Patent Application
20160106120
The present invention relates to gum manufacturing methods and systems and more particularly relates to gum forming systems and methods.
Typically, the process of making and packaging gum products is time-consuming and involves a significant amount of machinery. The process of making and packing gum products can include mixing and producing a finished gum, extruding and forming the finished gum into loaves, conditioning the loaves of the finished gum, extruding the loaves into a continuous thin sheet of the finished gum, rolling the continuous sheet through a series of rollers to a uniform reduced thickness, scoring and dividing sheets into individual scored sheets, conditioning the individual sheets in a conditioning room, dividing sheets into gum pieces, and packaging the gum pieces. Such processes of making and packaging gum products are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,254,373 assigned to the predecessor of interest of the present assignee, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/352,110 assigned to the present assignee; the teachings and disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties to the extent not inconsistent with the present disclosure.
Traditional sizing machinery may include a sizing extruder that forces the chewing gum through a small rectangular orifice (e.g. a rectangular orifice having dimensions of about 25 mm by 457 mm). A relatively sizeable amount of force is required as the orifice size gets smaller (e.g. a 30 HP drive may be needed for sufficient output/production volume). Typically, the product exiting the sizing extruder is still much too thick. As a result, many prior systems will typically employ a series of sizing rollers arranged in sequence over a conveyor belt to progressively reduce the thickness of gum from around 25 mm to typically about 2-6 mm. To prevent sticking of gum to the rollers, dusting with a suitable powder agent is typically employed. Thereafter, a scoring roll and dividing roll may be used to generate thin sticks, or somewhat shorter and fatter slabs of gum, or pellets (any of the foregoing sticks, slabs, pellets or other dimension gum maybe referred to as “sized gum.”) Such traditional lines also typically will necessitate a fair amount of subsequent cooling and/or conditioning prior to packaging as warm pliable product does not package well.
In addition to sizing concerns, most prior art systems do not allow for efficient addition of inclusions (such as but not limited to candy, nuts, chocolate, caramel, fruit pieces and other solid, semi-solid, and/or fluid ingredients desirably matched with confectionery) on the surfaces of and throughout gum products. Such systems either include shear and pressure forces that exceed the tolerance of fragile inclusions, or require disposal anti-adhesive particulate on the gum product, which makes addition of inclusions difficult.
The present invention is directed toward improvements and advancements over such prior systems and methods of making and packaging gum products.
Disclosed is a method for forming a chewing gum product with at least one inclusion, the method including providing a gum sizing system including a first sizing roller, a second sizing roller, and a gum mass delivery system, directing a gum mass toward a sizing gap between the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller via the delivery system, adding at least one inclusion to the gum mass at an area of the gum sizing system that is at least one of upstream or within the sizing gap, sizing the gum mass into a substantially continuous gum sheet with said at least one inclusion via transport of the gum mass through the sizing gap; and separating the gum sheet into a plurality of gum pieces.
Also disclosed is a method for forming a chewing gum product with at least one inclusion, the method including providing a gum sizing system including a first sizing roller and a second sizing roller, at least one of the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller including at least one surface cavity, directing a gum mass toward a sizing gap between the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller, depositing at least one inclusion in the at least one cavity prior to contact between the gum mass and at least one of the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller, sizing and shaping the gum mass via a passing of the gum mass through the sizing gap and a filling of the at least one cavity with the gum mass at the sizing gap, adding the at least one inclusion from the at least one cavity to the gum mass via the filling of said cavities with the gum mass; and separating the gum mass into a plurality of gum pieces with the at least one inclusion.
Further disclosed is a method for forming a chewing gum product with at least one inclusion, the method including providing a gum sizing system including a first sizing roller, a second sizing roller, and a gum mass delivery system, directing a gum mass toward a sizing gap between the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller via the delivery system, sizing the gum mass into a substantially continuous gum sheet via transport of the gum mass through the sizing gap, adding at least one fluid inclusion to the gum sheet downstream of the sizing gap, and separating the gum sheet into a plurality of gum pieces.
Still further disclosed is a system for forming a chewing gum product with at least one inclusion, the chewing gum product being formed from a gum mass, the system including a first sizing roller and a second sizing roller, a sizing gap between the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller, a gum mass delivery system configured to direct a gum mass toward the sizing gap between the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller, an inclusion delivery system positioned to deliver at least one inclusion to the gum mass at an area of the system that is at least one of upstream or within the sizing gap.
Additionally disclosed is a system for forming a chewing gum product with at least one inclusion, the chewing gum product being formed from a gum mass, the system including a first sizing roller and a second sizing roller, at least one of the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller including at least one surface cavity, a sizing gap between the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller, an inclusion delivery system positioned to deposit the at least one inclusion in the at least one cavity prior to contact between the gum mass and at least one of the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller.
Also disclosed is a system for forming a chewing gum product with at least one inclusion from a gum mass, the system including a first sizing roller, a second sizing roller, and a gum mass delivery system, a sizing gap between the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller, a gum mass delivery system configured to direct a gum mass toward the sizing gap between the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller, and an inclusion delivery system positioned to deliver at least one fluid inclusion to the chewing gum product downstream of said sizing gap.
Further disclosed is a method for forming a chewing gum product with at least one inclusion, the method including providing a gum sizing system including a first sizing roller, a second sizing roller, and a gum mass delivery system, directing a gum mass toward a sizing gap between the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller via the delivery system, sizing the gum mass into a substantially continuous gum sheet via transport of the gum mass through the sizing gap, depositing the gum sheet on a conveyance downstream of the sizing gap, adding at least one inclusion to the conveyance at an area of the conveyance disposed upstream of the depositing of the gum sheet, and separating the gum sheet into a plurality of gum pieces.
Still further disclosed is a system for forming a chewing gum product with at least one inclusion, the chewing gum product being formed from a gum mass, the system including a first sizing roller and a second sizing roller, a sizing gap between the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller, the sizing gap being configured to size a gum mass into a gum sheet, a gum mass delivery system configured to direct a gum mass toward the sizing gap between the first sizing roller and the second sizing roller, a gum sheet conveyance disposed downstream of the sizing gap, and positioned to receive the gum sheet sized by the sizing gap, and an inclusion delivery system positioned to deliver at least one inclusion to the conveyance upstream of an area of the conveyance positioned to receive the gum sheet.
The accompanying drawings incorporated in and forming a part of the specification embodies several aspects of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
While the invention will be described in connection with certain preferred embodiments, there is no intent to limit it to those embodiments. On the contrary, the intent is to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Chewing gum in large part includes components that are not swallowed, such as gum base, which is the rubber-like chewing component. Chewing gum also comprises a consumed portion including sweeteners, flavors and the like, and may also include other candy or food product integrated therewith in layers or as ingredients. The gum base is relatively unique in food processing in that it introduces the material with a resiliency and elasticity relative to processing and also provides a relatively non-conductive or insulating material that does not transfer heat very well. This provides unique processing difficulties. Relative to processing, the temperature of the processed gum product greatly affects viscosity as well as other processing characteristics such as elasticity and resiliency.
Further, different types of gum recipes will also alter processing considerations, and there generally is a desire to run different gum recipes on the same equipment or lines. Some of the ingredients handle processing quite well. Other ingredients such as flavors may be subject to flash off due to heat, thereby diminishing the amount of flavor in the final consumable product. Other ingredients such as encapsulated sweeteners, are sensitive to shear forces (e.g. due to substantial pressure, intense mixing, processing force and the like) and thus can be damaged during processing. These factors all provide different challenges relative to sizing the gum to a small bit size portion and conditioning of the gum for packaging in gum packaging. For purpose of understanding, some lexicography and typical gum composition components will be discussed below.
As used herein, “gum structure,” “gum mass,” “gum sheets,” “chewing gum,” or “chewing gum composition” may include, but are not limited to, compositions ranging from and inclusive of compounded elastomer to finished gum, which may include compounded elastomer in addition to some compounding aids, master batch gum base, compounded elastomer in addition to some subsequent gum ingredients, compounded elastomer in addition to some gum base ingredients and some subsequent gum ingredients, gum base, gum base in addition to some subsequent gum ingredients, master batch finished gum, and finished gum.
Before explaining systems and methods according to the present invention, it is helpful to discuss the general composition of several typical chewing gums that are or may be included in forming the most complex chewing gum, namely finished gum, that can be formed using embodiments of the systems and methods of the present invention.
A “finished gum”, as used herein, will refer to a chewing gum that is generally ready for preparation to distribute the product to the consumer. As such, a finished gum may still require temperature conditioning, forming, shaping, packaging and coating. However, the gum composition itself is generally finished. Not all finished gums have the same ingredients or the same amounts of individual ingredients. By varying the ingredients and amounts of ingredients, textures, flavor and sensations, among other things, can be varied to provide differing characteristics to meet the needs of users.
As is generally well known, a finished gum generally includes a water soluble bulk portion, a water insoluble gum base portion, and one or more flavoring agents. The water soluble portion dissipates over a period of time during chewing. The gum base portion is retained in the mouth throughout the chewing process. A finished gum is typically ready for user consumption.
A “finished gum base”, as used herein, will refer to a chewing gum that includes a sufficient combination of gum base ingredients that need only be combined with subsequent gum ingredients to form a finished gum. A finished gum base is a chewable visco-elastic material that includes at least a viscous component, an elastic component, and a softener component. For example, a typical gum base may include elastomer, at least some of the filler, resin and/or plasticizer, polyvinyl acetate, and a softener (such as an oil, fat or wax). Merely compounded elastomer without the addition of any softener, for example, would not be a finished gum base because it would not be considered useable in a finished chewing gum because of its difficulty, if not impossibility, to chew.
Chewing gum may include a vast number of ingredients in various categories. Gum mixing systems and methods according to various embodiments of the present invention may be used to mix any and all known ingredients including, but not limited to, ingredients in the following ingredient categories: elastomers, bulking agents, elastomer plasticizers (which includes resins), elastomer solvents, plasticizers, fats, waxes, fillers, antioxidants, sweeteners (e.g. bulk sweeteners and high intensity sweeteners), syrups/fluids, flavors, sensates, potentiators, acids, emulsifiers, colors, and functional ingredients.
The insoluble gum base generally includes ingredients falling under the following categories: elastomers, elastomer plasticizers (resins or solvents), plasticizers, fats, oils, waxes, softeners and fillers. Further discussion of representative ingredients within each category will be provided later on. The gum base may constitute between 5-95% by weight of a finished gum, more typically 10-50% by weight of the finished gum, and most commonly 20-30% by weight of the finished gum.
