pure awareness (beyond the world of sense impressions).

17. Experience of ecstasy.

18. Experience of the insight that “all is One”.

19. Being in a realm with no space boundaries.

20. Experience of oneness in relation to an “inner world” within.

21. Sense of reverence.

22. Experience of timelessness.

23. Being convinced when looking back at the experience, that ultimate reality was encountered (i.e., that the patient or proband “knew” and “saw” what was really real).

24. Feeling that something profoundly sacred and holy was experienced.

25. Awareness of the life or living presence in all things.

26. Experience of the fusion of the personal self into a larger whole.

27. Sense of awe or awesomeness.

28. Experience of unity with ultimate reality.

29. Feeling that it would be difficult to communicate the own experience to others who have not had similar experiences.

30. Feelings of joy.

Scoring Instructions:

The score for each individual subscale is computed by calculating the average score (from the scale of 0 to 5) for the phenomena belonging to the subscale as listed below.

			Maximum
		Phenomena belonging	possible
	Subscale	to subscale	score
	Mystical	4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 15, 16, 18,	75
		20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28
	Positive mood	2, 8, 12, 17, 27, 30	30
	Transcendence of	1, 7, 11, 13, 19, 22	30
	time and space
	Ineffability	3, 10, 29	15

The MEQ30-total score is computed by taking the average response to all phenomena. Patients or probands with a score 260% of the maximum possible score on each of the four subscales of the MEQ30 are considered to have experienced a “peak psychedelic experience”.

Example 5

Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ)

The Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) has been developed by the inventor as an improved alternative to the oceanic boundlessness dimension of the ASC and the MEQ30 to allow a simpler and quicker assessment of the intensity of a psychedelic experience. The PPEQ is comprised of three questions, all to be scored from 0 to 100 by marking a Visual Analogue Scale between 0 and 100 mm:

1. How intense was the experience?

2. To what extent did you lose control?

3. How profound (i.e., deep and significant) was the experience?

The PPEQTotal Score is the average of the scores of the three questions. A “peak psychedelic experience” is identified through achievement of a PPEQTotal Score of at least 75. A statistically significant correlation between the PPEQ Total Score and the oceanic boundlessness dimension of the ASC, respectively the MEQ30 Total Score, has been observed in the data set described in Example 3.

Example 6

Efficacy of 5-MeO-DMT in Major Depressive Disorder-Clinical Trial Prophetic Example

The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of 5-MeO-DMT compared with placebo in improving symptoms of major depressive disorder. This first study will be performed in patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, but this is not to be understood that 5-MeO-DMT does not have efficacy and cannot be used in untreated patients with major depressive disorder. The study consists of a screening phase, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment phase, an evaluation phase, and a follow-up phase with optional open-label re-treatment.

Screening Phase: Patients will be screened by a psychiatrist for eligibility for the study based on a comprehensive set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients will also be informed in detail about the study procedures, and effects and potential side effects of the medication and other potential risks. Patients will confirm their willingness to participate in the study by signing a consent form. Key inclusion criteria for the study are participant 1) must meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, without psychotic features, and 2) must have had an inadequate response to at least 2 antidepressants, at least one of which is in the current episode of depression. Key exclusion criteria are 1) patient or immediate family member with current or prior DSM-5 diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, 2) patients with a history of substance abuse within the prior one year, 3) any previous (recreational) use of 5-MeO-DMT, 4) prior participation in any clinical study with any other hallucinogen, 5) known allergies or hypersensitivity or any other contraindication to 5-MeO-DMT or any of the excipients used in the study drug formulation, 6) current treatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor such as isocarboxazid, phenelzine, selegiline or tranylcypromine, and 7) positive pregnancy test, lack of appropriate contraception.

