Patent Application
20230228041
The present invention relates to a railroad sleeper and to a process for manufacturing a railroad sleeper. More specifically, the present invention relates to a railroad sleeper provided with a hollow sector and to the process of making it.
Railroad sleepers represent one of the various components of a railroad network and, in conjunction with the ballast and other fixing elements, promote correct anchorage (fixation) of the rails on which the coaches travel.
The great majority of the elements disclosed in the prior art is made of wood (about 90%), the rest being steel, concrete or recycled-plastic sleepers.
A wooden sleeper has useful life estimated in a few decades, so that, after this period, it is necessary to replace it. The estimate that over 3 million wooden sleepers are replaced each year, coupled with the legal restrictions relating to the use of determined types of this raw material causes the sector to look for alternatives to the element in question.
An alternative concentrated on the use of sleepers made of wood, steel, concrete, reforestation-wood, plastic (be it recycled or virgin).
The use of sleepers made of virgin plastic exhibited good behavior. On the other hand, the use of this type of sleeper is restricted to passenger-transportation railroads, of narrow gage, subject to efforts other than those resulting from a load system. As to the recycled plastic sleepers, these were used in a few railroad networks and represented serious structural problems, with endemic dissemination of cracks, warping and fixation problems.
Basically, with a recycled sleeper it becomes difficult to obtain homogeneity in the material constituting the sleeper. Thus, due to the structural problems detected and the accidents (derailment) generated, the use of this type of sleeper becomes virtually impossible.
Concrete sleepers, in spite of being widespread in railroad networks around the world, have not proved to be suitable for the characteristics of the railroad beds and ballasts of the lines existing in some countries (such as Brazil), due to the great inertia and rigidity of the commercial models that are most commonly available.
This fact tends to cause high break of ballast and, as a result, increase the railroad-maintenance costs, besides enabling the occurrence of accidents.
Classified according to their shape, concrete sleepers may be of the singleblock type, formed by a single rigid and continuous piece, are subjected to great bending moments, which appear at different sections of the sleeper.
There are also concrete sleepers of the twin-block type (mixed sleepers), composed by two rigid blocks of reinforced concrete arranged under each rail and joined by a flexible steel bar.
Thanks to the elasticity of the beam, the two blocks of concrete will be immune to most stresses of static bending and alternating bending, which sleepers made of pre-stressed concrete hardly resist.
Among concrete sleepers, there are also poly-block sleepers, wherein two reinforced-concrete blocks are arranged at the ends in conjunction of an intermediate piece, also made from concrete. The blocks of the sides, as well as the intermediate one, are joined by steel means of rods having high elastic limit, stressed and anchored at the ends.
A few advantages with regard to the use of concrete sleepers over wooden sleepers can be cited: for example, concrete sleepers have durability of about 50 years, exhibit lateral and vertical rigidity by virtue of their larger mass and elastic fixation.
Further, concrete sleepers enable easy and rapid replacement of the rails, as well as an increase in the useful life thereof and reduction in the bending stresses (on the rail), by virtue of the stability of the railroad.
Additionally, with concrete sleepers, the frequency of derailments is reduced and, as a result, there is an improvement in the trip quality and a significant reduction in the cost of permanent maintenance.
On the other hand, the use of concrete sleepers presents a few disadvantages, such as higher transportation cost, due to the greater weight of this sleeper as compared with the wood ones, as well as the questionable re-use of the sleeper after the occurrence of derailment.
Additionally, using concrete sleepers, the fixation systems are not adjustable to the rail wear and to the widening of the railroad. Further, there is the need for expensive equipment for installing and maintaining the railroads and, in some situations, damage may by caused to the ballast due to the great weight of the sleeper.
As already mentioned, in addition to concrete and plastic sleepers, the prior art further discloses sleepers made of steel. Steel sleepers exhibit satisfactory behavior when in use. On the other hand, they may have high and uncertain costs, since their weight depends directly on the price of the steel, which is extremely instable.