The water soluble portion of finished gum may includes subsequent gum ingredients falling under the following categories: softeners, bulk sweeteners, high intensity sweeteners, flavoring agents, acids, additional fillers, functional ingredients and combinations thereof. Softeners are added to the gum in order to optimize the chewability and mouth feel of the gum. The softeners, which are also known as plasticizers, plasticizing agents or emulsifiers, generally constitute between about 0.5-15% by weight of the chewing gum. Bulk sweeteners constitute between 5-95% by weight of the chewing gum, more typically 20-80% by weight of the gum and most commonly 30-60% by weight of the gum. High intensity sweeteners may also be present and are commonly used with sugarless sweeteners. When used, high intensity sweeteners typically constitute between 0.001-5% by weight of the chewing gum, preferably between 0.01-3% by weight of the chewing gum. Typically, high intensity sweeteners are at least 20 times sweeter than sucrose.
Flavor should generally be present in the gum in an amount within the range of about 0.1-15% by weight of the chewing gum, preferably between about 0.2-5% by weight of the gum, most preferably between about 0.5-3% by weight of the gum. Natural and artificial flavoring agents may be used and combined in any sensorially acceptable fashion.
When included, acids typically constitute between about 0.001-5% by weight of the chewing gum.
Optional ingredients such as colors, functional ingredients and additional flavoring agents may also be included in chewing gum.
Now that a more general overview has been provided as to general common ingredients, more details about individual categories of ingredients and examples of specific ingredients with in various categories will be provided below.
The elastomers (rubbers) employed in the chewing gum will vary greatly depending upon various factors such as the type of chewing gum desired, the consistency of chewing gum desired and the other components used in the chewing gum. The elastomer may be any water-insoluble polymer known in the art, and includes those polymers utilized for chewing gums and bubble gums. Illustrative examples of suitable polymers chewing gum, and particularly gum bases, include both natural and synthetic elastomers. For example, those polymers which are suitable in chewing gum include, without limitation, natural substances (of vegetable origin) such as caspi, chicle, natural rubber, crown gum, nispero, rosidinha, jelutong, guayule, perillo, niger gutta, tunu, balata, guttapercha, lechi capsi, sorva, gutta kay, and the like, and combinations thereof. Examples of synthetic elastomers include, without limitation, styrene-butadiene copolymers (SBR), polyisobutylene, isobutylene-isoprene copolymers, polyethylene, polyvinyl acetate and the like, and combinations thereof. Elastomers constitute between about 10% to about 60% by weight and more commonly between about 35-40% by weight of the chewing gum.
Additional useful polymers include: crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polymethylmethacrylate; copolymers of lactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, plasticized ethylcellulose, polyvinyl acetatephthalate and combinations thereof.
The chewing gum may contain elastomer solvents, also referred to herein as elastomer plasticizers, to aid in softening the elastomeric materials. Such elastomer solvents may include those elastomer solvents known in the art, for example, terpinene resins such as polymers of alpha-pinene, beta-pinene or d-limonene, methyl, glycerol and pentaerythritol esters of rosins and modified rosins and gums such as hydrogenated, dimerized and polymerized rosins, and mixtures thereof. Examples of elastomer solvents suitable for use herein may include the pentaerythritol ester of partially hydrogenated wood and gum rosin, the pentaerythritol ester of wood and gum rosin, the glycerol ester of wood rosin, the glycerol ester of partially dimerized wood and gum rosin, the glycerol ester of polymerized wood and gum rosin, the glycerol ester of tall oil rosin, the glycerol ester of wood and gum rosin and the partially hydrogenated wood and gum rosin and the partially hydrogenated methyl ester of wood and rosin, and the like, and mixtures thereof. The elastomer solvent may be employed in the chewing gum in amounts from about 2% to about 15%, and preferably from about 7% to about 11%, by weight of the chewing gum.
The chewing gum may also include plasticizers or softeners, which also fall under the Wax category described below, to provide a variety of desirable textures and consistency properties. Because of the low molecular weight of these ingredients, the plasticizers and softeners are able to penetrate the fundamental structure of the chewing gum making it plastic and less viscous. Useful plasticizers and softeners include triacetin, medium chain triglycerides of non-hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated cotton seed oil, soybean oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, safflower oil, tallow oil, cocoa butter, terepene resins derived from alpha-pinene, lanolin, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, sodium stearate, potassium stearate, glyceryl triacetate, glyceryl lecithin, glyceryl monostearate, propylene glycol monostearate, acetylated monoglyceride, glycerine, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Waxes, for example, natural and synthetic waxes, hydrogenated vegetable oils, petroleum waxes such as polyurethane waxes, polyethylene waxes, paraffin waxes, sorbitan monostearate, tallow, propylene glycol, mixtures thereof, and the like, may also be incorporated into the chewing gum. The plasticizers and softeners are generally employed in the chewing gum in amounts up to about 20% by weight of the chewing gum, and more specifically in amounts from about 9% to about 17%, by weight of the chewing gum.
Plasticizers may also include hydrogenated vegetable oils, soybean oil and cottonseed oil which may be employed alone or in combination. These plasticizers provide the chewing gum with good texture and soft chew characteristics. These plasticizers and softeners are generally employed in amounts from about 5% to about 14%, and more specifically in amounts from about 5% to about 13.5%, by weight of the chewing gum.
Suitable oils and fats include partially hydrogenated vegetable or animal fats, such as coconut oil, palm kernel oil, beef tallow, and lard, among others. These ingredients when used are generally present in amounts up to about 7%, and preferably up to about 3.5%, by weight of the chewing gum.
In some embodiments, the chewing gum may include wax. Waxes that are used may include synthetic waxes such as waxes containing branched alkanes and copolymerized with monomers such as, but not limited to, polypropylene and polyethylene and Fischer-Tropsch type waxes, petroleum waxes such as paraffin, and microcrystalline wax, and natural waxes such as beeswax, candellia, carnauba, and polyethylene wax, rice bran and petroleum.
It softens the polymeric mixture and improves the elasticity of the chewing gum. When present, the waxes employed will have a melting point below about 60° C., and preferably between about 45° C. and about 55° C. The low melting wax may be a paraffin wax. The wax may be present in the chewing gum in an amount from about 6% to about 10%, and preferably from about 7% to about 9.5%, by weight of the chewing gum.
In addition to the low melting point waxes, waxes having a higher melting point may be used in the chewing gum in amounts up to about 5%, by weight of the chewing gum. Such high melting waxes include beeswax, vegetable wax, candelilla wax, carnuba wax, most petroleum waxes, and the like, and mixtures thereof.
In some embodiments, chewing gum is formed using the systems and methods according to the teachings of the invention may also include effective amounts of bulking agents such as mineral adjuvants which may serve as fillers and textural agents. Useful mineral adjuvants include calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, alumina, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum silicate, talc, clay, titanium oxide, ground limestone, monocalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate and the like, and mixtures thereof. These fillers or adjuvants may be used in the chewing gum in various amounts. The amount of filler, may be present in an amount from about zero to about 40%, and more specifically from about zero to about 30%, by weight of the chewing gum. In some embodiments, the amount of filler will be from about zero to about 15%, more specifically from about 3% to about 11%.
Antioxidants can include materials that scavenge free radicals. In some embodiments, antioxidants can include but are not limited to ascorbic acid, citric acid (citric acid may be encapsulated), rosemary oil, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin E phosphate, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, tocopherols, di-alpha-tocopheryl phosphate, tocotrienols, alpha lipoic acid, dihydrolipoic acid, xanthophylls, beta cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, beta-carotene, carotenes, mixed carotenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and combinations thereof.
Chewing gum may also include amounts of conventional additives selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents (bulk and high intensity sweeteners), softeners, emulsifiers, fillers, bulking agents (carriers, extenders, bulk sweeteners), flavoring agents (flavors, flavorings), coloring agents (colorants, colorings), functional ingredients, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Some of these additives may serve more than one purpose. For example, in sugarless chewing gum, a sweetener, such as maltitol or other sugar alcohol, may also function as a bulking agent and particularly a water soluble bulking agent.
Suitable Bulk Sweeteners include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides such as xylose, ribulose, glucose (dextrose), lactose, mannose, galactose, fructose (levulose), sucrose (sugar), maltose, invert sugar, partially hydrolyzed starch and corn syrup solids, sugar alcohols, randomly bonded glucose polymers such as those polymers distributed under the tradename Litesse™ which is the brand name for polydextrose and is manufactured by Danisco Sweeteners, Ltd. of 41-51 Brighton Road, Redhill, Surryey, RH1 6YS, United Kingdom; isomalt (a racemic mixture of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-mannitol and alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-sorbitol manufactured under the tradename PALATINIT™ by Palatinit Sussungsmittel GmbH of Gotlieb-Daimler-Strause 12 a, 68165 Mannheim, Germany); maltodextrins; hydrogenated starch hydrolysates; hydrogenated hexoses; hydrogenated disaccharides; minerals, such as calcium carbonate, talc, titanium dioxide, dicalcium phosphate; celluloses; and mixtures thereof.
Suitable sugarless bulk sweeteners include sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, galactitol, lactitol, maltitol, erythritol, isomalt and mixtures thereof. Suitable hydrogenated starch hydrolysates include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,931 and various hydrogenated glucose syrups and/or powders which contain sorbitol, maltitol, hydrogenated disaccharides, hydrogenated higher polysaccharides, or mixtures thereof. Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates are primarily prepared by the controlled catalytic hydrogenation of corn syrups. The resulting hydrogenated starch hydrolysates are mixtures of monomeric, dimeric, and polymeric saccharides. The ratios of these different saccharides give different hydrogenated starch hydro lysates different properties. Mixtures of hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, such as LYCASIN®, a commercially available product manufactured by Roquette Freres of France, and HYSTAR®, a commercially available product manufactured by SPI Polyols, Inc. of New Castle, Del., are also useful.
Some embodiments of chewing gum may include a specific polyol composition including at least one polyol which is from about 30% to about 80% by weight of the chewing gum, and specifically from 50% to about 60%. In some embodiments, such chewing gum may have low hygroscopicity. The polyol composition may include any polyol known in the art including, but not limited to maltitol, sorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, mannitol, isomalt, lactitol and combinations thereof. Lycasin™ which is a hydrogenated starch hydrolysate including sorbitol and maltitol, may also be used.
