Patent Application
20180335015
The present invention relates to a system for monitoring deflection of a wind turbine blade and to a blade having such system.
Modern wind turbine designs seek to incorporate various blade monitoring systems, in order to provide for reliable and controlled operation of the wind turbine. Such monitoring systems can include blade deflection monitoring systems, which are used to provide an indication of wind turbine blade deflection or flexing during turbine operation. This information can be used to monitor for the risk of a future tower strike by the wind turbine blades, and to perform appropriate controller actions, e.g. blade pitching or turbine braking to minimize or eliminate such risk.
An example of such a deflection monitoring system is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,883,316, which describes a deflection monitoring system utilising a wireless communication network, operable to detect the position of various points along the length of the blade, and to determine blade bending from this information.
WO 2014/027032 suggests the use of external transceivers mounted at the root end of the wind turbine blade in communication with transceivers mounted at the tip end of the blade. Based on, for example, radio communication, measures the distance between the transceivers is measured. Positioning of the transceivers is optimized with respect to path loss between the devices.
US 2010/021298 discloses a wireless deflection monitoring system comprising a nacelle communication device.
WO 2009/143848 discloses an optical monitoring system.
However, it has been found that such wireless monitoring systems are vulnerable to various operational factors that may interfere with—and obscure the communication signal, for example, signal reflections, multipath effects, signal attenuation caused by passing through layers of different materials, etc., thereby reducing the precision and effectiveness of the monitoring system.
It is an object of the invention to provide an improved blade deflection monitoring system which is less susceptible to the above-described factors.
Accordingly, there is provided a wind turbine blade comprising an airfoil profile body having a pressure side and a suction side, and a leading edge and a trailing edge with a chord length extending there between, the blade having a tip end and a root end, the wind turbine blade further comprising:
said at least one tip communication device is provided internally in the airfoil profile body, and
wherein at least one radio wave absorbing material is arranged internally in the airfoil profile body and in said wireless communication path.
Through monitoring for changes in the distance between communications devices provided towards the root and tip ends of the blade, the deflection of the wind turbine blade can be determined. This information can then be used to provide for improved wind turbine control, e.g. in the event that a blade deflection may lead to a tower strike, emergency pitching of the wind turbine blade may be carried out.
The communication between the tip- and root devices may preferably be achieved using Ultra Wide Band (=UWB) radio signals. In an embodiment of the invention a UWB pulse signal is transmitted from the at least one tip communication device and received by the at least one root communication device. The distance between the tip- and root devices may then be determined by comparing the rising edges of a transmitted pulse and a corresponding received first pulse, based on the time-of-flight of the pulse. Trilateration and or triangulation may be used to determine the tip position.
Radio-wave absorbing material refers herein to a material that enables absorption of radio waves so as to reduce the effect of multipath components and reflections of a radio signal transmitted on the communication path between the transmitter and the receiver. A material's absorbency at a given frequency of radio wave depends upon its composition and properties. Examples of radio-wave absorbing material according to the present disclosure include materials with a property, such as permeability and/or a permittivity that causes multipath components of a radio wave signal to be reduced by at least 50% when compared to providing no radio wave absorbing material, preferably by at least 70%.
By positioning a radio wave absorbing material internally in the airfoil profile body and in the wireless communication path between the at least one root communication device and the at least one tip communication device provided internally in the airfoil body an improved signal quality for the communication link between the devices is obtained, and accordingly provides for an improved blade deflection detection system. It has surprisingly been found that it is possible to effectively reduce the amount of multipath signals by arranging radio wave absorbing material in the wireless communication path between the at least one root communication device and the at least one tip communication device without obscuring the desired signal necessary to determine the distance between the at least one tip communication device and the at least one root communication device.
Surprisingly the attenuation of the total signal by the radio wave absorbing material is more than compensated for by improving pulse fidelity at the receiving end, significantly improving the quality of the signal with respect to the desired distance measurement.
