Patent Grant
11118240
The present disclosure relates to an abrasion-resistant steel plate, and particularly to an abrasion-resistant steel plate that can achieve both delayed fracture resistance and abrasion resistance at high level and low cost. The present disclosure also relates to a method of producing the abrasion-resistant steel plate.
Industrial machines, parts, conveying devices (e.g. power shovels, bulldozers, hoppers, bucket conveyors, rock crushers), and the like used in fields such as construction, civil engineering, and mining are exposed to abrasion such as abrasive abrasion, sliding abrasion, and impact abrasion by rocks, sand, ore, etc. Steel used in such industrial machines, parts, carriers, and the like is therefore required to have excellent abrasion resistance, in order to improve life.
It is known that the abrasion resistance of steel can be improved by increasing hardness. Hence, high-hardness steel yielded by performing heat treatment such as quenching on alloy steel containing a large amount of alloying elements such as Cr and Mo is widely used as abrasion-resistant steel.
JP 3089882 B2 (PTL 1) and JP 4894288 B2 (PTL 2) each propose an abrasion resistant steel that has a chemical composition controlled to be in a predetermined range and in which TiC precipitate is dispersed, to meet recent high demands for abrasion resistance and cost reduction. The abrasion resistance of the abrasion resistant steel is improved through precipitation of hard TiC.
In the field of abrasion-resistant steel plates, not only the improvement of abrasion resistance but also the prevention of delayed fractures is required. A delayed fracture is a phenomenon that a steel plate fractures suddenly despite the stress applied to the steel plate being not greater than its yield strength. The delayed fracture phenomenon is more likely to occur when the steel plate strength is higher, and is promoted by hydrogen entry into the steel plate. An example of the delayed fracture phenomenon of the abrasion-resistant steel plate is cracking after gas cutting. During gas cutting, the steel plate becomes brittle due to hydrogen entry from combustion gas. Further, because of residual stress after the gas cutting, cracking occurs a few hours to a few days after the cutting. Since the abrasion-resistant steel plate has high hardness, gas cutting is frequently employed. Therefore, the abrasion-resistant steel plate often encounters the problem of delayed fractures after gas cutting (hereafter also referred to as “gas cutting cracking”).
JP 5145804 B2 (PTL 3) and JP 5145805 B2 (PTL 4) each propose an abrasion-resistant steel plate whose chemical composition and microstructure are controlled to suppress delayed fractures caused by gas cutting and the like.
PTL 1: JP 3089882 B2
PTL 2: JP 4894288 B2
PTL 3: JP 5145804 B2
PTL 4: JP 5145805 B2
However, with the abrasion-resistant steel plate described in each of PTL 3 and PTL 4, the Mn content needs to be reduced in order to prevent a delayed fracture. In an abrasion-resistant steel plate, the addition of a large amount of alloying elements is required to ensure the quench hardenability of the steel plate and enhance the hardness. With the abrasion-resistant steel plate described in each of PTL 3 and PTL 4, however, the additive amount of Mn which is an inexpensive alloying element is restricted. There is thus difficulty in achieving both gas cutting cracking resistance and abrasion resistance at high level and low cost in the above-mentioned abrasion-resistant steel plates.
It could, therefore, be helpful to provide an abrasion-resistant steel plate that can achieve both delayed fracture resistance and abrasion resistance at high level and low cost. It could also be helpful to provide a method of producing the abrasion-resistant steel plate.
As a result of conducting keen examination, we discovered that a delayed fracture after gas cutting in an abrasion-resistant steel plate originates from an intergranular fracture that occurs in prior austenite grain boundaries of martensite microstructure or bainite microstructure, and that the intergranular fracture occurs when the influences of (a) residual stress generated by gas cutting, (b) hydrogen embrittlement caused by hydrogen entering the steel plate from cutting gas during gas cutting, and (c) temper embrittlement of the steel plate due to heating during gas cutting overlap.
We also discovered that a plate thickness central segregation area of the steel plate where Mn and P, which are intergranular embrittlement elements, concentrate is an origin of gas cutting cracking, and that the segregation of the intergranular embrittlement elements to the prior austenite grain boundaries in the plate thickness central segregation area is further facilitated by heating during gas cutting, as a result of which the strength of the prior austenite grain boundaries decreases significantly and gas cutting cracking occurs.
The segregation of Mn and P to the plate thickness center takes place during continuous casting. In the continuous casting, the solidification of molten steel progresses inwardly from the surface. Here, since the solid solubility limit of Mn or P is higher in liquid phase than in solid phase, alloying elements such as Mn and P concentrate into the molten steel from the solidified steel at the solid-liquid phase interface. At the plate thickness central position which is the final solidification part, the molten steel significantly concentrated with the alloying elements solidifies, thus forming the central segregation area.
Based on these discoveries, we further examined how to prevent cracking originated from the central segregation area. We consequently discovered that, by suppressing the central segregation of Mn and P in the continuous casting and also refining the prior austenite grain size in the microstructure of the final steel plate, excellent gas cutting cracking resistance is obtained even when the Mn content in the whole steel plate is high.
