Patent Application
20220228443
This disclosure relates generally to a cutting element, for example formed of a super-hard polycrystalline construction that may be used, for example, as a cutting element for drilling in the oil and gas industry or as an insert for machine tools, and to methods for making the same.
In various fields such as earth-boring, road milling, and mining tough materials such as rock, asphalt, or concrete are engaged and degraded using cutting elements that are typically coupled to a movable body such as a drill bit secured to a drill string to bring the cutting elements into contact with the material to be degraded as the body moves. For example, when exploring for or extracting subterranean oil, gas, or geothermal energy deposits, a plurality of cutting elements are typically secured to a drill bit attached to the end of a drill string and as the drill bit is rotated, the cutting elements degrade a subterranean formation forming a wellbore, which allows the drill bit to advance through the formation. In another example, when preparing an asphalt road for resurfacing, cutting elements are typically coupled to tips of picks that may be connected to a rotatable drum. As the drum is rotated, the cutting elements degrade the asphalt leaving a surface ready for application of a fresh layer.
The cutting elements used in such applications often include super-hard materials, such as polycrystalline diamond material, sintered to a substrate material such as tungsten carbide, in a high-pressure, high-temperature environment. These cutting elements typically include a cutting edge formed in the super-hard material designed to scrape against and shear away a surface. While effective in cutting formation or other materials, such cutting elements may be susceptible to chipping, cracking, or partial fracturing when subjected to high forces.
In, for example, drilling operations, a cutting element, also termed an insert, is subjected to heavy loads and high temperatures at various stages of its useful life. In the early stages of drilling, when the sharp cutting edge of the insert contacts the subterranean formation, it is subjected to large contact pressures. This results in the possibility of a number of fracture processes such as fatigue cracking being initiated. As the cutting edge of the insert wears, the contact pressure decreases and is generally too low to cause high energy failures. However, this pressure can still propagate cracks initiated under high contact pressures and may eventually result in spalling-type failures. In the drilling industry, PCD cutter performance is determined by a cutter's ability to achieve high penetration rates in increasingly demanding environments, and still retain a good condition post-drilling (enabling re-use if desired). In any drilling application, cutters may wear through a combination of smooth, abrasive type wear and spalling/chipping type wear. Whilst a smooth, abrasive wear mode is desirable because it delivers maximum benefit from the highly wear-resistant PCD material, spalling or chipping type wear is unfavourable. Even fairly minimal fracture damage of this type can have a deleterious effect on both cutting life and performance.
Cutting efficiency may be rapidly reduced by spalling-type wear as the rate of penetration of the drill bit into the formation is slowed. Once chipping begins, the amount of damage to the diamond table continually increases, as a result of the increased normal force required to achieve a given depth of cut. Therefore, as cutter damage occurs and the rate of penetration of the drill bit decreases, the response of increasing weight on bit may quickly lead to further degradation and ultimately catastrophic failure of the chipped cutting element.
It has been appreciated that cutting elements and machine tool cutting inserts having cutting surfaces with non-planar, shaped topographies or topologies may be advantageous in various applications. In particular, the surface features and/or shape of the cutting surface may be beneficial in use to divert, for example, chips from the working surface being worked on by the cutter or machine tool, and/or in some instances to act as a chip breaker, with a view to reducing the risk of chipping, or cracking, thereby extending the working life of the cutting element.
There is a need to provide super-hard inserts such as inserts for cutting or machine tools having effective performance and enhanced resistance to chipping or spalling.
Viewed from a first aspect there is provided a cutting element comprising:
a substrate having a peripheral side edge, the peripheral side edge having an associated radius of curvature; and
a body of superhard polycrystalline material bonded to the substrate along an interface, the body of superhard polycrystalline material having a peripheral side edge; wherein:
the body of superhard polycrystalline material comprises:
a working surface; and
a plurality of spaced apart cutting edges extending to the working surface through respective chamfer portions, the cutting edges being spaced around the working surface; wherein
the cutting edges have an associate radius of curvature, the radius of curvature of one or more of the cutting edges being less than the radius of curvature of the substrate.
Viewed from a second aspect there is provided a method of making the cutting element defined above comprising:
providing a mass of particles or grains of superhard material to form a pre-sinter assembly; and
treating the pre-sinter assembly in the presence of a catalyst/solvent material for the superhard grains at an ultra-high pressure of around 5.5 GPa or greater and a temperature at which the superhard material is more thermodynamically stable than graphite to sinter together the grains of superhard material to form the cutting element.