The amount of the polyol composition or combination of polyols used in a chewing gum depends on many factors including the type of elastomers and polyols used in the chewing gum. For example, wherein the total amount of the polyol composition is in the range of about 40% to about 65% based on the weight of the chewing gum, the amount of isomalt may be from about 40% to about 60% in addition to an amount of sorbitol from about 0 up to about 10%, more specifically, an amount of isomalt may be from about 45% to about 55% in combination with sorbitol from about 5% to about 10% based on the weight of the chewing gum.
The polyol composition which may include one or more different polyols which may be derived from a genetically modified organism (“GMO”) or GMO free source. For example, the maltitol may be GMO free maltitol or provided by a hydrogenated starch hydrolysate. For the purposes of this invention, the term “GMO-free” refers to a composition that has been derived from process in which genetically modified organisms are not utilized.
The sweetening agents which may be included in some chewing gum formed using systems and methods according to the teachings of the present invention may be any of a variety of sweeteners known in the art and may be used in many distinct physical forms well-known in the art to provide an initial burst of sweetness and/or a prolonged sensation of sweetness. Without being limited thereto, such physical forms include free forms, such as spray dried, powdered, beaded forms, encapsulated forms, and mixtures thereof.
Desirably, the sweetener is a high intensity sweetener such as aspartame, neotame, sucralose, monatin, and acesulfame potassium (Ace-K). The high intensity sweetener can be in an encapsulated form, a free form, or both.
In general, an effective amount of sweetener may be utilized to provide the level of sweetness desired, and this amount may vary with the sweetener selected. In some embodiments the amount of sweetener may be present in amounts from about 0.001% to about 3%, by weight of the gum, depending upon the sweetener or combination of sweeteners used. The exact range of amounts for each type of sweetener may be selected by those skilled in the art.
The sweeteners involved may be selected from a wide range of materials including water-soluble sweeteners, water-soluble artificial sweeteners, water-soluble sweeteners derived from naturally occurring water-soluble sweeteners, dipeptide based sweeteners, and protein based sweeteners, including mixtures thereof. Without being limited to particular sweeteners, representative categories and examples include:
(a) water-soluble sweetening agents such as dihydrochalcones, monellin, steviosides, lo han quo, lo han quo derivatives, glycyrrhizin, dihydroflavenol, and sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, xylitol, erythritol, and L-aminodicarboxylic acid aminoalkenoic acid ester amides, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,834, which disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, and mixtures thereof;
(b) water-soluble artificial sweeteners such as soluble saccharin salts, i.e., sodium or calcium saccharin salts, cyclamate salts, the sodium, ammonium or calcium salt of 3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4-one-2,2-dioxide, the potassium salt of 3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4-one-2,2-dioxide (Acesulfame-K), the free acid form of saccharin, and mixtures thereof;
(c) dipeptide based sweeteners, such as L-aspartic acid derived sweeteners, such as L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (Aspartame), N—[N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-α-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester (Neotame), and materials described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,492,131, L-alphaaspartyl-N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-thietanyl)-D-alaninamide hydrate (Alitame), methyl esters of L-aspartyl-L-phenylglycerine and L-aspartyl-L-2,5-dihydrophenyl-glycine, L-aspartyl-2,5-dihydro-L-phenylalanine; L-aspartyl-L-(1-cyclohexen)-alanine, and mixtures thereof;
(d) water-soluble sweeteners derived from naturally occurring water-soluble sweeteners, such as chlorinated derivatives of ordinary sugar (sucrose), e.g., chlorodeoxysugar derivatives such as derivatives of chlorodeoxysucrose or chlorodeoxygalactosucrose, known, for example, under the product designation of Sucralose; examples of chlorodeoxysucrose and chlorodeoxygalactosucrose derivatives include but are not limited to: 1-chloro-1′-deoxysucrose; 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-fructofuranoside, or 4-chloro-4-deoxygalactosucrose; 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-1-chloro-1-deoxy-beta-D-fructo-furanoside, or 4,1′-dichloro-4,1′-dideoxygalactosucrose; 1′,6′-dichloro1′,6′-dideoxysucrose; 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranoside, or 4,1′,6′-trichloro-4,1′,6′-trideoxygalactosucrose; 4,6-dichloro-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-6-chloro-6-deoxy-beta-D-fructofuranoside, or 4,6,6′-trichloro-4,6,6′-trideoxygalactosucrose; 6,1′,6′-trichloro-6,1′,6′-trideoxysucrose; 4,6-dichloro-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-galacto-pyranosyl-1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranoside, or 4,6,1′,6′-tetrachloro4,6,1′,6′-tetradeoxygalacto-sucrose; and 4,6,1′,6′-tetradeoxy-sucrose, and mixtures thereof;
(e) protein based sweeteners such as thaumaoccous danielli (Thaumatin I and II) and talin; and
(f) the sweetener monatin (2-hydroxy-2-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-4-aminoglutaric acid) and its derivatives.
The intense sweetening agents may be used in many distinct physical forms well-known in the art to provide an initial burst of sweetness and/or a prolonged sensation of sweetness. Without being limited thereto, such physical forms include free forms, spray dried forms, powdered forms, beaded forms, encapsulated forms, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the sweetener is a high intensity sweetener such as aspartame, sucralose, and acesulfame potassium (e.g., Ace-K or acesulfame-K). Several representative forms of encapsulated sweeteners and methods of encapsulating sweeteners are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,244,454; 7,022,352; 6,759,066; 5,217,735; 5,192,561; 5,164,210; 4,997,659 and 4,981,698 as well as U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2007/0231424; 2004/0096544; 2005/0112236; and 2005/0220867, the teachings and disclosure of which are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference thereto.
The active component (e.g., sweetener), which is part of the delivery system, may be used in amounts necessary to impart the desired effect associated with use of the active component (e.g., sweetness). In general, an effective amount of intense sweetener may be utilized to provide the level of sweetness desired, and this amount may vary with the sweetener selected. The intense sweetener may be present in amounts from about 0.001% to about 3%, by weight of the composition, depending upon the sweetener or combination of sweeteners used. The exact range of amounts for each type of sweetener may be selected by those skilled in the art.
Anhydrous glycerin may also be employed as a softening agent, such as the commercially available United States Pharmacopeia (USP) grade. Glycerin is a syrupy liquid with a sweet warm taste and has a sweetness of about 60% of that of cane sugar. Because glycerin is hygroscopic, the anhydrous glycerin may be maintained under anhydrous conditions throughout the preparation of the chewing gum. Other syrups may include corn syrup and maltitol syrup.
In some embodiments, flavorants may include those flavors known to the skilled artisan, such as natural and artificial flavors. These flavorings may be chosen from synthetic flavor oils and flavoring aromatics and/or oils, oleoresins and extracts derived from plants, leaves, flowers, fruits, and so forth, and combinations thereof. Nonlimiting representative flavor oils include spearmint oil, cinnamon oil, oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate), peppermint oil, Japanese mint oil, clove oil, bay oil, anise oil, eucalyptus oil, thyme oil, cedar leaf oil, oil of nutmeg, allspice, oil of sage, mace, oil of bitter almonds, and cassia oil. Also useful flavorings are artificial, natural and synthetic fruit flavors such as vanilla, and citrus oils including lemon, orange, lime, grapefruit, yazu, sudachi, and fruit essences including apple, pear, peach, grape, blueberry, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, plum, pineapple, apricot, banana, melon, apricot, ume, cherry, raspberry, blackberry, tropical fruit, mango, mangosteen, pomegranate, papaya and so forth. Other potential flavors whose release profiles can be managed include a milk flavor, a butter flavor, a cheese flavor, a cream flavor, and a yogurt flavor; a vanilla flavor; tea or coffee flavors, such as a green tea flavor, a oolong tea flavor, a tea flavor, a cocoa flavor, a chocolate flavor, and a coffee flavor; mint flavors, such as a peppermint flavor, a spearmint flavor, and a Japanese mint flavor; spicy flavors, such as an asafetida flavor, an ajowan flavor, an anise flavor, an angelica flavor, a fennel flavor, an allspice flavor, a cinnamon flavor, a camomile flavor, a mustard flavor, a cardamom flavor, a caraway flavor, a cumin flavor, a clove flavor, a pepper flavor, a coriander flavor, a sassafras flavor, a savory flavor, a Zanthoxyli Fructus flavor, a perilla flavor, a juniper berry flavor, a ginger flavor, a star anise flavor, a horseradish flavor, a thyme flavor, a tarragon flavor, a dill flavor, a capsicum flavor, a nutmeg flavor, a basil flavor, a marjoram flavor, a rosemary flavor, a bayleaf flavor, and a wasabi (Japanese horseradish) flavor; alcoholic flavors, such as a wine flavor, a whisky flavor, a brandy flavor, a rum flavor, a gin flavor, and a liqueur flavor; floral flavors; and vegetable flavors, such as an onion flavor, a garlic flavor, a cabbage flavor, a carrot flavor, a celery flavor, mushroom flavor, and a tomato flavor. These flavoring agents may be used in liquid or solid form and may be used individually or in admixture. Commonly used flavors include mints such as peppermint, menthol, spearmint, artificial vanilla, cinnamon derivatives, and various fruit flavors, whether employed individually or in admixture. Flavors may also provide breath freshening properties, particularly the mint flavors when used in combination with the cooling agents, described herein below. In some embodiments, flavorants may chose from geraniol, linalool, nerol, nerolidal, citronellol, heliotropine, methyl cyclopentelone, ethyl vanillin, maltol, ethyl maltol, furaneol, alliaceous compounds, rose type compounds such as phenethanol, phenylacetic acid, nerol, linalyl esters, jasmine, sandlewood, patchouli, and/or cedarwood.
In some embodiments, other flavorings include aldehydes and esters such as cinnamyl acetate, cinnamaldehyde, citral diethylacetal, dihydrocarvyl acetate, eugenyl formate, p methylamisol, and so forth may be used. Generally any flavoring or food additive such as those described in Chemicals Used in Food Processing, publication 1274, pages 63 258, by the National Academy of Sciences, may be used. This publication is incorporated herein by reference. These may include natural as well as synthetic flavors.
