A process for preparation of amides and esters of 2-((2-hydroxypropanoyl)oxy)propanoic acid

THE FIELD OF INVENTION (CLASSIFICATION)

The invention covered the field of organic chemistry and described the process of preparation of amides and esters of 2-((2-hydroxypropanoyl)oxy)propanoic acid.

STATE OF THE ART

In the last few decades, consumer awareness about composition of the materials that surround him and are in everyday contact is growing significantly. The awareness and pressure of customers onto manufacturers and their portfolio of environmentally friendly and biocompatible products is enormous, especially in the case of cosmetics and household products. Producers are striving to meet the market's needs, as is evident from the expanding range of environmentally friendly products, but on the other hand, their potential may be hampered by economic factors, the availability of environmentally friendly raw materials, or compatibility with the other components of the formulation. The solution could be synthesis of new biodegradable and biocompatible compounds such as polylactides or PLAs (formula A) which are preferably derived from renewable resources and contain a theoretically unlimited number of molecules of lactic acid.

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Polylactides are usually synthesized from lactides. The structure of lactide could be described as cyclic diester of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (lactic acid) which formed six membered ring as a result of dehydratation reaction in the presence of a catalyst.

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The structure of lactide contains two chiral centers (depicted by asterisk in formula B) because of different substitution on carbon atoms. This situation results to existence of various stereoisomers of lactide; as L-lactide [(S,S)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione], (formula C), D-lactide [(R,R)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione], (formula D), meso-lactide [(S,R)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione)], (formula E). All these molecular structures could be described as formula F.

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This invention relates to all existing stereoisomers of lactide and mixtures thereof containing two or more stereoisomers of lactide in different molar ratios, for example a racemic lactide mixture composed of D-lactide and L-Lactide in the ratio 1:1.

Lactides play one of the main roles in the synthesis of polymers and copolymers [R. Auras; L.-T. Lim; S.E.M Selke; H. Tsuji (2010), Poly (lactic acid): Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, and Applications, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-29366-9] with higher added value. These biocompatible and biodegradable oligomers/polymers currently appear to be an important substitution for fossil materials and can be produced in the long term from natural sources such as biomass, vegetable oil, corn, cotton, proteins for a wide range of cosmetics and household applications.

Polylactide polymers are usually synthesized from lactide monomers via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) in the presence of initiators based on complexes of (non-) transition metals M (M=Zn, lit.: R. Olejník, M. Bílek, Z. Růžičková, Z. Hoštálek, J. Merna, A. Růžička, J. Organomet. Chem., 2015, 794, 237; P. Švec, P. Hubená, Z. Růžičková, J. Holubová, M. Pouzar, J. Merna, A. Růžička, Appl. Organometal. Chem., 2015, 30, 20; Al, lit.: R. Olejník, J. Bažantová, Z. Růžičková, J. Merna, Z. Hošt'álek, A. Růžička, lnorg. Chem. Commun., 2015, 55, 161, H. Kampová, E. Riemlová, J. Klikarová, V. Pejchal, J. Merna, P. Vlasák, P. Śvec, Z. Růžičková, A. Růžička, J. Organomet. Chem., 2014, 778, 35; Sn, lit.: R. Olejník, Z. Padělková, R. Mundil, J. Merna, A. Růžička, Appl. Organometal. Chem., 2014, 28, 405, T. Chlupatý, J. Merna, A. Růžička, Catal. Commun., 2015, 60, 110.). The main disadvantage of this process is representing by possible leaking of metal-organic contaminants to oligo/polyester or polyamide product resulting in deterioration of toxicological profile.

Lactylates are structurally related to polylactides, and could be described as oligomeric structures depicted on Scheme G, where R denotes an alkyl or aryl substituent.

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Lactylates composed of two molecules of lactic acid and are usually produced from lactic acid and acyl chlorides of fatty acids (C8-C18) via esterification processes. Lactylates found application in the food industry as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,827,378A, especially in dough products. They improve crumb parameters such as texture, suppleness or durability, as well as they can be found in cosmetics and toiletries where act as biogenic surfactants with potential antiseptic effects, as described in F. Baiocchi, J.R. France, Cosmetics & Toiletries, 1978, 93, 47.

The structure of lactylates may be modified when different synthetic approach takes place. The procedure can combine ROP protocol, lactide monomer and oligomeric conditions. All these aspects result in developing lactyl lactates of the formulas H and J, wherein R is alkyl, or aryl, and R is alkyl, aryl, or hydrogen.

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The synthetic approach for the preparation of lactyl lactates is linked to two different functional groups (OH or COOH group) in the lactic acid. The carboxyl group may be activated and subsequently reacted with various substrates such as alcohols, amines, as well as with the hydroxyl group of lactic acid to form oligo-/polyesters/polyamides or mixtures thereof, and for this reason is also appropriate to reduce the potential side reactions and synthesized only one of the target oligomers or mixtures thereof with well-defined composition. This is usually done by protecting of reaction sides of lactic acid by convenient functional groups [K. Phomphrai, S. Pracha, P. Phonjanthuek, M. Pohmakotr, Dalton Trans., 2008, 3048.] but this synthetic way is connected to experimental difficulties.

For this reason, it is preferable to use a ROP strategy based on the lactide monomer for the synthesis of lactyl lactates. This approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,371,281 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,850, wherein the products synthesized are hardly separable mixtures of individual oligomers/esters, and the whole synthesis is carried out under drastic conditions using concentrated sulfuric acid or benzene sulfonic acid as a catalyst. The lactyl lactates can be also synthesized via initiation with the volatile mineral acids described in CZ306988 as well as Lewis acids, for example AlCl₃[V. S. Cherepakhin, K.V. Zaitsev, Catal. Commun, 2018, 106, 36].

Amides can be prepared from lactides and amines by ROP conditions, usually in several steps. The amine reacts auto-catalytically with lactide and subsequently in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) to polylactide as described in literature [A. Alba, O. Thillay du Boullay, M.-V. Blanca, D. Bourissou, Polym. Chem., 2015, 6, 98, or in WO2012066195]. Optionally, a protic acid such as HCl, CH₃COOH etc. may be used in the second step instead of the base [M. Bednarek, M. Basko, T. Biedron, E. Wojtczak, A. Michalski, Eur. Polym. J., 2015, 71,380]. Some approaches works under solvent-free conditions, for example, the lactide can be dissolved at low temperature directly in the selected amine, for example dimethylamine. The ring-opening polymerization proceeds auto-catalytically with low temperature during initiation step, typically at temperatures −60° C., and the reaction produces a mixture of lactyl lactylated amide as well as lactic acid amide, as disclosed in WO 2010037776.

The object of the this invention is to provide a method for preparing amides and esters of 2-((2-hydroxypropanoyl) oxy)propanoic acid from lactide which is sufficiently selective, environmentally friendly and provides high yields.

DESCRIPTION

The present invention describes method of preparation of esters or amides of lactyl lactates of general formula I, where Z denotes to group of R—O or RR′—N and R represent alkyl, aryl or H from lactide and the lactide is in contact with a hydrocarbyl alcohol and a hydrolyzable halide in a non-chlorinated organic solvent, or an amine initiated by a hydrolysable halide or hydrogen halide solution or an ammonium hydrohalide, wherein the hydrocarbyl alcohol or amine is either aliphatic or aromatic and containing 1 to 1000 carbon atoms, preferably 1 up to 150 carbon atoms, and optionally one or more, preferably 1 to 5, —CH₂— groups may be replaced by —O— groups.

