Patent Application
20190216656
The present disclosure is directed to an absorbent article for personal hygiene and a system for monitoring such an absorbent article.
Absorbent articles for personal hygiene are designed to absorb and contain bodily exudates, such as a large quantity of urine. Non-limiting examples of disposable absorbent articles include diapers, pants, training pants, pads, adult incontinence products, and feminine hygiene products (including, for example, sanitary napkins and tampons). Other examples of disposable absorbent articles include bandages and wound dressings. In some embodiments, for example, an absorbent article comprises several layers providing different functions, for example a topsheet, a backsheet and in-between an absorbent core, among other layers.
The function of the absorbent core is to absorb and retain the exudates for a prolonged amount of time, for example overnight for a diaper, minimize re-wet to keep the wearer dry and avoid soiling of clothes or bed sheets. The majority of currently marketed absorbent articles comprise as absorbent material a blend of comminuted wood pulp with superabsorbent polymers (SAP) in particulate form, also called absorbent gelling materials (AGM), see for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,092 (Buell). Absorbent articles having a core consisting essentially of SAP as absorbent material (so called “airfelt-free” cores) have also been proposed but are less common than traditional mixed cores (see e.g. WO2008/155699 (Hundorf), WO95/11652 (Tanzer), WO2012/052172 (Van Malderen)).
U.S. Pat. No. 8,111,165 B2 discloses a sensor to sense a condition such as pressure from body weight or moisture from incontinence. The sensor comprises a signal processing unit, a transmitter and a power supply, typically in form of a battery. These elements are arranged on a flexible substrate in low profile enabling disposition adjacent to the human body. Moreover, a transmitter antenna is to be provided on the substrate.
While this device allows monitoring conditions of the human body and can also be used as a moisture sensor, it represents also relatively costly solution. It would not be seen appropriate to dispose of the sensor together with a (disposable) absorbent article. If the sensor, however, is to be reused, the sensing area has potentially been exposed to moisture. Therefore this concept does not allow for simple usage.
In one embodiment, a system for monitoring an absorbent article designed to absorb and contain one or more bodily exudates is provided. In this embodiment, the system includes an absorbent article and a detector device. The absorbent article comprises at least one property changing indicator. The property changing indicator is adapted to change at least one physical, chemical or biological property in response to the presence or absence of bodily exudates. The absorbent article and the indicator form one integral unit. The detector device comprises a first sensor adapted to detect the change of at least one physical, chemical or biological property of the at least one indicator at a first location of the absorbent article and a second sensor adapted to detect the change of at least one physical chemical or biological property of the at least one indicator at a second location of the absorbent article spaced from the first location. At least one of the absorbent article and the detector device is adapted to be associated together and disassociated from each other, wherein when the absorbent article and the detector device are associated together the detector device is adapted to detect the change of property of the indicator.
In another embodiment, a system for monitoring an absorbent article designed to absorb and contain bodily exudates is provided. In this embodiment, the system includes an absorbent article and a detector device. The absorbent article comprises an optical property changing indicator adapted to change at least one optical property in response to the presence or absence of bodily exudates. The absorbent article and the indicator form one integral unit. The optical sensor detector device comprises a housing, an optical sensor and a light spaced from the optical sensor. The optical sensor is adapted to detect the change of the optical property of the indicator. At least one of the absorbent article and the detector device is adapted to be associated together and disassociated from each other, wherein when the absorbent article and the detector device are associated together the detector device is adapted to detect the change of optical property of the indicator.
In yet another embodiment, an absorbent article is provided. The absorbent article comprises a back sheet, a top sheet and an absorbent core disposed between the back sheet and the top sheet. The absorbent article further comprises an optical property changing indicator disposed within the absorbent article. The optical property indicator is adapted to change an optical property of the optical property changing indicator in response to one or more bodily exudates within the absorbent article. The absorbent article also comprises a property changing indicator disposed in the absorbent article and spaced from the optical property indicator. The property changing indicator is adapted to change a physical, chemical or biological property of the property changing indicator in response to the presence or absence of one or more bodily exudates.
In still another embodiment, a detector device is provided. The detector device comprises a housing, a light, an optical sensor spaced from the light, a communication module and at least one battery adapted to provide power to the light and optical sensor. The optical sensor is adapted to detect a change in at least one of optical property of an absorbent article.
In another embodiment, an absorbent article is provided. The absorbent article comprises a back sheet, a top sheet and an absorbent core disposed between the back sheet and top sheet. The absorbent article further comprises an optical property changing indicator disposed within the absorbent article. The optical property changing indicator is adapted to change an optical property of the optical property changing indicator in response to one or more bodily exudates within the absorbent article. The absorbent article also comprises a property changing indicator disposed in the absorbent article and spaced from the optical property indicator. The property changing indicator is adapted to change a physical, chemical or biological property of the property changing indicator in response to the presence or absence of one or more bodily exudates.
In yet another embodiment, a method of monitoring an absorbent article is provided. The method comprises detecting an absence or presence of a bodily exudate in an absorbent article. The method also comprises altering at least one physical, chemical or biological property of an indicator in the diaper in response to a detection of the absence or presence of the bodily exudate in the absorbent article. The method further detects the change in the at least one physical, chemical or biological property of the indicator via a detector device comprising a spaced sensor and light pair.
As used herein, the term “absorbent article” refers to disposable devices such as infant or adult diapers or pads, pants, training pants, and the like which are placed against or in proximity to the body of the wearer to absorb and contain the various exudates discharged from the body.