Further examples of aldehyde flavorings include but are not limited to acetaldehyde (apple), benzaldehyde (cherry, almond), anisic aldehyde (licorice, anise), cinnamic aldehyde (cinnamon), citral, i.e., alpha citral (lemon, lime), neral, i.e., beta citral (lemon, lime), decanal (orange, lemon), ethyl vanillin (vanilla, cream), heliotrope, i.e., piperonal (vanilla, cream), vanillin (vanilla, cream), alpha amyl cinnamaldehyde (spicy fruity flavors), butyraldehyde (butter, cheese), valeraldehyde (butter, cheese), citronellal (modifies, many types), decanal (citrus fruits), aldehyde C 8 (citrus fruits), aldehyde C 9 (citrus fruits), aldehyde C 12 (citrus fruits), 2 ethyl butyraldehyde (berry fruits), hexenal, i.e., trans 2 (berry fruits), tolyl aldehyde (cherry, almond), veratraldehyde (vanilla), 2,6 dimethyl 5 heptenal, .e., melonal (melon), 2,6 dimethyloctanal (green fruit), and 2 dodecenal (citrus, mandarin), cherry, grape, blueberry, blackberry, strawberry shortcake, and mixtures thereof.
In some embodiments, flavoring agents are used at levels that provide a perceptible sensory experience i.e. at or above their threshold levels. In other embodiments, flavoring agents are used at levels below their threshold levels such that they do not provide an independent perceptible sensory experience. At subthreshold levels, the flavoring agents may provide an ancillary benefit such as flavor enhancement or potentiation.
In some embodiments, a flavoring agent may be employed in either liquid form and/or dried form. When employed in the latter form, suitable drying means such as spray drying the liquid may be used. Alternatively, the flavoring agent may be absorbed onto water soluble materials, such as cellulose, starch, sugar, maltodextrin, gum arabic and so forth or may be encapsulated. In still other embodiments, the flavoring agent may be adsorbed onto silicas, zeolites, and the like.
In some embodiments, the flavoring agents may be used in many distinct physical forms. Without being limited thereto, such physical forms include free forms, such as spray dried, powdered, beaded forms, encapsulated forms, and mixtures thereof.
Illustrations of the encapsulation of flavors as well as other additional components can be found in the examples provided herein. Typically, encapsulation of a component will result in a delay in the release of the predominant amount of the component during consumption of a chewing gum that includes the encapsulated component (e.g., as part of a delivery system added as an ingredient to the chewing gum). In some embodiments, the release profile of the ingredient (e.g., the flavor, sweetener, etc.) can be managed by managing various characteristics of the ingredient, delivery system containing the ingredient, and/or the chewing gum containing the delivery system and/or how the delivery system is made. For example, characteristics might include one or more of the following: tensile strength of the delivery system, water solubility of the ingredient, water solubility of the encapsulating material, water solubility of the delivery system, ratio of ingredient to encapsulating material in the delivery system, average or maximum particle size of ingredient, average or maximum particle size of ground delivery system, the amount of the ingredient or the delivery system in the chewing gum, ratio of different polymers used to encapsulate one or more ingredients, hydrophobicity of one or more polymers used to encapsulate one or more ingredients, hydrophobicity of the delivery system, the type or amount of coating on the delivery system, the type or amount of coating on an ingredient prior to the ingredient being encapsulated, etc.
Sensate compounds can include cooling agents, warming agents, tingling agents, effervescent agents, and combinations thereof. A variety of well known cooling agents may be employed. For example, among the useful cooling agents are included xylitol, erythritol, dextrose, sorbitol, menthane, menthone, ketals, menthone ketals, menthone glycerol ketals, substituted p menthanes, acyclic carboxamides, mono menthyl glutarate, substituted cyclohexanamides, substituted cyclohexane carboxamides, substituted ureas and sulfonamides, substituted menthanols, hydroxymethyl and hydroxymethyl derivatives of p menthane, 2 mercapto cyclo decanone, hydroxycarboxylic acids with 2 6 carbon atoms, cyclohexanamides, menthyl acetate, menthyl salicylate, N,2,3 trimethyl 2 isopropyl butanamide (WS 23), N ethyl p menthane 3 carboxamide (WS 3), isopulegol, 3-(1-menthoxy)propane-1,2-diol, 3-(1-menthoxy)-2-methylpropane-1,2-diol, p-menthane-2,3-diol, p-menthane-3,8-diol, 6-isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]decane-2-methanol, menthyl succinate and its alkaline earth metal salts, trimethylcyclohexanol, N-ethyl-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide, Japanese mint oil, peppermint oil, 3-(1-menthoxy)ethan-1-ol, 3-(1-menthoxy)propan-1-ol, 3-(1-menthoxy)butan-1-ol, 1-menthylacetic acid N-ethylamide, 1-menthyl-4-hydroxypentanoate, 1-menthyl-3-hydroxybutyrate, N,2,3-trimethyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-butanamide, n-ethyl-t-2-c-6 nonadienamide, N,N-dimethyl menthyl succinamide, substituted p-menthanes, substituted p-menthane-carboxamides, 2-isopropanyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (from Hisamitsu Pharmaceuticals, hereinafter “isopregol”); menthone glycerol ketals (FEMA 3807, tradename FRESCOLAT® type MGA); 3-1-menthoxypropane-1,2-diol (from Takasago, FEMA 3784); and menthyl lactate; (from Haarman & Reimer, FEMA 3748, tradename FRESCOLAT® type ML), WS-30, WS-14, Eucalyptus extract (p-Mehtha-3,8-Diol), Menthol (its natural or synthetic derivatives), Menthol PG carbonate, Menthol EG carbonate, Menthol glyceryl ether, N-tertbutyl-p-menthane-3-carboxamide, P-menthane-3-carboxylic acid glycerol ester, Methyl-2-isopropyl-bicyclo (2.2.1), Heptane-2-carboxamide; and Menthol methyl ether, and menthyl pyrrolidone carboxylate among others. These and other suitable cooling agents are further described in the following U.S. patents, all of which are incorporated in their entirety by reference hereto: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,230,688; 4,032,661; 4,459,425; 4,136,163; 5,266,592; 6,627,233.
In some embodiments, warming components may be selected from a wide variety of compounds known to provide the sensory signal of warming to the user. These compounds offer the perceived sensation of warmth, particularly in the oral cavity, and often enhance the perception of flavors, sweeteners and other organoleptic components. In some embodiments, useful warming compounds can include vanillyl alcohol n butylether (TK 1000) supplied by Takasago Perfumary Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan, vanillyl alcohol n propylether, vanillyl alcohol isopropylether, vanillyl alcohol isobutylether, vanillyl alcohol n aminoether, vanillyl alcohol isoamyleather, vanillyl alcohol n hexyleather, vanillyl alcohol methylether, vanillyl alcohol ethylether, gingerol, shogaol, paradol, zingerone, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, iso amylalcohol, benzyl alcohol, glycerine, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, a tingling sensation can be provided. One such tingling sensation is provided by adding jambu, oleoresin, or spilanthol to some examples. In some embodiments, alkylamides extracted from materials such as jambu or sanshool can be included. Additionally, in some embodiments, a sensation is created due to effervescence. Such effervescence is created by combining an alkaline material with an acidic material. In some embodiments, an alkaline material can include alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal bicarbonates, alkaline earth metal carbonates, alkaline earth metal bicarbonates and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, an acidic material can include acetic acid, adipic acid, ascorbic acid, butyric acid, citric acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, glyconic acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid and combinations thereof. Examples of “tingling” type sensates can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,443, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
Sensate components may also be referred to as “trigeminal stimulants” such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 205/0202118, which is incorporated herein by reference. Trigeminal stimulants are defined as an orally consumed product or agent that stimulates the trigeminal nerve. Examples of cooling agents which are trigeminal stimulants include menthol, WS-3, N-substituted p-menthane carboxamide, acyclic carboxamides including WS-23, methyl succinate, menthone glycerol ketals, bulk sweeteners such as xylitol, erythritol, dextrose, and sorbitol, and combinations thereof. Trigeminal stimulants can also include flavors, tingling agents, Jambu extract, vanillyl alkyl ethers, such as vanillyl n-butyl ether, spilanthol, Echinacea extract, Northern Prickly Ash extract, capsaicin, capsicum oleoresin, red pepper oleoresin, black pepper oleoresin, piperine, ginger oleoresin, gingerol, shoagol, cinnamon oleoresin, cassia oleoresin, cinnamic aldehyde, eugenol, cyclic acetal of vanillin and menthol glycerin ether, unsaturated amides, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, sensate components are used at levels that provide a perceptible sensory experience i.e. at or above their threshold levels. In other embodiments, sensate components are used at levels below their threshold levels such that they do not provide an independent perceptible sensory experience. At subthreshold levels, the sensates may provide an ancillary benefit such as flavor or sweetness enhancement or potentiation.
Potentiators can include of materials that may intensify, supplement, modify or enhance the taste and/or aroma perception of an original material without introducing a characteristic taste and/or aroma perception of their own. In some embodiments, potentiators designed to intensify, supplement, modify, or enhance the perception of flavor, sweetness, tartness, umami, kokumi, saltiness and combinations thereof can be included.
In some embodiments, examples of suitable potentiators, also known as taste potentiators include, but are not limited to, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, chlorogenic acid, alapyridaine, cynarin, miraculin, glupyridaine, pyridinium-betain compounds, glutamates, such as monosodium glutamate and monopotassium glutamate, neotame, thaumatin, tagatose, trehalose, salts, such as sodium chloride, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, vanilla extract (in ethyl alcohol), sugar acids, potassium chloride, sodium acid sulfate, hydrolyzed vegetable proteins, hydrolyzed animal proteins, yeast extracts, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), glutathione, nucleotides, such as inosine monophosphate, disodium inosinate, xanthosine monophosphate, guanylate monophosphate, alapyridaine (N-(1-carboxyethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)pyridinium-3-ol inner salt, sugar beet extract (alcoholic extract), sugarcane leaf essence (alcoholic extract), curculin, strogin, mabinlin, gymnemic acid, hydroxybenzoic acids, 3-hydrobenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydrobenzoic acid, citrus aurantium, vanilla oleoresin, sugarcane leaf essence, maltol, ethyl maltol, vanillin, licorice glycyrrhizinates, compounds that respond to G-protein coupled receptors (T2Rs and T1Rs) and taste potentiator compositions that impart kokumi, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,397 to Kuroda et al., which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference. “Kokumi” refers to materials that impart “mouthfulness” and “good body”.