The fixation of this type of sleeper is usually made by means of screws and chestnuts and need permanent maintenance. Further, the fixation by means of screw ends up weakening the sleeper due to the bores made therein.
As advantages of this type of sleeper, one can cite the possibility of recycling, long useful life (about 60 years), is inert and non-toxic, exhibits low installation cost, its transportation is simple and it non-combustible by virtue of its manufacture material.
As disadvantages, the use of steel sleepers requires a greater number of interventions and change in the tamping area. Further, this type of sleeper may entail the interruption of the trip, due to the isolation jeopardy and still may undergo corrosion problems.
With regard to wooden sleepers, these should be previously) treated (chemically), in order to be suitable for use. Obviously, such a chemical treatment is harmful to the environment.
Said chemical treatment stations are responsible for storing the sleepers and for applying preservatives, with a view to prolong the useful life of the sleeper and preventing the proliferation of fungi and insects.
Besides being a long process, comprising a number of steps, the process of treating sleepers may cause various environmental problems, such as air pollution, due to the breaking of storage tanks, treatment cylinders and tubing that contain the preserving agents.
Additionally, the absorption, inhalation and ingestion of chemical products on the part of employees is not rare. Also the use of herbicides and pesticides may contaminate the soil and the streams, causing changes in the behavior of the fauna and the possibility of extinction of species.
It is further possible to use sleepers made from reforestation wood, this type of sleeper exhibiting resistance significantly lower than that of hard wood.
Additionally, the impossibility of treating sleepers with some products (such as creosote) that are strongly aggressive to the environment enables the sleeper to be attached by biological agents, such as bacteria and white ants, resulting in an extremely short life time (on the order of three to four years), which is much shorter than the useful life of sleepers made from hard wood.
The present invention aims at overcoming the problems existing in the use of the above-mentioned sleepers by means of the structural configuration and process of manufacturing a railroad sleeper.
The proposed sleeper does not have restrictions as to its use, being suitable for use on railroad lines in both construction and operation, for transporting loads and/or passengers.
Plastic sleepers (either virgin or recycled) known from the prior art do not exhibit optimized combination between weight of the piece and elasticity module.
Most known plastic proposals imitate exactly the shape of an wooden sleeper, making the piece heavier and consuming not only more raw material, but also man-hour and hour-machine for making the pieces. Such factors make the production process slow and increase the final price of the sleepers.
The present invention proposes a railroad sleeper, preferably but not exclusively made of polypropylene with fiberglass, manufactured from a highproductivity process, preferably extrusion, further having a structural shape that enables one to achieve and rigidity dose to those of the hard-wood sleepers, as well as competitive costs.
Additionally, the sleeper proposed in the present invention has a reduced final price, which facilitates transportation and installation of the piece, enabling the use of standard fixing devices used on wooden sleepers, uses standard machines employed for installation and maintenance of sleepers and, due to its manufacture material, enables one to recycle the product at the end of the useful life of the sleeper.
Structurally, the proposed railroad sleeper comprises a hollow sector (bored-through sector), which acts as an important differential for the function and characteristic of anchoring on the ballast. Due to its proposed shape, the ballast used on the railroad will penetrate the sleeper, thus becoming an integral body.
With the compaction of the ballast inside the sleeper, greater rigidity for the ballast/sleeper system will be generated and the final inertia moment will be the sum of the inertia moment of the sleeper and the ballast layer arranged inside it.
Additionally, due to the proposed shape of the railroad sleeper, one has a light sleeper (ranging from 40 to 45 kg), easy to install and maintain, easy to be carried by two workers, and suitable for being transported by engaging one piece to another (one sleeper to another), thus brining numberless logistic advantages.
The present invention has the objective of developing a high-performance railroad sleeper for use in railroad lines under construction or operation, used for transporting loads and/or passengers.
An additional objective of the present invention is to provide a railroad sleeper whose installation and production processes are simplified, reducing working times, meeting the demand of the Market and guaranteeing efficiency in the cycle of use of the piece.
