Patent Application
20180051211
The present request discloses a stimuli-responsive composite material, respective production process and application as a sensitive film.
Liquid crystals can serve as the sensing elements in diagnostic devices given their fast response to an external stimulus (e.g. electromagnetic field) or in the presence of an analyte, as reviewed previously by [1]. In addition, the inherent alignment of a mesophase can be disrupted by the introduction of biological species, as reported in the past using thermotropic liquid crystals immobilized or self-assembled onto treated or chemically modified microscope slide surfaces [2,3] or free lyotropic liquid crystals aligned in solution [4,5].
Most devices containing sensing elements composed by liquid crystals focus on the detection of biological species because the presence of biological species causes changes in the orientational ordering of a liquid crystal, which can be monitored by polarized optical microscopy, through the difference of intensity of the transmitted light. Since liquid crystals are immiscible with water, the interactions between analytes in the solution and the liquid crystal can be studied at the liquid crystal/aqueous interface. Therefore, we have rationalized that emulsions formed from liquid crystals represent viable candidates for the creation of liquid crystal-based sensors, particularly suited for the analysis of aqueous biological species. On the other hand, emulsions provide a larger contact interfacial area than liquid crystals disposed in planar contact surfaces. Moreover, the three-dimensionality of the liquid crystal droplets is better suited to detect interfacial events [6]. However, liquid crystal droplets in emulsions are mobile, which hampers their observation under polarized light microscopy. Therefore, for proper observation, the droplets need to be confined or to be smaller [7]. In this context, liquid crystal micelles have been produced by vortexing or sonication using surfactants and amphiphile molecules, or by templating. The latter includes the encapsulation of liquid crystal by a Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique where polyelectrolyte multi-layers (PEMs) of poly (styrene sulfonate)/poly-(allylamine hydrochloride) are built on liquid crystal oil-in-water emulsions [6,8]. LbL technique was also used to produce a range of liquid crystal emulsions with a predetermined size and surface chemistry. In this case, the method of liquid crystal emulsion preparation involved templating PEM capsules formed by the LbL adsorption of polyelectrolytes on sacrificial silica particles [9,10]. These liquid crystal emulsion consisting of micrometer-sized droplets were able to detect and distinguish between different Gram+ and Gram− bacteria, as well as enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, on the basis of 4-pentyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) transition (e.g. from bipolar to radial configuration). The transitions of 5CB orientational order were associated with the transfer of lipids from the biological species to the interfaces of the liquid crystal droplets. In this case, the liquid crystal droplets were mobile, which hampered their observation by microscopy.
Other authors employed liquid crystal dots on microfluidic channels which functioned as microscopic protein sensors. Inkjet printing techniques were employed to print liquid crystal dots directly on a hybrophobic surface in such a way that the liquid crystal dots were embedded inside microfluidic channels [12]. Other authors used surfactant-stabilized 5CB droplets produced by sonication for the detection of lithocholic acid in solution at the micromolar level. The tested surfactants were sodium alkyl sulfate, alkyl trimethylammonium bromide and 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) [12]. According to this study, the surfactant adsorbed at the 5CB/water interface was replaced by lithocholic acid, triggering a radial-to-bipolar configuration transition of the 5CB in the droplets, and micromolar levels of lithocholic acid in aqueous solution could be detected by observing the lithocholic acid-triggered transition with a polarized optical microscope.
Recently, surface-oriented liquid crystals and liquid crystal emulsions/liquid crystal droplets have also been employed for the detection of volatile organic compounds. One example includes the development of a liquid crystal-based optical sensor for the detection of vaporous butylamine in air where 5CB was doped with lauric aldehyde [13]. The proposed sensor shows fast and distinct bright-to-dark optical response to primary amines as butylamine vapor (within 2 min after it is exposed to 10 ppmv of butylamine) and also to secondary amines, but with a higher detection limit of 200 ppmv. This optical response is attributed to an orientational transition of liquid crystal triggered by a reaction between the dopant and the amines. This liquid crystal sensor also exhibits reversibility after the sensor is exposed to open air. A gas detector chamber was built where lauric aldehyde-doped 5CB is dispensed in a copper grid supported on a clean glass slide, and the 25 ml chamber possesses an inlet and outlet for vapors plus a glass window for visualization on the optical polarized microscope.