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In advance, the hydrocarbyl alcohol comprises of 1 to 100 hydroxyl groups, preferably 1 to 10 hydroxyl groups, and is selected from the group consisting of: methanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, phenol, cyclohexanol, trimethylolpropane oxetane, trimethylolpropane diallyl ether, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1-octadecanol, oleyl alcohol, 1-hexadecanol, carbohydrates a polysaccharides, poly(vinyl-alcohols), polyethylene glycol, lignin, fatty alcohols etc.

In advance, the amine is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic primary and secondary amines, anilines and polyamines.

In advance, the reaction is carried out in aliphatic or aromatic organic solvent or in a melted mixture of lactide under solvent free conditions.

In advance, the reaction is carried out at temperature from 35 to 130° C. for 15 minutes to 8 hours.

In advance, the hydrolyzable halide is selected from the group of halides Al, B, Si, Ge, Sn, P, Ti, and Zr, wherein the halogen atom is selected from the group of CI, Br and I.

In advance, the reaction mixture contains 0.001 to 0.05 molar equivalents of hydrolyzable halide or hydrogen halide relative to the lactide.

The following examples of embodiments do not limit the scope of protection given in the definition, but only illustrate the nature of the invention.

EXAMPLES OF EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is focused on the preparation of esters and amides from lactides and mono-/polyhydric alcohols or amines. The amines and alcohols may be aliphatic or aromatic, linear or branched, containing one or more functional amino or hydroxy groups in their structure. It is an object of the present invention to replace the hydrogen in these functional groups with a lactyl lactate molecule according to the reactions described in Schemes 1 and 2 in the presence of a Lewis acid as initiator of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide. The initiator is based on group 4, 12, 13 and 14 halides; or/and solution of hydrogen chloride in organic solvent; in the case of amide synthesis, the hydrochlorides of the corresponding amines can be used, in advance. A necessary condition is to prevent the access of water during the ROP reaction, and also to have the lactide and the alcohol or amine in the same phase.

Preparation of Esters of 2-((2-hydroxypropanoyl)oxy)propanoic Acid

The present invention covers the reaction of lactide with substrate as is shown in the Scheme 1.

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The substrate is hydroxy derivative of general formula R—OH, where R is an alkyl or aryl substituent bearing one or more free hydroxy groups, for example alcohol, diol, polyalcohol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), carbohydrates etc. The proposed procedure describes substitution at least one or more hydrogen atoms of the original OH groups by lactyl lactate.

The reaction can be carried out as solvent free or in solution of organic solvent, as indicated in Scheme 1. A necessary condition of the invention is presence of lactide and ROH substrate in the same phase during at least a short period of time. It is usually achieved by excess of ROH substrate increasing the solubility of lactide at room temperature, for example mono- and polyhydric alcohols, or using the elevated temperatures. The reaction can be carried out in a solvent such as toluene for polyalcohols, tetrahydrofuran for cellulose nitrate or dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), respectively, for polysaccharides such as glucose, sucrose and xylose. In the case of R—OH substrates melting at lower temperatures, such as PEG, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, or those where is lactide at least soluble or partially soluble at room or elevated temperature without using an excess of ROH, the reaction can be carried out in the melt as solvent free.

The reaction can be initiated by halides of general formula EX, of elements from groups 4, 12, 13 and 14, where X=Cl, Br or I and E=Zn, B, Al, P, Ga, Sc, Y, La, Bi, Sb, Ti, Si, Ge, Sn. In advance, a solution of HX in organic solvent, for example dioxane, Et₂O, may be used, or hydrogen halide gas may be collected directly in reaction mixture or selected alcohol which is one of the reactants. The reaction time depends on the type of ROH substrate and ranges from 2 to 8 hours; 2 hours usually for monohydric alcohols such as methanol, 8 hours for polysaccharides such as xylose. The reaction time also depends on the reaction pathway (Scheme 1) or whether is reaction proceed like solvent free or in solution of organic solvent. The physical parameters of oligomerization (homo vs. heterogeneous reaction) and the steric effects of the ROH substrate play an important role. The product separation depends on the selected synthetic pathway and is based on evaporation of the volatile components of the reaction mixture, such as hydrogen halides or organic solvents, filtration from the initiator residues, or precipitation of the product with an organic solvent such as methanol.

Preparation of Amides of 2-((2-hydroxypropanoyl)oxy)propanoic Acid

The present invention covers the reaction of lactide with substrate as is shown in the Scheme 2.

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The substrate is an amine RR′NH and R is alkyl or aryl substituent and R′ is alkyl, an aryl substituent or hydrogen atom H, containing at least one or more amino groups, for example, an aliphatic or aromatic amine, linear or branched amine such as a polyethylenimine (PEI). The proposed procedure describes the substitution at least one or more of hydrogen atoms of original NH groups by molecules of lactyl lactate. The reaction can be initiated by halides of general formula EX_nof elements from groups 4, 12, 13 and 14, where X=Cl, Br or I and E=Zn, B, Al, P, Ga, Sc, Y, La, Bi , Sb, Ti, Si, Ge, Sn, or by solution of HCl in Et₂O, dioxane or toluene as the preferred solvents. The method can be used for primary linear and branched amines, aliphatic amines such as 1-aminopropane or 2-aminopropane; aromatic amines similar to aniline and its derivatives, and poly(amines), for example PEI. The second process described in Scheme 2, reaction pathway B, is based on the reaction of a primary amine hydrochloride with lactide in the absence of initiator. The reaction proceeds in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethylformamide (DMF) as priority solvents. In addition, amides containing structural fragments of lactyl lactate and amine derived from amine hydrochloride could by synthesized by this approach. The reaction time depends on the type of selected RR′NH substrate and ranges from 2 to 10 hours, 2 hours for monovalent linear amines such as 2-aminopropane, 10 hours for aromatic amines such as aniline, and also depends on the reaction pathway or whether is carried out in solution or directly with the quaternary ammonium salt, i.e. the hydrochloride, further to the degree of homogeneity of the reaction and the steric difficulty of the RR′NH substrate. The product separation depends on the selected preparation process and is based on evaporation of the volatile components of the reaction mixture, such as hydrogen halides or organic solvents, filtration from the initiator residues, or precipitation of the product with an organic solvent such as methanol.