Furthermore, the positioning of the root and tip devices on the blade itself ensures that the communication path between the devices is maintained, regardless of blade pitch or rotation, or turbine yaw movements. By providing the devices in the same pitching co-ordinate system, this allows for a considerable simplification of the calculations required for system operation, when compared with alternative systems having a first device mounted to a blade and a second device mounted to a rotor hub or to a turbine nacelle.
Furthermore, the positioning of the at least one tip communications device internally in the airfoil profile body, for example on a blade beam, spar or web, has several advantages:
Devices mounted externally on the blade would inevitable influence aerodynamics towards the tip end and very likely create noise during operation of the wind turbine which is highly undesirable, especially near people's homes.
Also, the external environment around the tip end of the blade may be highly erosive due to the high speeds of the tip through the air which imposes a risk of damaging the tip communication device(s) if externally mounted. This damage could happen over time or suddenly in situation of harsh wind conditions which is exactly the situation, where the deflection measurement is needed the most to prevent tower strikes.
It has been found that by mounting the tip communication device(s) internally in the airfoil body, thereby protecting the device(s) from the external environment, still makes possible good determination of the tip position, if combined with a radio wave absorbing material which can partly “clean” the communication signal for undesired components.
It should be noted that with an internally mounted tip communication device it turns out that the multipath components are much stronger when compared to an externally mounted device.
Experiments have shown that such multipath components originating e.g. from reflections form the walls of the partly hollow airfoil body, guided pulses within the partly hollow airfoil body, and surface waves propagating along the blade surface may be attenuated sufficiently by radio wave absorbing material arranged in the communication path within the blade to allow for distance measurements with adequate precision to determine blade deflection based on the distance measurement. This is surprising, since the radio signal on the communication path between the tip- and root communication devices inevitably has to travel through different materials such as laminate layers, when the at least one tip communication device is arranged internally in the blade near the tip regardless of the precise mounting location of the at least one root communication device and a considerably flawed signal would normally be expected, making the measurement less precise.
Accordingly, with an internally mounted tip communication device the radio wave absorbing material arranged in the communication path between tip- and root devices may effectively suppress multipath components, thereby improving the wave front fidelity in a time-domain pulse-field distribution without distorting the wave front fidelity when the blade is severely deflected.
In an embodiment of the invention said radio wave absorbing material is arranged between the at least one tip communication device and the at least one root communication device at a distance from the tip communication device of between 0.2-3.0 m, preferably of between 0.5-2 m.
It has been shown that the most efficient attenuation of unwanted signal components may be achieved by arranging the radio wave absorbing material in the communication path at a relatively short distance from the tip communication device when compared to the total length of the communication path, which is close to the length of the blade.
When the tip communication device transmits an UWB pulse, a part of the UWB pulse is escaping the partly hollow airfoil profile body through the laminate making up the shell of the wind turbine blade close to the tip communication device and prior to reaching the radio absorbing material.
Pulse fidelity at the receiving end (the at least one root communication device) of the first pulse is greatly enhanced if multipath components are suppressed close to the source of the pulse. Reflected parts of the signal and guided signals are thus attenuated before they can escape the airfoil profile body and interfere with the signal part received as the first pulse.
According to preferred embodiments of the invention the distance between the radio wave absorbing material and said at least one tip communication device is selected such that multipath components of a radio wave signal are suppressed by at least 50% when compared to providing no radio wave absorbing material, preferably by at least 60% or at least 70%.
In further embodiments of the invention said radio wave absorbing material is arranged in one or more cavities in the airfoil profile body at a distance from the tip communication device and between said at least one tip communication device and said at least one root communication to partly or fully block the communication path in a first cavity defined by the free space between a leading edge shear web and a first interior surface of the airfoil profile body facing the leading edge, to partly or fully block the communication path in a second cavity defined by the free space between said leading edge shear web, a trailing edge shear web and a second interior surface of the airfoil profile body and/or to partly or fully block the communication path in a third cavity defined by the free space between said trailing edge shear web and a third interior surface of the airfoil profile body facing the trailing edge.