The present invention has also the objective of overcoming (in the most part) the main problems of present solutions (described in the prior art), such as high rigidity and weight of the concrete, which damage the ballast layers, short useful life of the poor-quality wood, and the electric conductivity of the steel, as well as the problem of reliability of the solutions that use recycled resins.
Further, the present invention has the objective of providing a railroad sleeper of sustainable appeal, which preferably uses polypropylene as a raw material and can be recycled at the end of its useful life.
The present invention has the additional objective of providing a railroad sleeper provided with a hollow sector, thus enabling the ballast of the railroad network to penetrate into the sleeper and potentiate the rigidity of the ballast/sleeper system.
It is also one of the objectives of the present invention to provide a structural configuration of a railroad sleeper provided with an inverted-U shape.
An additional objective of the present invention is to provide a railroad sleeper made from a first material and from a composition comprising said first material.
A further objective of the present invention is to provide a railroad sleeper, the inner and outer walls of which are made from a first material, and the layer arranged between such walls is made from a composition comprising the first material. The inner wall (or inner layer) may optionally not be included.
Similarly, the outer wall (or outer layer) may optionally not be present.
Thus, it is anticipated that embodiments including an inner wall and an intermediate layer (as further described below), an outer wall and an intermediate layer, and an intermediate layer without inner and outer walls would be effective for purposes of the present invention.
The present invention has also the objective of providing a railroad sleeper made by an extrusion/co-extrusion process.
An additional objective of the present invention is to provide a railroad sleeper whose hollow sector comprises a support groove.
An additional objective of the present invention is to provide a process for manufacturing a railroad sleeper by an extrusion process that enables compaction of the composition used in making the sleeper within the calibrator of the extruding machine, as well as homogeneous cooling of the whole thickness of the sleeper that is being produced.
Finally, the present invention has the objective of meeting, on a large scale, the Brazilian Market with good quality and reliability.
The objectives of the present invention are achieved by means of a high performance railroad sleeper, produced preferably from polypropylene with high fiberglass contents, which may range from 5 to 40%, manufactured preferably by an extrusion process with a layer of pure polypropylene as an envelope applied by the co-extrusion process.
The proposed railroad sleeper exhibits high elastic module and performance dose to that of wood, thus enabling application on railroads for transporting load and passengers. The railroad sleeper proposed in the present invention has the following main advantages:
availability and reliability of the raw material to meet the Market on a large scale;
good electric insulator;
high elastic module;
totally recyclable;
installation and maintenance equal to those of wooden sleepers, employing the same tools and equipment;
greater ease of transportation and maintenance, reducing logistic costs;
it is inert and impermeable,
it can be used in conjunction with the wooden sleeper;
it enables the use of the fixation systems employed at present on wooden sleepers;
it enables the production of different lengths and shapes of sleeper to meet different gages and AMV's (line shift apparatus);
The present invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to an example of embodiment represented in the drawings. The figures show:
The present invention relates to a railroad sleeper 1 (called also sleeper 1).
Structurally and with reference to
In reference to
More specifically and with reference to
Thus, the free portion 17 should be understood as a (face) bored-through (opened) portion of the hollow sector 4, this portion enabling the ballast of the railroad network to penetrate the railroad sleeper 1, and more specifically of the hollow sector 4. The lower portion of the anchorage walls 5, 5′, that is, the portion that supports the sleeper 1 on the soil, is called support points 7, 7′, such support points 7, 7′ being opposite the points of association between the contact surface 3 and the anchorage walls 5, 5′.