Treatment Phase: The study is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study comparing the administration of 5-MeO-DMT with the administration of placebo. Both compounds are to be provided via inhalation after vaporization. Vaporization of the 5-MeO-DMT and the placebo is achieved with a commercially available vaporizer. Patients will be admitted to the study site in the morning. First, the patient's eligibility to the study will be re-confirmed by the responsible study physician, who is blinded for the assigned treatment group. Second, baseline assessments for the primary endpoint (Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score) and all relevant secondary endpoints will be performed by a trained rater who is blinded for the assigned treatment group. Third, the patient will be informed about the use of the inhalation device and will be instructed to perform a full expiration, then inhale the study drug in a full deep inspiration, then hold the breath for 10 seconds (acceptable range 7.5 to 12.5 seconds), and then perform a normal expiration. Fourth, the first dose of the study drug (5-MeO-DMT or placebo) will be self-administered through inhalation, under the supervision of the responsible study physician. Any signs of incomplete intake of the study drug (such as incomplete first expiration, shallow inspiration, coughing) will be noted by the responsible physician. The initial dose to be applied in this study is 6 mg of 5-MeO-DMT or placebo. Afterthe inhalation, the patientwill lie down in a comfortable position and safe environment (e.g. on a mattress on the floor) and will be supervised by the study physician and a second trained observer. The onset of psychedelic symptoms is expected to occur within a few seconds after administration via inhalation of the 5-MeO-DMT. The normal duration of acute psychedelic symptoms after inhalation of the 5-MeO-DMT is 5 to 20 minutes. After the subjective symptoms have subsided, the intensity of the subjective experience will be assessed by evaluating responses to the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) and the Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ). In case a peak psychedelic experience (defined as at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the 4 subscales of the MEQ30 or at least a PPEQ Total Score of 75) occurred, the patient can be discharged, but at the earliest two hours after the last dose. If no peak psychedelic experience occurred, a higher dose of 5-MeO-DMT or placebo, now 12 mg, will be administered at 3 hours after the first dose according to the same procedure as for the first dose. A third dose, now 18 mg, can be given after another 3-hour interval, if no peak psychedelic experience has been achieved and no intolerable side effects have occurred with any of the prior doses.

Evaluation Phase: The patient will have follow-up visits at days 7, 14, and 28 after the last dose of study medication. Efficacy and safety evaluations will be performed at each of those visits. The primary endpoint of the study will be the change from baseline to day 7 in the MADRS total score. Key secondary endpoints will be the sustained response in the MADRS total score (50% reduction from baseline in MADRS total score) at day 28 and the change from baseline in the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report (QIDS-SR16) at day 7 and 28. Further efficacy assessments include achievement of remission, defined as a MADRS total score <=10, the Hamilton Depression Rating scale (HAM-D), the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) and the Patient Global Impression-Severity (PGI-S), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale (GAD-7). All endpoints will be assessed at each time point by a trained rater who is blinded for the assigned treatment group.

Follow-up phase, and optional open-label retreatment: Patients and physicians will be unblinded regarding the treatment group association after the 28-day visit, but further monthly follow-up visits with efficacy and safety evaluations similar to the evaluations during the blinded phase will be performed. Patients who had achieved at least a 50% reduction from baseline in MADRS total score at the primary endpoint will be eligible for three-monthly re-treatment with 5-MeO-DMT using the highest dose given in the blinded phase, with the first re-treatment on day 28.

Analysis: The treatment will be deemed effective if a significant difference can be detected for the change from baseline to day 7 in the MADRS total score for the active 5-MeO-DMT arm compared with the placebo arm, as defined in the statistical analysis plan of the study. The analysis of secondary endpoints can provide further evidence of clinical efficacy.

Example 7

Efficacy of 5-MeO-DMT in Anxiety Disorder—Clinical Trial Prophetic Example

The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of 5-MeO-DMT compared with active control in improving symptoms of anxiety disorders. This first study will be performed in patients with treatment-resistant anxiety disorders, but this is not to be understood that 5-MeO-DMT does not have efficacy and cannot be used in untreated patients with anxiety disorders. The study consists of a screening phase, a randomized, active-controlled, treatment phase, an evaluation phase, cross-over of participants into the other study arm and then another active-controlled treatment phase and evaluation phase, and a follow-up phase with optional open-label re-treatment.