Recently, a sensor for detection of nitric oxide (NO) was presented, where a gold-coated surface was employed as the specific constituent to detect NO. The liquid crystals were deposited onto this surface in their free form [14]. The same work showed that humidity had a minimal effect on the sensors' response and that the sensors remain functionally stable for six months when are stored under an inert atmosphere.
Other authors proposed a method for gas detection, specifically ethanol, using liquid crystals deposited in a planar optical waveguide [15]. The presented method detects differences in the director of liquid crystal molecules and the refractive index of the sensitive film. The structure of the sensor comprises three layers: a layer of benzocyclobutene, an epoxy substrate, and a copper perchlorate doped liquid crystal cladding. Copper perchlorate is sensitive to ethanol and thus worked as a recognition agent [15]. In another format, a sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) with cholesteric liquid crystals for the detection of organic solvent vapors of polar and non-polar substances was described. In this case, a mixture of styrene monomers, together with 30% by weight of divinylbenzene as a crosslinking agent was polymerized in an 80-fold excess of solvent. Cholesteric liquid crystals were added to the above mixture in a small fraction for imprinting. As the polymerization was photoinduced the coated MIP layers were exposed to ultraviolet light (UV) at a wavelength of 365 nm for 10 minutes [16]. These MIPs were exposed to increasing concentrations of vapors and a shift of the absorption band towards lower wavelengths was observed. The MIPs were also placed on structures used in quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) in order to study the incorporation of analytes in them through their mass increase [16].
Document no. US20120288951 was also published, which discloses a method where liquid crystals are used as sensory elements. In these systems, the liquid crystals possess a reactive moiety involved in the analyte detection, and the transition of the liquid crystal orientation is measured [17]. Also in patent document no.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,666,661 are presented general substrates, devices and methods for quantitative assays of liquid crystals, wherein the devices are defined as being constituted by a surface with a recognition moiety and a mesogenic layer oriented to the surface [18].
In another publication [19], a gas-sensitive sensor for the detection of dimethylphosphonate (DMMP) was proposed consisting of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC). The sensor element comprises a PDLC doped with carbon nanotubes (CNT-PDLC), and a pair of planar interdigitated electrodes. The concentration of DMMP exposed to the CNT-PDLC material is detectable by measuring the change in conductivity of the material. Compared with liquid crystal based conventional sensors, the proposed PDLC device is robust against mechanical shocks. The sensor response is linear for gas concentrations of 5 to 250 ppm, and the response time is about 125 s [19]. In this case, the liquid crystal E7 droplets strongly adsorbed onto carbon nanotubes are dispersed randomly in the acrylate polymer. After exposure to the analyte, the resistance of the polymer increases due to re-structuring of the conductive network of the carbon nanotubes.
In the field of gas sensors which are not based on liquid crystals, the most studied and commercially available devices use semiconductor metal oxides (MOS), metal oxide semiconductor based field effect transistors (MOSFET), surface acoustic wave (SAW), and conductive polymers (CP). The disadvantages of these sensors include high operating temperature (150 to 500° C.), high energy consumption, sensitivity to moisture and temperature, the need for sophisticated electronic equipment for generating a signal, and a complex process for the preparation of the sensorial surface.
Recently, it was demonstrated that materials resulting from chemical crossing of gelatin and organic salts can be applied as electrically conductive materials, such as reported in document PT103765 [20] and used as gas sensors [21].
The present application describes a sensitive composite material, comprising:
a) at least one liquid crystal consisting of at least one mesogen;
b) at least one ionic liquid consisting at least one organic salt having the composition X+ and Y− where X+ represents the cation and Y− represents the anion of the salt, or molecules with surfactant properties;
c) at least one polymer or molecule exhibiting self-assembly properties or their mixture;
d) at least one solvent, such as water.
The choice of solvent will depend on the physicochemical properties of the other components. The solvent may be composed in any proportion of one or more polar, apolar, protic or aprotic solvent(s), ionically charged or uncharged, including but not limited to water, aqueous solvents and organic solvents.
In one embodiment, the formulation of the composite material can further comprise at least one stabilising agent, such as sorbitol.
In another embodiment, the formulation of the composite material comprises at least one electrolyte.
In yet another embodiment, the formulation of the composite material may comprise at least one molecular recognition agents such as peptides, antibodies and enzymes.