The present disclosure is based on these discoveries. We thus provide:
1. An abrasion-resistant steel plate comprising: a chemical composition containing (consisting of), in mass %, C: 0.20% to 0.45%, Si: 0.01% to 1.0%, Mn: 0.3% to 2.5%, P: 0.020% or less, S: 0.01% or less, Cr: 0.01% to 2.0%, Ti: 0.10% to 1.00%, B: 0.0001% to 0.0100%, Al: 0.1% or less, N: 0.01% or less, and a balance consisting of Fe and inevitable impurities; and a microstructure in which a volume fraction of martensite at a depth of 1 mm from a surface of the abrasion-resistant steel plate is 90% or more, and a prior austenite grain size at the mid-thicknes of the abrasion-resistant steel plate is 80 μm or less, wherein a number density of TiC precipitate having a size of 0.5 μm or more at a depth of 1 mm from the surface of the abrasion-resistant steel plate is 400 particles/mm2 or more, and a concentration [Mn] of Mn in mass % and a concentration [P] of P in mass % in a plate thickness central segregation area satisfy the following Expression (1):
0.04[Mn]+[P]<0.50 (1).
2. The abrasion-resistant steel plate according to 1., wherein the chemical composition further contains, in mass %, one or more selected from the group consisting of Cu: 0.01% to 2.0%, Ni: 0.01% to 10.0%, Mo: 0.01% to 3.0%, Nb: 0.001% to 0.100%, V: 0.001% to 1.00%, W: 0.01% to 1.5%, Ca: 0.0001% to 0.0200%, Mg: 0.0001% to 0.0200%, and REM: 0.0005% to 0.0500%.
3. The abrasion-resistant steel plate according to 1. or 2., wherein a reduction of area in a tensile test after subjection to temper embrittlement treatment and subsequent hydrogen embrittlement treatment is 10% or more.
4. A method of producing the abrasion-resistant steel plate according to any one of 1. to 3., the method comprising: subjecting molten steel to continuous casting, to form a slab; heating the slab to 1000° C. to 1300° C.; subjecting the heated slab to hot rolling in which reduction rolling with a rolling shape factor of 0.7 or more and a rolling reduction of 7% or more at a plate thickness central part temperature of 950° C. or more is performed three times or more, to obtain a hot rolled steel plate; reheating the hot rolled steel plate to a reheating quenching temperature; and quenching the reheated hot rolled steel plate, wherein the slab has the chemical composition according to 1. or 2., in the continuous casting, light reduction rolling with a rolling reduction gradient of 0.4 mm/m or more is performed twice or more, upstream from a final solidification position of the slab, the reheating quenching temperature is Ac3 to 1050° C., and an average cooling rate from 650° C. to 300° C. in the quenching is 1° C./s or more.
5. The method according to 4., further comprising tempering the quenched hot-rolled steel plate at a tempering temperature of 100° C. to 300° C.
6. A method of producing the abrasion-resistant steel plate according to any one of 1. to 3., the method comprising: subjecting molten steel to continuous casting, to form a slab; heating the slab to 1000° C. to 1300° C.; subjecting the heated slab to hot rolling in which reduction rolling with a rolling shape factor of 0.7 or more and a rolling reduction of 7% or more at a plate thickness central part temperature of 950° C. or more is performed three times or more, to obtain a hot-rolled steel plate; and direct quenching the hot-rolled steel plate, wherein the slab has the chemical composition according to 1. or 2., in the continuous casting, light reduction rolling with a rolling reduction gradient of 0.4 mm/m or more is performed twice or more, upstream from a final solidification position of the slab, a direct quenching temperature in the direct quenching is Ac3 or more, and an average cooling rate from 650° C. to 300° C. in the direct quenching is 1° C./s or more.
7. The method according to 6., further comprising tempering the quenched hot-rolled steel plate at a tempering temperature of 100° C. to 300° C.
It is thus possible to obtain excellent delayed fracture resistance without excessively reducing the Mn content in the whole steel plate, and so achieve both delayed fracture resistance and abrasion resistance in the abrasion-resistant steel plate at low cost. The presently disclosed technique is effective not only for delayed fracture resistance after gas cutting but also for delayed fractures caused by other factors.
In the accompanying drawings:
[Chemical Composition]
A method of implementing the present disclosure is described in detail below. In the present disclosure, it is important that a steel slab used in an abrasion-resistant steel plate and its production has the chemical composition described above. The reasons for limiting the chemical composition of steel in this way in the present disclosure are described first. In the description, “%” regarding the chemical composition denotes “mass %” unless otherwise noted.
C: 0.20% to 0.45%
C is an essential element for forming carbide such as TiC. If the C content is less than 0.20%, the solute C content in martensite microstructure is low, which causes a decrease in abrasion resistance. If the C content is more than 0.45%, weldability and workability decrease. The C content is therefore 0.20% to 0.45% in the present disclosure. The C content is preferably 0.23% to 0.43%.