With reference to
With regard to the support points, they may assume different structural embodiment for the proposed sleeper 1, as shown in
The embodiment shown in
On the other hand, the embodiment shown in
More specifically, the distance between the support points 7, 7′ shown in
On the other hand, in the embodiment in which the double support points 8, 8′ are used, the first width L1 is smaller than the second width L2, as shown in
The proposal shown in
With a view to potentiate the support of the railroad sleeper 1 proposed in the present invention, there is also, in the embodiment shown in
The support groove 9 may protrude through the whole height of the hollow sector 4, as illustrated in the embodiments shown in
In an additional structural configuration, the support grooves 9 further protrudes from at least one of the anchorage walls 5, 5′ and toward the hollow sector 4 of the railroad sleeper 1.
Such an embodiment is shown in
An alternative structural embodiment for the railroad sleeper comprises the support grooves 9 protruding from only the anchorage walls 5, 5′, or still protruding from only one of the Anchorage walls 5, 5′. Further, the number of support grooves 9 shown in the figures should not be considered a limitative characteristic of the present invention.
The proposed railroad sleeper 1 further comprises a plurality of anchorage teeth 12, such anchorage teeth 12 being preferably arranged on at least one of the anchorage walls 5, 5′.
More specifically, the anchorage teeth 12 are arranged in the portion of the anchorage walls 5, 5′ not adjacent the hollow sector 4, or still, for a better understanding, the anchorage teeth 12 are arranged on the outer walls of the anchorage walls 5, 5′.
As can be seen in
The anchorage teeth 12 do not interfere in the mechanical characteristics of the sleeper 1, more specifically such teeth 12 provide greater Anchorage of the sleeper 1 to the ballast, enabling the ballast to penetrate into each of the anchorage teeth 12. Additionally, the arrangement of the anchorage teeth 12 further provides saving of material and optimization in the manufacture of the sleeper 1.
In alternative embodiments, the railroad sleeper 1 might be configured so that the contact surface 3 would protrude beyond the anchorage walls 5, 5′, as shown in
It is noted that such embodiments make use of double support points 8, 8′, wherein 12 (a) illustrates the sleeper 1 comprising a support groove 9 protruding from the contact surface 3 and toward the hollow sector 4. On the other hand
In the embodiments in which the railroad sleeper 1 comprises double support points 8, 8′, such points 8, 8′ may protrude out of the hollow sector 4 (as shown in
The embodiments shown in
The structural embodiments proposed for the railroad sleeper 1 having been presented, their preferred embodiments are discussed hereinafter.
The thickness E of the sleeper 1 preferably assumes the value of 2 centimeters (cm), so that values ranging from 1 to 4 centimeters would be acceptable. In the embodiments where the sleeper 1 comprises anchorage teeth 12, such teeth comprise a thickness E1 ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 cm.
Thus, and with specific reference to
Further with reference to
For any of the embodiments proposed for the railroad sleeper 1, the first width L1 preferably is equivalent to 24 cm, so that values in the range 18 to 30 cm would be acceptable.
The embodiments that make use of double support points 8, 8′ (protruding both into and out of the hollow sector 4) establish a second preferred width L2 of 32 cm, so that values in the range 19 to 48 cm would be acceptable, provided that obviously the second width L2 (double support points) is larger than the first width L1 (simple support points).
In the embodiment in which the double support points 8, 8′ protrude only into the hollow sector 4, the second width L2 will assume a value equal to the first width Li.
With regard to the width of the double support points 8, 8′, referred to as third width L3 (
As to the height of the railroad sleeper 1 proposed in the present invention, it is referred to as a first height H and preferably is equivalent, for any of the embodiments proposed, to 19 cm, so that values in the range from 14 to 20 cm would be acceptable.
In the embodiments that make use of the support groove 9, such an element protrudes from the contact surface 3 at values in the range from 0.5 to 19 cm, thus establishing a height of the Anchorage groove h3, as shown in
The width of the anchorage groove, referred to as L4, assumes preferred values from 0.5 to 3.0 cm.
For support grooves 9 protruding from the anchorage walls 5, 5′, one should reduce the maximum limit of the height h3 to the value used in the thickness E of the railroad sleeper 1.