In yet another embodiment, the formulation of the composite material comprises materials including carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, among others.
In another embodiment, the formulation of the composite material is comprised of active ingredients, in particular substances having a pharmacological effect (whether therapeutic or diagnostic)
The sensitive film is fabricated using the following protocol and reagent composition:
a) The formulation of a composite material comprises at least one liquid crystal, at least one ionic liquid, at least one polymer or molecule with self-assembly properties or their mixture and of at least one solvent, such as water, wherein the formulation is prepared by a procedure which includes but is not limited to magnetic stirring techniques, manual agitation, vortex mixing or application of ultrasound;
b) Shaping the aforementioned formulation into layer format(s) such as, but not limited to, transparent thin films of varying dimensionality (thickness, length, width etc.). Such films may be deposited onto rigid or flexible, treated or untreated, optically transparent surfaces which themselves do not exhibit any intrinsic anisotropy. Film formats may be deposited by employing scattering techniques, which include, but are not limited to the use of utensils such as nozzles, spatulas, glass rods or through mechanical or automatic propulsion technique, wherein the rigid or flexible surface comprises at least one structure, such as mesh, channel, plurality of columns, a matrix of test area, or a combination thereof.
The described composite material, and respective production method enable the application of the material as sensitive film(s) that respond to external stimuli such as temperature changes, pressure changes, changes of concentration of compounds such as patterns of analytes and analytes, organic compounds, inorganic compounds, biomolecules, biomarkers, microorganisms, viruses, cells, organelles, and particles in gaseous, liquid or solid states by observing or measuring changes the properties of the composite material, such as but not limited to, changes to the optical, electrical and/or opto-electrical properties.
This composite material, and respective production method, may also be used for encapsulation of active ingredients, encapsulating molecules and particles such as, but not limited to, biomolecules and cells; or as material for medical devices for diagnosis and therapy, materials and devices for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, or the development of materials and devices for construction and automotive industry, materials for catalysis for chemical and biochemical reactions, materials for separation compounds, conductive and semi-conductive materials and electrochemical cells or parts thereof.
This document describes a composite material that may be a gel or polymer matrix, which can be used as a sensing element for the detection and quantification of a variety of analytes. The detection of analytes in samples can be made through (i) changes in optical properties of the sensitive film, (ii) electrical conductivity changes or (iii) changes in optical properties and electrical conductivity simultaneously.
The intrinsic properties of this material and its fast and reversible responses in the presence of volatile compounds allow its utilization as sensitive film able to detect analytes through different transduction principles (optical, electrical and opto-electric). Several combinations of these sensitive films can be arranged due to the wide range of components available for the films, allowing the optimization of response patterns for a variety of applications.
The major components of the present technology includes: Composite materials whose essential components are: (i) at least one liquid crystal or mixture thereof, (ii) at least one ionic liquid, an organic salt of composition X+ and Y− wherein X+ represents the cation of the salt and Y− represents the anion of the salt, or surfactant, (iii) selection of polymers of natural or synthetic origin preferably used singly or as a mixture of at least two components; self-assembling molecules or molecules with properties that induce the formation of gels and composites or their mixture between said polymers of natural or synthetic origin and self-assembling molecules (iv) a solvent, such as water. Optionally, other components may be included such as (v) a stabilizing agent, such as sorbitol; (vi) an electrolyte that can be dispensed if the sensitive film is used to obtain exclusively optical response or in cases where the ionic liquid(s) or surfactant(s) are also a conductive agent.
From this mixture, the composite material can be molded into the layer format(s), such as thin films or other structures with different 1D, 2D and 3D geometries (eg., fibers, particles), such that liquid crystal micelles are dispersed in controlled size and distribution pattern while remaining immobilized within the composite material.
The mixture may be formed by scattering the above formulation on a hard, ideally clear, untreated surface such as a clean glass slide, free of intrinsic anisotropy, without any additional pretreatment. This scattering may occur through the use of different scattering techniques, including, but not limited to the use of utensils such as nozzles, clamps, spatulas, glass rods or by means of mechanical propulsion technique or automatic techniques (e.g. “spin coating”).