It may be practical and efficient to insert radio absorbing material in the cavities within the airfoil profile body, where the at least one tip communication device is arranged.
In one embodiment the at least one tip communication device is mounted on the shear web facing the leading edge of the blade, and accordingly the radio wave absorbing material is arranged, for example in a bulkhead-like fashion to seal off the hollow space between the leading edge shear web and the blade shell at a position in the communication path.
The at least one tip communication device may also be mounted at a position between the trailing edge shear web and the leading edge shear web and the radio wave absorbing material may then be arranged to seal off the hollow space between the shear webs.
Alternatively or supplementary, a tip communication device may also be mounted at a position on the trailing edge shear web and facing the trailing edge and the radio wave absorbing material may then be arranged to seal off the hollow space between the trailing edge shear web and the blade shell.
Preferably, the radio wave absorbing material is arranged to completely seal off or block the hollow space in which the tip communication device is arranged, the radio wave absorbing material having a certain thickness along the longitudinal direction of the blade. Thus the radio wave absorbing material is arranged like a small bulkhead or small bulkheads towards the tip end of the blade.
The radio wave absorbing material may also not completely seal off the hollow space(s) as long as the improvement of the signal quality is sufficient. For example, the radio wave absorbing material may be provided with a suitable shape and mounted on one or more brackets attached to a shear web.
According to further embodiments of the invention said radio wave absorbing material has a thickness in the longitudinal direction of the blade of 5-300 mm, preferably of 20-200 mm, such as 50-150 mm.
The radio wave absorbing material may have a certain thickness, primarily determined by absorbing efficiency and the dependence of signal quality received at the root communication device(s) on the thickness of the radio wave absorbing material.
Suppression of surface waves is somewhat dependent on the thickness of the radio wave absorbing material which is in favour of a thick absorber. At the same time, when the radio wave absorbing material is conductive, a thick absorbing material may be more susceptible for damage when lightning strikes.
According to embodiments of the invention said radio wave absorbing material is arranged as a panel comprising one or more sheets of one or more radio absorbing materials.
It may be desirable to provide a radio wave absorbing panel comprising layers of radio wave absorbing material(s).
Such panels may be designed to have a suitable shape for closing the signal passage directly through air in the communication path within the airfoil profile body. Such panels may be glued to the inner surface of the blade shell and/or a shear web.
The surface of the panel facing the tip communication device(s) may be wedge shaped or have a pyramidal structure. In some preferred embodiments, the surface is a flat surface.
One or more of such panels may be arranged in the communication path within the airfoil.
In an embodiment of the invention said one or more sheets comprise polymeric foam. Foam materials may have radio wave absorbing properties and at the same time be light weight which is important if to be used in a wind turbine blade.
According to embodiments of the invention said polymeric foam is selected from the group consisting of PUR, PS, PP, PE, PVC and combinations thereof.
According to further embodiments of the invention said panel comprises an outer material, partly or fully encapsulating said sheets of one or more radio absorbing materials, said outer material being selected from the group consisting of PTFE, PP, PE, PC, PS, ABS, PBT, natural rubber, synthetic rubber and combinations thereof.
In an embodiment of the invention said radio wave absorbing material is arranged as a passive device comprising interspaced metal plates.
This design of radio wave absorbing material may be easier to integrate with the lightning protection system.
Furthermore, multipath suppression of radio signals may be achieved without altering the curvature of the external blade surface.
In an embodiment of the invention said interspaced metal plates are copper plates.
In an embodiment of the invention, the distance between said interspaced metal plates is in the range of 1-10 cm, preferably 2-8 cm, such as 3-5 cm.
For integration with the lightning protection system of the wind turbine blade, the interspaced metal plates may be connected by, for example, a copper wire.
