Patent Application
20210348919
The present disclosure relates generally to ultrasonic measurement systems that monitor for wall thinning in refineries, pipelines, paper mills, power plants and other heavy industry plants. The present disclosure more particularly relates to a system of monitoring a thickness of one or more assets using an ultrasonic measurement system, a multiplexer switch module and a two-conductor connection, and a method of performing the same.
There is a demand to continuously monitor the health of various plants, e.g., refineries, pipelines, paper mills, power plants and other heavy industry plants, that have assets, such as pipes, vessels, valves, and boilers, that have wall thicknesses that may change or degrade over time. The integrity of the asset may be inspected either during operation (i.e., on-line or “on-stream”) or during turnarounds in which the whole plant or certain assets are shut down.
A selection of nondestructive testing techniques is covered by the governing industry standards such as API 510 or API 570. In general, one can distinguish between surface inspection techniques as visual testing, magnetic particle testing and liquid penetrant testing, and volumetric inspection techniques such as radiographic testing and ultrasonic testing. Ultrasonic wall thickness testing complemented by radiographic testing is the most common inspection technique used in the field. The ultrasonic inspection in conventional routine plant inspection uses single element, high-temperature ultrasonic transducers, which each include one piezoelectric element, to inspect assets for wall thinning or to inspect assets of a simple shape.
Ultrasonic inspection is typically accomplished by sending and receiving electrical pulses from a base apparatus having a signal producing device to a transducer mounted to the asset which converts the electrical pulses to ultrasonic waves that may propagate through the asset for non-destructive inspection. The ultrasonic waves may be reflected from the surfaces of the asset back to the transducer that may reconvert the waves to electrical pulses and direct them back to the base apparatus for further analysis. The base apparatus and transducer may be connected by a cable having conductors for transmitting the electrical pulses. If the asset whose thickness is to be measured is a pipe provided in a plant, the section of the asset and base apparatus with the signal processing device are often relatively distant from each other, e.g., distances up to one-hundred feet. Accordingly, a significant length of cable may be required to connect the base apparatus and the transducer mounted to the asset.
A current common practice is to utilize a dedicated wiring between each of individual transducers located at various positions around an asset or assets and the base apparatus. Two-conductor coaxial cable is a most common cable used for ultrasonic transducers wiring to the base station. The two-conductor cable may conduct various signals and pulses to perform measurement of the assets. However, it can be appreciated that the installation of cabling can be a significant cost in performing ultrasonic wall measurements.
In addition, the assets, especially in the case of a pipe, may have a substantial dimension and require that ultrasonic measurements be made at multiple locations to determine the thickness of, for example, a pipe over its length. Accordingly, there may be substantial time and effort required to repeatedly reposition the ultrasonic transducer at such remote locations to obtain a thorough inspection of the asset. Certain individuals would appreciate an ultrasonic measurement system that, without additional wiring and base apparatuses, permits the use of a plurality of ultrasonic sensors.
The foregoing background discussion is intended solely to aid the reader. It is not intended to limit the innovations described herein, nor to limit or expand the prior art discussed. Thus, the foregoing discussion should not be taken to indicate that any particular element of a prior system is unsuitable for use with the innovations described herein, nor is it intended to indicate that any element is essential in implementing the innovations described herein. The implementations and application of the innovations described herein are defined by the appended claims.
In an aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a system for the ultrasonic measurement of an asset such as the wall of a pipe or a tank. The system can include a base apparatus and one or more ultrasonic sensing elements located remotely from the base apparatus. A multiplexer switch module including one or more individual switches may function as the interface between the base apparatus and the sensing elements. A primary two-conductor connector having first and second conductors may be used to connect the base apparatus to the multiplexer switch module. A second connection may be used to connect the multiplexer switch module to each respective sensing element. The base apparatus can transmit signals and pulses to the multiplexer switch module through the primary two-conductor connector, and the multiplexer switch element is configured to allow pulses to communicate with one or more of the sensing elements through the respective second connections when a respective one of the individual switches is closed.
Various objects, features and attendant advantages will become more fully appreciated as the same becomes better understood when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters designate the same or similar parts throughout the several views, and in which:
The following description is intended to convey the operation of exemplary embodiments of the innovation to those skilled in the art. It will be appreciated that this description is intended to aid the reader, not to limit the innovation. As such, references to a feature or aspect are intended to describe a feature or aspect of an embodiment of the innovation, not to imply that every embodiment of the innovation must have the described characteristic. Furthermore, it should be noted that the depicted detailed description illustrates a number of features. While certain features have been combined together to illustrate potential system designs, those features may also be used in other combinations not expressly disclosed for purposes of brevity to form additional combinations that were not otherwise shown for purposes of brevity.