Viewed from a yet further aspect there is provided a drill bit or a component of a drill bit for boring into the earth, comprising one or more of the above defined cutting elements.
In examples where the insert is used as a cutting element, for example for drilling in the oil and gas industry, the shape of the cutting element and any surface topography may be used to direct or divert the rock or earth away from the drill bit to which the cutter is attached. Alternatively or additionally, for such uses or when used as an insert for a machine tool for machining a work piece, the shape and surface topography may act as a chip breaker suitable for controlling aspects of the size and shape of chips formed in use.
Various examples are now described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Referring in general to the following description and accompanying drawings, various versions of the present disclosure are described and illustrated to show its structure and method of operation. Common elements of the illustrated examples are designated by the same reference numerals.
As used herein, “drill bit” means and includes any type of bit or tool used for drilling during the formation or enlargement of a wellbore in subterranean formations and includes, for example, fixed cutter bits, rotary drill bits, percussion bits, core bits, eccentric bits, bi-center bits, reamers, mills, drag bits, roller cone bits, hybrid bits and other drilling bits and tools known in the art.
As used herein, a “superhard material” is a material having a Vickers hardness of at least about 28 GPa. Diamond and cubic boron nitride (cBN) material are examples of superhard materials.
As used herein, a “superhard construction” means a construction comprising a body of polycrystalline superhard material. In such a construction, a substrate may be attached thereto.
As used herein, polycrystalline diamond (PCD) is a type of polycrystalline superhard (PCS) material comprising a mass of diamond grains, a substantial portion of which are directly inter-bonded with each other and in which the content of diamond is at least about 80 volume percent of the material. In one example of PCD material, interstices between the diamond grains may be at least partly filled with a binder material comprising a catalyst for diamond. As used herein, “interstices” or “interstitial regions” are regions between the diamond grains of PCD material. In examples of PCD material, some or all interstices or interstitial regions may be substantially or partially filled with a material other than diamond, or they may be substantially empty. PCD material may comprise at least a region from which catalyst material has been removed from the interstices, leaving interstitial voids between the diamond grains.
Cutter elements for use in drill bits in the oil and gas industry typically comprise a layer of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) bonded to a cemented carbide substrate. PCD material is typically made by subjecting an aggregated mass of diamond particles or grains to an ultra-high pressure of greater than about 5 GPa, and temperature of at least about 1200° C., typically about 1440° C., in the presence of a sintering aid, also referred to as a solvent-catalyst material for diamond. Solvent-catalyst materials for diamond are understood to be materials that are capable of promoting direct inter-growth of diamond grains at a pressure and temperature condition at which diamond is thermodynamically more stable than graphite.
Examples of solvent-catalyst materials for diamond are cobalt, iron, nickel and certain alloys including alloys of any of these elements.
As used herein, PCBN (polycrystalline cubic boron nitride) material refers to a type of superhard material comprising grains of cubic boron nitride (cBN) dispersed within a matrix comprising metal or ceramic.
The term “substrate” as used herein means any substrate over which the superhard material layer is formed. For example, a “substrate” as used herein may be a transition layer formed over another substrate.
The superhard construction shown in the figures may be suitable, for example, for use as a cutter insert for a drill bit for boring into the earth. Such an earth-boring drill bit (not shown) includes a plurality of cutting elements, and typically includes a bit body which may be secured to a shank by way of a threaded connection and/or a weld extending around the earth-boring drill bit on an exterior surface thereof along an interface between the bit body and the shank. A plurality of cutting elements are attached to a face of the bit body, one or more of which may comprise a cutting element as described herein in further detail below.
The substrate 10 may be formed of a hard material such as a cemented carbide material and may be, for example, cemented tungsten carbide. The binder metal for such carbides suitable for forming the substrate 10 may be, for example, nickel, cobalt, iron or an alloy containing one or more of these metals. Typically, this binder will be present in an amount of 10 to 20 mass %, but this may be as low as 6 mass % or less. Some of the binder metal may infiltrate the body of polycrystalline super hard material 2, 2′during formation of the compact 1, 1′.
As shown in
The polycrystalline composite construction 1, 1′ when used as a cutting element may be mounted in use in a bit body, such as a drag bit body (not shown).
The substrate 10 may be, for example, generally cylindrical having a peripheral surface 3, a peripheral top edge 8 and a distal free end.