Screening Phase: Patients will be screened by a psychiatrist for eligibility for the study based on a comprehensive set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients will also be informed in detail about the study procedures, and effects and potential side effects of the medication and other potential risks. Patients will confirm their willingness to participate in the study by signing a consent form. Key inclusion criteria for the study are participant 1) must meet DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and/or panic disorder and 2) must have failed to achieve remission with at least one adequate prior anxiolytic medication (e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) meaning at least 8 weeks at therapeutic dosing, including at least 4 weeks of stable dosing and must have failed to achieve remission with previous cognitive behavioral therapy or must have declined current cognitive behavioral therapy. Key exclusion criteria are 1) patient or immediate family member with current or prior DSM-5 diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, 2) patients with a history of substance abuse within the prior one year, 3) any previous (recreational) use of 5-MeO-DMT, 4) prior participation in any clinical study with any other hallucinogen, 5) known allergies or hypersensitivity or any other contraindication to 5-MeO-DMT or midazolam or any of the excipients used in the study drug formulations, 6) current treatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor such as isocarboxazid, phenelzine, selegiline or tranylcypromine, and 7) positive pregnancy test, lack of appropriate contraception.

Treatment Phase: The study is a randomized, active-controlled study comparing the administration of 5-MeO-DMT with the administration of midazolam. 5-MeO-DMT is to be provided via inhalation after vaporization. Vaporization of the 5-MeO-DMT is achieved with a commercially available vaporizer. Midazolam is to be provided via intravenous infusion. Patients will be admitted to the study site in the morning. First, the patient's eligibility to the study will be re-confirmed by the responsible study physician, who is blinded for the assigned treatment group. Second, baseline assessments for the primary endpoint (the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A)) and all relevant secondary endpoints will be performed by a trained rater who is blinded for the assigned treatment group. Third, the study drug will be administered, as described in Example 6, at an initial dose of 6 mg, and Midazolam via intravenous infusion over 40 minutes at a dose of 0.045 mg/kg of Midazolam. After study drug administration, the patient will lie down in a comfortable position and safe environment (e.g. on a mattress on the floor) and will be supervised by the study physician and a second trained observer.

The onset of psychedelic symptoms in the 5-MeO-DMT group is expected to occur within a few seconds after administration via inhalation of the 5-MeO-DMT. The normal duration of acute psychedelic symptoms after inhalation of the 5-MeO-DMT is 5 to 20 minutes. After the subjective symptoms have subsided in both groups, the intensity of the subjective experience will be assessed by evaluating responses to the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) and the Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ). The midazolam group can now be discharged, but at the earliest two hours after the last dose. The 5-MeO-DMT group can also be discharged in case a peak psychedelic experience (defined as at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the 4 subscales of the MEQ30 or at least a PPEQTotal Score of 75) has occurred, but at the earliest two hours after the last dose. If no peak psychedelic experience occurred, a higher dose of 5-MeO-DMT, now 12 mg, will be administered at 3 hours after the first dose according to the same procedure as for the first dose. A third dose, now 18 mg, can be given after another 3-hour interval, if no peak psychedelic experience has been achieved and no intolerable side effects have occurred with any of the prior doses.

Evaluation Phase: The patient will have follow-up visits at days 1, 7, 14, and 28 after the last dose of study medication. Efficacy and safety evaluations will be performed at each of those visits. The primary endpoint of the study will be the change from baseline to day 28 in the HAM-A total score. Key secondary endpoints will be the change from baseline to day 1, 7, 14 and 28 in Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-1) and Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I). All endpoints will be assessed at each time point by a trained rater who is blinded for the assigned treatment group.

Cross-over and second evaluation phase: Patients will cross over to the other study arm on day 28, and patients will receive treatment of the other study group and evaluation as described above.

Follow-up phase, and optional open-label retreatment: Patients and physicians will be unblinded with regard to the treatment group association after the 56-day visit, but further monthly follow-up visits with efficacy and safety evaluations similar to the evaluations during the initial phase will be performed. Patients who had achieved at least a 50% reduction from baseline in HAM-A total score at the primary endpoint (or after cross-over at day 56) will be eligible for three-monthly re-treatment with 5-MeO-DMT using the highest dose given in the blinded phase.