Sweetener potentiators, which are a type of taste potentiator, enhance the taste of sweetness. In some embodiments, exemplary sweetener potentiators include, but are not limited to, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, licorice glycyrrhizinates, citrus aurantium, alapyridaine, alapyridaine (N-(1-carboxyethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)pyridinium-3-ol) inner salt, miraculin, curculin, strogin, mabinlin, gymnemic acid, cynarin, glupyridaine, pyridinium-betain compounds, sugar beet extract, neotame, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, hydroxybenzoic acids, tagatose, trehalose, maltol, ethyl maltol, vanilla extract, vanilla oleoresin, vanillin, sugar beet extract (alcoholic extract), sugarcane leaf essence (alcoholic extract), compounds that respond to G-protein coupled receptors (T2Rs and T1Rs) and combinations thereof.
Additional examples of potentiators for the enhancement of salt taste include acidic peptides, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,974,597, herein incorporated by reference. Acidic peptides include peptides having a larger number of acidic amino acids, such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid, than basic amino acids, such as lysine, arginine and histidine. The acidic peptides are obtained by peptide synthesis or by subjecting proteins to hydrolysis using endopeptidase, and if necessary, to deamidation. Suitable proteins for use in the production of the acidic peptides or the peptides obtained by subjecting a protein to hydrolysis and deamidation include plant proteins, (e.g. wheat gluten, corn protein (e.g., zein and gluten meal), soybean protein isolate), animal proteins (e.g., milk proteins such as milk casein and milk whey protein, muscle proteins such as meat protein and fish meat protein, egg white protein and collagen), and microbial proteins (e.g., microbial cell protein and polypeptides produced by microorganisms).
The sensation of warming or cooling effects may also be prolonged with the use of a hydrophobic sweetener as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2003/0072842 A1 which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.
Acids can include, but are not limited to acetic acid, adipic acid, ascorbic acid, butyric acid, citric acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, glyconic acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, aspartic acid, benzoic acid, caffeotannic acid, iso-citric acid, citramalic acid, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, glyceric acid, glycolic acid, ketoglutaric acid, a-ketoglutaric acid, lactoisocitric acid, oxalacetic acid, pyruvic acid, quinic acid, shikimic acid, succinic acid, tannic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, pimelic acid, capric acid and combinations thereof.
Chewing gum may also include emulsifiers which aid in dispersing the immiscible components into a single stable system. The emulsifiers useful in this invention include glyceryl monostearate, lecithin, fatty acid monoglycerides, diglycerides, propylene glycol monostearate, methyl cellulose, alginates, carrageenan, xanthan gum, gelatin, carob, tragacanth, locust bean gum, pectin, alginates, galactomannans such as guar gum, carob bean gum, glucomannan, gelatin, starch, starch derivatives, dextrins and cellulose derivatives such as carboxy methyl cellulose, acidulants such as malic acid, adipic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, and the like, used alone and mixtures thereof. The emulsifier may be employed in amounts from about 2% to about 15%, and more specifically, from about 7% to about 11%, by weight of the chewing gum.
Coloring agents may be used in amounts effective to produce the desired color. The coloring agents may include pigments which may be incorporated in amounts up to about 6%, by weight of the gum. For example, titanium dioxide may be incorporated in amounts up to about 2%, and preferably less than about 1%, by weight of the chewing gum. The colorants may also include natural food colors and dyes suitable for food, drug and cosmetic applications. These colorants are known as F.D.& C. dyes and lakes. The materials acceptable for the foregoing uses are preferably water-soluble. Illustrative nonlimiting examples include the indigoid dye known as F.D.& C. Blue No. 2, which is the disodium salt of 5,5-indigotindisulfonic acid. Similarly, the dye known as F.D.& C. Green No. 1 comprises a triphenylmethane dye and is the monosodium salt of 4-[4-(N-ethyl-p-sulfoniumbenzylamino)diphenylmethylene]-[1-(N-ethyl-N-p-sulfoniumbenzyl)-delta-2,5-cyclohexadieneimine]. A full recitation of all F.D.& C. colorants and their corresponding chemical structures may be found in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition, in volume 5 at pages 857-884, which text is incorporated herein by reference.
As classified by the United States Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 C.F.R. 73), colors can include exempt from certification colors (sometimes referred to as natural even though they can be synthetically manufactured) and certified colors (sometimes referred to as artificial), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, exempt from certification or natural colors can include, but are not limited to annatto extract, (E160b), bixin, norbixin, astaxanthin, dehydrated beets (beet powder), beetroot red/betanin (E162), ultramarine blue, canthaxanthin (E161g), cryptoxanthin (E161c), rubixanthin (E161d), violanxanthin (E161e), rhodoxanthin (E161f), caramel (E150(a-d)), β-apo-8′-carotenal (E160e), β-carotene (E160a), alpha carotene, gamma carotene, ethyl ester of beta-apo-8 carotenal (E160f), flavoxanthin (E161a), lutein (E161b), cochineal extract (E120); carmine (E132), carmoisine/azorubine (E122), sodium copper chlorophyllin (E141), chlorophyll (E140), toasted partially defatted cooked cottonseed flour, ferrous gluconate, ferrous lactate, grape color extract, grape skin extract (enocianina), anthocyanins (E163), haematococcus algae meal, synthetic iron oxide, iron oxides and hydroxides (E172), fruit juice, vegetable juice, dried algae meal, tagetes (Aztec marigold) meal and extract, carrot oil, corn endosperm oil, paprika, paprika oleoresin, phaffia yeast, riboflavin (E101), saffron, titanium dioxide, turmeric (E100), turmeric oleoresin, amaranth (E123), capsanthin/capsorbin (E160c), lycopene (E160d), and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, certified colors can include, but are not limited to, FD&C blue #1, FD&C blue #2, FD&C green #3, FD&C red #3, FD&C red #40, FD&C yellow #5 and FD&C yellow #6, tartrazine (E102), quinoline yellow (E104), sunset yellow (E110), ponceau (E124), erythrosine (E127), patent blue V (E131), titanium dioxide (E171), aluminium (E173), silver (E174), gold (E175), pigment rubine/lithol rubine BK (E180), calcium carbonate (E170), carbon black (E153), black PN/brilliant black BN (E151), green S/acid brilliant green BS (E142), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, certified colors can include FD&C aluminum lakes. These include of the aluminum salts of FD&C dyes extended on an insoluble substrate of alumina hydrate. Additionally, in some embodiments, certified colors can be included as calcium salts.
Additional additives including functional ingredients include physiological cooling agents, throat-soothing agents, spices, warming agents, tooth-whitening agents or other dental care ingredients, breath-freshening agents, vitamins, nutraceuticals, phyto chemicals, polyphenols, antioxidants, active ingredients, minerals, caffeine, drugs and other actives may also be included in the gum composition. Such components may be used in amounts sufficient to achieve their intended effects and will be more fully discussed below.
Breath fresheners can include essential oils as well as various aldehydes, alcohols, and similar materials. In some embodiments, essential oils can include oils of spearmint, peppermint, wintergreen, sassafras, chlorophyll, citral, geraniol, cardamom, clove, sage, carvacrol, eucalyptus, cardamom, magnolia bark extract, marjoram, cinnamon, lemon, lime, grapefruit, and orange. In some embodiments, aldehydes such as cinnamic aldehyde and salicylaldehyde can be used. Additionally, chemicals such as menthol, carvone, iso-garrigol, and anethole can function as breath fresheners. Of these, the most commonly employed are oils of peppermint, spearmint and chlorophyll.
In addition to essential oils and chemicals derived from them, in some embodiments breath fresheners can include but are not limited to zinc citrate, zinc acetate, zinc fluoride, zinc ammonium sulfate, zinc bromide, zinc iodide, zinc chloride, zinc nitrate, zinc fluorosilicate, zinc gluconate, zinc tartarate, zinc succinate, zinc formate, zinc chromate, zinc phenol sulfonate, zinc dithionate, zinc sulfate, silver nitrate, zinc salicylate, zinc glycerophosphate, copper nitrate, chlorophyll, copper chlorophyll, chlorophyllin, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, chlorine dioxide, beta cyclodextrin, zeolite, silica-based materials, carbon-based materials, enzymes such as laccase, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the release profiles of probiotics can be managed for a chewing gum including, but not limited to lactic acid producing microorganisms such as Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus laterosporus, Bacillus laevolacticus, Sporolactobacillus inulinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus jenseni, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactococcus lactis, Pedioccocus acidilacti, Pedioccocus pentosaceus, Pedioccocus urinae, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus laterosporus, Bacillus laevolacticus, Sporolactobacillus inulinus and mixtures thereof. Breath fresheners are also known by the following trade names: Retsyn,™ Actizol,™ and Nutrazin.™ Examples of malodor-controlling compositions are also included in U.S. Pat. No. 5,300,305 to Stapler et al. and in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2003/0215417 and 2004/0081713 which are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference for all purposes.
Dental care ingredients (also known as oral care ingredients) may include but are not limited to tooth whiteners, stain removers, oral cleaning, bleaching agents, desensitizing agents, dental remineralization agents, antibacterial agents, anticaries agents, plaque acid buffering agents, surfactants and anticalculus agents. Non-limiting examples of such ingredients can include, hydrolytic agents including proteolytic enzymes, abrasives such as hydrated silica, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and alumina, other active stain-removing components such as surface-active agents, including, but not limited to anionic surfactants such as sodium stearate, sodium palminate, sulfated butyl oleate, sodium oleate, salts of fumaric acid, glycerol, hydroxylated lecithin, sodium lauryl sulfate and chelators such as polyphosphates, which are typically employed as tartar control ingredients. In some embodiments, dental care ingredients can also include tetrasodium pyrophosphate and sodium tri-polyphosphate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium acid pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, xylitol, sodium hexametaphosphate.
In some embodiments, peroxides such as carbamide peroxide, calcium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, sodium peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxydiphospate are included. In some embodiments, potassium nitrate and potassium citrate are included. Other examples can include casein glycomacropeptide, calcium casein peptone-calcium phosphate, casein phosphopeptides, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), and amorphous calcium phosphate. Still other examples can include papaine, krillase, pepsin, trypsin, lysozyme, dextranase, mutanase, glycoamylase, amylase, glucose oxidase, and combinations thereof.