Si: 0.01% to 1.0%
Si is an element effective in deoxidation. If the Si content is less than 0.01%, the effect is insufficient. Si is also an element that contributes to higher hardness of the steel by solid solution strengthening. However, if the Si content is more than 1.0%, not only ductility and toughness decrease, but also problems such as an increase in the number of inclusions arise. The
Si content is therefore 0.01% to 1.0%. The Si content is preferably 0.01% to 0.8%.
Mn: 0.3% to 2.5%
Mn is an element having a function of improving the quench hardenability of the steel. Adding Mn increases the hardness of the steel after quenching, as a result of which abrasion resistance can be improved. If the Mn content is less than 0.3%, the effect is insufficient. The Mn content is therefore 0.3% or more. If the Mn content is more than 2.5%, not only weldability and toughness decrease, but also delayed fracture resistance decreases. The Mn content is therefore 2.5% or less. The Mn content is preferably 0.5% to 2.3%.
P: 0.020% or Less
P is an intergranular embrittlement element. The segregation of P to crystal grain boundaries causes a decrease in the toughness of the steel, and also causes a decrease in delayed fracture resistance. The P content is therefore 0.020% or less. The P content is preferably 0.015% or less. The P content is preferably as low as possible. Accordingly, no lower limit is placed on the P content, and the lower limit may be 0%. Typically, however, P is an element inevitably contained in steel as an impurity, so that in industrial terms the lower limit may be more than 0%. Excessively low P content leads to longer refining time and higher cost, and so the P content is preferably 0.001% or more.
S: 0.01% or Less
S decreases the toughness of the steel, and therefore the S content is 0.01% or less. The S content is preferably 0.005% or less. The S content is preferably as low as possible. Accordingly, no lower limit is placed on the S content, and the lower limit may be 0%. In industrial terms, the lower limit may be more than 0%. Excessively low S content leads to longer refining time and higher cost, and so the S content is preferably 0.0001% or more.
Cr: 0.01% to 2.0%
Cr is an element having a function of improving the quench hardenability of the steel. Adding Cr increases the hardness of the steel after quenching, as a result of which abrasion resistance can be improved. To achieve the effect, the Cr content needs to be 0.01% or more. If the Cr content is more than 2.0%, weldability decreases. The Cr content is therefore 0.01% to 2.0%. The Cr content is preferably 0.05% to 1.8%.
Ti: 0.10% to 1.00%
Ti is an element having a property of forming carbide with C and precipitating. Since TiC which is a carbide of Ti has high hardness, the precipitation of TiC can improve the abrasion resistance of the steel plate. If the Ti content is less than 0.10%, TiC cannot be formed effectively. The Ti content is therefore 0.10% or more. If the Ti content is more than 1.00%, the workability of the steel plate decreases, and the cost increases. The Ti content is therefore 1.00% or less. The Ti content is preferably 0.15% to 0.9%.
B: 0.0001% to 0.0100%
B is an element that has an effect of improving quench hardenability and thus improving the strength of the steel plate when added in infinitesimal quantity. To achieve the effect, the B content needs to be 0.0001% or more. If the B content is more than 0.0100%, weldability decreases and also quench hardenability decreases. The B content is therefore 0.0001% to 0.0100%. The B content is preferably 0.0001% to 0.0050%.
Al: 0.1% or Less
Al is an element effective as a deoxidizer. However, if the Al content is more than 0.1%, the cleanliness of the steel decreases, and consequently ductility and toughness decrease. The Al content is therefore 0.1% or less. No lower limit is placed on the Al content, yet the Al content is preferably 0.001% or more in terms of deoxidizing effect.
N: 0.01% or Less
N is an element that decreases ductility and toughness, and so the N content is 0.01% or less. The N content is preferably as low as possible. Accordingly, no lower limit is placed on the N content, and the lower limit may be 0%. Typically, however, N is an element inevitably contained in steel as an impurity, so that in industrial terms the lower limit may be more than 0%. Excessively low N content leads to longer refining time and higher cost, and so the N content is preferably 0.0005% or more.
The steel plate used in the present disclosure contains the balance consisting of Fe and inevitable impurities in addition to the components described above.
The steel plate according to the present disclosure has the above-described components as basic components. For improvement in quench hardenability or weldability, the steel plate may optionally contain one or more selected from the group consisting of Cu: 0.01% to 2.0%, Ni: 0.01% to 10.0%, Mo: 0.01% to 3.0%, Nb: 0.001% to 0.100%, V: 0.001% to 1.00%, W: 0.01% to 1.5%, Ca: 0.0001% to 0.0200%, Mg: 0.0001% to 0.0200%, and REM: 0.0005% to 0.0500%.
Cu: 0.01% to 2.0%
Cu is an element capable of improving quench hardenability without greatly degrading toughness in base metal and weld joints. To achieve the effect, the Cu content needs to be 0.01% or more. If the Cu content is more than 2.0%, steel plate cracking is caused by a Cu-concentrated layer formed directly below scale. Accordingly, in the case of adding Cu, the Cu content is 0.01% to 2.0%. The Cu content is preferably 0.05% to 1.5%.