In an embodiment of the invention the number of said interspaced metal plates is between 2 and 20, such as between 5 and 15.
According to embodiments of the invention said radio wave absorbing material comprises carbon.
The foam material may further comprise conductive material, preferably carbon, to enhance radio wave absorbing ability.
In embodiments, where the radio wave absorbing material comprises conductive material, it may be particularly important to encapsulate the radio wave absorbing material in a non-conductive material to prevent any damage in the event of lightning striking the blade.
Alternatively or supplementary, the radio wave absorbing material may be electrically connected to the lightning protection system of the wind turbine blade to obtain potential equalization.
In a further embodiment of the invention said at least one tip communication device comprises an antenna transmitting a narrow time-domain pulse from a pulse generator, and said at least one root communication device comprises an antenna receiving said narrow time-domain pulse.
According to embodiments of the invention said at least one tip communication device is located between 0.5 and 5 m from the tip end of the airfoil profile body, preferably between 2-4 m form the tip end of the airfoil profile body.
It is desirable to place the tip communication device close to the tip to accurately assess the tip position and the actual deflection. Since the space within the airfoil profile body becomes more and more limited towards the tip end, the tip communication device may be positioned somewhat away from the tip end, taking space considerations into account.
In a further embodiment of the invention said at least one root communication device is arranged externally on the airfoil profile body.
Because the root portion of a wind turbine blade contributes very little or not at all to the aerodynamic performance of the blade due to its usually circular geometry, performance of the blade in terms of energy production is not affected significantly by placing the root communication device(s) externally on the airfoil profile body.
In a preferred embodiment, two root communication devices are mounted on brackets externally on the root section of the airfoil profile body.
The invention also relates to a wind turbine having at least one wind turbine blade as described herein.
Such wind turbine may be controlled to avoid tower strikes based on the position data provided by the blade deflection monitoring system.
In an embodiment of the invention the wind turbine further comprising a pitch control system operable to adjust the pitch of at least one wind turbine blade of said wind turbine, wherein the input to said pitch control system is at least partially based on the determined movement of said at least one tip communication device relative to said at least one root communication device indicative of a blade deflection.
The invention further relates to a blade deflection monitoring system for installation on a wind turbine blade, the wind turbine blade comprising an airfoil profile body having a pressure side and a suction side, and a leading edge and a trailing edge with a chord length extending there between, the blade having a tip end and a root end, the monitoring system comprising:
wherein at least one radio wave absorbing material is arranged internally in the airfoil profile body and in said wireless communication path.
Preferably, the system is configured such that the communication signal propagates along either the leading or trailing edge of the blade, and flapwise bending of blade results in maximum change in signal propagation time.
Preferably, said at least one root communication device is located towards the leading edge or trailing edge of said wind turbine blade. Preferably, said at least one tip communication device is located towards the leading edge or trailing edge of said wind turbine blade. In one aspect on the invention, said at least one root communication device and said at least one tip communication device are located towards the same side of said wind turbine blade.
As any wind turbine blade will have a maximum deflection level that the blade is certified for, this can be seen as a worst-case deflection scenario. Accordingly, by spacing the at least one root communication device at a certain distance from the surface of the blade, for example, by mounting the root communication device on a bracket, an acceptable signal communication level can be ensured for all predicted deflection levels of the blade.
It will be understood that the devices may be provided at the blade leading or trailing edges, or adjacent the leading or trailing edge.
Preferably, the wind turbine blade comprises a first root communication device provided on a first bracket and a second root communication device provided on a second bracket, the first and second root communication devices provided towards the leading or trailing edge wherein said first root communication device is located on the pressure side of said leading or trailing edge and said second root communication device is located on the suction side of said leading or trailing edge.
By placing the root devices on either side of the leading or trailing edge, the root devices can be provided at definable positions which allow for trilateration and/or triangulation distance or location measurements.