EXAMPLE 1
Reaction of Methanol with Lactide in Toluene Initiated by AlCl₃

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.22 g of methanol (1 equiv., 0.28 ml, 6.938 mmol), 1.0 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.938 mmol), 5 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 50 mg of AlCl₃(0.374 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 10° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.32 g (6.73 mmol, 97%). Anal. calcd for C₇H₁₂O₆(%): C (47.72), H (6.87), O (45.41); found: C (47.7), H (6.6). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ5.02 (q, J_H-H=7.1 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.30 (q, J_H-H=7.1 Hz, 1H, CH), 3.80 (br s, 1H, HO), 3.29 (s, 3H, CH₃), 1.45 (d, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 1.19 (d, J_H-H=7.2 Hz, 3H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ176.5 (C═O), 171.3 (C═O), 69.6 (CH), 67.3 (CH), 52.2 (CH₃), 20.8 (CH₃) and 17.0 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 2
Reaction of Methanol with Lactide in Excess of Methanol Initiated by Solution of HCl in Et₂O

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 5.0 g of methanol (excess, 6.31 ml, 0.156 mol) and 1.0 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.938 mmol). Reaction mixture was heated to 65° C. and stirred vigorously. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 0.05 ml of solution of HCl in Et₂O (1.0M, 0.05 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours/80° C. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar. The yield of product was 1.22 g (6.86 mmol, 99%). Anal. calcd for C₇H₁₂O₅(%): C (47.72), H (6.87), O (45.41); found: C (47.8), H (7.0). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ5.02 (q, J_H-H=7.1 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.30 (q, J_H-H=7.1 Hz, 1H, CH), 3.80 (br s, 1H, HO), 3.29 (s, 3H, CH₃), 1.45 (d, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 1.19 (d, J_H-H=7.2 Hz, 3H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ176.5 (C═O), 171.3 (C═O), 69.6 (CH), 67.3 (CH), 52.2 (CH₃), 20.8 (CH₃) and 17.0 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 3
Reaction of Isopropyl Alcohol and Lactide in Excess of Isopropyl Alcohol Initiated by Solution of HCl in Et₂O

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 7.0 g of ⁱPrOH (excess, 8.90 ml, 0.116 mol), 1.0 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.938 mmol) and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 min and 0.05 ml of solution of HCl in Et₂O (1.0M, 0.05 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours/80° C. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.31 g (6.38 mmol, 92%). Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₆O₆(%): C (52.93), H (7.90), O (39.17); found: C (52.9), H (8.0). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ4.99 (q, J_H-H=8.8 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.90 (m, 1H, CH), 4.31 (q, J_H-H=8.7 Hz, 1H, CH), 1.47 (d, J_H-H=8.7 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 1.21 (d, J_H-H=8.9 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 0.98-0.96 (m, 6H, (CH₃)₂). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ175.6 (C═O), 170.4 (C═O), 70.0 (CH), 69.5 (CH), 67.4 (CH), 21.7 ((CH₃)₂), 20.9 (CH₃) and 16.9 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 4
Solvent Free Reaction of Isopropyl Alcohol and Lactide Initiated by Solution of HCl in Et₂O

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.42 g of ⁱPrOH (1 equiv., 0.53 ml, 6.938 mol), 1.0 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.938 mmol) and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 15 min and 0.05 ml of solution of HCl in Et₂O (1.0M, 0.05 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours/80° C. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.28 g (6.24 mmol, 90%). Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₆O₅(%): C (52.93), H (7.90), O (39.17); found: C (53.1), H (8.0). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ4.99 (q, J_H-H=8.8 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.90 (m, 1H, CH), 4.31 (q, J_H-H=8.7 Hz, 1H, CH), 1.47 (d, J_H-H=8.7 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.21 (d, J_H-H=8.9 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 0.98-0.96 (m, 6H, (CH₃)₂). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ175.6 (C═O), 170.4 (C═O), 70.0 (CH), 69.5 (CH), 67.4 (CH), 21.7 ((CH₃)₂), 20.9 (CH₃) and 16.9 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 5
Solvent Free Reaction of Isopropyl Alcohol with Lactide Initiated by SiCl₄

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.42 g of ⁱPrOH (1 equiv., 0.53 ml, 6.938 mol), 1.0 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.938 mmol) and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 15 min and 0.05 ml of SiCl₄(0.075 g, 0.442 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours/80° C. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.25 g (6.10 mmol, 88%). Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₆O₅(%): C (52.93), H (7.90), O (39.17); found: C (53.1), H (8.1). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ4.99 (q, J_H-H=8.8 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.90 (m, 1H, CH), 4.31 (q, J_H-H=8.7 Hz, 1H, CH), 1.47 (d, J_H-H=8.7 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.21 (d, J_H-H=8.9 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 0.98-0.96 (m, 6H, (CH₃)₂). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ175.6 (C═O), 170.4 (C═O), 70.0 (CH), 69.5 (CH), 67.4 (CH), 21.7 ((CH₃)₂), 20.9 (CH₃) and 16.9 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 6
Reaction of Isopropyl Alcohol with Lactide in Toluene Initiated by ZnCl₂

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.42 g of ⁱPrOH (1 equiv., 0.53 ml, 6.938 mol), 1.0 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.938 mmol), 5 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 min and 30 mg of ZnCl₂(0.220 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.29 g (6.30 mmol, 91%). Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₆O₅(%): C (52.93), H (7.90), O (39.17); found: C (53.0), H (8.0). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ4.99 (q, J_H-H=8.8 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.90 (m, 1H, CH), 4.31 (q, J_H-H=8.7 Hz, 1H, CH), 1.47 (d, J_H-H=8.7 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.21 (d, J_H-H=8.9 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 0.98-0.96 (m, 6H, (CH₃)₂). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ175.6 (C═O), 170.4 (C═O), 70.0 (CH), 69.5 (CH), 67.4 (CH), 21.7 ((CH₃)₂), 20.9 (CH₃) and 16,9 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 7
Reaction of Cyclohexanol and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by LaBr₃

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.69 g of cyclohexanol (1 equiv., 6.938 mol), 1.0 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.938 mmol), 5 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 20 mg of LaBr₃(0.052 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 4 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.39 g (5.69 mmol, 82%). Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₂₀O₅(%): C (59.00), H (8.15), O (32.75); found: C (59.4), H (8.4). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ5.13 (q, J_H-H=7.1 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.72 (m, 1H, CH^CHex), 4.48 (q, J_H-H=8.3 Hz, 1H, CH), 3.58-3.53 (m, 4H, CH^CHex), 1.89-1.86 (m, 7H, CH₃)+CH₂^CHex), 1.49 (d, J_{H-H =6.9}Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 1.31-1.25 (m, 2H, CH^CHex). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ175.5 (C═O), 168.2 (C═O), 74.3 (CH), 69.6 (CH), 67.4, 31.9, 25.8 (C^CHex), 21.0 (CH₃), 17.2 (CH₃) and 15.9 (C^CHex).

EXAMPLE 8
Reaction of Cyclohexanol and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by Solution of HCl in Dioxane

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.69 g of cyclohexanol (1 equiv., 6.938 mol), 1.0 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.938 mmol), 5 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 0.05 ml of solution of HCl in dioxane (4M solution, 0.20 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 3.5 hours/80° C. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.44 g (5.89 mmol, 85%). Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₂₀O₆(%): C (59.00), H (8.15), O (32.75); found: C (58.7), H (7.9). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ5.13 (q, J_H-H=7.1 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.72 (m, 1H, CH^CHex), 4.48 (q, J_H-H=8.3 Hz, 1H, CH), 3.58-3.53 (m, 4H, CH^CHex), 1.89-1.86 (m, 7H, CH₃)+CH₂^CHex), 1.49 (d, J_H-H=6.9 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 1.31-1.25 (m, 2H, CH^CHex). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ175.5 (C═O), 168.2 (C═O), 74.3 (CH), 69.6 (CH), 67.4, 31.9, 25.8 (C^CHex), 21.0 (CH₃), 17.2 (CH₃) and 15.9 (C^CHex).