Ni: 0.01% to 10.0%
Ni is an element having an effect of enhancing quench hardenability and also improving toughness. To achieve the effect, the Ni content needs to be 0.01% or more. If the Ni content is more than 10.0%, the production cost increases. Accordingly, in the case of adding Ni, the Ni content is 0.01% to 10.0%. The Ni content is preferably 0.05% to 5.0%.
Mo: 0.01% to 3.0%
Mo is an element that improves the quench hardenability of the steel.
To achieve the effect, the Mo content needs to be 0.01% or more. If the Mo content is more than 3.0%, weldability decreases. Accordingly, in the case of adding Mo, the Mo content is 0.01% to 3.0%. The Mo content is preferably 0.05% to 2.0%.
Nb: 0.001% to 0.100%
Nb is an element that has an effect of reducing prior austenite grain size by precipitating as carbonitride. To achieve the effect, the Nb content needs to be 0.001% or more. If the Nb content is more than 0.100%, weldability decreases. Accordingly, in the case of adding Nb, the Nb content is 0.001% to 0.100%.
V: 0.001% to 1.00%
V is an element that has an effect of improving the quench hardenability of the steel. To achieve the effect, the V content needs to be 0.001% or more. If the V content is more than 1.00%, weldability decreases. Accordingly, in the case of adding V, the V content is 0.001% to 1.00%.
W: 0.01% to 1.5%
W is an element that has an effect of improving the quench hardenability of the steel. To achieve the effect, the W content needs to be 0.01% or more. If the W content is more than 1.5%, weldability decreases. Accordingly, in the case of adding W, the W content is 0.01% to 1.5%.
Ca: 0.0001% to 0.0200%
Ca is an element that improves weldability by forming oxysulfide having high stability at high temperature. To achieve the effect, the Ca content needs to be 0.0001% or more. If the Ca content is more than 0.0200%, cleanliness decreases and the toughness of the steel is impaired. Accordingly, in the case of adding Ca, the Ca content is 0.0001% to 0.0200%.
Mg: 0.0001% to 0.0200%
Mg is an element that improves weldability by forming oxysulfide having high stability at high temperature. To achieve the effect, the Mg content needs to be 0.0001% or more. If the Mg content is more than 0.0200%, the Mg addition effect is saturated, and the effect appropriate to the content cannot be expected, which is economically disadvantageous.
Accordingly, in the case of adding Mg, the Mg content is 0.0001% to 0.0200%.
REM: 0.0005% to 0.0500%
REM (rare earth metal) is an element that improves weldability by forming oxysulfide having high stability at high temperature. To achieve the effect, the REM content needs to be 0.0005% or more. If the REM content is more than 0.0500%, the REM addition effect is saturated, and the effect appropriate to the content cannot be expected, which is economically disadvantageous. Accordingly, in the case of adding REM, the REM content is 0.0005% to 0.0500%.
[Microstructure]
In addition to having the chemical composition described above, the abrasion-resistant steel plate according to the present disclosure has a microstructure in which the volume fraction of martensite at a depth of 1 mm from the surface of the abrasion-resistant steel plate is 90% or more, and the prior austenite grain size in the plate thickness central part of the abrasion-resistant steel plate is 80 μm or less. The reasons for limiting the microstructure of the steel in this way are described below.
Volume Fraction of Martensite: 90% or More
If the volume fraction of martensite is less than 90%, the hardness of the matrix of the steel plate decreases, so that abrasion resistance decreases. The volume fraction of martensite is therefore 90% or more. Remaining microstructures other than martensite are not limited and may be ferrite, pearlite, austenite, and bainite microstructures. The volume fraction of martensite is preferably as high as possible. Accordingly, no upper limit is placed on the volume fraction, and the upper limit may be 100%. The volume fraction of martensite is a value at a depth position of 1 mm from the surface of the abrasion-resistant steel plate. The volume fraction of martensite can be measured by the method described in the EXAMPLES section.
Prior Austenite Grain size: 80 μm or Less
If the prior austenite grain size is more than 80 μm, the delayed fracture resistance of the abrasion-resistant steel plate decreases. This is because, as a result of the decrease of the area of the prior austenite grain boundaries, the contents of Mn and P per unit area of the prior austenite grain boundaries increase, and grain boundary embrittlement becomes prominent. The prior austenite grain size is therefore 80 μm or less. The prior austenite grain size is preferably as small as possible. Accordingly, no lower limit is placed on the prior austenite grain size, but the prior austenite grain size is typically 1 μm or more. The prior austenite grain size mentioned here is the equivalent circular diameter of prior austenite grains in the plate thickness central part of the abrasion-resistant steel plate. The prior austenite grain size can be measured by the method described in the EXAMPLES section.