Preferably, said at least one root communication device is operable to determine the location of said at least one tip communication device using trilateration. Additionally or alternatively, said at least one root communication device is operable to determine the location of said at least one tip communication device using triangulation.
Preferably, said at least one tip communication device and said at least one root communication device are ultra-wideband (UWB) location tracking and/or communication devices, and wherein said communication path is a UWB signal communication path.
UWB communication allows for a range or distance measurement to be performed between a transmitter and a receiver device, in a low-power application, minimizing the effects of outside interference.
It will be understood that said at least one tip communication device and/or said at least one root communication device is selected from one of the following: a receiver, a transmitter, a receiver-transmitter circuit, or a transceiver.
Additionally or alternatively, the wind turbine blade further comprises a controller, said controller operable to control a signal transmitted along said wireless communication path between said at least one tip communication device and said at least one root communication device, wherein said controller is further operable to adjust the signal gain of said signal based on at least one of the following: a measured blade deflection level, a predicted blade deflection level, a signal strength level of a signal received via said communication path.
Such an adaptive control of the communications link between the root and tip devices provides for improved system operation, and reduced operational power requirements due to optimized signal levels.
Preferably, the wind turbine comprises a pitch control system operable to adjust the pitch of at least one wind turbine blade of said wind turbine, wherein the input to said pitch control system is at least partially based on the determined movement of said at least one tip communication device relative to said at least one root communication device indicative of a blade deflection.
It will be understood that the wind turbine may be provided with a supplementary safety system, which is operable to ensure turbine safety, and prevent tower strikes, etc., in the event of failure of the blade deflection measurement system.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
It will be understood that the attached drawings are illustrative only, and are not provided to scale.
The airfoil region 34 (also called the profiled region) has an ideal or almost ideal blade shape with respect to generating lift, whereas the root region 30 due to structural considerations has a substantially circular or elliptical cross-section, which for instance makes it easier and safer to mount the blade 10 to the hub. The diameter (or the chord) of the root region 30 is typically constant along the entire root area 30. The transition region 32 has a transitional profile 42 gradually changing from the circular or elliptical shape of the root region 30 to the airfoil profile 50 of the airfoil region 34. The chord length of the transition region 32 typically increases substantially linearly with increasing distance r from the hub.
The airfoil region 34 has an airfoil profile 50 with a chord extending between the leading edge 18 and the trailing edge 20 of the blade 10. The width of the chord decreases with increasing distance r from the hub.
It should be noted that the chords of different sections of the blade normally do not lie in a common plane, since the blade may be twisted and/or curved (i.e. pre-bent), thus providing the chord plane with a correspondingly twisted and/or curved course, this being most often the case in order to compensate for the local velocity of the blade being dependent on the radius from the hub.
Airfoil profiles are often characterised by the following parameters: the chord length c, the maximum camber f, the position df of the maximum camber f, the maximum airfoil thickness t, which is the largest diameter of the inscribed circles along the median camber line 62, the position dt of the maximum thickness t, and a nose radius (not shown). These parameters are typically defined as ratios to the chord length c.
Wind turbine blades are generally formed from fibre-reinforced plastics material, i.e. glass fibres and/or carbon fibres which are arranged in a mould and cured with a resin to form a solid structure. Modern wind turbine blades can often be in excess of 30-40 metres in length, having blade root diameters of several metres.
With reference to
In one aspect, the root and tip devices 70,72 are located at the leading edge 18 of the wind turbine blade 10. As a communication device mounted on the leading or trailing edge 18,20 is less susceptible to flapwise bending than a sensor mounted on the pressure or suction sides of the blade 10, and as the magnitude of the edgewise bending of the blade 10 is understood to be significantly less than that of flapwise bending, this provides for improved reliability of the communications link between the root and tip devices 70,72, as the communications path between devices is less likely to be disturbed by bending of the blade 10.