The ultrasonic wall thickness measurement system 110 may be configured as a base unit including a power supply 111, a controller 112, high-voltage (HV) protection circuitry 113, a serial communications interface 114, a pulse transmitter 115a and a pulse receiver 115b, that may be combined together as a combined transmitter/receiver 115, and an analog-to-digital converter 116 which communicate with each other as illustrated in
The high-voltage protection circuitry 113 is configured to protect the serial communication interface 114 from power supplied by power supply 111 and from pulses generated by the pulse transmitter 115a. The high-voltage protection circuitry 113 may be configured as a low-pass filter in which the lower frequency and lower power signals from the power supply 111 are permitted to pass while the higher frequency and higher voltage pulses generated by the pulse transmitter 115a and transmitted along the primary two-conductor connection 130 are blocked or filtered.
The controller 112 may be any type of electronic controller or electronic control module such as a microprocessor or microcontroller configured to control the operation of various aspects of the system 110. The controller 112 operates in a logical fashion to perform operations, execute control algorithms, store and retrieve data and other desired operations. The controller 112 may include or access memory, secondary storage devices, processors, communication interfaces and/or devices and any other components for running an application. The memory and secondary storage devices may be in the form of read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), electrically erasable memory (EPROM or FLASH) or integrated circuitry that is accessible by the controller 112. Various other circuits may be associated with the controller 112 such as power supply circuitry, signal conditioning circuitry, driver circuitry, and other types of circuitry.
The controller 112 may be a single controller or may include more than one controller configured to control various functions and/or features of the system 100. The term “controller” is meant to be used in its broadest sense to include one or more controllers and/or microprocessors that may be associated with the system 100 and that may cooperate in controlling various functions and operations of the system 100. The functionality of the controller 112 may be implemented in hardware and/or software without regard to the functionality. The controller 112 may rely on one or more data maps relating to the operating conditions and the operating environment of the system 100 that may be stored in the memory of the controller 112. Each of these data maps may include a collection of data in the form of tables, graphs, and/or equations. The controller 112 may be located as part of the wall thickness measurement system 110 and, in some instances, may also include components located remotely from the thickness measurement system 110.
While the specific serial communications interface 114 used can vary, the most common serial communications interface 114 is an asynchronous serial port with shorted transmit and receive pins on the controller 112, but most one-wire serial interfaces will also work. In another embodiment, a communications interface may be based on or similar to a two-wire bi-directional RS-485 hardware interface.
The pulse transmitter 115a is configured to generate an electrical pulse based upon an instruction or command from the controller 112 and transmit the pulse along the primary two-conductor connection 130. In embodiments, a pulse generated by the pulse transmitter 115a is sufficient to cause the ultrasonic transducer 140 to generate a desired ultrasonic wave. In an embodiment, the pulse may have a duration of 100 nanoseconds and have a voltage of 60 V. Other pulse lengths and voltages are contemplated. For example, the pulse length is often a function of the natural frequency of the ultrasonic transducer 140. Further, the voltage of the pulse may often range between 10-300 V, and more particularly may be in the range between 30-90 V, but in some embodiments may range to several hundred volts, with the voltage being a function of the thickness of the section of the asset 200 to be measured. The duration of the pulse may be approximately 50 nanoseconds to 10 microseconds.
The pulse receiver 115b is configured to receive analog electrical signals in the form of pulses that are reflected back along the primary two-conductor connection 130 as described in more detail below. In some embodiments, the pulse receiver 115b may be separate from the pulse transmitter 115a and may be located remotely from the ultrasonic wall thickness measurement unit 110 or may be part of a different measurement device. In the illustrated embodiment, the electrical signals are then converted by the analog-to-digital converter 116 to digital signals that are sent to the controller 112 for processing and/or analysis. The controller 112 may direct information from the analysis or processing of the signal to an external database 170 through the cloud-based user interface 160 for further analysis or storage.
The multiplexer switch module 120 functions as the interface between the ultrasonic wall thickness measurement system 110 and the one or more transducers 140. The multiplexer switch module 120 includes high-voltage protection circuitry 121, a power storage unit 122, a serial communications interface 123, a controller 124, and a switch unit 125 where each communicate with each other as illustrated in
The power storage unit 122 may be configured to be charged and discharged during operation in order to provide power to the serial communication interface 123, the controller 124, and the switch unit 125. In an embodiment, the power storage unit 122 may comprise a capacitor. In other embodiments, the power storage unit 122 may comprise a battery, an inductor, or another structure operative to store the power necessary to operate the multiplexer switch module 120.