Depending on the composition of the mixture, after the deposition onto a surface, the resultant structure maybe a transparent film, whether permeable, flexible or semi-rigid, as configured in
The micelles containing liquid crystal molecules are firmly encapsulated within the network of the film constituents, but nevertheless remain sensitive to external stimuli such as chemical vapor of a solvent, or any other analyte, temperature or pressure.
Upon contact with an analyte, the orderly arrangement of the liquid crystal micelles is disrupted and changes in anisotropic properties of the micelles can be observed by a polarized light optical microscopy system or other transduction means.
Changes in the optical and opto-electrical properties of the sensitive film occur in response to applied external stimuli such as, but not limited to, temperature changes, pressure changes, changes in electromagnetic field, the presence of volatile compounds, micro-organisms, particles, metabolites among others.
The formulation of the composite material comprising liquid crystals(s) and ionic liquid(s), as well as the method to formulate and cast a sensitive film using this formulation described herein have the following unique characteristics:
(a) The analyte detection is not dependent on changes in the net radial crystal phase transition for bipolar (or vice versa) for detection.
(b) The analyte detection does not require labeling, labeling or possession of any specific molecular recognition interface, to enable or facilitate the interaction of the analyte.
(c) Regarding exposure times, response times and recovery times, the sensitive films produced by the described method operate on shorter time scales, in the order of seconds, allowing to perform measurements in real time.
(d) Sensitive films produced by this method contain the liquid crystal micelles fixed within the polymer matrix, which facilitates the observation of the events through polarized light microscopy or by any other transduction method whether optical, electrical and/or opto-electric.
(e) The optical, electrical and opto-electrical responses of these films in the presence of analytes in samples are reproducible and reversible, thereby making it possible to re-use the film a multiple number of times without adverse effect.
(f) The sensitive film produced by the described method does not require pre-treatment of the transparent surface on which the film is molded.
(g) This technology permits an increase in selectivity of analyte detection and reduces the number of sensors required for detecting and/or quantifying a sample using the principles of optical detection compared to solely electrical transduction principles. This was observed in a study where four films of gelatin and ionic liquid (without a liquid crystal) were able to distinguish eight solvents [21]. In Example 4 presented here, three polymer matrices or gels of different compositions distinguished eleven different solvents using only an optical transduction. Principle.
(h) The sensitive film produced by this method can be used in sensors to provide a selective or semi-selective detection, or a combination of semi-selective responses, without limiting its potential and detection versatility, resulting in a wide range of potential applications.
(i) the ease of fabrication of the sensitive films, the numerous possible variations in its composition and the possibility of combining sensitive films with different formulations, confer sensitivity and selectivity to the sensory system.
(j) The sensitive films have great stability and can be stored at least for 18 months at ambient conditions without adverse effect to composition, physical, chemical or optical properties.
(k) The sensitive films are not influenced by the presence of moisture in the samples that are going to be analyzed.
(l) The fact that it is possible to use the optical measurement alone facilitates the use of the sensitive films in optical devices for detection of analytes in explosive or flammable environments, as shown in Example 6.
(m) The composite materials, as well as the sensitive films and optical and hybrid devices are very low cost in production and operation.
(n) Most of the materials that make up the sensitive films have reduced environmental impact.
(o) The production of films is scalable and compatible with mass production.
Composite materials and sensitive film described herein may have a wide range of applications, such as:
1. Manufacturing Industry (mainly in quality control, detection of hazardous agents), food industry, chemical products, refineries and petrochemical plants, pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, timber industry, among others.
2. Security—airports, ports, military and national security.
3. Environment—detection of risks and pollution, waste control in water treatment plants and reservoirs as well as in rivers and lakes.
4. Rapid diagnostic/disease management devices for hospital and home use.
5. Scientific research—Distinction of materials, botanical and ecological studies, and also analytical methods.
A device capable of obtaining optical or opto-electric signals was built in order to make measurements using the sensitive film described herein. To obtain the optical signal, the device consists of an optical sensor comprised of light emitter/photodetector pairs, such as LED/LDR (light emitting diode/light dependent resistor) or any other source of white or colored light, which enables to obtain the quantitative data generated by the sensitive films acting as sensory interfaces. The optical sensor device comprises at least one source of mono- or polychromatic light, aligned with an equal number of photodetectors and may be a phototransistor, a photodiode, an LDR, among others, which convert light intensity into a measurable electrical signal. The optical sensors were fixed in the light paths between two crossed polarizing films, allowing the transduction system to measure the light intensity that passes through the sensitive composites and reaches the photodetector during the analyses.