[TiC Precipitate]
Number density of TiC precipitate having size of 0.5 μm or more: 400 particles/mm2 or more
In the abrasion-resistant steel plate according to the present disclosure, in addition to controlling the chemical composition and microstructure of the steel as described above, coarse TiC is precipitated to improve abrasion resistance. TiC is hard, and therefore has an effect of improving abrasion resistance. With TiC having a size of less than 0.5 μm, however, a sufficient abrasion resistance improving effect cannot be achieved. Even in the case where TiC having a size of 0.5 μm or more precipitates, if the number density (the number per 1 mm2) of TiC is less than 400 particles/mm2, the abrasion resistance improving effect is very little. Accordingly, the number density of TiC precipitates having a size of 0.5 μm or more is 400 particles/mm2 or more. No upper limit is placed on the number density, yet the number density is typically 5000 particles/mm2 or less. The TiC precipitate also includes a complex inclusion of TiC and TiN or TiS. The number density is a value at a depth position of 1 mm from the surface of the abrasion-resistant steel plate. The “size” of TiC precipitate mentioned here is the equivalent circular diameter of the TiC precipitate. The number density can be measured by the method described in the EXAMPLES section.
[Central Segregation]
In the present disclosure, it is important that the concentration [Mn] of Mn (mass %) and the concentration [P] of P (mass %) in the plate thickness central segregation area satisfy the following Expression (1):
0.04[Mn]+[P]<0.50 (1).
As described above, a delayed fracture after gas cutting originates from a part where Mn and P which are intergranular embrittlement elements segregate significantly in the plate thickness central segregation area. Further examination revealed that the influence of P on grain boundary embrittlement is greater than that of Mn. Hence, gas cutting cracking resistance can be improved by controlling the concentrations of Mn and P in the plate thickness central segregation area so as to satisfy Expression (1). No lower limit is placed on the value of (0.04[Mn]+[P]). Typically, however, [Mn] is not less than the Mn content [Mn]0 in the whole steel plate and [P] is not less than the P content [P]0 in the whole steel plate, so that 0.04[Mn]0+[P])0≤0.04[Mn]+[P]. The concentrations [Mn] and [P] of Mn and P in the plate thickness central segregation area can be measured by the method described in the EXAMPLES section.
[Production Method]
A method of producing the abrasion-resistant steel plate according to the present disclosure is described below. The abrasion-resistant steel plate according to the present disclosure can be produced by any of a method of performing reheating quenching (RQ) after hot rolling and a method of performing direct quenching (DQ) after hot rolling.
In a disclosed embodiment involving reheating quenching, the abrasion-resistant steel plate can be produced by sequentially performing the following:
(1) subjecting molten steel to continuous casting to form a slab;
(2) heating the slab to 1000° C. to 1300° C.;
(3) hot rolling the heated slab to obtain a hot-rolled steel plate;
(4-1) reheating the hot-rolled steel plate to a reheating quenching temperature; and
(4-2) quenching the reheated hot-rolled steel plate.
In another disclosed embodiment involving direct quenching, the abrasion-resistant steel plate can be produced by sequentially performing the following:
(1) subjecting molten steel to continuous casting to form a slab;
(2) heating the slab to 1000° C. to 1300° C.;
(3) hot rolling the heated slab to obtain a hot-rolled steel plate;
(4) direct quenching the hot-rolled steel plate.
In each of these embodiments, the chemical composition of the slab is as described above. In the continuous casting, light reduction rolling with a rolling reduction gradient of 0.4 mm/m or more is performed twice or more, upstream from the final solidification position of the slab. Moreover, the reheating quenching temperature in the case of performing the reheating quenching is Ac3 to 1050° C., and the direct quenching temperature in the case of performing the direct quenching is Ac3 or more. Further, in each of the reheating quenching and the direct quenching, the average cooling rate from 650° C. to 300° C. is 1° C./s or more. The reasons for limiting the conditions in this way are described below. The temperature mentioned in the following description is the temperature in the plate thickness central part unless otherwise noted. The temperature in the plate thickness central part can be calculated by thermal transfer calculation. The following description applies to both of the case of performing the reheating quenching and the case of performing the direct quenching, unless otherwise noted.
Light reduction rolling: perform light reduction rolling with rolling reduction gradient of 0.4 mm/m or more twice or more upstream from final solidification position of the slab
Central segregation of a slab produced by a continuous casting machine illustrated in
Heating Temperature: 1000° C. to 1300° C.
If the heating temperature in the (2) heating is less than 1000° C., deformation resistance in the hot rolling increases, which causes a decrease in productivity. If the heating temperature is more than 1300° C., the oxidation of the steel surface progresses significantly. This results in degradation in the surface texture of the obtained steel plate. The heating temperature is therefore 1000° C. to 1300° C.