In embodiments, the serial communication interface 123 may be configured in a manner similar or identical to the serial communication interface 114 described above. In embodiments, the controller 124 may be configured in a manner similar or identical to the controller 112 described above. In other embodiments, the controller 124 may have less functionality than the controller 112 described above. The controller 124 may be configured to receive digital signals from the controller 112 and instruct or command the operation of the multiplexer switch module 120 to open and close individual switches 126 of the switch unit 125. Still further, the controller 124 may be configured to store information, such as either within an on-board, non-volatile memory (e.g., EPROM or FLASH) or other memory, with respect to the multiplexer switch module 120. Such information may include, for example, identification information (e.g., serial number) as well as the maximum and/or minimum power ratings which the multiplexer switch module 120 has been rated or recorded during operation.
The switch unit 125 includes at least one individual switch 126 and may include a plurality of individual switches 126 disposed electrically between the primary two-conductor connection 130 and respective ones of the additional secondary connections 150. Any suitable number of individual switches 126 can be included with the switch unit 125. The individual switches 126 can be implemented in any suitable manner and may be configured as a single pole single throw switch. In one example, the individual switches 126 may be configured as solid-state relays controlled to turn on and off as a result of a current or voltage applied to its control input. Operation of the individual switches 126 can be controlled by the controller 124. Each individual switch 126 may be electrically connected to one of the ultrasonic transducers 140 by a secondary connection 150.
Each ultrasonic sensing element, which in some embodiments may be an ultrasonic transducer 140, is configured to be mounted on a section of an asset 200 whose thickness is to be measured and a number of ultrasonic transducers 140 may be mounted over the length of the asset 200 in a spaced-apart arrangement. The asset 200 may be, for example, a pipe, vessel, valves, and/or boilers. The ultrasonic transducer 140 may be configured with a piezoelectric element that generates ultrasonic waves upon being excited by the high-voltage pulse from the pulse transmitter 115a and converts ultrasonic waves back into electrical waves or signals for conduction back to the ultrasonic wall thickness measurement system 110.
For example, referring to
In operation, a high-voltage pulse is generated by the pulse transmitter 115a and travels along the primary two-conductor connection 130 until reaching the ultrasonic transducer 140. An ultrasonic wave is generated by the transducer 140 and travels through the spacer 142 until reaching the first surface 201 of the wall 203. At the interface between the ceramic spacer 142 of the transducer 140 and the first surface 201 of the wall 203, a portion of the ultrasonic wave is reflected back by the first surface 201 and through the ceramic spacer 142 until reaching the piezoelectric element 141 at which time it is converted back into an electrical waveform. This electrical waveform travels back along a respective secondary connection 150 and the primary two-conductor connection 130 until reaching the pulse receiver 115b. This waveform may be referred to as an entry echo since it is generated based upon the ultrasonic wave entering or contacting the exterior or first surface 201 of the asset 200 to be measured.
A remaining portion of the ultrasonic wave passes through the wall 203 of the asset 200 until reaching the second surface 202 where a second ultrasonic wave is reflected back through the asset 200. This second reflected wave travels back through the ceramic spacer 142 until reaching the piezoelectric element 141 at which time it is converted into a second electrical waveform. The second electrical waveform travels back along the respective secondary connection 150 and the primary two-conductor connection 130 until reaching the pulse receiver 115b. This second waveform may be referred to as a back wall echo since it is generated based upon the ultrasonic wave contacting the interior or second surface 202 of the asset 200 to be measured.
The primary two-conductor connection 130 can extend between the ultrasonic wall thickness measurement system 110 and the multiplexer switch module 120. The primary two-conductor connection 130 can be configured to transmit or conduct signals and power in electrical form; however, other forms of transmission such as optical are contemplated by the disclosure. The primary two-conductor connection 130 may have a first conductor 131 and a second conductor 132 and thus may be configured as a cable with only two conductors. However, the primary two-conductor connection 130 may have any desired configuration. In the depicted embodiment, the primary two-conductor connection 130 is configured as a coaxial cable with a first outer conductor 131 surrounding a second inner conductor 132. In a coaxial cable, the outer conductor 131 often operates as a shield, a return or a ground signal for the inner conductor 132. In another embodiment, the two-conductor connection 130 may comprise a twisted-pair cable with each conductor of the twisted-pair providing only a single electrical path. Accordingly, as used herein, reference to the primary two-conductor connection 130 having “only two conductors” refers to a configuration having only two electrical paths, each having a different electrical potential.