The association of the anchorage walls 5, 5′ with the contact surface 3 and the double support points 8, 8′ may be carried out orthogonally, as shown in previous figures, alternatively it may be carried out by segments in curvature, as in the embodiment shown in
The same thing occurs for the embodiment of the support groove 9, which is suitable to be arranged orthogonally with respect to the contact surface 3 and anchorage walls 5, 5′, or alternatively it may be configured from segments in curvature.
In order for the sleeper 1 to be capable of standing the stresses of its application field, there is the need to use a material having a high elastic module (high rigidity), having also high resistance to impact, resistance to fatigue and high market availability.
More specifically and in a preferred manner only, the inner wall 13 and an outer wall 14 of the sleeper 1 are manufactured from the first material, preferably a polymeric material and more preferably a pure polymeric material.
In a further preferred embodiment, the contact surface (3) and the anchorage walls (5, 5′) further establish an inner wall (13) and an outer wall (14) of the railroad sleeper (1), so that the inner wall (13) of the railroad sleeper (1) is manufactured from a first polymeric material; and the outer wall (14) of the railroad sleeper (1) is manufactured from the first polymeric material.
The inner and outer walls 13, 14 are delimited by the contact surface 3 and anchorage walls 5, 5′, as better shown in
In
On the other hand, the inner portion of the walls 13 and 14, referred to as an intermediate layer 15, is preferably made from a composition that preferably, but not exclusively comprises the first material, more preferably a composition of polypropylene with fiberglass, and still more preferably a composition of polypropylene with a fiberglass mass preferably between 5% and 40% (by weight of the composition) and, even more preferably from 33% to 37% by weight of the composition of fiberglass.
It should be mentioned that the manufacture of the inner wall 13 and the outer wall 14 from the same material used in the manufacture of the intermediate layer 15 (in this case, polypropylene) is just a preferred characteristic of the present invention. Thus, the walls 13 and 14 might be manufactured from a material other than that used in layer 15, as long as obviously it provides the necessary adherence to the piece.
Such a preferred characteristic in the material of the proposed sleeper 1, wherein the inner 13 and outer 14 walls are preferably made from polypropylene and the intermediate layer 15 is made from a composition of polypropylene with fiberglass, is valid for all the structural embodiments proposed for the railroad sleeper 1, and not only for the embodiment shown in
The thickness of one of the inner walls and outer walls 13 and 4 preferably ranges from 0.005 to 0.05 cm, while the thickness of the inner layer 15 may be achieved by subtracting the thickness E of the railroad sleeper by the value of the thickness of one of the inner 13 and outer 14 walls.
It is important to point out that the use of the composition of polypropylene with fiberglass in the intermediate layer 15 should be considered just a preferred characteristic of the present invention, so that any material (composition) having bending module higher than or equal to 5000 MPa might be used. Finally, one should understand that the bending module should be measured (determined) according to the Standard ISO 178.
It is also important to highlight that the inner wall (or inner layer) may optionally not be included. Similarly, the outer wall (or outer layer) may optionally not be present. Thus, the railroad sleeper 1 can be made only from the intermediate layer without the inner and outer walls.
In the embodiment of
it is important to highlight that the manufacture of the sleeper 1 using the composition comprising polypropylene and fiberglass should be considered only as a preferential feature of the present application, so that any material (composition) provided with a bending module greater than or equal to 5000 MPa could be used in the manufacture of the sleeper 1, said bending module must be measured (determined) in accordance with ISO 178. In a preferred embodiment, said material is a polymeric composition. Said polymeric composition can comprise polyolefins, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and their mixtures, among other polymeric materials, with or without the addition of additives and/or fillers. In one or more embodiments of the present invention, said polymeric composition may be of renewable origin or of fossil origin. In other embodiments, said polymeric composition may comprise virgin polymers, recycled polymers or mixtures thereof.
Consequently, present application teaches the possibility of manufacturing the sleeper from a composition with a bending module greater than or equal to 5000 MPa, more preferably a polymeric composition, and more preferably a polymeric composition comprising polypropylene and fiberglass.