Further examples can include surfactants such as sodium stearate, sodium ricinoleate, and sodium lauryl sulfate surfactants for use in some embodiments to achieve increased prophylactic action and to render the dental care ingredients more cosmetically acceptable. Surfactants can preferably be detersive materials which impart to the composition detersive and foaming properties. Suitable examples of surfactants are water-soluble salts of higher fatty acid monoglyceride monosulfates, such as the sodium salt of the monosulfated monoglyceride of hydrogenated coconut oil fatty acids, higher alkyl sulfates such as sodium lauryl sulfate, alkyl aryl sulfonates such as sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, higher alkyl sulfoacetates, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate, higher fatty acid esters of 1,2-dihydroxy propane sulfonate, and the substantially saturated higher aliphatic acyl amides of lower aliphatic amino carboxylic acid compounds, such as those having 12 to 16 carbons in the fatty acid, alkyl or acyl radicals, and the like. Examples of the last mentioned amides are N-lauroyl sarcosine, and the sodium, potassium, and ethanolamine salts of N-lauroyl, N-myristoyl, or N-palmitoyl sarcosine.
In addition to surfactants, dental care ingredients can include antibacterial agents such as, but not limited to, triclosan, chlorhexidine, zinc citrate, silver nitrate, copper, limonene, and cetyl pyridinium chloride. In some embodiments, additional anticaries agents can include fluoride ions or fluorine-providing components such as inorganic fluoride salts. In some embodiments, soluble alkali metal salts, for example, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, sodium fluoro silicate, ammonium fluorosilicate, sodium monofluorophosphate, as well as tin fluorides, such as stannous fluoride and stannous chloride can be included. In some embodiments, a fluorine-containing compound having a beneficial effect on the care and hygiene of the oral cavity, e.g., diminution of enamel solubility in acid and protection of the teeth against decay may also be included as an ingredient. Examples thereof include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, potassium fluoride, potassium stannous fluoride (SnF.sub.2-KF), sodium hexafluorostannate, stannous chlorofluoride, sodium fluorozirconate, and sodium monofluorophosphate. In some embodiments, urea is included.
Further examples are included in the following U.S. patents and U.S. published patent applications, the contents of all of which are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference for all purposes: U.S. Pat. No. 5,227,154 to Reynolds, U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,131 to Greenberg, U.S. Pat. No. 6,846,500 to Luo et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,733,818 to Luo et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,696,044 to Luo et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,685,916 to Holme et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,739 to Luo et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,479,071 to Holme et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,945 to Luo et al., U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20050025721 to Holme et al., 2005008732 to Gebreselassie et al., and 20040136928 to Holme et al.
Actives generally refer to those ingredients that are included in a delivery system and/or chewing gum for the desired end benefit they provide to the user. In some embodiments, actives can include medicaments, nutrients, nutraceuticals, herbals, nutritional supplements, pharmaceuticals, drugs, and the like and combinations thereof.
Examples of useful drugs include ace-inhibitors, antianginal drugs, anti-arrhythmias, anti-asthmatics, anti-cholesterolemics, analgesics, anesthetics, anti-convulsants, anti-depressants, anti-diabetic agents, anti-diarrhea preparations, antidotes, anti-histamines, anti-hypertensive drugs, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-lipid agents, anti-manics, anti-nauseants, anti-stroke agents, anti-thyroid preparations, anti-tumor drugs, anti-viral agents, acne drugs, alkaloids, amino acid preparations, anti-tussives, anti-uricemic drugs, anti-viral drugs, anabolic preparations, systemic and non-systemic anti-infective agents, anti-neoplastics, anti-parkinsonian agents, anti-rheumatic agents, appetite stimulants, biological response modifiers, blood modifiers, bone metabolism regulators, cardiovascular agents, central nervous system stimulates, cholinesterase inhibitors, contraceptives, decongestants, dietary supplements, dopamine receptor agonists, endometriosis management agents, enzymes, erectile dysfunction therapies such as sildenafil citrate, which is currently marketed as Viagra™, fertility agents, gastrointestinal agents, homeopathic remedies, hormones, hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia management agents, immunomodulators, immunosuppressives, migraine preparations, motion sickness treatments, muscle relaxants, obesity management agents, osteoporosis preparations, oxytocics, parasympatholytics, parasympathomimetics, prostaglandins, psychotherapeutic agents, respiratory agents, sedatives, smoking cessation aids such as bromocryptine or nicotine, sympatholytics, tremor preparations, urinary tract agents, vasodilators, laxatives, antacids, ion exchange resins, anti-pyretics, appetite suppressants, expectorants, anti-anxiety agents, anti-ulcer agents, anti-inflammatory substances, coronary dilators, cerebral dilators, peripheral vasodilators, psycho-tropics, stimulants, anti-hypertensive drugs, vasoconstrictors, migraine treatments, antibiotics, tranquilizers, anti-psychotics, anti-tumor drugs, anti-coagulants, anti-thrombotic drugs, hypnotics, anti-emetics, anti-nauseants, anti-convulsants, neuromuscular drugs, hyper- and hypo-glycemic agents, thyroid and anti-thyroid preparations, diuretics, anti-spasmodics, terine relaxants, anti-obesity drugs, erythropoietic drugs, anti-asthmatics, cough suppressants, mucolytics, DNA and genetic modifying drugs, and combinations thereof.
Examples of active ingredients contemplated for use in some embodiments can include antacids, H2-antagonists, and analgesics. For example, antacid dosages can be prepared using the ingredients calcium carbonate alone or in combination with magnesium hydroxide, and/or aluminum hydroxide. Moreover, antacids can be used in combination with H2-antagonists.
Analgesics include opiates and opiate derivatives, such as Oxycontin™, ibuprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen, and combinations thereof that may optionally include caffeine.
Other drug active ingredients for use in embodiments can include anti-diarrheals such as Immodium™ AD, anti-histamines, anti-tussives, decongestants, vitamins, and breath fresheners. Also contemplated for use herein are anxiolytics such as Xanax™; anti-psychotics such as Clozaril™ and Haldol™; non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAID's) such as ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, Voltaren™ and Lodine™, anti-histamines such as Claritin™, Hismanal™, Relafen™, and Tavist™; anti-emetics such as Kytril™ and Cesamet™; bronchodilators such as Bentolin™, Proventil™; anti-depressants such as Prozac™, Zoloft™, and Paxil™; anti-migraines such as Imigra™, ACE-inhibitors such as Vasotec™, Capoten™ and Zestril™; anti-Alzheimer's agents, such as Nicergoline™; and CaH-antagonists such as Procardia™, Adalat™, and Calan™.
The popular H2-antagonists which are contemplated for use in the present invention include cimetidine, ranitidine hydrochloride, famotidine, nizatidien, ebrotidine, mifentidine, roxatidine, pisatidine and aceroxatidine.
Active antacid ingredients can include, but are not limited to, the following: aluminum hydroxide, dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate, aminoacetic acid, aluminum phosphate, dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate, bicarbonate, bismuth aluminate, bismuth carbonate, bismuth subcarbonate, bismuth subgallate, bismuth subnitrate, bismuth subsilysilate, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, citrate ion (acid or salt), amino acetic acid, hydrate magnesium aluminate sulfate, magaldrate, magnesium aluminosilicate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium glycinate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium trisilicate, milk solids, aluminum mono-ordibasic calcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium tartrate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium aluminosilicates, tartaric acids and salts.
A variety of nutritional supplements may also be used as active ingredients including virtually any vitamin or mineral. For example, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, thiamine, riboflavin, biotin, folic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, iron, copper, iodine, zinc, selenium, manganese, choline, chromium, molybdenum, fluorine, cobalt and combinations thereof, may be used.
Examples of nutritional supplements that can be used as active ingredients are set forth in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2003/0157213 A1, 2003/0206993 and 2003/0099741 A1 which are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference for all purposes.
Various herbals may also be used as active ingredients such as those with various medicinal or dietary supplement properties. Herbals are generally aromatic plants or plant parts and or extracts thereof that can be used medicinally or for flavoring. Suitable herbals can be used singly or in various mixtures. Commonly used herbs include Echinacea, Goldenseal, Calendula, Rosemary, Thyme, Kava Kava, Aloe, Blood Root, Grapefruit Seed Extract, Black Cohosh, Ginseng, Guarana, Cranberry, Gingko Biloba, St. John's Wort, Evening Primrose Oil, Yohimbe Bark, Green Tea, Ma Huang, Maca, Bilberry, Lutein, and combinations thereof.
An effervescent system may include one or more edible acids and one or more edible alkaline materials. The edible acid(s) and the edible alkaline material(s) may react together to generate effervescence.
In some embodiments, the alkaline material(s) may be selected from, but is not limited to, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal bicarbonates, alkaline earth metal carbonates, alkaline earth metal bicarbonates, and combinations thereof. The edible acid(s) may be selected from, but is not limited to, citric acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, an effervescing system may include one or more other ingredients such as, for example, carbon dioxide, oral care ingredients, flavorants, etc.
For examples of use of an effervescing system in a gum, refer to U.S. Provisional Patent No. 60/618,222 filed Oct. 13, 2004, and entitled “Effervescent Pressed Confectionery Tablet Compositions,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Other examples can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,318, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
Appetite suppressors can be ingredients such as fiber and protein that function to depress the desire to consume food. Appetite suppressors can also include benzphetamine, diethylpropion, mazindol, phendimetrazine, phentermine, hoodia (P57), Olibra,™ ephedra, caffeine and combinations thereof. Appetite suppressors are also known by the following trade names: Adipex,™ Adipost,™ Bontril™ PDM, Bontril™ Slow Release, Didrex,™ Fastin,™ Ionamin,™ Mazanor,™ Melfiat,™ Obenix,™ Phendiet,™ Phendiet-105,™ Phentercot,™ Phentride,™ Plegine,™ Prelu-2,™ Pro-Fast,™ PT 105,™ Sanorex,™ Tenuate,™ Sanorex,™ Tenuate,™ Tenuate Dospan,™ Tepanil Ten-Tab,™ Teramine,™ and Zantryl.™ These and other suitable appetite suppressors are further described in the following U.S. patents, all of which are incorporated in their entirety by reference hereto: U.S. Pat. No. 6,838,431 to Portman, U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,815 to Portman, U.S. Pat. No. 6,558,690 to Portman, U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,962 to Portman, U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,899 to Portman.