In an embodiment, the ultrasonic wall measurement system 110 and the multiplexer switch module 120 may be remote from each other and the primary two-conductor connection 130 may extend a substantial distance between the location of the ultrasonic wall measurement system 110 and the location of the multiplexer switch module 120. For example, the primary two-conductor connection 130 may extend a distance of over one-hundred feet. In a possible embodiment, however, the ultrasonic wall measurement system 110 and the multiplexer switch module 120 may be located proximate to or adjacent to each other, and in such an embodiment, they may be part of the same assembly and located in the same enclosure.
After entering an entrance 133 to the multiplexer switch module 120, the primary two-conductor connection 130 electrically establishes two parallel circuit paths or branches. In particular, in a first branch 134, the first and second conductors 131, 132 of the primary two-conductor connection 130 may be electrically connected to the high-voltage protection circuitry 121 of the multiplexer switch module 120. The high-voltage protection circuitry 121 can filter, block, or limit the high frequency (and usually high voltage) pulse from passing further into the multiplexer switch module 120. The power storage unit 122, the serial connection interface 123, and the controller 124 connected in series with the high-voltage protection circuitry 121 are thus protected.
Also after entering the entrance 133, the primary two-conductor connection 130 may direct the first and/or second conductors 131, 132 into a second parallel branch 135 that may be directly connected to the individual switches 126 of the switch unit 125 so that the individual switches 126 can receive the high frequency (and usually high voltage) pulse without attenuation. The plurality of individual switches 126 may be electrically connected in parallel with the second branch 135 with at least one of the first and/or second conductors 131, 132 so that each individual switch 126 can receive the high frequency (and usually high voltage) pulse. In an embodiment, the second conductor 132 may be electrically connected in parallel to one contact of the individual switches 126 and the first connector 131 may be electrically connected to a conductive portion of the switch unit 125 to function as a return or ground. In another embodiment, the first conductor 131 may bypass the switch unit 125 and continue to the transducers 140. In another embodiment, the first conductor 131 of the primary two-conductor connection 130 may be configured as an earth ground.
The secondary connections 150 may be configured in a manner similar or identical to the primary two-conductor connection 130 having only two conductors and may in various embodiments be a coaxial cable or twisted-pair wiring. However, in some embodiments, the secondary connection 150 may include more than two conductors. Accordingly, unlike the primary connection 130, the secondary connection 150 is not limited to a two-conductor configuration. In the depicted embodiment, each secondary connection 150 has a first conductor 151 and a second conductor 152. An electrical connection can be established within the multiplexer switch module 120 between the second conductor 132 of the primary two-conductor connection 130 and the second conductors 152 of the secondary connection 150. The second conductor 132 of the primary two-conductor connection 130 is electrically connected to one end of the switch unit 125 and the second conductor 152 of each secondary connection 150 is electrically connected to a contact of the individual switches 126 of the switch unit 125. As a result, by closing individual ones of the individual switches 126, an electrical connection is made between the primary two-conductor connection 130 and the secondary connection 150 associated with the closed switch 126. An ultrasonic transducer 140 can be operatively connected to each secondary connection 150.
Referring to
After a predetermined period of time (i.e. sufficient to permit the power storage unit 122 to be sufficiently charged), the controller 112 of the ultrasonic wall thickness measurement system 110 may generate and transmit an instruction or switching command signal 191 through the serial communication interface 114 and the high-voltage protection circuitry 113 to the multiplexer switch module 120. The switching command signal 191 passes along the primary two-conductor connection 130, through the high-voltage protection circuitry 121 to the serial communication interface 123 to the controller 124. In an example, the switching command signal 191 may be sent at a rate of approximately 10 kHz so that it passes through the high-voltage protection circuitry 121 of the multiplexer switch module 120. Upon receiving the switching command signal 191, the controller 124 generates and transmits a signal to the switch unit 125 to close the desired individual switch 126. The controller 124 may be preprogrammed or include circuitry that can interpret the switching command signal 191 as identifying a specific one or more of the individual switches 126 in the switch unit 125 that are intended to be closed in order to activate the desired transducer 140. The power signal 190 used to charge the power storage unit 122 and the switching command signal 191 are each at a low enough frequency and voltage that they do not sufficiently excite the piezoelectric element 141 of the transducer 140.