The exposed surface of the super hard material 4 opposite the substrate 10 forms or comprises a working surface which also acts as a rake face in use. In some conventional cutting elements such as that shown in
The working surface or “rake face” 4 of the polycrystalline composite construction 1, 1′ is the surface or surfaces over which the chips of material being cut flow when the cutter is used to cut material from a body, the rake face 4 directing the flow of newly formed chips. This face 4 is commonly also referred to as the top face or working surface of the cutting element as the working surface 4 is the surface which, along with its edge 6, is intended to perform the cutting of a body in use. It is understood that the term “cutting edge”, as used herein, refers to the actual cutting edge, defined functionally as above, at any particular stage or at more than one stage of the cutter wear progression up to failure of the cutter, including but not limited to the cutter in a substantially unworn or unused state.
As used herein, “chips” are the pieces of a body removed from the work surface of the body being cut by the polycrystalline composite construction 1, 1′ in use.
As used herein, the “flank” 2 of the cutter is the surface or surfaces of the cutter that passes over the surface produced on the body of material being cut by the cutter and is commonly referred to as the side or barrel of the cutter. The flank 2 may provide a clearance from the body and may comprise more than one flank face.
As used herein, a “wear scar” is a surface of a cutter formed in use by the removal of a volume of cutter material due to wear of the cutter. A flank face may comprise a wear scar. As a cutter wears in use, material may progressively be removed from proximate the cutting edge, thereby continually redefining the position and shape of the cutting edge, rake face and flank as the wear scar forms.
With reference to
The rake face 4 is joined to the flank 2 by the chamfer 28 which extends from the cutting edge 6 to the rake face 4, and lies in a plane at a predetermined angle to the plane perpendicular to the plane in which the longitudinal axis of the cutter extends. In some examples, this chamfer angle is up to around 45 degrees. The vertical height of the chamfer 28 may be, for example, between 350 μm and 450 μm, such as around 400 μm.
The conventional cutting elements shown in
A cutting element 30 according to a first example is shown in
The substrate 40 may be formed of a hard material such as a cemented carbide material and may be, for example, cemented tungsten carbide, cemented tantalum carbide, cemented titanium carbide, cemented molybdenum carbide or mixtures thereof. The binder metal for such carbides suitable for forming the substrate 40 may be, for example, nickel, cobalt, iron or an alloy containing one or more of these metals. Typically, this binder will be present in an amount of 10 to 20 mass %, but this may be as low as 6 mass % or less.
The substrate 40 may be, for example, generally cylindrical having a peripheral surface 33, a peripheral top edge 44 and a distal free end.
The body of superhard material 39 comprises a substantially cylindrical first region 42 bonded to the substrate 40 along the interface 44. A further region 46 extends therefrom to an exposed surface of the super hard material 34 opposite the substrate 40 which forms or comprises a working surface, also termed a cutting face which also acts as a rake face in use. This working surface has a central portion which is substantially non-planar and may, in some examples, be concave, or convex or have one or more regions that include both a concave and a convex portion to form an undulating profile. The further region 46 has an undulating peripheral surface which may assist in reducing drag on the lateral surface of the cutting element in use and to improve cutting efficiency by controlling chip flow over the external surfaces of the cutting element 30.
A plurality of curved cutting edges 41 are spaced from one another around the working surface 34 and are formed by the bottom of a respective chamfer portion 37 extending between the working surface 34 and further region 46 of the body of superhard material, the cutting edges 41 being defined by the edge of the chamfer 37 and the top 38 of the further region 46.
1. The cutting edges 41 are spaced from each other by a respective interconnecting region such that the cutting edges 41 form lobes 36 extending from the working surface 34. A fillet portion 43 may extend from each interconnecting region terminating at or proximate the interface 38 between the first region 42 and further region 46 of the body of superhard material. In some examples, the fillet portion 43 and interconnecting region between the plurality of spaced apart cutting edges which extend between the working surface and the peripheral side edge of the body of superhard polycrystalline material may be arcuate in a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis, for example concave.
In some examples, the central portion of the working surface 34 comprises a concavity extending into the body of superhard material but terminating above the interface with the substrate 40.
In some examples, the depth of the first region 42 is between around 1 mm to around 2 mm.
In the example of
As in the first example, the substrate 60 may be formed of a hard material such as a cemented carbide material and may be, for example, cemented tungsten carbide, cemented tantalum carbide, cemented titanium carbide, cemented molybdenum carbide or mixtures thereof. The binder metal for such carbides suitable for forming the substrate 60 may be, for example, nickel, cobalt, iron or an alloy containing one or more of these metals. Typically, this binder will be present in an amount of 10 to 20 mass %, but this may be as low as 6 mass % or less.