To acquire an opto-electric signal, a device was built which allows simultaneous acquisition of electrical and optical signals generated by the sensitive films when exposed to samples of different analytes, thereby improving the reliability and accuracy of the sensor. The optical measurements are obtained as described for the optical sensor. The electrical measurements are obtained by depositing the films onto interdigitated electrodes deposited on transparent substrates, forming chemiresisitive sensors, to which an alternating voltage is applied, this way generating a proportional electrical current in the deposited films. This apparatus permits to make electrical measurements, such as admittance, impedance, capacitance, etc., during the analyses.
This device is useful for rapid real-time detection of high valuable analytes in the gaseous or vapor phase, including, but not limited to, volatile compounds. It can be used in field work for environmental monitoring, safety, laboratory analyses, food and hygiene industries, biopharmaceutical, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, as well as in medical devices.
For an easier understanding of the technique, figures are attached. They represent embodiments but, however, are not intended to limit the subject of this application.
1—polymer chains;
2—ionic liquid;
3—aligned liquid crystals.
10—Sample compartment;
11—Solenoid valves;
12—Air pump;
13—Air;
14—Sensors compartment;
15—Flow meter;
16—Admittance Meter with A/D converter;
17—Computer;
18—Output of the measuring device (4).
Toluene (19), methanol (20), hexane (21), ethanol (22), acetone (23), chloroform (24).
38—20% ethanol;
39—40% ethanol;
40—60% ethanol;
41—80% ethanol;
42—100% ethanol.
38—20% ethanol;
39—40% ethanol;
40—60% ethanol;
41—80% ethanol;
42—100% ethanol.
38—20% ethanol;
39—40% ethanol;
40—60% ethanol;
41—80% ethanol;
42—100% ethanol.
The invention will now be described using different embodiments of the same invention, which should not limit the scope of protection of this application.
Formulation of the Composite Material—General Procedure
The formulation of the composite material may be performed under agitation or sonication and may require temperature control. The order of addition of the components of the composite material as well as the ratios between the different components of the mixture may be controlled to obtain the desired formulation. The mass ratio of each component, defined by weight % component/total mass of the mixture may range being 1 to 90% of liquid crystal, 1 and 90% for the ionic liquid, 0.1 to 90% for the polymer or molecule with self-assembling properties and 1 to 90% of solvent.
Preparation of the Sensitive Film—General Procedure.
Once the mixture is considered ready, a pre-determined portion was pipetted immediately and deposited on a clean, dust-free microscope slide (without any additional pretreatment). A clean smooth glass rod was used to obtain a thin film on the glass slide. The film was allowed to cool to room temperature and then examined under polarized light microscopy. The films may also be prepared through the use of mechanical or automatic propulsion technique—“spin coating”, which consists of depositing a known volume of polymer solution on the substrate secured to a turntable, which is programmed to rotate at a controlled speed, for a certain time and at controlled temperature, or by any other process which enables the formation of sensitive films using the composite material. It is also possible to shape the composite material to other geometries and different formats.
Depending on the composition, the formulation after deposition on the surface, can give a transparent, permeable, flexible or semi-rigid film, as illustrated in
Hereinafter, this process is described in greater detail and specifically with reference to examples. However, the examples should not limit the present technology.
The reaction for forming the composite material takes place under stirring and controlled temperature of between 25 and 40° C. In one embodiment, the ionic liquid, or a mixture of ionic liquids (50 μl) is added to a container containing a magnetic stir bar, and stirred for 15 minutes. A liquid crystal sample or a mixture thereof (10 μl) is added to the vessel and stirring is continued for another 10 minutes. The suitable polymer, or a mixture, (50 mg) is then added. After 10 more minutes of stirring, distilled water (50 μl) is pipetted to the mixture and the entire formulation is stirred and observed until an opaque viscous mass, which can take between 10 to 20 minutes depending on the constituents of the mixture.