Hot rolling: perform reduction rolling with rolling shape factor of 0.7 or more and rolling reduction of 7% or more at a plate thickness central part temperature of 950° C. or more three times or more
With only the slab segregation reduction by light reduction rolling in the continuous casting, it is impossible to realize a segregation state excellent in delayed fracture resistance. Hence, the segregation reduction effect in the hot rolling needs to be used together. In detail, by performing high reduction rolling with a rolling reduction of 7% or more at a high temperature of 950° C. or more three times or more in the hot rolling, the segregation reduction effect by facilitating atomic diffusion through strain introduction and austenite microstructure recrystallization is achieved. If the rolling temperature is 950° C. or less or the number of times reduction rolling with a rolling reduction of 7% or more is performed is less than 3, microstructure recrystallization is insufficient, and so the segregation reduction effect cannot be achieved. No upper limit is placed on the rolling reduction, yet the rolling reduction is preferably 40% or less in terms of mill protection. Typically, when the carbon concentration in steel is high, the temperature range between liquidus temperature and solidus temperature widens, and therefore the residence time in the solid-liquid phase coexisting state in which segregation progresses increases, and the central segregation of alloying elements or impurity elements increases. By combining the light reduction rolling and the hot rolling, however, the central segregation can be reduced to such a level that provides favorable delayed fracture resistance, even in the case where the carbon concentration is high as in abrasion-resistant steel.
The strain introduced into the steel plate in the rolling is not uniform in the plate thickness direction, and its distribution in the plate thickness direction depends on the rolling shape factor (ld/hm) defined by the following expression:
1d/hm={R(hi−h0)}1/2/{(hi+2h0)/3}
where ld is the projected length of the arc of contact, hm is the average plate thickness, R is the roll radius, hi is the plate thickness at entry side, and h0 is the plate thickness at exit side, in each roll pass. To apply strain by rolling to the plate thickness central part having central segregation, the rolling shape factor (ld/hm) needs to be 0.7 or more. If the rolling shape factor is less than 0.7, the strain applied to the steel plate surface layer during the rolling increases, and the strain introduced into the plate thickness central part of the steel plate decreases, which causes insufficient microstructure recrystallization. In such a case, the required segregation reduction effect cannot be achieved. The rolling shape factor is therefore 0.7 or more. The rolling shape factor can be increased by increasing the roll radius or increasing the rolling reduction. No upper limit is placed on the rolling shape factor, yet the rolling shape factor is preferably 3.5 or less in terms of mill protection.
Reheating Quenching Temperature: Ac3 to 1050° C.
In the case of performing the reheating quenching, if the heating temperature (reheating quenching temperature) in the (4-1) reheating is less than Ac3 point, the microstructure after the hot rolling remains non-transformed, and a predetermined microstructure mainly composed of martensite cannot be obtained. This causes a decrease in hardness, and thus a decrease in abrasion resistance. If the heating temperature is more than 1050° C., austenite grains coarsen during the heating, causing the prior austenite grain size after the quenching to be more than 80 μm. The reheating quenching temperature is, therefore, Ac3 to 1050° C.
Direct Quenching Temperature: Ac3 or More
In the case of performing the direct quenching, if the quenching temperature (direct quenching temperature) in the (4) direct quenching is less than Ac3 point, the proportions of microstructures other than martensite increase, and a predetermined microstructure mainly composed of martensite cannot be obtained. This causes a decrease in hardness, and thus a decrease in abrasion resistance. The direct quenching temperature is therefore Ac3 or more. No upper limit is placed on the direct quenching temperature, yet the direct quenching temperature is 1300° C. or less because the upper limit of the heating temperature in the hot rolling is 1300° C. The “direct quenching temperature” mentioned here is the steel plate surface temperature at the quenching start. The direct quenching temperature can be measured using a radiation thermometer immediately before the quenching.
Average Cooling Rate from 650° C. to 300° C.: 1° C./s or More
In each of the case of performing the reheating quenching and the case of performing the direct quenching, if the average cooling rate from 650° C. to 300° C. in the quenching is less than 1° C./s, ferrite or pearlite microstructure is mixed in the microstructure of the steel plate after the quenching, so that the hardness of the matrix decreases and as a result the abrasion resistance decreases. The average cooling rate from 650° C. to 300° C. in the quenching is therefore 1° C./s or more. No upper limit is placed on the average cooling rate, yet the average cooling rate is preferably 300° C./s or less because, in a typical line, the microstructure varies significantly in the rolling direction and the plate transverse direction of the steel plate when the average cooling rate is more than 300° C./s.
The cooling end temperature in the quenching is not limited, but is preferably 300° C. or less because a cooling end temperature of more than 300° C. may cause a decrease in martensite microstructure ratio and a decrease in the hardness of the steel plate. No lower limit is placed on the cooling end temperature, yet the cooling end temperature is preferably 50° C. or more because production efficiency decreases if cooling is continued needlessly.
In each of the case of performing the reheating quenching and the case of performing the direct quenching, the following may be performed after the quenching:
(5) tempering the quenched hot-rolled steel plate to a temperature of 100° C. to 300° C.
Tempering Temperature: 100° C. to 300° C.
If the tempering temperature in the tempering process is 100° C. or more, the toughness and workability of the steel plate can be improved. If the tempering temperature is more than 300° C., martensite microstructure softens significantly, and consequently the abrasion resistance decreases. The tempering temperature is therefore 100° C. to 300° C.
After heating the steel plate to the tempering temperature, the steel plate may be subjected to air cooling. The soaking time in the tempering treatment is not limited, but is preferably 1 min or more in terms of enhancing the tempering effect. Long time soaking, meanwhile, leads to a decrease in hardness, and accordingly the soaking time is preferably 3 hr or less.