Additionally or alternatively, the root and tip devices 70,72 may be mounted at the blade trailing edge 20.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, preferably first and second root end communication devices are provided 70a, 70b.
With reference to
As the deflection characteristics of the wind turbine blade 10 may be determined from the details of the blade construction, and additionally as each wind turbine blade 10 has a maximum certified deflection level defining an allowable range of blade deflection shapes, it is possible to configure the arrangement of the blade deflection monitoring system of the invention based on the wind turbine blade in question.
It may be advantageous to suppress signal reflections from the external surface of the blade. In particular when the blade is deflected or in case of a non-deflected pre-bent blade, signals from the tip communication device may be reflected from the blade and obscure the signals received by the root communication device.
Thus, the external blade surface may be made less reflective at positions close to the line of sight between the root-and tip devices through surface treatment in the form of radio wave absorbing coatings or otherwise providing the surface with a scattering effect, for example by roughening the surface and/or provide small indentions and protrusions on the surface.
In this context the line of sight is to be understood as the direct line between tip a tip communication device and a root communication device passing through any obstacles located in the way, for example the laminate of the airfoil shell body.
In other embodiments, the tip communication device may be mounted between the shear webs or on the trailing edge shear web and facing the trailing edge. Also, radio wave absorbing material 80 may be arranged between the shear webs or in the hollow space between the trailing edge shear web and the blade shell,
The layers 82 may, for example, be made of polyurethane foam material comprising carbon, and the panels 84 may, for example, be made of PTFE.
It should be noted that the radio wave absorbing material can also be a block of material that is not layered but formed from one piece. It should further be noted that the panels 84 may be partly or fully encapsulate the radio wave absorbing material and that the radio wave absorbing material may also be provided without panels 84 in some embodiments.
Surface wave 103 will also be less pronounced having absorber material 80 in place. The positioning of radio wave absorbing material 80 relative to tip communication device 72 has to be optimized with respect to suppressing pulse components 101, 102 and 103 while still allowing sufficient energy in the form of component 100 to reach the root to obtain precise measurements.
In a further aspect, preferably the root devices are located within 0-25% of the length of the blade from the root end of the blade. Preferably, the root devices are located within 10 metres along the longitudinal direction of the blade from the root end of the blade.
It will be understood that said at least one tip communication device and/or said at least one root communication device is selected from one of the following: a receiver, a transmitter, a receiver-transmitter circuit, or a transceiver. It will further be understood that the at least one tip communication device may comprise an antenna provided towards said tip end, the antenna coupled to a receiver, transmitter, receiver-transmitter circuit, or transceiver device provided at a separate location, e.g. towards the blade root end.
Preferably, the communications link is using Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology, but it will be understood that any other suitable radio-based communication and ranging technology may be used.
Further features of the system of the invention may include the use of specialized antenna designs such as directional or circular polarized antennas for the root or tip devices, in order to further improve the communications link between the devices, and/or the implementation of pulse shape detection techniques for received signals.
It will be understood that the blade deflection monitoring system of the invention may comprise any suitable control system for the efficient and effective operation of the system.
The invention provides a system to ensure accurate monitoring of blade deflection, having improved signal quality. The tip communication device is provided inside the hollow blade body, thereby protecting the device from harsh outdoor environment and eliminating any noise issues that may arise as a consequence of arranging such communication device on the exterior side of the blade at the tip end of the blade. A radio wave absorbing material is arranged inside the blade in the communication path between the tip communication device and the root communication device at a distance from the tip communication device to improve signal quality and effectively suppress unwanted signal components that may obscure the distance measurement and thereby, the measured deflection of the blade.
As a result of this configuration, the deflection monitoring system has relatively low power requirements, and provides improved reliability and signal quality compared to prior art wireless deflection monitoring systems.
The invention is not limited to the embodiments described herein, and may be modified or adapted without departing from the scope of the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15194068.1 | Nov 2015 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2016/077397 | 11/11/2016 | WO | 00 |