It is also noteworthy that said polymeric composition may include fillers and additives that modify various physical and chemical properties when added to the polymeric composition, including one or more polymeric additives such as pigments, flow accelerators, auxiliaries process, lubricants, antistatic agents, clarifying agents, nucleating agents, beta-nucleating agents, gliding agents, antioxidants, antacids, light stabilizers such as HALS, IR absorbers, anti-UV additives, bleaching agents, inorganic fillers, organic and/or inorganic dyes, anti-blocking agents, flame retardants, plasticizers, biocides and adhesion promoting agents. Polymeric composition according to the present invention can be loaded with charges which can include glass fibers, carbon fibers, carbon black, silica powder, precipitated calcium carbonate, calcium carbonate, talc, titanium dioxide, clay, polyhedral silsesquiloxane oligomeric (POSS), calcium carbonate, metal oxide particles and nanoparticles, inorganic salt particles and nanoparticles and mixtures thereof.
The embodiment wherein the sleeper is made only from the intermediate layer may be applied to any of the structural configurations addressed in present application, including the configuration that comprises the support surface 3′.
In a possible embodiment of the present application, the inner layer 13 could optionally be included in the railroad sleeper 1,1′. In this case, the sleeper 1 would be manufactured from a polymeric composition, preferably comprising polypropylene and fiberglass and only its inner layer 13 would be of a polymeric material, preferably included via coextrusion, as shown in
Said polymeric material can be selected from polyolefins, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and their mixtures, among other polymeric materials. Said polymeric material can be of renewable origin or of fossil origin, being able to comprise virgin polymers, recycled polymers or mixtures of these. Preferably, said polymeric material can be selected from polypropylene, polyethylene and their mixtures. More preferably, said polymeric material is a polypropylene with or without the addition of additives and/or fillers.
Similarly, the outer layer 14 could also optionally be included, preferably via coextrusion. In this case, the sleeper 1 would be manufactured from a polymeric composition, preferably comprising polypropylene and fiberglass and only its outer layer 14 would be made of a polymeric material, as shown in
It is noteworthy that such polymeric materials used for the inner or outer layers may also include fillers and additives previously mentioned.
Obviously, the embodiments of
For fixation of the proposed sleeper 1 (comprising the inner and outer walls or made only from the intermediate layer) to the rails 2, 2′, fixation blocks 10 should be arranged in the hollow sector 4 of the sleeper 1. These blocks have the primary function of enabling the installation of the tirefonds and installation of the fixing devices that fasten the rails 2, 2′ to the sleeper. More specifically, such blocks 10 prevent lateral movements of the railroad and should be arranged in the portion of the sleeper 1 that is below the rails 2, 2′, or, in other words, in the portion of the sleeper 1 opposite the point of arrangement of the tracks on the contact surface 3.
One further observes in the hollow sector 4 of the sleeper 1, which, when fixed to a railroad network, enables the ballast of the railroad to penetrate the hollow sector 4 and, with the compaction of the ballast in the hollow sector 4, greater rigidity of the ballast/sleeper system will be achieved.
One further notes in
Such fixing blocks 10 may be manufactured by different processes, such as extrusion, intrusion, injection, pultrusion, and machining processes that use massive blocks to obtain the final shape of the piece.
For better fixation of the blocks 10 to the sleeper 1, fixing elements, preferably configured as hexagonal screws 26 might be arranged transversely to the sleeper 1, as preferably represented in
The preferred dimensions of each of the proposed fixing blocks 10 are described as follows:
With reference to
The smaller base has a preferred value of about 40 cm, the preferred height is of 15 cm, so that values in the range 13 to 17 cm would be acceptable, and the preferred depth is equivalent to 20 cm, for both the height and the width.