Analysis: The treatment will be deemed effective if a significant difference can be detected for the change from baseline to day 28 in the HAM-A total score for the active 5-MeO-DMT arm compared with the midazolam arm, as defined in the statistical analysis plan of the study. The analysis of secondary endpoints can provide further evidence of clinical efficacy.

Example 8

Efficacy of 5-MeO-DMT in Anorexia Nervosa-Clinical Trial Prophetic Example

The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of 5-MeO-DMT in improving symptoms of anorexia nervosa. The study consists of a screening phase, a treatment phase, an evaluation phase, and a follow-up phase with optional re-treatment.

Screening Phase: Patients will be screened by a psychiatrist for eligibility for the study based on a comprehensive set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients will also be informed in detail about the study procedures, and effects and potential side effects of the medication and other potential risks. Patients will confirm their willingness to participate in the study by signing a consent form. Key inclusion criteria for the study are participant 1) must meet DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, 2) must have a body mass index less than 19 kg/m2 and greater than 14 kg/m2 and 3) must have had a duration of disease of at least 5 years. Key exclusion criteria are 1) patient or immediate family member with current or prior DSM-5 diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, 2) patients with a history of substance abuse within the prior one year, 3) any previous (recreational) use of 5-MeO-DMT, 4) prior participation in any clinical study with any other hallucinogen, 5) known allergies or hypersensitivity or any other contraindication to 5-MeO-DMT or any of the excipients used in the study drug formulation, 6) current treatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor such as isocarboxazid, phenelzine, selegiline or tranylcypromine, and 7) positive pregnancy test, lack of appropriate contraception.

Treatment Phase: The study is a single arm study. 5-MeO-DMT is to be provided via sublingual administration. Patients will be admitted to the study site in the morning of the first treatment day. First, the patient's eligibility to the study will be re-confirmed by the responsible study physician. Second, baseline assessments for the primary endpoint and all relevant secondary endpoints will be performed by a trained rater. Third, the patient will be informed about the application of the study drug via sub-lingual administration. Fourth, the first dose of the study drug will be administered under the supervision of the responsible study physician. The initial dose to be applied in this study is 6 mg of 5-MeO-DMT. After the administration, the patient will lie down in a comfortable position and safe environment (e.g. on a mattress on the floor) and will be supervised by the study physician and a second trained observer. The onset of psychedelic symptoms is expected to occur within a few minutes after sublingual administration. The normal duration of acute psychedelic symptoms after sublingual administration of the 5-MeO-DMT is about 45 to 60 minutes. After the subjective symptoms have subsided, the intensity of the subjective experience will be assessed by evaluating responses to the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) and the Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ. In case a peak psychedelic experience (defined as at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the 4 subscales of the MEQ30 or at least a PPEQ Total Score of 75) occurred, the patient can be discharged, but at the earliest three hours after the last dose. If no peak psychedelic experience occurred, a higher dose of 5-MeO-DMT, now 12 mg, will be administered at 3 hours after the first dose according to the same procedure as for the first dose. A third dose, now 18 mg, can be given after another 3-hour interval, if no peak psychedelic experience has been achieved and no intolerable side effects have occurred with any of the prior doses.

Evaluation Phase: The patient will have follow-up visits at days 7, 14, 28 and 56 after the last dose of study medication. Efficacy and safety evaluations will be performed at each of those visits. The primary endpoint of the study will be the change from baseline to day 56 in BMI of the patient. Key secondary endpoints will be change from baseline to day 56 in Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) scale and change from baseline to day 56 in the MADRS total score. Further efficacy assessments include the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) and the Patient Global Impression-Severity (PGI-S). All endpoints will be assessed at each time point by a trained rater.

Follow-up phase, and optional retreatment: After the 56-day visit further monthly follow-up visits with efficacy and safety evaluations similar to the evaluations during the initial phase will be performed. Patients who had achieved at least a 1-point increase in their BMI from baseline at the primary endpoint will be eligible for three-monthly re-treatment with 5-MeO-DMT using the same uptitration schedule as for the first treatment, with the first re-treatment on day 56.