Once the desired individual switch 126 is closed, the controller 112 of the ultrasonic wall thickness measurement system 110 generates and transmits an instruction or command at stage 181 to the pulse transmitter 115a to send a high-voltage pulse 192 to the ultrasonic transducer 140. In an embodiment, the high-voltage pulse 192 may have a duration of approximately 50 nanoseconds to 10 microseconds, and specifically 100 nanoseconds, and can have a voltage of between 10-300 V, and more specifically between 30-90 V. The high-voltage pulse 192 travels along the primary two-conductor connection 130, through the individual switch 126 of the switch unit 125 that is closed, and through the secondary connection 150 that is electrically connected to the closed switch 126 to reach the ultrasonic transducer 140 electrically connected to the secondary connection 150. The individual switches 126 of the switch unit 125 that remain open break the circuit and block the high-voltage pulse 192 from proceeding to the not selected associated transducers 140. The high-voltage protection circuitry 121 of the multiplexer switch module 120 filters, blocks, or limits the high-voltage pulse 192 from passing further into the module 120, thereby protecting the power storage unit 122, the serial communication interface 123, the controller 124 and other components that are connected downstream in series with the high-voltage protection circuitry 121.
The high-voltage pulse 192 causes the piezoelectric element 141 of the ultrasonic transducer 140 to generate an ultrasonic wave that passes through the spacer element 142 into the asset 200 as depicted in
At stage 182, the reflected signals from the ultrasonic transducer 140 are measured as described above with respect to
A second portion of the ultrasonic wave generated by the piezoelectric element 141 of the transducer 140 travels through the asset 200 and is reflected back by the second surface 202 to create a back wall echo wave that is received by the piezoelectric element 141 and converted into an analog electrical waveform depicted at 194. The analog electrical waveform of the back wall echo wave 194 is transmitted along the secondary connection 150 electrically connected to the ultrasonic transducer 140, through the closed switch 126 of the switch unit 125, through the primary two-conductor connection 130, received at the pulse receiver 115b and travels to the analog-to-digital converter 116 where it is converted and then to the controller 112. The serial communications interface 114 as well as the power supply 111 and the controller 112 are protected from the high-voltage pulse generated by the pulse transmitter 115a by the high-voltage protection circuitry 113.
At stage 183, the controller 112 may determine the wall thickness of the asset 200 based upon the time between the entry echo wave and the back wall echo wave. The calculation may be performed in any desired manner. In one example, the controller 112 may determine the time between the peaks of the entry echo wave 193 and the back wall echo wave 194. By knowing the velocity of the ultrasonic wave traveling through the asset 200, the thickness may be measured according to a representative formula:
S=V*(t/2)
Where V is the velocity of sound in the asset 200, as compensated for any irregularities, and t is the time between the entry echo wave and the exit echo wave. Other manners of determining temperature compensated wall thickness are contemplated. For example, a temperature compensated wall thickness may be determined based upon thickness readings made at two or more different temperatures.
At stage 184, the controller 112 may transmit the wall thickness data together with other data such as date and time, and other desired information to a user interface and/or the cloud 160. In addition, such data may be stored within a database 170.
Depending upon the configuration of the power storage unit 122 and the controller 124 of the multiplexer switch module 120, as well as the duration of the command used to charge the power storage unit 122, it may be necessary or desirable to repeat the charging process each time it is desired to control or operate an individual switch 126 of the switch unit 125. In such case, a command may be generated to charge the power storage unit 122, operate one of the individual switches 126, and then generate the desired pulse to operate the transducer 140 that is electrically connected to the closed switch 126.
In other embodiments, the power storage unit 122, the controller 124 and the power signal used to charge the power storage unit 122 may be sufficient to permit the control of a plurality of individual switches 126. In such case, a command may be generated as necessary to charge the power storage unit 122, and then sequentially operate a desired number of individual switches 126 and generate a pulse as each switch 126 is closed to operate the electrically connected transducer 140. If the power storage unit 122 is configured to store a sufficient amount of power, this process may be repeated without the need for additional charging cycles during the process of closing individual switches 126 and generating pulses to operate the electrically connected transducers 140. Multiple switching command signals 191 may be transmitted following a single power signal 190, and the module controller 124 may interpret the switching command signal 191 to open or close selective individual switches 126. However, if the power storage unit 122 cannot store a sufficient amount of power, it may be necessary to generate more power signals 190 to charge the power storage unit 122 after a desired number of switching and measuring cycles.