The preferred values for the fixing block illustrated in
The proposal illustrated in
Thus, the structures 27 combine resistance and lightness and establish a new possibility of arranging the fixing blocks 10. On further notes that the blocks 10 discloses in
Further, any of the fixing blocks 10 discussed in the present invention and disclosed in
As to the dimensions of the fixing blocks represented in
The structural embodiment of the fixing block shown in
Finally, the proposal illustrated in
Alternatively to the use of the fixing blocks 10, one may fixe the sleeper 1 by means of the already existing cast-iron plates 25 and still by means of the metallic plates 22 (preferably made of steel) fixed to the existing plates (plate 25) by means of conventional fixing element 23, such as screws, press washers and nuts.
Such fixing form is illustrated in
In addition to the structural embodiments proposes for the railroad sleeper 1, where one establishes the hollow sector 4 and its free portion 17, the present invention also proposes the shaping of a railroad sleeper 1′ further comprising a support surface 3.′
Said support surface 3′ is opposite the contact surface 3 and adjacent the anchorage walls 5 and 5′. In this way, the hollow sector 4 of the railroad sleeper 1′ is delimited from the association of the contact surface 3 with the support surface 3′ and by means of the anchorage walls 5, 5′. Thus in the embodiments shown in
It should be pointed out that the other characteristics and embodiment proposed for the railroad sleeper 1 comprising the free portion 17 are also valid for the embodiment of the railroad sleeper 1′ shown in
For example, in the railroad sleeper 1′ provided with the support surface 3′, is reference to the inner 13 and outer 14 walls is valid, as well as the use of the material and composition already mentioned when describing the railroad sleeper 1. Further, the reference to the use of the support blocks 10 is also valid for this embodiment. In this regard,
Further, as one observes in the embodiment shown in
Further, as observed in
One observes in
In the embodiment shown in
On the other hand, the double support points 8, 8′ should be understood as the proposal in which the contact surface 3 and the support surface 3′ protrudes beyond the Anchorage walls 5, 5,′ just as the embodiment proposed in
In summary, except for the difference in the shaping of the hollow sector 4, the railroad sleeper 1′ comprises all the characteristics mentioned before for the railroad sleeper 1.
It is important to mention that the embodiments illustrated in the figures of the present invention are preferred embodiments for the railroad 1,1′.
Thus, considering both the railroad sleeper 1 provided with a free portion 17 and the railroad sleeper 1′ with the support surface 3′, it is acceptable to propose an embodiment that is not explicitly shown in the figures presented, but that uses combinations of the characteristics set forth in the figures.
For example, considering the embodiment shown in
The structural forms proposed for the railroad sleeper 1, 1′ of the present invention are obtained preferably by an extrusion/co-extrusion process. Such a process is carried out by means of a conventional extruding machine, provided, for example, with a feed point, thread cannon, matrix, calibrator and velocity reducer.
The structural embodiment of the extruding machine do not represent the preferred aspect of the present invention, so that extruding machines known from the prior art may be used to shape the railroad sleeper 1, 1,′ proposed.
On the other hand, determined parameters and extrusion-process steps should be followed for correct shaping of the sleeper 1, 1′, such parameters and steps being discussed hereinafter.
Generally speaking, during the extrusion process, one should permit compaction of the composition (structure that forms the sleeper 1,1′) used within the calibrator of the extruder and homogenous cooling of the whole thickness of the piece.
The process proposed comprises the initial step of adding the composition used (preferably polypropylene with fiberglass) to the feeder of the extruding machine and then regulate temperature parameter of the head (melting zone) to meet the characteristics of the material.
Concomitantly with the above step, one should add the first pure polymeric material (pure polypropylene, without fiberglass) to an extruding machine and melt it.
Then, one should add in the extruding machine, at the same time (at the same head), the (pure) molten polypropylene together with the composition of polypropylene with fiberglass.
After this, one should coat the composition of polypropylene with fiberglass with pure polypropylene, thus establishing a structure with the arrangement of the inner 13 and outer 14 walls in pure polypropylene and the intermediate layer 15 in polypropylene and fiberglass. Thus one establishes a structure similar to the extrusion process known as ABA, in which the first layer (layer A) consists of a determined material (in this case, pure polypropylene), the intermediate layer (layer B) consists of another material, in this case a composition of polypropylene with fiberglass, and the third layer consists again of the material A, pure polypropylene.