EXAMPLE 9
Reaction of Phenol and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by YI₃

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.65 g of phenol (1 equiv., 6.938 mol), 1.0 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.938 mmol), 7 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide and phenol were dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 0.025 g of YI₃(0.053 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.41 g (1.72 mmol, 25%). Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₁₄O₆(%): C (60.50), H (5.92), O (33.58); found: C (60.9), (H 6.2). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ7.00 (t, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 2H, H^Ph), 6.80 (t, J_H-H=7.4 Hz, 1H, H^Ph), 6.41 (d, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 2H, H^Ph), 4.94 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.09 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 1H, CH), 1.33 (d, J_H-H=6.7 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 1.24 (d, J_H-H=7.1 Hz, 3H, CH). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ177.2 (C═O), 167.8 (C═O), 129.2, 124.1 and 113.2 (C^Ph), 70.4 (CH), 67.7 (CH), 20.9 (CH₃) and 16.7 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 10
Reaction of Phenol and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by Solution of HCl in Dioxane

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.65 g of phenol (1 equiv., 6.938 mol), 1.0 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.938 mmol), 7 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide and phenol were dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 0.05 ml of solution of HCl in dioxane (4M solution, 0.20 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar. The yield of product was 0.56 g (2.34 mmol, 34%). Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₁₄O₅(%): C (60.50), H (5.92), O (33.58); found: C (60.7), (H 6.1). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ7.00 (t, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 2H, H^Ph), 6.80 (t, J_H-H=7.4 Hz, 1H, H^Ph), 6.41 (d, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 2H, H^Ph), 4.94 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.09 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 1H, CH), 1.33 (d, J_H-H=6.7 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 1.24 (d, J_H-H=7.1 Hz, 3H, CH). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ177.2 (C═O), 167.8 (C═O), 129.2, 124.1 and 113.2 (C^Ph), 70.4 (CH), 67.7 (CH), 20.9 (CH₃) and 16.7 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 11
Reaction of 1,4-Butanediol and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by Solution of HCl in Et₂O

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.63 g of 1,4-butanediol (1 equiv., 0.61 ml, 6.938 mol), 1.0 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.938 mmol), 5 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 0.10 ml of solution of HCl in Et₂O (1M solution, 0.1 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours/80° C. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar. The yield of product was 1.35 g (5.76 mmol, 83%). Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₈O₆(%): C (51.27), H (7.75), O (40.98); found: C (51.4), H (7.9). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ5.06 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.35 (q, J_H-H=7.5 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.21-4.14 (m, 2H, CH₂^Bu), 1.68-1.63 (m, H, H^Bu), 1.54-1.44 (m, 1H, H^Bu), 1.40 (d, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 3H, (CH₃) and 1.36 (d, J_H-H=7.2 Hz, 3H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ174.4 (C═O), 169.8 (C═O), 69.0 (CH), 66.7 (CH), 64.2 (C^Bu), 26.2 (C^Bu), 24.3 (CH₃), 19.1 (CH₃), 15.8 and 13.1 (C^Bu).

EXAMPLE 12
Reaction of 1,4-Butanediol and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by SnBr₄

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.63 g of 1,4-butanediol (1 equiv., 0.61 ml, 6.938 mol), 2.0 g of lactide (2 equiv., 13.876 mmol), 5 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 50 mg of SnBr₄(1.14 mmol) in 3 ml of toluene was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.34 g (3.54 mmol, 51%). Anal. calcd for C₁₆H₂₆O₁₀(%): C (50.79), H (6.93), O (42.28); found: C (50.6), H (7.0). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ5.06 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 4.35 (q, J_H-H=7.5 Hz, 2H, CH), 4.21-4.14 (m, 4H, CH^Bu), 1.68-1.63 (m, 2H, H^Bu), 1.54-1.44 (m, 2H, H^Bu), 1.36 (d, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 6H, CH₃) and 1.40 (d, J_H-H=7.2 Hz, 6H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ174.4 (C═O), 169.8 (C═O), 69.0 (CH), 66.7 (CH), 64.2 (CH^Bu), 61.1 (CH^Bu), 26.2 (C^Bu), 24.3 (CH₃), 19.1 (CH₃) and 15.8 (C^Bu).

EXAMPLE 13
Solvent Free Reaction of 1,4-Butanediol and Lactide Initiated by BI₃

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.63 g of 1,4-butanediol (1 equiv., 0.61 ml, 6.938 mol), 2.0 g of lactide (2 equiv., 13.876 mmol) and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 20 minutes and 20 mg of BI₃(0.051 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.13 g (2.98 mmol, 43%). Anal. calcd for C₁₆H₂₆O₁₀(%): C (50.79), H (6.93), O (42.28); found: C (50.2), H (6.6). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ5.06 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 4.35 (q, J_H-H=7.5 Hz, 2H, CH), 4.21-4.14 (m, 4H, CH^Bu), 1.68-1.63 (m, 2H, H^Bu), 1.54-1.44 (m, 2H, H^Bu), 1.36 (d, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 6H, CH₃) and 1.40 (d, J_H-H=7.2 Hz, 6H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ174.4 (C═O), 169.8 (C═O), 69.0 (CH), 66.7 (CH), 64.2 (CH^Bu), 61.1 (CH^Bu), 26.2 (C^Bu), 24.3 (CH₃) and 19.1 (CH₃), 15.8 (C^Bu).

EXAMPLE 14
Solvent Free Reaction of 1,10-Decanediol and Lactide Initiated by TiCl₄

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.5 g of 1,10-decanediol (1 equiv., 2.869 mmol), 0.83 g of lactide (2 equiv., 5.738 mmol) and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide and 1,10-decanediol were mixed after approx. 15 minutes and 0.02 ml of TiCl₄(34.6 mg, 0.182 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar. The yield of product was 0.89 g (1.92 mmol, 67%). Anal. calcd for C₂₂H₃₈O₁₀(%): C (57.13), H (8.28), O (34.59); found: C (57.2) H (8.4). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ5.05 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 4.25 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 3.97-3.94 (m, 4H, CH^Dec), 1.48 (d, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 6H, (CH₃), 1.39-1.37 (m, 4H, H^Dec), 1.24-1.22 (m, 10H, H^Decand CH₃) and 1.12 (br s, 8H, H^Dec). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ175.7 (C═O), 170.8 (C═O), 69.0 (CH), 66.8 (CH), 67.3 (CH^Dec), 65.9 (CH^Dec), 30.0, 29.7, 29.1 and 26.3 (C^Dec), 21.0 (CH₃) and 17.4 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 15
Reaction of 1,10-Decanediol and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by AlCl₃

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.5 g of 1,10-decanediol (1 equiv., 2.869 mmol), 0.83 g of lactide (2 equiv., 5.738 mmol), 10 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide and 1,10-decanediol were mixed after approx. 15 minutes and 20 mg of AlCl₃(0.150 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.09 g (2.35 mmol, 82%). Anal. calcd for C₂₂H₃₈O₁₀(%): C (57.13), H (8.28), O (34.59); Found: C (56.8), H (7.9). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ5.05 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 4.25 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 3.97-3.94 (m, 4H, CH^Dec), 1.48 (d, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 6H, (CH₃), 1.39-1.37 (m, 4H, H^Dec), 1.24-1.22 (m, 10H, H^Decand CH₃) and 1.12 (br s, 8H, H^Dec). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ175.7 (C═O), 170.8 (C═O), 69.0 (CH), 66.8 (CH), 67.3 (CH^Dec), 65.9 (CH^Dec), 30.0, 29.7, 29.1 and 26.3 (e^el, 21.0 (CH₃) and 17.4 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 16
Solvent Free Reaction of Triethanolamine and Lactide Initiated by SiCl₄