The two-conductor solution described and illustrated herein for a wall thickness measurement instrument allows for multi-spot wall thickness measurements, which results in a lower cost as compared to a conventional design. The system 100 allows for the routing of the following using the same two-conductor connection 130: (1) electric pulses to stimulate the ultrasonic transducer 140 and reflected pulses that are converted into electrical signal; (2) the power required to energize and operate the multiplexer switch module 120; and (3) the multiplexer switch module 120 to control signals realized by a serial communication protocol. Utilizing the same two-conductor connection 130 to fulfill each of the foregoing functions is an improvement in the art as prior art systems needed to implement each of the foregoing functions would be accomplished using a separate set of wires for each function.
Accordingly, the disclosure provides a configuration for a system 100 in which waveforms and other signals carrying information from at least two sensors, e.g., transducers 140 is sent over a primary two-conductor connection 130 having only two conductors to make multiple measurements at a plurality of locations on an asset 200. In a more particular embodiment, the disclosed system 100 permits the use of at least two analog sensors such as the ultrasonic transducer 140 to conduct analog inspection of an asset 200 using the same ultrasonic wall thickness measurement system 110 or base unit. Other analog sensors including vibration sensors could also be used. Further, other digital sensors including temperature sensors, pressure sensors, humidity sensors, and light sensors could also be used.
Still further, although each of the high-voltage protection circuitries 113, 121 are described as low-pass filters since the high-voltage pulse has a relatively high frequency, other configurations are contemplated. For example, since the electrical pulse generated by the pulse transmitter 115a has a relatively high voltage, the high-voltage protection circuitries 113, 121 may be configured to limit the amplitude of any passing signals. In an embodiment, the high-voltage protection circuitries 113, 121 may be configured with a Zener diode to limit the voltage of signals that may pass.
From the foregoing, it may be understood that the two-wire or two-conductor solution described and illustrated herein permits the installation and use of a wall thickness analysis system at multiple locations on an asset 200 or on multiple assets 200 with substantially the same wiring cost as a system that measures wall thickness at only a single location. In general, in industrial settings, e.g., refineries, pipelines, heavy industry plants, the wiring cost of a new instrument installation can be a substantial percentage of the total installation cost. Reducing the number of required wires or reusing existing wiring provides significant cost savings.
Referring to
Referring to
In a further aspect, in order to more accurately calculate the thickness of an asset 200 such as a wall of a pipe, it may be desirable to determine the temperature of the asset 200 at the time the ultrasonic measurements are made. Because the asset 200 may be located in an industrial setting such as a plant or a factory, the asset 200 may be at an elevated temperature when the ultrasonic readings are taken. It is known that the speed of ultrasonic waves traveling through metallic and other materials commonly used in or retained in the asset 200 is temperature dependent. Thus, in order to accurately measure the thickness of a desired section of an asset 200, compensation or correction for the change in speed of the ultrasonic waves with temperature is desired.
Accordingly, in an embodiment, the ultrasonic wall thickness measurement unit 110 may be configured to determine the velocity of sound as a function of temperature based upon data from a lookup table within or associated with the controller 112. Other manners of determining temperature compensated wall thickness are contemplated. For example, a temperature compensated wall thickness may be determined based upon thickness readings made at two or more different temperatures. The temperature adjacent to the transducer 140 may be determined in any desired manner.
Referring to
In an alternate embodiment depicted in
It will be appreciated that the foregoing description provides examples of the disclosed system and technique. However, it is contemplated that other implementations of the disclosure may differ in detail from the foregoing examples. All references to the disclosure or examples thereof are intended to reference the particular example being discussed at that point and are not intended to imply any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure more generally. All language of distinction and disparagement with respect to certain features is intended to indicate a lack of preference for those features, but not to exclude such from the scope of the disclosure entirely unless otherwise indicated.
Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.
Accordingly, this disclosure includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the disclosure unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. Still further, the advantages described herein may not be applicable to all embodiments encompassed by the claims.
This patent application is a national phase of International Application No. PCT/US2019/052526, filed Sep. 24, 2019, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/735,564 filed Sep. 24, 2018, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. This patent application further incorporates herein by reference International Application No. PCT/US2019/23613, filed Mar. 22, 2019.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2019/052526 | 9/24/2019 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62735564 | Sep 2018 | US |