Micronutrients can include materials that have an impact on the nutritional well being of an organism even though the quantity required by the organism to have the desired effect is small relative to macronutrients such as protein, carbohydrate, and fat. Micronutrients can include, but are not limited to vitamins, minerals, enzymes, phytochemicals, antioxidants, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, vitamins can include fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, vitamins can include water soluble vitamins such as vitamin C (ascorbic acid), the B vitamins (thiamine or B1, riboflavoin or B2, niacin or B3, pyridoxine or B6, folic acid or B9, cyanocobalimin or B12, pantothenic acid, biotin), and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments minerals can include but are not limited to sodium, magnesium, chromium, iodine, iron, manganese, calcium, copper, fluoride, potassium, phosphorous, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments micronutrients can include but are not limited to L-carnitine, choline, coenzyme Q10, alpha-lipoic acid, omega-3-fatty acids, pepsin, phytase, trypsin, lipases, proteases, cellulases, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments phytochemicals can include but are not limited to cartotenoids, chlorophyll, chlorophyllin, fiber, flavanoids, anthocyanins, cyaniding, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin, flavanols, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechingallate (EGCG), theaflavins, thearubigins, proanthocyanins, flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, isorhamnetin, flavononeshesperetin, naringenin, eriodictyol, tangeretin, flavones, apigenin, luteolin, lignans, phytoestrogens, resveratrol, isoflavones, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, soy isoflavones, and combinations thereof.
Mouth moisteners can include, but are not limited to, saliva stimulators such as acids and salts and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, acids can include acetic acid, adipic acid, ascorbic acid, butyric acid, citric acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, glyconic acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, salts can include sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, sea salt, sodium citrate, and combinations thereof.
Mouth moisteners can also include hydro colloid materials that hydrate and may adhere to oral surface to provide a sensation of mouth moistening. Hydrocolloid materials can include naturally occurring materials such as plant exudates, seed confectionerys, and seaweed extracts or they can be chemically modified materials such as cellulose, starch, or natural confectionery derivatives. In some embodiments, hydrocolloid materials can include pectin, gum arabic, acacia gum, alginates, agar, carageenans, guar gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, gelatin, gellan gum, galactomannans, tragacanth gum, karaya gum, curdlan, konjac, chitosan, xyloglucan, beta glucan, furcellaran, gum ghatti, tamarin, bacterial gums, and combinations thereof. Additionally, in some embodiments, modified natural gums such as propylene glycol alginate, carboxymethyl locust bean gum, low methoxyl pectin, and their combinations can be included. In some embodiments, modified celluloses can be included such as microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethlcellulose (CMC), methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPCM), and hydroxypropylcellulose (MPC), and combinations thereof.
Similarly, humectants which can provide a perception of mouth hydration can be included. Such humectants can include, but are not limited to glycerol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol, erythritol, and xylitol. Additionally, in some embodiments, fats can provide a perception of mouth moistening. Such fats can include medium chain triglycerides, vegetable oils, fish oils, mineral oils, and combinations thereof.
Throat soothing ingredients can include analgesics, anesthetics, demulcents, antiseptic, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, analgesics/anesthetics can include menthol, phenol, hexylresorcinol, benzocaine, dyclonine hydrochloride, benzyl alcohol, salicyl alcohol, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, demulcents can include but are not limited to slippery elm bark, pectin, gelatin, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, antiseptic ingredients can include cetylpyridinium chloride, domiphen bromide, dequalinium chloride, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, antitussive ingredients such as chlophedianol hydrochloride, codeine, codeine phosphate, codeine sulfate, dextromethorphan, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, diphenhydramine citrate, and diphenhydramine hydrochloride, and combinations thereof can be included.
In some embodiments, throat soothing agents such as honey, propolis, aloe vera, glycerine, menthol and combinations thereof can be included. In still other embodiments, cough suppressants can be included. Such cough suppressants can fall into two groups: those that alter the consistency or production of phlegm such as mucolytics and expectorants; and those that suppress the coughing reflex such as codeine (narcotic cough suppressants), antihistamines, dextromethorphan and isoproterenol (non-narcotic cough suppressants). In some embodiments, ingredients from either or both groups can be included.
In still other embodiments, antitussives can include, but are not limited to, the group consisting of codeine, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, diphenhydramine, hydrocodone, noscapine, oxycodone, pentoxyverine and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, antihistamines can include, but are not limited to, acrivastine, azatadine, brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dexbrompheniramine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, hydroxyzine, meclizine, phenindamine, phenyltoloxamine, promethazine, pyrilamine, tripelennamine, triprolidine and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, non-sedating antihistamines can include, but are not limited to, astemizole, cetirizine, ebastine, fexofenadine, loratidine, terfenadine, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, expectorants can include, but are not limited to, ammonium chloride, guaifenesin, ipecac fluid extract, potassium iodide and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, mucolytics can include, but are not limited to, acetylcycsteine, ambroxol, bromhexine and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents can include, but are not limited to, acetaminophen, aspirin, diclofenac, diflunisal, etodolac, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, ketorolac, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, caffeine and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, local anesthetics can include, but are not limited to, lidocaine, benzocaine, phenol, dyclonine, benzonotate and mixtures thereof.
In some embodiments nasal decongestants and ingredients that provide the perception of nasal clearing can be included. In some embodiments, nasal decongestants can include but are not limited to phenylpropanolamine, pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments ingredients that provide a perception of nasal clearing can include but are not limited to menthol, camphor, borneol, ephedrine, eucalyptus oil, peppermint oil, methyl salicylate, bornyl acetate, lavender oil, wasabi extracts, horseradish extracts, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a perception of nasal clearing can be provided by odoriferous essential oils, extracts from woods, confectioneries, flowers and other botanicals, resins, animal secretions, and synthetic aromatic materials.
In some embodiments, optional or functional ingredients can include breath fresheners, dental care components, actives, herbals, effervescing systems, appetite suppressors, vitamins, micronutrients, mouth moistening components, throat care components, energy boosting agents, concentration boosting agents, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the modified release component includes at least one ingredient selected from the group comprising flavors, sweeteners, sensates, breath fresheners, dental care components, actives, herbals, effervescing systems, appetite suppressors, potentiators, food acids, micronutrients, mouth moistening components, throat care components, and combinations thereof. These ingredients can be in encapsulated form, in free form, or both.
The compositions for the chewing gums are prepared by first combining talc, where present, with the gum base under heat at about 85° C. This combination is then mixed with the bulk sweeteners, lecithin, and sweetener syrups for six minutes. The flavor blends which include a pre-mix of the flavors and cooling agents are added and mixed for 1 minute. Finally, the acids and intense sweeteners are added and mixed for 5 minutes.
In addition to the various chewing gums mentioned above, it should be appreciated that the below discussed systems and methods may be used to form and size confectionary or candy, combinations of gum ingredients with confectionary or candy ingredients, and combinations of gum with confectionary or candy, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0166449, International Publication No. WO 2011/044373, and International Publication No. WO 2010/092480 the teachings and disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties to the extent not inconsistent with the present disclosure.
The system 10 may be used to form (as well as cool or heat) chewing gum including various ingredients. Any conventional mixers can be used to mix the chewing gum, although the type of mixer used may effect the feed characteristics into the sizing station 12. For example, different types of preconditioning and low shear extruders may be employed to modify the raw mixer output and generate a regular stream and/or a continuous stream. In either event, it is contemplated that the sizing station 12 is readily usable with a variety of mixing systems employed in the industry.
An exemplary mixing system 21 is shown in
The mixers of the mixing system 21 may be a continuous mixer or a batch mixer. As used herein, “a continuous mixer”, which may also be referred to herein as a “continuous processor”, is processing equipment in which the various ingredients used to prepare an effluent are fed substantially continuously into the device while those ingredients are being mixed and removed or ejected from the mixing system. For example, in a continuous mixing extruder, ingredients are substantially continuously introduced through various upstream and downstream feed ports, all the while, the screws, blades, pins, paddles or other mixing elements continue to convey and mix the mixture within the system. At a downstream portion of the extruder, the wholly or partly combined downstream portion of the mass is ejected from the extruder by the force of the mass substantially continually or continually being conveyed.
A continuous mixer may provide dispersive mixing, distributive mixing or a combination of both dispersive mixing and distributive mixing. For example, a continuous mixer in the form of an extruder can have all dispersive mixing elements, all distributive mixing elements, or a combination of dispersive mixing elements and distributive mixing elements. Due to the characteristics and requirements of mixing gum compositions, the dispersive mixing elements are typically upstream of the distributive mixing elements, however, continuous mixers according to the present invention are not limited to that arrangement.
As used herein, “a batch mixer,” which may also be referred to herein as a “batch processor,” is processing equipment that ejects prepared composition from the equipment all at once or in at least discrete non-continuous portions at intermittent intervals. Typically, individual ingredients or portions of the individual ingredients used to prepare the composition are fed into the device substantially all at one time or in a predetermined temporal sequence in discrete amounts. Individual ingredients added to a batch mixer may be added at different times throughout the mixing cycle such that some ingredients have a residence time substantially equal to the entire length of the mixing cycle while other ingredients have a residence time for only a fraction of the entire length of the mixing cycle. Further, individual ingredients that are used for different purposes throughout the mixing cycle may have different discrete portions of the ingredient added at different times throughout the mixing process. For example, one ingredient may be used to facilitate compounding elastomer as well as a bulking agent. Such an ingredient may have a first portion added at the beginning of the mixing cycle such that it has a residence time equal to the entire mixing time while a second portion of the same ingredient may be added later in the mixing cycle such that the second portion has a residence time less than the entire mixing time.
A batch mixer will typically provide either dispersive mixing or distributive mixing. A batch mixer used in practicing the present invention could be configured to provide both dispersive and distributive mixing. For example, it is contemplated that a kettle mixer that includes internal blades could be configured to shift between dispersive and distributive mixing by modifying the pitch or orientation of the blades. Alternatively, the kettle mixer could include multiple sets of blades, such that one set is configured for dispersive mixing while another set is configured for distributive mixing. It is contemplated the mixer would most likely only use one set of the blades at a time to provide one type of mixing at a time.
In some embodiments, the gum mixing system 21 may include one continuous mixer or one batch mixer. In other embodiments, the gum mixing system 21 may include one or more continuous mixers and/or one or more batch mixers arranged in series and/or parallel. Various parallel and series mixing system arrangements are described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/338,428 and 12/338,682, which are assigned to the present assignee, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Referring more specifically now to the embodiment shown in
As shown in
Additional ingredients, such as the inclusions that will be discussed hereinbelow. may be sensitive to shear and pressure forces that are greater than those found in the gum sizing station 12. For purposes of this disclosure “inclusions” are any additions made to the chewing gum that are visible in a final chewing gum product at least in cross-section. Additions such as but not limited to candy, nuts, chocolate, caramel, fruit pieces, gels, liquids, confectionary sheets/strands and any other solid, semi-solid, and/or fluid ingredients desirably matched with confectionery are all contemplated as inclusions. Such inclusions 27 may be delivered to the sizing system 12 via an inclusion delivery system 29 at an area upstream of or at a spacing or sizing gap 42 disposed between the two rollers 14 and 16.