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g of triethanolamine (1 equiv., 6.703 mmol), 2.9 g of lactide (3 equiv., 20.102 mmol) and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 15 minutes and 0.10 ml of SiCl₄(0.15 g, 0.883 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours/80° C. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.13 g (6.36 mmol, 95%). Anal. calcd for C₂₄H₃₉NO₁₆(%): C (49.47), H (6.76), O (41.27); found: C (49.8), H (6.9). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ5.46-5.44 (m, 3H, OH), 5.04-4.99 (q, J_H-H=8.9 Hz, 3H, CH), 4.21-4.18 (m, 3H, CH), 4.11-4.10 (m, 6H, CH₂), 2.79-2.78 (m, 6H, CH₂), 1.42-1.40 (d, J_H-H=11.9 Hz, 9H, CH₃) and 1.30-1.28 (d, J_H-H=8.6 Hz, 9H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ174.1 (C═O), 170.2 (C═O), 68.3 (CH), 65.6 (CH), 63.2 (CH₂), 52.4 (CH₂), 20.3 (CH₃) and 16.6 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 17
Reaction of Triethanolamine and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by AlCl₃

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g of triethanolamine (1 equiv., 6.703 mmol), 2.9 g of lactide (3 equiv., 20.102 mmol), 8 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 0.12 g of AlCl₃(0.883 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 3.75 g (6.45 mmol, 96%). Anal. calcd for C₂₄H₃₉NO₁₅(%): C (49.47), H (6.76), O (41.27); found: C (49.7), H (6.9). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ5.46-5.44 (m, 3H, OH), 5.04-4.99 (q, J_H-H=8.9 Hz, 3H, CH), 4.21-4.18 (m, 3H, CH), 4.11-4.10 (m, 6H, CH₂), 2.79-2.78 (m, 6H, CH₂), 1.42-1.40 (d, J_H-H=11.9 Hz, 9H, CH₃) and 1.30-1.28 (d, J_H-H=8.6 Hz, 9H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ174.1 (C═O), 170.2 (C═O), 68.3 (CH), 65.6 (CH), 63.2 (CH₂), 52.4 (CH₂), 20.3 (CH₃) and 16.6 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 18
Reaction of Triethanolamine and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by Solution of HCl in Et₂O

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g of triethanolamine (1 equiv., 6.703 mmol), 2.9 g of lactide (3 equiv., 20.102 mmol) and 8 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 0.05 ml of solution of HCl in Et₂O (1.0M, 0.05 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar. The yield of product was 3.81 g (6.55 mmol, 98%). Anal. calcd for C₂₄H₃₉NO₁₆(%): C (49.47), H (6.76), O (41.27); found: C (49.7), H (6.8). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ5.46-5.44 (m, 3H, OH), 5.04-4.99 (q, J_H-H=8.9 Hz, 3H, CH), 4.21-4.18 (m, 3H, CH), 4.11-4.10 (m, 6H, CH₂), 2.79-2.78 (m, 6H, CH₂), 1.42-1.40 (d, J_H-H=11.9 Hz, 9H, CH₃) and 1.30-1.28 (d, J_H-H=8.6 Hz, 9H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ174.1 (C═O), 170.2 (C═O), 68.3 (CH), 65.6 (CH), 63.2 (CH₂), 52.4 (CH₂), 20.3 (CH₃) and 16.6 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 19
Solvent Free Reaction of Ethoxylated Fatty Alcohol and Lactide Initiated by Solution of HCl in Et₂O

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g of ethoxylated alcohol (trade name Genapol T200, 1 equiv., 0.999 mmol), 0.14 g of lactide (1 equiv., 0.999 mmol) and heated to 85° C. and vigorously stirred until both compounds were mixed in clear viscous mixture. After this period, 0.05 ml of solution of HCl in Et₂O (1.0M, 0.05 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours/80° C. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.08 g (0.94 mmol, 94%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ5.49 (d, J_H-H=6.0 Hz, 1H, OH), 5.04 (q, J_H-H=7.1 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.21-4.16 (m, 3H, CH+CH^ethox), 3.51 (br s, 156H, CH^ethox), 3.45 (m, 8H, CH^ethox), 1.47-1.45 (m, 2H, H^ethox), 1.42-1.40 (d, J_H-H=6.5 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.30-1.24 (m, 64H, CH₃+H^ethox), 1.22 (br s, 30H, H^ethox) and 0.85 (t, J_H-H=6.7 Hz, 3H, H^ethox). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ174.2 (C═O), 168.6 (C═O), 72.4 and 70.4 (C^ethox)69.8 (CH), 69.6 (C^ethox), 65.6 (CH), 64.1 and 60.2 (C^ethox) 31.4, 29.3, 29.1, 28.8 and 22.2 (C^ethox), 20.4 (CH₃), 15.1 (CH₃) and 13.9 (C^ethox).

Example 20: Reaction of ethoxylated fatty alcohol and lactide in toluene initiated by BiCl₃

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g of ethoxylated alcohol (trade name Genapol T200, 1 equiv., 0.999 mmol), 0.14 g of lactide (1 equiv., 0.999 mmol), 15 ml of toluene and heated to 85° C. with vigorous stirring. After 15 minutes 30 mg of BiCl₃(0.063 mmol) in 5 ml of toluene was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours/85° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.
The yield of product was 0.63 g (0.55 mmol, 55%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ5.49 (d, J_H-H=6.0 Hz, 1H, OH), 5.04 (q, J_H-H=7.1 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.21-4.16 (m, 3H, CH+CH^ethox), 3.51 (br s, 156H, CH^ethox)3.45 (m, 8H, CH^ethox), 1.47-1.45 (m, 2H, H^ethox), 1.42-1.40 (d, J_H-H=6.5 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.30-1.24 (m, 64H, CH₃+H^ethox), 1.22 (br s, 30H, H^ethox) and 0.85 (t, J_H-H=6.7 Hz, 3H, C^ethox). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ174.2 (C═O), 168.6 (C═O), 72.4 and 70.4 (C^ethox)69.8 (CH), 69.6 (C^ethox), 65.6 (CH), 64.1 and 60.2 (C^ethox), 31.4, 29.3, 29.1, 28.8 and 22.2 (C^ethox) 20.4 (CH₃), 15.1 (CH₃) and 13.9 (C^ethox).