Where optionally add additional components to structural and organizational improvement of composite material such as sorbitol, mannose, sucrose, and other mono-, oligo- or polysaccharides, used alone or in admixture, a sample following procedure is as follows: It is used a container, preferably of glass, for example for up to 5 ml, containing a small magnetic bar to permit good agitation of the components. The ionic liquid, or a mixture of ionic liquids (50 μl) is added to the flask and stirred for 15 min. A liquid crystal sample or a mixture thereof (10 μl) is added to the vessel and stirring is continued for another 10 min. The suitable polymer (or a mixture) (25 mg) is added along with the structural improvement agent such as sorbitol (25 mg). After another 10 min of stirring, distilled water (50 μl) is pipetted to the mixture and the entire formulation is stirred and observed until an opaque viscous mass, which can take between 10 to 20 minutes depending on the constituents of the mixture.
Micelles containing liquid crystal molecules are firmly encapsulated in the polymer network of the film, but nevertheless remain sensitive to external stimuli such as chemical vapor of a solvent, or any other analyte. Upon contact with an analyte, the orderly arrangement of the liquid crystal micelles are disrupted leading to isotropy, which can be observed through an optical microscope system using polarized light. This change is seen as a complete disappearance of the micelles and is recorded in real time. The removal of vapor causes 5CB to reorganize into micelles that have the same initial configuration, size and distribution within the same field of view. This process can be repeated several times without detrimental change to the micelles or the entire film.
The time required for the liquid crystal to re-align to the initial observed configuration is directly correlated with the identity of the solvent. The optical change provides a qualitative measure of the external stimulus.
Vapors of pure substances solvents such as acetone, n-hexane, chloroform, toluene, methanol, ethanol were placed in contact with sensitive films deposited on glass, using water as control. The apparatus consisted of an airtight container of solvent, namely one beaker covered with a rubber septum, containing the test solvent. The septum was pierced with a needle affixed to a plastic syringe. The needle falls below the level of the solvent. The tip was used to drill an exit point through the septum. A thin silicon hose was affixed to the top of the tip and served as the vapor inlet. The input led to a purpose-built glass chamber capable of housing the sensitive film. The sensitive film was placed face down on a raised platform to allow the vapor from the inlet to come into contact with the sensitive film. After each test, any residual vapor was expelled with a purging syringe connected to a venting conduit of atmospheric air. The purging syringe was also used to re-introduce the ambient air into the chamber.
Sensitive films containing encapsulated liquid crystals were exposed to selected volatile organic compounds vapors. The device consists of a light source and a light detector, a sensitive film deposited on a glass slide forming a sensor and two crossed polarizing films, between which the sensitive film is positioned, arranged, for example, as shown in
In the tests, the sensor has been exposed to air saturated with VOCs for 5 s followed by 55 s of recovery with pure air vent. Exposure/recovery cycles were repeated 10 times for each tested sample. With crossed polarizers, micelles of 5CB are visible and therefore, part of the light (base value) is able to pass through the sensory film and reaches the photodetector. The photodetector converts the light signal into a measurable output signal, in this example, the conductance. In contact with VOCs, the order of liquid crystals within the micelles is disrupted, thereby preventing light from passing through to the photodetector element. Removal of the VOC allows the liquid crystals to re-organize back into the familiar micelle pattern exhibited before the exposure, hence the light detection levels returns to the base value. The power disruption/reorganization of liquid crystals and respective sensitive films as well as the kinetics of the phenomenon depends on the nature of the analyte, which in this case are the volatile solvent molecules interacting with the sensor, as shown in
Three films made up of different compositions, were exposed to several solvents: ethyl acetate, ethanol, dichloromethane, dioxane, diethyl ether, heptane, hexane, methanol, carbon tetrachloride, toluene and xylene. After repeated cycles of exposure and recovery, the conductances, which are proportional to the light intensities reaching the three different sensors, were plotted against time for each solvent. As an example, the response obtained for ethyl acetate is shown in
Relative response (Ra) values, defined by Equation 1, where G1 is the minimum and G2 is the maximum conductance, were calculated using data from the optical and opto-electrical sensors.
Thus, as a proof of concept in tests with solvents, a set of Ra values was used as input for Principal Component Analysis (PCA), performed by the commercial software, Statgraphics XV. A two-dimensional plot of the first two principal components (PCs) is represented in
The ability to distinguish and identify solvents not only proves the concept of the opto-electric nose, but also shows its efficiency using only three optical sensors.