Analysis: The treatment will be deemed effective if the average change in BMI at day 56 is significantly greater than 0.5 kg/m². The analysis of secondary endpoints can provide further evidence of clinical efficacy.

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Claims

1. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating a patient who is diagnosed with major depressive disorder by a licensed professional in accordance with accepted medical practice.

2. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the disorder is diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association.

3. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the patient suffers from moderate or severe major depressive disorder as indicated by a Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score of 20 or more or by a 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score of 17 or more.

4. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 3, wherein the patient suffers from severe major depressive disorder as indicated by a MADRS score of 35 or more or by a HAM-D score of 25 or more.

5. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the patient is diagnosed with a treatment-resistant form of major depressive disorder.

6. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the patient suffers in addition from suicidal ideation.

7. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 6, wherein the patient suffers from suicidal ideation with intent to act.

8. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the patient is at imminent risk for suicide.

9. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered at a dose or in a dosage regimen that causes the patient to experience a peak psychedelic experience.

10. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein a dosage of about 4 mg to about 20 mg 5-MeO-DMT is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.

11. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein a dosage of about 6 mg; or of about 12 mg; or of about 18 mg is administered, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.

12. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in a first dosage amount for a first administration; and the 5-MeO-DMT or salt thereof is administered in zero to six subsequent administrations; wherein each subsequent administration uses a dosage amount higher than the previous administration unless the patient experiences a peak psychedelic experience.

13. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is administered in a dosage from about 2 mg to about 8 mg for a first administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 8 mg to about 14 mg for a second administration, and then increased, unless the patient has already experienced a peak psychedelic experience, to a dosage from about 14 mg to about 20 mg for a third administration, or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.

14. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 13, wherein the first dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 6 mg, the second dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 12 mg, and the third dosage of 5-MeO-DMT is about 18 mg; or wherein equimolar amounts of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt are administered instead of 5-MeO-DMT.

15. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 12, wherein the interval between two administrations is not less than 1 hour and not more than 24 hours, such as about 2 to 4 hours.

16. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 9, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score in each of the four subscales (mystical, positive mood, transcendence of time and space, and ineffability) of the 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) or is identified through achievement of at least 60% of the maximum possible score of the Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) dimension of the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire or is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.

17. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 16, wherein the occurrence of a peak psychedelic experience is identified through achievement of a Peak Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire (PPEQ) Total Score of at least 75.

18. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered via inhalation.

19. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 18, wherein 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of an aerosol comprising (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable gas; (b) aerosol particles of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the aerosol has an aerosol particle mass density of about 0.5 mg/l to about 12.5 mg/l.

20. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 19 wherein the aerosol is generated by a) exposing a thin layer of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, configured on a solid support, to thermal energy, and b) passing air over the thin layer to produce aerosol particles.

21. 5-MeO-DMT for use as in claim 18, wherein the 5-MeO-DMT is used in the form of the free base.

22. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 18, wherein the dosage amount of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt to be administered to the patient is inhaled with a single breath.

23. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score or the Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) score, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

24. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

25. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

26. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least a score of “much improved” in the CGI-I score or the PGI-I score, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

27. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein a clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

28. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein a remission of depressive symptoms, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, occurs not later than about 2 hours after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

29. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 6 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

30. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

31. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the patient is in remission of depressive symptoms, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, on day 7 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

32. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 14 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

33. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

34. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the patient is in remission of depressive symptoms, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, on day 14 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

35. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the clinical response, as assessed by at least 50% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, persists until at least 28 days after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

36. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein there is a clinical response, as assessed by at least 75% improvement of the MADRS or HAM-D score, compared to the respective score prior to treatment, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

37. 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as in claim 1, wherein the patient is in remission of depressive symptoms, as assessed by a MADRS score equal to or less than 10, or a HAM-D score equal to or less than 7, on day 28 after the last administration of 5-MeO-DMT or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.