EXAMPLE 21
Reaction of PEG (M_r≈400 g/mol) and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by GeBr₄

A 50 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g of polyethylene glycol (PEG, M_r≈400 g/mol, 1 equiv., 2.5 mmol), 0.36 g of lactide (1 equiv., 2.5 mmol), 10 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring (5 minutes) until lactide was dissolved. After this period, 30 mg of GeBr₄(0.076 mmol) in 5 ml of toluene was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.67 g (1.23 mmol, 49%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ5.42 (q, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 4.73 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 3.50 (br s, 16H, H^PEG), 3.40 (t, J_H-H=5.2, 2H, H^PEG), 1.45 (d, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 6H, CH₃) and 1.21 (d, J_H-H=7.2 Hz, 6H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ175.2 (C═O), 170.2 (C═O), 72.4 (C^PEG), 71.1 (CH), 69.8 (C^PEG), 68.3 (CH), 60.1 (C^PEG), 20.8 (CH₃) and 17.0 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 22
Reaction of PEG (M_r≈400 g/mol) and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by AlCl₃

A 50 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g of polyethylene glycol (PEG, M_r≈400 g/mol, 1 equiv., 2.5 mmol), 0.72 g of lactide (2 equiv., 5.0 mmol), 15 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 10 minutes and 20 mg of AlCl₃(0.149 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 4 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.07 g (1.55 mmol, 62%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ5.42 (q, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 4.73 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 3.50 (br s, 16H, H^PEG), 3.40 (t, J_H-H=5.2, 2H, H^PEG), 1.45 (d, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 6H, CH₃) and 1.21 (d, J_H-H=7.2 Hz, 6H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ175.2 (C═O), 170.2 (C═O), 72.4 (C^PEG), 71.1 (CH), 69.8 (C^PEG), 68.3 (CH), 60.1 (C^PEG), 20.8 (CH₃) and 17.0 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 23
Solvent Free Reaction of PEG (M_r≈400 g/mol) and Lactide Initiated by PCl₃

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g of polyethylene glycol (PEG, M≈400 g/mol, 1 equiv., 2.5 mmol), 0.72 g of lactide (2 equiv., 5.0 mmol) and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 30 mg of PCl₃(19 μl, 0.218 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 4 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.83 g (1.21 mmol, 48%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ5.42 (q, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 4.73 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 3.50 (br s, 16H, H^PEG), 3.40 (t, J_H-H=5.2, 2H, H^PEG), 1.45 (d, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 6H, CH₃) and 1.21 (d, J_H-H=7.2 Hz, 6H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ175.2 (C═O), 170.2 (C═O), 72.4 (C^PEG), 71.1 (CH), 69.8 (C^PEG), 68.3 (CH), 60.1 (C^PEG), 20.8 (CH₃) and 17.0 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 24
Solvent Free Reaction of PEG M_r≈1450 g/mol) and Lactide Initiated by Solution of HCl in Dioxane

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g polyethylene glycol (PEG, M_r≈1450 g/mol, 1 equiv., 0.690 mmol), 0.198 g of lactide (2 equiv., 1.38 mmol) and heated to 80° C. for approx. 20 minutes. The lactide was dissolved after this period and 0.05 ml of solution of HCl in dioxane (4M solution, 0.2 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 4 hours/80° C. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.96 g (0.55 mmol, 80%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ5.42 (q, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 4.73 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 3.50 (br s, 204H, H^PEG), 3.41-3.36 (m, 44H, H^PEG) 1.45 (d, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 6H, CH₃) and 1.21 (d, J_H-H=7.2 Hz, 6H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ175.4 (C═O), 169.8 (C═O), 72.4 (C^PEG), 71.0 (CH), 69.8 (C^PEG), 68.2 (CH), 60.2 (C^PEG), 20.8 (CH₃) and 17.0 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 25
Solvent Free Reaction of PEG (Mr≈1450 g/mol) and Lactide Initiated by SbCl₃

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g of polyethylene glycol (PEG, M≈1450 g/mol, 1 equiv., 0.690 mmol), 0.198 g of lactide (2 equiv., 1.38 mmol) and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 20 minutes and 15 mg of SbCl₃(0.088 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 5 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.53 g (0.30 mmol, 43%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ5.42 (q, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 4.73 (q, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 2H, CH), 3.50 (br s, 204H, H^PEG), 3.41-3.36 (m, 44H, H^PEG), 1.45 (d, J_H-H=7.0 Hz, 6H, CH₃) and 1.21 (d, J_H-H=7.2 Hz, 6H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆, 298K): δ175.4 (C═O), 169.8 (C═O), 72.4 (C^PEG), 71.0 (CH), 69.8 (C^PEG), 68.2 (CH), 60.2 (C^PEG), 20.8 (CH₃) and 17.0 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 26
Reaction of Xylose and Lactide in DMF Initiated by Solution of HCl in Et₂O

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g of xylose (1 equiv., 6.66 mmol), 0.96 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.66 mmol), 10 ml of dimethylformamide (DMF) and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. After this period, 0.1 ml of solution of HCI in Et₂O (1M solution, 0.1 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours/80° C. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.33 g (4.52 mmol, 68%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): 5 6.14 (d, J_H-H=5.8 Hz, 1H, CH^Xyl), 4.85-4.83 (m, 2H, CH^Xyl, 4.71-4.69 (m, 2H, CH^Xyl+CH), 4.48 (d, J_{H-H =8.4}Hz, 1H, CH^Xyl) 4.24 (t, J_H-H=8.4, 1H, CH), 3.47-3.32 (m, 2H, CH^Xyl), 3.24-3.21 (m, 1H, CH^Xyl), 3.13-3.08 (m, 1H, CH^Xyl), 1.42 (d, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 1.23 (d, J_H-H=7.6 Hz, 3H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ170.7 (C═O), 160.8 (C═O), 92.6 (C^Xyl), 73.4, 72.5, 70.4 (C^Xyl), 70.2 (CH), 64.6 (CH), 61.6 (C^Xyl), 19.1 (CH₃) and 13.9 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 27
Reaction of Xylose and Lactide in DMSO Initiated by AlCl₃

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g of xylose (1 equiv., 6.66 mmol), 0.96 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.66 mmol), 10 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. After this period, 30 mg of AlCl₃(0.23 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 70° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.33 g (4.52 mmol, 68%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ6.14 (d, J_H-H=5.8 Hz, 1H, CH^Xyl), 4.85-4.83 (m, 2H, CH^Xyl), 4.71-4.69 (m, 2H, CH^Xyl+CH), 4.48 (d, J_H-H=8.4 Hz, 1H, CH^Xyl) 4.24 (t, J_H-H=8.4, 1H, CH), 3.47-3.32 (m, 2H, CH^Xyl), 3.24-3.21 (m, 1H, CH^Xyl), 3.13-3.08 (m, 1H, CH^Xyl), 1.42 (d, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 1.23 (d, J_H-H=7.6 Hz, 3H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ170.7 (C═O), 160.8 (C═O), 92.6 (C^Xyl), 73.4, 72.5, 70.4 (C^Xyl), 70.2 (CH), 64.6 (CH), 61.6 (C^Xyl), 19.1 (CH₃) and 13.9 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 28
Reaction of Cellulose Nitrate and Lactide in THF Initiated by Solution of HCl in Et₂O

A 50 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g of cellulose nitrate prepared from its 4-8% solution in Et₂O/ethanol via solvent evaporation; 1,0 g of lactide (6.938 mmol) and 20 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF). Reaction mixture was heated to 70° C. with vigorous stirring. After this period, 0.3 ml of solution of HCl in Et₂O (1 M solution, 0.3 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 5 hours/70° C. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar

The yield of product was 1.52 g. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ5.03-4.91 (m, CH), 4.21-4.05 (m, CH), 3.79-3.63 (_{m, H}^nitro) 1.74 (m, H^nitro) 1.29 (m, CH₃+H^nitro) and 1.23-1.16 (m, CH₃+H^nitro).

EXAMPLE 29
Reaction of Poly(Vinyl-Alcohol) (PVA) and Lactide in DMSO Initiated by Solution of HCl in Et₂O

A 100 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 5.0 g of poly(vinyl-alcohol) (PVA, M≈9000 g/mol, 0.56 mmol), 2.5 g of lactide (17.35 mmol), 50 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The poly(vinyl-alcohol) was dissolved after approx. 2 hours and 0.5 ml of solution of HCl in Et₂O (1 M solution, 0.5 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure; distillation residue was washed with 50 ml of hot toluene and filtered. The filtration residue was dried to constant weight at 70° C./1 mbar.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ4.95-4.87 (m, 1H, CH), 4.21-4.16 (m, 1H, CH), 4.00-3.82 (m, CH^PVA), 1.93 (s, CH₃^PVA), 1.34-1.31 (m, 3H, CH₃) and 1.20-1.18 (d, 3H, CH₃).