More detailed description is given below, based on examples. The following examples merely represent preferred examples, and the present disclosure is not limited to these examples.
First, slabs having the chemical compositions listed in Table 1 were produced by the continuous casting method. In the production of some of the slabs, light reduction rolling with a rolling reduction gradient of 0.4 mm/m or more was performed upstream from the final solidification position of the slab, in order to reduce the segregation of the plate thickness central part. The conditions of the light reduction rolling are listed in Table 2. The Ac3 temperature in Table 2 is calculated according to the following expression:
Ac3 (° C.)=937−5722.765([C]/12.01−[Ti]/47.87)+56[Si]−19.7[Mn]−16.3[Cu]−26.6[Ni]−4.9[Cr]+38.1[Mo]+124.8[V]−136.3[Ti]−19[Nb]+3315[B]
where [M] is the content (mass %) of element M, and [M]=0 in the case where element M is not added.
Each obtained slab was then sequentially subjected to the processes of heating, hot rolling, and direct quenching or reheating quenching, thus obtaining a steel plate. Some of the steel plates were further reheated for tempering after the quenching. The treatment conditions in each of the processes are listed in Table 2. Cooling in the quenching was performed by, while passing the steel plate, injecting water of a high flow rate to the front and back surfaces of the steel plate. The cooling rate in the quenching is the average cooling rate from 650° C. to 300° C. calculated by heat transfer calculation. The cooling was performed to 300° C. or less.
For each of the obtained steel plates, the Mn content and the P content in the plate thickness central segregation area, the volume fraction of martensite, the prior austenite grain size, and the number density of TiC precipitate were measured by the following methods. The measurement results are listed in Table 3.
[Mn Content and P Content in Plate Thickness Central Segregation Area]
To produce a measurement sample, a central part of the obtained steel plate in both of the plate transverse direction and the plate thickness direction was cut out in a rectangular parallelopiped shape with a width of 500 mm in the plate transverse direction and a thickness of 3 mm in the plate thickness direction. The cut-out steel was further cut into 20 equal parts in the plate transverse direction, to obtain 20 measurement samples with a width of 25 mm in the plate transverse direction. The surface (a width of 25 mm in the plate transverse direction×a thickness of 3 mm in the plate thickness direction) of the measurement sample orthogonal to the rolling direction was mirror polished, and then immediately quantitative analysis by an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) was conducted with the mirror-polished surface as a measurement plane.
The conditions of the EPMA measurement were as follows. The maximum value of (0.04[Mn]+[P]) in the below-mentioned measurement range was taken to be the value of (0.04[Mn]+[P]) in the present disclosure. (EPMA measurement conditions)
accelerating voltage: 20 kV
irradiation current: 0.5 μA
cumulative time: 0.15 sec
beam diameter: 15 μm
measurement range: height 3 mm×width 25 mm×20 samples.
[Volume Fraction of Martensite]
The abrasion resistance of a steel plate mainly depends on the hardness of the surface layer part. Accordingly, a sample was collected from the center of each obtained steel plate in the plate transverse direction so that the observation position was a depth position of 1 mm from the surface. The surface of the sample was mirror polished and further etched with nital, and then an image of a range of 10 mm×10 mm was captured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The captured image was analyzed using an image analyzer to calculate the area fraction of martensite, and the calculated value was taken to be the volume fraction of martensite in the present disclosure.
[Prior Austenite Grain Size]
A measurement sample for the prior austenite grain size was collected from the plate thickness central part having central segregation as an origin of gas cutting cracking, at the center of the steel plate in the width direction. The surface of the sample was mirror polished and further etched with picric acid, and then an image of a range of 10 mm×10 mm was captured using an optical microscope. The captured image was analyzed using an image analyzer to calculate the prior austenite grain size. Here, the prior austenite grain size was calculated as an equivalent circular diameter.
[Number Density of TiC Precipitate]
A sample was collected from the center in the plate transverse direction of each steel plate so that the observation position was a depth position of 1 mm from the surface. The surface of the sample was mirror polished and further etched with nital, and then an image of a range of 10 mm×10 mm was captured using a SEM equipped with an analyzer. The captured image was analyzed using an image analyzer to calculate the number density of TiC precipitate having a size of 0.5 μm or more. Here, the size of the TiC precipitate was calculated as an equivalent circular diameter.
Furthermore, for each of the obtained steel plates, the abrasion resistance and the delayed fracture resistance were evaluated by the following methods. The evaluation results are listed in Table 3.
[Abrasion Resistance]
The abrasion resistance ratio which is an index of the abrasion resistance was calculated by the following method. First, a test piece was collected from each of the obtained steel plates. The size of the test piece was 25 mm×75 mm, and the thickness of the test piece was the same as the plate thickness of the original steel plate. An abrasion test was conducted using the test piece by a method conforming to ASTM G-65, to measure abrasion. In the abrasion test, sand containing 90% or more SiO2 was used as abrasion sand. As comparison reference, a test piece formed from a mild steel (SS400) plate was also subjected to the abrasion test by the same method. The abrasion resistance ratio is calculated as the ratio of the abrasion of the mild steel plate to the abrasion of each steel plate, i.e. (abrasion of mild steel plate)/(abrasion of each steel plate). A higher abrasion resistance ratio indicates higher abrasion resistance of the steel plate. The abrasion measurement was performed three times each, and the average value was taken to be the abrasion.