The substrate 60 may be, for example, generally cylindrical having a peripheral surface 55, a peripheral top edge 58 and a distal free end.
The body of superhard material 56 comprises a region 57 extending from the interface 58 with the substrate 60 to an exposed surface of the super hard material 54 opposite the substrate 60 which forms or comprises a working surface, also termed a cutting face which also acts as a rake face in use. This working surface 54 has a central portion which is substantially non-planar and may, in some examples, be concave, or convex or have one or more regions that include both a concave and a convex portion to form an undulating profile. The region 57 has an undulating peripheral surface which may assist in reducing drag on the lateral surface of the cutting element in use and to improve cutting efficiency by controlling chip flow over the external surfaces of the cutting element 50.
A plurality of curved cutting edges 61 are spaced from one another around the working surface 54 and are formed by the bottom of a respective chamfer portion 62 extending between the working surface 54 and the region 57 of the body of superhard material 56, the cutting edges 61 being defined by the edge of the chamfer 62 and the working surface 54.
2. The cutting edges 61 are spaced from each other by a respective interconnecting region such that the cutting edges 61 form lobes 63 extending from the working surface 54. A fillet portion 53 may extend from each interconnecting region terminating at or proximate the interface 58 between the body of superhard material 56 and the substrate 60. In some examples, the fillet portion 53 and interconnecting region between the plurality of spaced apart cutting edges which extend between the working surface and the peripheral side edge of the body of superhard polycrystalline material may be arcuate in a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis, for example concave.
In some examples, the central portion of the working surface 54 comprises a concavity extending into the body of superhard material but terminating above the interface with the substrate 60.
In the example of
As in the first example, the substrate 71 may be formed of a hard material such as a cemented carbide material and may be, for example, cemented tungsten carbide, cemented tantalum carbide, cemented titanium carbide, cemented molybdenum carbide or mixtures thereof. The binder metal for such carbides suitable for forming the substrate 71 may be, for example, nickel, cobalt, iron or an alloy containing one or more of these metals. Typically, this binder will be present in an amount of 10 to 20 mass %, but this may be as low as 6 mass % or less.
The substrate 71 may be, for example, generally cylindrical having a peripheral surface, a peripheral top edge and a distal free end.
The body of superhard material comprises a region 72 extending from the interface 73 with the substrate 71 to an exposed surface of the super hard material 74 opposite the substrate 71 which forms or comprises a working surface, also termed a cutting face which also acts as a rake face in use. This working surface 74 has a central portion 77 which is substantially non-planar and may, in some examples, be concave, or convex or have one or more regions that include both a concave and a convex portion to form an undulating profile.
A plurality of curved cutting edges 75 are spaced from one another around the working surface 74 and are formed by the bottom of a respective chamfer portion 76 extending between the working surface 74 and the region 72 of the body of superhard material, the cutting edges 75 being defined by the edge of the chamfer 76 and the working surface 74.
The cutting edges 75 are spaced from each other by a respective interconnecting region 78 such that the cutting edges 75 form lobes extending from the working surface 74. The interconnecting region 78 may have an undulating peripheral surface which may assist in reducing drag on the lateral surface of the cutting element in use and to improve cutting efficiency by controlling chip flow over the external surfaces of the cutting element 70. In particular, the region 78 which extends between the working surface 74 and the region 72 may be arcuate, for example concave, in a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis.
In some examples, such as those shown in
In the examples, the radius of curvature of the cutting edges 41, 61, 75 is less than the radius of curvature of the substrate 40, 60, 71 (and, in the example of
In some examples, the depth of the central recess in the working surface 34, 54, 74 in a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cutting element 30, 50, 70 measured from the highest point on the working surface 34, 54, 74 to the bottom of the recess is between around 0.5 mm to around 2.5 mm, and the distance along said axis from the bottom of the central recess to the interface 44, 58, 73 with the substrate 40, 60, 71 is between around 1 to around 2 mm, and in some examples is at least around 1.4 mm.
The wear resistance of the example cutting elements 30, 50, 70 were tested against conventional polycrystalline diamond cutting elements having the same average grain size of diamond grains as the super hard grains in the example constructions 30, 50, 70 and sintered under pressure of around 6.8 GPa. The tests performed included vertical boring mill tests. The results are shown in
An example method of preparing the cutting element of
In some examples, both the bodies of, for example, diamond and carbide material plus sintering aid/binder/catalyst are applied as powders and sintered simultaneously in a single UHP/HT process.