EXAMPLE 30
Reaction of 1-Aminopropane and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by Solution of HCl in Et₂O

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.5 ml of 1-aminopropane (0.36 g, 1 equiv., 6.082 mmol), 0.88 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.82 mmol), 8 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 10 minutes and 0.05 ml of solution of HCl in Et₂O (1 M solution, 0.05 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 5 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.31 g (1.52 mmol, 25%). Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₇NO₄(%): C (53.19), H (8.43), N (6.89), O (31.49); found: C (53.4), H (8.5). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ4.95-4.91 (m, 1H, CH), 4.21-4.16 (m, 1H, CH), 3.93 (m, 1H, OH), 3.05-3.00 (m, 2H, H^Pr), 2.29 (s, 1H, NH), 1.39-1.31 (m, 5H, CH₃+H^Pr), 1.20 (d, J_H-H=9.0 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 0.83-0.80 (t, J_H-H=9.0 Hz, 3H, H^Pr). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ173.9 (C═O), 169.7 (C═O), 70.7 (CH), 67.3 (CH), 65.5 (C^Pr), 22.5 (C^Pr), 21.2 (CH₃), 17.7 (CH₃) and 11.2 (C^Pr).

EXAMPLE 31
Reaction of 1-Aminopropane and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by Gal₃

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.5 ml of 1-aminopropane (0.36 g, 1 equiv., 6.082 mmol), 0.88 g of lactide (1 equiv., 6.082 mmol), 8 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 10 minutes and 15 mg of Gal₃(0.03 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 5 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.27 g (1.33 mmol, 22%). Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₇NO₄(%): C (53.19), H (8.43), N (6.89), O (31.49); found: C (53.0), H (8.2). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ4.95-4.91 (m, 1H, CH), 4.21-4.16 (m, 1H, CH), 3.93 (m, 1H, OH), 3.05-3.00 (m, 2H, H^Pr), 2.29 (s, 1H, NH), 1.39-1.31 (m, 5H, CH₃+H^Pr), 1.20 (d, J_H-H=9.0 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 0.83-0.80 (t, J_H-H=9.0 Hz, 3H, H^Pr). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ173.9 (C═O), 169.7 (C═O), 70.7 (CH), 67.3 (CH), 65.5 (C^Pr), 22.5 (C^Pr), 21.2 (CH₃), 17.7 (CH₃) and 11.2 (C^Pr).

EXAMPLE 32
Reaction of Aniline and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by AlCl₃

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.5 ml of aniline (phenylamine, 0.49 g, 1 equiv. 5.25 mmol), 0.76 g of lactide (1 equiv., 5.25 mmol), 8 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide and aniline were dissolved after approx. 10 minutes and 20 mg of AlCl₃(0.15 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 5 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar. The yield of product was 0.81 g (3.41 mmol, 65%). Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₁₆NO₄(%): C (60.75), H (6.37), N (5.90), O (26.97); found: C (60.4), H (6.2). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ7.62 (d, J_H-H=9.8 Hz, 1H, NH), 7.32 (t, J_{H-H =9.4}Hz, 2H, H^Ar), 7.24-7.15 (m, 2H, H^Ar), 7.24-7.15 (m, 2H, H^Ar), 6.94-6.88 (m, 2H, H^Ar), 5.10 (q, J_H-H=8.7 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.24 (q, J_H-H=8.5 Hz, 1H, CH), 1.45 (d, J_H-H=8.3 Hz, 6H, CH₃) and 1.32 (d, J_H-H=8.6 Hz, 6H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ175.3 (C═O), 170.2 (C═O), 132.5, 128.8, 118.8 and 115.0 (CH^Ar), 69.1 (CH), 65.9 (CH), 21.2 (CH₃) and 16.9 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 33
Reaction of Aniline Hydrochloride and Lactide in DMSO

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.5 g of aniline hydrochloride (1 equiv., 3.86 mmol), 0.56 g of lactide (1 equiv., 3.86 mmol), 10 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and heated to 80° C. Reaction mixture was stirred for 7 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.48 g (2.02 mmol, 52%). Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₁₅NO₄(%): C (60.75), H (6.37), N (5.90), O (26.97); found: C (60.9), H (6.6). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ7.62 (d, J_H-H=9.8 Hz, 1H, NH), 7.32 (t, J_{H-H =9.4}Hz, 2H, H^Ar), 7.24-7.15 (m, 2H, H^Ar), 7.24-7.15 (m, 2H, H^Ar), 6.94-6.88 (m, 2H, H^Ar), 5.10 (q, J_H-H=8.7 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.24 (q, J_H-H=8.5 Hz, 1H, CH), 1.45 (d, J_H-H=8.3 Hz, 6H, CH₃) and 1.32 (d, J_H-H=8.6 Hz, 6H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ175.3 (C═O), 170.2 (C═O), 132.5, 128.8, 118.8 and 115.0 (CH^Ar), 69.1 (CH), 65.9 (CH), 21.2 (CH₃) and 16.9 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 34
Reaction of Diethylamine and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by Solution of HCl in Et₂O

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.5 ml of diethylamine (0.35 g, 1 equiv. 4.83 mmol), 0.69 g of lactide (1 equiv., 4.83 mmol), 10 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 0.02 ml of solution of HCl in Et₂O (2M solution, 0.04 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 8 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.28 g (1.29 mmol, 27%). Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₉NO₄(%): C (55.28), H (8.81), N (6.45), O (29.46); found: C (55.0), H (8.6). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ4.64 (t, J_H-H=8.2 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.21 (t, J_H-H=8.0, 1H, CH), 3.02-2.96 (m, 4H, CH^Et), 1.42 (d, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.23 (d, J_H-H=7.6 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.23 (d, J_H-H=7.6 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 1.12 (t, J_H-H=7.2 Hz, 6H, CH^Et). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ172.3 (C═O), 164.2 (C═O), 70.2 (CH), 64.6 (CH), 45.3 (C^Et), 17.0 (CH₃), 15.6 (C^Et) and 13.2 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 35
Reaction of Diethylamine and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by SnBr₄

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.5 ml of diethylamine (0.35 g, 1 equiv. 4.83 mmol), 0.69 g of lactide (1 equiv., 4.83 mmol), 10 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 30 mg of SnBr₄(0.068 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 8 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.24 g (1.105 mmol, 23%). Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₉NO₄(%): C (55.28), H (8.81), N (6.45), O (29.46); found: C (55.3), H (9.0). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ4.64 (t, J_H-H=8.2 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.21 (t, J_H-H=8.0, 1H, CH), 3.02-2.96 (m, 4H, CH^Et), 1.42 (d, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.23 (d, J_H-H=7.6 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.23 (d, J_H-H=7.6 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 1.12 (t, J_H-H=7.2 Hz, 6H, CH^Et). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ172.3 (C═O), 164.2 (C═O), 70.2 (CH), 64.6 (CH), 45.3 (C^Et), 17.0 (CH₃), 15.6 (C^Et) and 13.2 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 36
Reaction of Polyethylenimine and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by AlCl₃