It should be pointed out that the manufacture of the inner 13 and outer 14 walls from the same material used in making the intermediate layer 15 (in this case, polypropylene) is just a preferred characteristic of the present invention. Thus, the walls 13 and 14 might be made from a material other than that used in the layer 15, as long as obviously it provides the necessary adherence to the piece.
Following the description of the proposed steps, after melting the structure within the cannon and the screw of the extruding machine, the molten structure is extruded within the matrix, said matrix having the main function of shaping the structure to a desired shape.
Subsequently, the structure, upon coming out of the matrix, passes through calibrator provided with a water-based cooling system. Said cooling system aims at keeping the molten structure in its final shape, besides aiding in cooling the piece.
Upon coming out of the calibrator, the piece gets into a system for controlling the velocity of the extruding machine, thus limiting the flowrate of the process and enabling compaction of the structure 5 within the calibrator, thus preventing bubbles and loss of material. Finally, the molten structure) is cut into a desired size.
It is important to point out that the use of the composition of polypropylene with fiberglass in the intermediate layer 15 should be considered only as a preferred characteristic of the process described, so that any material (composition) having a bending module higher than or equal to 5000 MPa might be used.
Additionally, the composition of polypropylene with fiberglass preferably used comprises, preferably, fiberglass in the range from 5% to 40% by mass, and more preferably from 33% to 37% by mass of fiberglass.
Depending on the desired shape for the railroad sleeper 1, 1′, the calibrator of the extruder may be configured as a calibrator with or without vacuum. On calibrators without vacuum, one proposes a preferred length from 0.3 to 0.5 meters, while on a calibrator with vacuum, one proposes a preferred length between 1 and 4 meters and vacuum of the cooling chamber from 0 to 0.4 bar.
It is pointed out that a calibrator without vacuum should be preferably used for shaping the railroad sleeper 1 whose hollow sector 4 is delimited by the free portion 17.
On the other hand, a calibrator with vacuum is preferably used in shaping the sleeper 1′ whose hollow sector 4 is delimited by the support surface 3.′
Additionally, the following preferred parameters for the extruding machine are proposed:
temperature of the extruder preferably ranging from 220° C. to 250° C.;
amperage of the extruder ranging from 25 to 350 A;
pressure of the head preferably ranging from 15 5 to 70 bar;
velocity of the extruding machine (velocity of the line) ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 meters/minute;
rotation of the screw preferably ranging from 10 to 45 rotations per minute (rpm);
productivity of the extruding machine 5 preferably ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 k/meter;
Although the process of shaping the railroad sleeper 1, 1′ has been referred to as an extrusion process, one should understand that such a characteristic is just a preferred embodiment of the present invention, so that other processes might be used for structural shaping of the proposes sleeper 1, such as an intrusion, injection or pultrusion process.
It should also be noted that in one or more embodiments, said contact surface 3 can be a flat contact surface. In one or more embodiments, the anchorage walls 5,5′ are arranged orthogonally to the contact surface 3. In another embodiment, the anchorage walls 5,5′ are parallel or substantially parallel to each other. In another embodiment, the anchorage walls 5,5′ are vertical or substantially vertical with respect to the ground. It is noteworthy that a small inclination (maximum of 15°) between each of the anchoring walls and the vertical axis (“y” axis, perpendicular to the ground) would be acceptable. This inclination could occur both for the interior of the sleeper or for its exterior.
A preferred example of embodiment having been described, one should understand that the scope of the present invention embraces other possible variations, being limited only by the contents of the accompanying claims, which include the possible equivalents.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 13 2020 023070.0 | Nov 2020 | BR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/BR2021/050240 | 6/2/2021 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16891102 | Jun 2020 | US |
| Child | 18007874 | US |