In the exemplary embodiment of
As the gum mass 24 exits the hopper 23 and makes contact with the roller 14, the mass 24 also contacts the inclusions 27 now disposed thereon. These inclusions 27 are then pressed into adherence with a surface of the gum mass 24 contacting the roller 14 as the mass 24 passes through the gap 42. The pressure applied by this sizing gap 42 increases at a slow enough rate to avoid rupture or destruction of the relatively fragile inclusion that are now applied to the gum surface (please see the relatively low pressure profile shown at
As shown in the exemplary embodiments of
Notably, inclusions deposited directly into the hopper 23 may fall from the delivery system 29 straight down onto an exposed top surface of the roller 14 without contacting or being distributed within the gum mass 24. Indeed, if mass enters and exits the hopper 23 at a steady state and the exit from the hopper 23 is wide enough, the hopper 23 may include a direct, open passage down to the roller 14 for inclusions 27 to fall.
Examples of inclusion disposal at either surface and within the gum sheet can be seen at
As shown in
The nozzles 29′ may also be positioned to deliver inclusions 27 at an area of the system 12 just upstream of the gap 42 and just downstream of contact between the gum mass 24 and either of the rollers 14 and 16 (i.e. just downstream of exit from the hopper 23). Nozzles 29′ positioned in such a manner are shown in the exemplary embodiment of
Turning now to the exemplary embodiment shown in
In addition, a multi-layer sheet with inclusions could be produced by adding inclusions at a position downstream of the set of rollers 14 and 16, but upstream of a second set of rollers producing another sheet to be deposited atop the sheet 26 and inclusions 27.
Turning now to the exemplary embodiment illustrated in
In addition to sizing, shaping, and/or separating the pieces 26″, the system 12′ also provides for inclusion delivery via an inclusion delivery system 29. It should be appreciated that, while a vibrating pan/chute positioned over the first roller 14 is shown in the exemplary embodiment of
As the gum mass 24 exits the hopper 23 and makes contact with the roller 14 the mass 24 will also contact the inclusions 27 now disposed within the cavities. The gum mass 24 is then pushed into the cavities 35 of the both the first and second roller 14 and 16, and mixed (in a merely distributive manner) with any inclusions 27 contained therein. As the cavities 35 of the two rollers 14 and 16 converge, separation of the mass 24 into included gum pieces 26″ (“balls” in the exemplary two roller cavity embodiment of
Referring back now to the sizing station 12 and functions thereof, the rollers 14 and 16 are externally driven, for example by an operably coupled motor. In an exemplary embodiment, each of the rollers 14 and 16 are provided with a motor, such that a rotational speed of each roller can be controlled independently.
The hopper 23 may be used for upstream surge control, capacity, and feed control. The hopper 23 constrains, accumulates, and feeds the gum mass 24 into an inlet region generally between the rollers 14 and 16. The hopper 23 can be configured to receive the chewing gum output 22 directly, in loaf form, and/or another somewhat uniform web of chewing gum having various web width. Regardless of the form in which the hopper 23 receives the chewing gum output 22, this output is accumulated in the hopper 23 as the non-uniformly shaped gum mass 24. The width of rollers 14 and 16 may be adjusted according to a desired width of the gum sheet 26, as the gum sheet 26 will typically spread to the width of the rollers 14 and 16. In an exemplary embodiment, the upper and lower rollers 14 and 16 are configured to accommodate the gum sheet 26 at a width of between about 25 mm to 1 m, or perhaps more. It may be desirable to have a wider sheet of the gum of greater than about 0.6 m in width so as to be able to provide a substantial gum mass volume that can operate at slower speeds while generating sufficient output.
The gum mass 24 fed into the hopper flows toward the hopper output 34 via gravity. This flow through the hopper via gravity may be assisted by feed roller disposed within the hopper 23.
The gum mass 24 is then guided towards the gap by drag force created by both rollers 14 and 16. Therein, the counter rotating upper roller 14 and lower roller 16 pull the gum mass 24 between the rollers 14 and 16 to form and size the gum mass 24 into the gum sheet 26.
As shown in the exemplary embodiment of
As the gum mass 24 is pulled through the gap 42, which can be as narrow as 0.1 mm (or even zero gap in certain embodiments) at various stages of rotation of the upper roller 14, the gum mass 24 mass is deformed between the rollers 14 and 16, with this deforming/sizing being substantially extensional. Immediately prior to being sized by the rollers 14 and 16 (thus just after or as exiting the hopper 23), the gum mass 24 is substantially unshaped. It should be noted that an “unshaped” gum mass may be defined as any mass that is not, in its current state, sized or formed via extrusion, deforming, or any other means, though the gum mass may have been sized or formed in such a manner prior to being in this current state. In other words, dimensions of the gum sheet 26 are created independently of the shape and dimensions of the unshaped gum mass 24. It should be noted however that the width of the exit from the hopper 23, the gap 42, and the sheet 26 may all be substantially the same. In addition, an exemplary embodiment of the gum mass 24 may include a thickness dimension of greater than three times the gum sheet 26, and more particularly 10-70 times the gum sheet 26, as the gum mass 24 exits the hopper 23. In an exemplary embodiment, a thickness of the gum mass 24 immediately upstream of the gap 42 is 500-800 mm, and a thickness of the gum sheet 26 immediately downstream of the gap 42 is 0.1-60 mm, and more particularly 0.3-10 mm.
It should be noted that the rollers 14 and 16 may be configured to have different diameters from each other, depending on physical properties of the gum being formed, a desired thickness and width of the gum sheet 26 exiting the gap 42, and a desired temperature of the gum sheet 26 exiting the gap 42. In the exemplary embodiment shown in
Depending upon the desired thickness of the gum product, it should be appreciated that the minimum separation between the rollers (e.g. the gap) may be adjusted by moving the rollers 14 and 16 apart from one another. The rollers 14 and 16 may be configured with any desirable actuation devices, such as but not limited to servomechanisms, to control the vertical position of the rollers 14 and 16 relative to each other, and thereby adjust the gap 42.
The hopper 23 may be arranged with a tapered outer wall, which abuts the lower roller 16 with a very small clearance allowing rotation of the lower roller 16. Similarly, an outer wall of the hopper 23 abuts the upper roller 14 with a very small clearance. The tapered outer wall is configured to guide a gum mass 24 towards the gap 42. Alternatively, the walls of the hopper 23 may rest directly on the rollers 14 and 16.
The upper roller 16 and the lower roller 14 may run at various rotational speeds. The rollers 14 and 16 may run at a same rotational speed or different rotational speeds. The rotational speed of each of the rollers 14 and 16 may be selected depending on physical properties of the input gum and an amount of heat transfer desired via the rollers 14 and 16. In one embodiment, the lower roller 14, which is configured to have a larger diameter than the upper roller 16, runs at a lower rotational speed than the smaller upper roller 16. Further, a relative rotational speed of rollers 14 and 16 can be adjusted to produce desired quality of the gum sheet 26, such as surface characteristics, thickness tolerance, temperature, etc.
In an exemplary embodiment, the rollers 14 and 16 may also be configured to run at a same linear speed or at different linear speeds as measured at the tangent of the surface of the rollers. In one embodiment, one roller is set at a constant linear speed, while a linear speed of the other roller can be varied ±30% of the constant linear speed of the roller. For example, a linear speed of the lower roller 16 can be set at 3 m/min, while a linear speed of the upper roller 16 is controlled between 2.1 m/min and 3.9 m/min. In such embodiment, the linear speed of the upper roller 16 is adjusted within the set range to achieve a smoother surface of the gum and to minimize wrinkling of the gum. Alternatively, the upper roller 16 may be set at a constant linear speed, while the linear speed of the lower roller 14 can be controlled within a desired range. A linear speed of one roller can be varied relative to a linear speed of the other roller within ranges of ±40%, ±30%, ±20%, or ±10%, depending on characteristics of a gum and a desired varying thickness and a width of the gum sheet 26 to maximize the intended smoothness and minimize wrinkles and other unintended irregularities on the gum surface. In a different embodiment, the rollers 14 and 16 having different diameters from each other can be configured to run at a same linear speed (e.g. same speed at the tangent; but different angular speed in that the smaller roller rotates faster).
The dimensional configurations and material for the rollers 14 and 16 and support structures of the rollers 14 and 16 are engineered to minimize or eliminate deflection in the rollers 14 and 16. Though not shown in the Figures, the rollers 14 and 16 may be secured to structural frames via shafts.
It should be appreciated that the rollers 14 and 16 (or conveyor 90 on which chewing gum travels throughout the system 10) may all include temperature control features capable of cooling or heating the gum sheet 26, 26′ or pieces 26″. In order to impart such temperature transfer at least the lower roller 14 (and perhaps both rollers) may be chilled (or heated). In some embodiments, each of the upper roller 16 and the lower roller 14 may be provided with internal channel(s) wherein a heating or cooling fluid such as tempered water or lower freezing point fluid flows for heating or cooling the rollers. Therefore, the surface temperature of the rollers may be adjusted from about −15° C. to 90° C.
The system 10 may also include a scoring roller 91 compression roller 93, and a cooling tunnel 94 downstream of the station 12. The scoring roller 91, along with perhaps a dividing roller may divide the gum sheet 26, 26′ into individual strips. The strips are conveyed to the cooling tunnel 94, where they may be cooled from both top and bottom sides with a forced air. The system 10 may include additional dividing and/or cutting rollers and packaging equipments for producing packaged gum products in a single line.
Additionally, a further inclusion delivery system 29′ may be positioned within the system 10 to deliver fluid inclusion(s) 27 downstream of the gap 42. Indeed, in the exemplary embodiment of
Still further, yet another inclusion delivery system 29″ may be positioned within the system 10 to deliver inclusion(s) 27 downstream of the gap 42. Indeed, in the exemplary embodiment of
All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.
The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) is to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2014/034032 | 4/14/2014 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61813017 | Apr 2013 | US |