[Delayed Fracture Resistance]
When a microstructure mainly composed of martensite is heated to about 400° C., temper embrittlement, i.e., P atoms present near prior austenite grain boundaries diffusing into the prior austenite grain boundaries and thus making the grain boundaries brittle, occurs. Since a higher concentration of P is present in the central segregation area of the steel plate than in the other areas, the temper embrittlement is most noticeable in the central segregation area. In the case of subjecting the steel plate to gas cutting, this temper embrittlement area inevitably appears in the vicinity of the cutting surface. Besides, hydrogen contained in gas used for the gas cutting enters the steel plate from the gas cutting surface, causing hydrogen embrittlement. A delayed fracture after gas cutting originates from cracking of prior austenite grain boundaries that have become significantly brittle due to such temper embrittlement and hydrogen embrittlement.
Hence, to evaluate the delayed fracture resistance after temper embrittlement and hydrogen embrittlement, a test was conducted according to the following procedure. First, the steel plate was heated to 400° C. and then cooled with air, to apply temper embrittlement treatment. After this, a JIS No. 14A round bar tensile test piece (JIS Z 2241 (2014)) with a parallel portion diameter of 5 mm and a parallel portion length of 30 mm was collected from the plate thickness central part at the plate width center so that the test piece length was parallel to the plate transverse direction. The round bar tensile test piece was further immersed in a 10% ammonium thiocyanate solution of 25° C. for 72 hr, to cause the tensile test piece to absorb hydrogen. Subsequently, to prevent the diffusion of hydrogen from the tensile test piece, the surface of the tensile test piece was galvanized to a thickness of 10 μm to 15 μm in a plating bath composed of ZnCl2 and NH4Cl. The resultant tensile test piece was subjected to a tensile test with a strain rate of 1.1×10−5/sec, and the reduction of area after fracture was measured in accordance with JIS Z 2241 (2014). The tensile test was conducted five times each, and the average value of the reductions of area was used for the evaluation. The total hydrogen release amount when a sample subjected to hydrogen absorption under the same conditions as the above-mentioned tensile test piece was heated to 400° C. by a device for thermal desorption analysis of hydrogen was 0.8 ppm to 1.1 ppm.
N
0.16
O
0.05
P
0.024
N
O
P
N
O
P
0
0
380
750
1100
788
0
360
0
O
N
O
P
0.57
0.52
0.55
82
105
80
0.56
0.51
Q
As can be understood from the results in Table 3, each abrasion-resistant steel plate satisfying the conditions according to the present disclosure had both excellent abrasion resistance of 4.0 or more in abrasion resistance ratio and excellent ductility, i.e., delayed fracture resistance, of 10% or more in reduction of area in the tensile test after subjection to temper embrittlement treatment and hydrogen embrittlement treatment. Since the reduction of area is preferably as high as possible, no upper limit is placed on the reduction of area, yet the reduction of area is typically 50% or less. On the other hand, each comparative example steel plate not satisfying the conditions according to the present disclosure was inferior in at least one of abrasion resistance and delayed fracture resistance.
For example, steel plate No. 14 with low C content had poor abrasion resistance, due to low solute C content in martensite matrix. Steel plates No. 15 and 31 with low Ti content had poor abrasion resistance, due to a small number of TiC precipitate. Steel plate No. 16 with high P content had poor delayed fracture resistance, due to high P concentration in the central segregation area. Steel plates No. 17 and 30 had poor delayed fracture resistance, because high reduction rolling in the hot rolling was insufficient and so the degree of central segregation of Mn and P which are intergranular embrittlement elements was high. Steel plates No. 18 and 27 had poor delayed fracture resistance because the light reduction rolling conditions in the continuous casting were inappropriate and so the degree of central segregation of Mn and P which are intergranular embrittlement elements was high. Steel plate No. 19 had poor abrasion resistance because the reheating quenching temperature was less than Ac3 and as a result the volume fraction of martensite decreased. Steel plate No. 20 had poor abrasion resistance because martensite transformation did not occur due to low cooling rate in the reheating quenching. Steel plate No. 21 had poor delayed fracture resistance, because the prior austenite grain size increased due to high reheating quenching temperature. Steel plate No. 26 had poor abrasion resistance, because the direct quenching temperature was less than Ac3 and as a result the volume fraction of martensite decreased. Steel plate No. 28 had poor abrasion resistance, because martensite transformation did not occur due to low cooling rate in the direct quenching. Steel plates No. 18 and 29 had poor abrasion resistance, because hardness decreased due to high tempering temperature.
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| WO2017/183057 | 10/26/2017 | WO | A |
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