In another example, the substrate may be pre-sintered in a separate process before being bonded to the superhard material in the HP/HT press during sintering of the superhard polycrystalline material.
In some examples, the cemented carbide substrate 40, 60, 71 may be formed of tungsten carbide particles bonded together by the binder material, the binder material comprising an alloy of any one or more of Co, Ni and Cr. The tungsten carbide particles may form at least 70 weight percent and at most 95 weight percent of the substrate.
After sintering, the PCD constructions 30, 50, 70 were subjected to further treatment to remove the canister material.
In some examples, the canister may be shaped to create one or more of the concave or convex central portion in the working surface 34, 54, 74 the chamfers 37, 62, to create the cutting edges 41, 61, 75 and the undulating peripheral surface 46, 57, 78 of the body of superhard material. In other examples, any one or more of the concave or convex central portion in the working surface 34, 54, 77 the chamfers 37, 62 to create the cutting edges 41, 61, 75 and the undulating peripheral surface 46, 57, 78 may be created after sintering using additional processing such as laser ablation, EDM machining another machining process to shape the construction to the desired cutting element shape and size. Additionally, laser ablation of different regions of the superhard material/working surface 34, 54, 74 may be used to create regions of different surface roughness, for example by ablating using different laser parameters. This may be used, as desired, to influence chip flow across the working surface 34, 54, 74 during the cutting application.
The number, depth and dimensions of the lobes 36, 56, 75 and discrete cutting edges 41, 61, 76 may be chosen to suit the desired application, and in some examples the cutting elements comprise three or more lobes to provide three or more cutting edges enabling the cutting element to be spun to increase the working life of the cutting element and present a new cutting edge to the surface to be cut.
In the examples where the body of superhard material comprises PCD, the PCD material may be, for example, formed of diamond grains that are of natural and/or synthetic origin.
The cutting elements 30, 50, 70 of the types shown in
In some examples, the example constructions may be subjected to an acid leaching treatment to remove the residual catalyst from interstitial spaces between the grains of superhard material.
In use, the cutting element 30, 50, 70 shears away the surface of the underlying formation and wear scar forms progressively in the superhard material in the region of the cutting edge 41, 61, 76. As used herein, a “wear scar” is a surface of the cutter formed in use by the removal of a volume of cutter material due to wear of the cutter. As a cutter wears in use, material may progressively be removed from proximate the cutting edge, thereby continually redefining the position and shape of the cutting edge, rake face and flank as the wear scar forms.
Whilst not wishing to be bound by a particular theory, the example cutting elements are believed to assist in providing improved rock cutting efficiency over conventional PCD cutters, as the geometry of the cutting-edges 41, 61, 76 having a smaller radius of curvature than the substrate 40, 60, 70 and the undulating peripheral surface and the undulating working surface 34, 54, 74 is such that the wear scar area will grow at a far slower rate than for a conventional cylindrical PCD cutter. This is believed to assist in maintaining a greater load at the cutter-rock contact point for a longer period, resulting in a slower build up of thermal loading, both of which are believed to be contributors to more efficient rock cutting. Also, the undulating working surface 34, 54, 74 may assist in providing more efficient crushing and removal of the rock cuttings and chips in application.
In some examples, the cutting elements may have a generally cylindrical shape. In other examples, the cutting elements be a different shape, such as conical, or ovoid.
In some examples, the body of PCD material may be formed as a standalone object, that is, a free-standing unbacked body of PCD material, and may be attached to a substrate in a subsequent step.
In some examples, the cutting elements may comprise natural or synthetic diamond material, or cBN material. Examples of diamond material include polycrystalline diamond (PCD) material, thermally stable PCD material, crystalline diamond material, diamond material made by means of a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method or silicon carbide bonded diamond. An example of cBN material is polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN).
It will therefore be seen that various versions of the present disclosure include cutting elements and methods of forming same for earth-boring drill bits which may enhance the working life of the cutting elements by one or more of improving the abrasion resistance, thermal stability, durability, sharpness of the cutting edge, spall resistance, and fracture/impact resistance, potentially by cutting the rock more efficiently through the rock crushing action and control of chip and drilling mud flow through the shapes/topography of the cutting elements and may lead to improved drill bit stability of, for example, the earth-boring drill bit to which the cutting elements may be mounted.
Although the foregoing description contains many specifics, these are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure, but merely as providing certain exemplary versions.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1907976.3 | Jun 2019 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2020/065389 | 6/3/2020 | WO | 00 |