Hybrid sensors were also used in which an area of the sensitive film was deposited on interdigitated electrodes. Thus it was possible to simultaneously acquire optical and electrical responses from a single sensor, as exemplified in
In order to monitor the quality of fresh fish, using a gas sensor, a system was built consisting of two closed compartments, separated by a door controlled by computer. This system allowed to alternate periods of exposure (to the volatiles from the fish sample and recovery, in fresh air, of the sensor, monitoring the emission of volatile compounds over extended periods of time. In the upper compartment an optical sensor formed by biopolymer (gelatin), liquid crystal (5CB) and ionic liquid ([BMIM] [Cl]) was introduced, and in the lower compartment fresh fish (Tilapia) was placed for sensory analysis, using a sensor gas. Under the same conditions, eight pieces of Tilapia, weighing 25 g each, were placed in a vessel for periodic microbiological analysis. Both tests—gas sensor and bench microbiological testing—aimed to assess the quality of the fish over time as tools for food safety analysis. The gas sensor is able to quantify volatile compounds emitted during the fish deterioration process while the microbiological tests count the colony forming units (CFUs), being this last test a validation of the first.
The relative response of the sensor was calculated as the ratio of the difference between the maximum and minimum conductance and maximum conductance.
The information obtained by microbiological analysis is strictly coherent with the data obtained by the sensor during the test, where the increased sensor response can be associated with an increase in bacterial population in the fish. It is noteworthy that a single optical sensor was efficient in monitoring perishable products, giving information on the quality of the fish. This sensor can potentially be used to monitor perishable products such as fish, which are exposed in supermarkets, open street markets, fish shops etc., informing suppliers and customers on the quality of the sold products.
In view of concerns about automotive gas emissions and increasing efforts towards the use of renewable fuels, the automotive industry has created flex-fuel vehicles, available in several countries, such as Brazil. Flex-fuel vehicles accept ethanol-gasoline blends in any proportion, varying from pure ethanol to pure gasoline. It is crutial to measure the composition of the fuel in the vehicle's tank and convey it to the engine because the ideal air:fuel ratio that enters the combustion chamber depends on the composition of the fuel and is essential for the proper operation of the engine. Currently, manufacturers use oxygen sensors, called lambda sensors, positioned in the exhaust manifold to measure combustion quality and regulate the air:fuel proportion, regardless of the real composition of the fuel that is being burnt. Blending ethanol with gasoline in Brazil is allowed up to a maximum of 25% of ethanol. Control of this content is necessary in view of the occurrence of several cases of tampering, in which up to 50% ethanol content was found in market fuels.
In order to quantify ethanol in gasoline, the opto-electric (hybrid) sensors now described were exposed to fuel samples containing different concentrations of ethanol ranging from 0% (pure gasoline) to 100% (pure ethanol). The hybrid sensor comprises of a sensitive film composed of a mixture of liquid crystal and ionic liquid encapsulated in a biopolymer matrix of gelatin which was deposited by spin coating over gold interdigitated electrodes on a transparent glass substrate. The ionic liquid used in this sensor is [BMIM] [FeCl4] and the liquid crystal is 5CB. The volatiles were led from the sample chamber to the sensor by means of a volatile delivery system as depicted in
Ethanol content=21163−0,0466744*conductance-92,5484*Log(admittance)
Since the P-value is lower than 0.05, there is a statistically significant relation between the variables within a 95% level of confidence. The R-squared value indicates that the model explains 94.2% of the variability of ethanol content.
A single sensitive film is enough to quantify the content of ethanol in a gasoline sample since both the optical and the electrical components respond proportionally to the amount of ethanol in the sample, in an independent manner. However, since gasoline is a complex mixture susceptible to fluctuations in the composition, a double-variable model with two independent variables resulting from distinct transduction principles was employed. The combination of the two types of response in the same sensor and in a same model aims to lower the influence of that variable on the model. The opto-electric (hybrid) sensor shows, through this application, its usefulness and practicality in the quantification of ethanol content in gasoline, which can be detected immediately when filling the vehicle's fuel tank or in petrol stations.
The current forms of embodiment are not, in any way, restricted to the embodiments described in this document and a person with average knowledge in the area could forecast many possibilities for modification of the embodiments described in this document, without deviating from the general scope of the invention, as defined in the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 108205 | Feb 2015 | PT | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2016/050697 | 2/10/2016 | WO | 00 |