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g of polyethylenimine (PEI, M≈600 g/mol, 1 equiv. 1.67 mmol), 1.44 g of lactide (6 equiv., 0.010 mol), 15 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 10 mg of AlCl₃(0.075 mmol) in 5 ml of toluene was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 5 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 1.06 g (0.76 mmol, 45%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ8.01-7.83 (m, H^PEI), 5.15 (m, 6H, CH), 4.39 (m, 6H, CH), 2.81-2.61 (m, H^PEI) and 1.43-1.39 (m, 36H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ175.2 (C═O), 168.9 (C═O), 67.8 (CH), 62.9 (CH), 58.2, 54.5, 52.7, 49.3, 47.4, 41.6 (C^PEI), 21.3 (CH₃) and 14.3 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 37
Reaction of Polyethylenimine and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by Solution of HCl in Et₂O

A 50 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 1.0 g of polyethylenimine (PEI, M≈600 g/mol, 1 equiv., 1.67 mmol), 1.44 g of lactide (6 equiv., 0.010 mol), 5 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after 5 minutes and 0.01 ml of solution of HCl in Et₂O (2M solution, 0.02 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 5 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The vresidue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.56 g (0.40 mmol, 24%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ8.01-7.83 (m, H^PEI), 5.15 (m, 6H, CH), 4.39 (m, 6H, CH), 2.81-2.61 (m, H^PEI) and 1.43-1.39 (m, 36H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ175.2 (C═O), 168.9 (C═O), 67.8 (CH), 62.9 (CH), 58.2, 54.5, 52.7, 49.3, 47.4, 41.6 (C^PEO), 21.3 (CH₃) and 14.3 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 38
Reaction of 5-Amino-1-Pentanol and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by Solution of BCl₃in Toluene

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.50 g of 5-amino-1-pentanol (0.525 ml, 1 equiv., 4.847 mmol), 1.40 g of lactide (AP, 2 equiv., 9.694 mmol), 10 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 0.02 ml of BCl₃in toluene (1 M solution, 0.02 mmol) was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 8 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.043 g (0.11 mmol, 24%). Anal. calcd for C₁₇H₂₉NO₉(%): C (52.17), H (7.47), N (3.58), O (36.79); found: C (52.5), H (7.7). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ4.93-4.87 (m, 2H, CH), 4.33-4.30 (m, 2H, CH), 3.63 (t, J_H-H=7.8 Hz, 2H, CH^AP), 3.01 (t, J_H-H=8.6 Hz, 2H, CH^AP), 2.72 (br s, 1H, NH), 1.92-1.89 (m, 6H, CH^AP), 1.44 (d, J_H-H=8.6 Hz, 6H, CH₃) and 1.26 (d, J_H-H=8.6 Hz, 6H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ171.8 (C═O), 168.8 (C═O), 71.3 (CH), 66.3 (CH), 60.5 (C^AP), 40.8, 33.2, 32.8, 22.0 (C^AP), 19.3 (CH₃) and 15.1 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 39
Reaction of 5-Amino-1-Pentanol and Lactide in Toluene Initiated by GeCl₄

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.5 g of 5-amino-1-pentanol (AP, 0.525 ml, 1 equiv., 4.845 mmol), 0.70 g of lactide (1 equiv., 4.845 mmol), 10 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. The lactide was dissolved after approx. 5 minutes and 10 mg of GeCl₄(0.047 mmol) in 2 ml of toluene was added. Reaction mixture was stirred for 8 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.043 g (0.11 mmol, 24%). Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₂₁NO₅(%): C (53.43), H (8.56), N (5.66), O (32.35); found: C (53.5), H (8.8). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ4.88 (t, J_H-H=7.6 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.29 (t, J_H-H=8.0, 1H, CH), 3.62 (t, J_H-H=7.6 Hz, 2H, CH^AP), 3.00 (t, J_H-H=8.6 Hz, 2H, CH^AP), 2.26 (br s, 2H, NH), 1.90-1.76 (m, 6H, CH^AP), 1.41 (d, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 1.23 (d, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 3H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ172.3 (C═O), 167.8 (C═O), 70.6 (CH), 65.2 (CH), 60.6 (C^AP), 40.3, 33.3, 32.7, 22.1 (C^AP), 17.1 (CH₃) and 13.5 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 40
Reaction of 5-Amino-1-Pentanol Hydrochloride with Lactide in DMF

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.70 g of 5-amino-1-pentanol hydrochloride (1 equiv., 5.03 mmol), 0.725 g of lactide (1 equiv., 5.03 mmol), 10 ml of dimethylformamide (DMF) and heated to 80° C. Reaction mixture was stirred for 8 hours/80° C. and filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.38 g (1.54 mmol, 31%). Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₂₁NO₅(%): C (53.43), H (8.56), N (5.66), O (32.35); found: C (53.5), H (8.6). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ4.88 (t, J_H-H=7.6 Hz, 1H, CH), 4.29 (t, J_H-H=8.0, 1H, CH), 3.62 (t, J_H-H=7.6 Hz, 2H, CH^AP), 3.00 (t, J_H-H=8.6 Hz, 2H, CH^AP), 2.26 (br s, 2H, N1-1), 1.90-1.76 (m, 6H, CH^AP), 1.41 (d, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 3H, CH₃) and 1.23 (d, J_H-H=8.0 Hz, 3H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ172.3 (C═O), 167.8 (C═O), 70.6 (CH), 65.2 (CH), 60.6 (C^AP), 40.3, 33.3, 32.7, 22.1 (C^AP), 17.1 (CH₃) and 13.5 (CH₃).

EXAMPLE 41
Reaction of 5-Amino-1-Pentanol Hydrochloride with Lactide in DMSO

A 25 ml round bottomed flask was loaded with 0.50 g of 5-amino-1-pentanol hydrochloride (1 equiv., 3.59 mmol), 1.036 g of lactide (2 equiv., 7.18 mmol) and 10 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Reaction mixture was heated, vigorously stirred (8 hod/80° C.) and after that period filtered. All volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried to constant weight at 40° C./1 mbar.

The yield of product was 0.41 g (1.05 mmol, 29%). Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₂₁NO₅(%): C (53.43), H (8.56), N (5.66), O (32.35); found: C (53.5), H (8.8). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ4.93-4.87 (m, 2H, CH), 4.33-4.3 (m, 2H, CH), 3.63 (t, J_H-H=7.8 Hz, 2H, CH^AP), 3.01 (t, J_H-H=8.6 Hz, 2H, CH^AP), 2.72 (br s, 1H, NH), 1.92-1.89 (m, 6H, CH^AP), 1.44 (d, J_H-H=8.6 Hz, 6H, CH₃) and 1.26 (d, J_H-H=8.6 Hz, 6H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 298K): δ171.8 (C═O), 168.8 (C═O), 71.3 (CH), 66.3 (CH), 60.5 (C^AP), 40.8, 33.2, 32.8, 22.0 (C^AP), 19.3 (CH₃) and 15.1 (CH₃).

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present invention is useful in the preparation of environmentally friendly and biocompatible cosmetic and household products, especially for developing of new surfactants (emulsifiers), thickeners, builders, sequestering agents, hydrotropes etc., as well as for variation of existing raw materials.

A process for preparation of amides and esters of 2-((2-hydroxypropanoyl)oxy)propanoic acid

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