Typically these articles comprise a topsheet, backsheet, an absorbent core and optionally an acquisition system (which may be comprised of one or several layers) and typically other components, with the absorbent core normally placed between the backsheet and the acquisition system or topsheet.
The absorbent articles of the invention will be further illustrated in the below description and in the Figures in the form of a taped diaper. Nothing in this description should be however considered limiting the scope of the claims unless explicitly indicated otherwise. Unless indicated otherwise, the description refers to the dry article, i.e. before use and conditioned at least 24 hours at 21° C.+/−2° C. and 50+/−20% Relative Humidity (RH).
A “nonwoven web” as used herein means a manufactured sheet, web or batt of directionally or randomly orientated fibers, bonded by friction, and/or cohesion and/or adhesion, excluding paper and products which are woven, knitted, tufted, stitch-bonded incorporating binding yarns or filaments, or felted by wet-milling, whether or not additionally needled. The fibers may be of natural or man-made origin and may be staple or continuous filaments or be formed in situ. Commercially available fibers have diameters ranging from less than about 0.001 mm to more than about 0.2 mm and they come in several different forms such as short fibers (known as staple, or chopped), continuous single fibers (filaments or monofilaments), untwisted bundles of continuous filaments (tow), and twisted bundles of continuous filaments (yarn). Nonwoven webs can be formed by many processes such as meltblowing, spunbonding, solvent spinning, electrospinning, carding and airlaying. The basis weight of nonwoven webs is usually expressed in grams per square meter (g/m2 or gsm).
The terms “joined” or “bonded” or “attached”, as used herein, encompasses configurations whereby an element is directly secured to another element by affixing the element directly to the other element, and configurations whereby an element is indirectly secured to another element by affixing the element to intermediate member(s) which in turn are affixed to the other element. The terms further include embodiments in which a pocket or other connector is formed in or attached to an area of the absorbent article. Further, these terms include configurations in which the elements are removably, or non-removably, joined, bonded, or attached. For example, wherein an element is described as “joined” within the configuration, it may be either removably joined or non-removably joined unless otherwise specified or evident from the context.
The terms “comprise,” “comprising,” and “comprises” are open ended terms, each specifies the presence of what follows, e.g., a component, but does not preclude the presence of other features, e.g., elements, steps, components known in the art, or disclosed herein. These terms based on the verb “comprise” should be read as encompassing the narrower terms “consisting of” which excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified and “consisting essentially of” which limits the scope of an element to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the way the element performs its function. Any preferred or exemplary embodiments described below are not limiting the scope of the claims, unless specifically indicated to do so. The words “typically”, “normally”, “advantageously” and the likes also qualify elements which are not intended to limit the scope of the claims unless specifically indicated to do so.
The absorbent article comprises one or more indicator(s) adapted to indicate the presence and/or absence of bodily exudates. The indicator, in some embodiments, for example, may comprise an indicator that reacts to the presence and/or absence of bodily exudate(s) and/or one or more properties of those bodily exudate(s) within the absorbent article via one or more change in property of the indicator (e.g., a physical, chemical or biological property such as color, smell, sound, pH, or the like). One or more property or state of the indicator, in turn, may be detected by a detector device physically and/or communicatively coupled to the absorbent article. In one particular implementation, for example, the indicator comprises an optical property changing composition or device (e.g., a color-changing composition or device, such as a color changing indicator) that changes an optical property (e.g., color) in response to a variation of pH associated with the presence and/or absence of bodily exudates within the absorbent article). The indicator might also comprise one or more additional indicators of the same or different type that provide different types of indications and/or indications of bodily exudates (or properties of bodily exudates) detected in one or more different regions of the absorbent article. In one embodiment, for example, a second electrical indicator may comprise a resistance, capacitance, inductance or continuity sensitive indicator. A resistance sensitive indicator can be provided, for example, by providing two electrical conductors disposed at a given spatial distance relative to each other. If bodily exudates, which typically comprise a liquid portion, come in contact with the two electrical conductors, the resistance between the two electrical conductors is reduced. Other indicators, as known in the field in the context for sensor for absorbent articles, can also be useful. In one particular embodiment, for example, the multiple property changing indicators may be provided in the same or different locations within the absorbent article. For example, an optical property changing indicator (e.g., color changing indicator) may be disposed in a first location of an absorbent article and a second property changing indicator that is the same or a different type of indicator (e.g., another optical property changing indicator such as a color changing indicator) may be disposed in a second location of the absorbent article.
The absorbent article and the one or more indicators are provided to form an integral unit. For forming the integral unit, the indicator(s) can be directly or indirectly attached to the absorbent article. Direct or indirect attachment to the article is typically to one or more distinguishable element of the article. For example, it can be useful to attach the indicator(s) to the back sheet of the article, such that the indicator(s) and the back sheet of the article from one integral unit. For example if the indicator(s) are provided in sheet form, the respective sheet can be adhesively attached to the back sheet of the article. The respective sheet could also be provided from one and the same material with the back sheet, this material however being treated in suitable ways as to provide an indicator in a pre-defined area.
According to one particular embodiment, a detector device is also provided. The detector device, in this implementation, comprises a housing and is adapted to be physically coupled to the absorbent article such that the detector device is further communicatively coupled to one or more indicator integral with the absorbent article. The detector device and/or the absorbent article may comprise one or more connector for removably joining the detector device with the absorbent article. The connector(s) are provided such that the detector device can be attached to the absorbent article and can be detached from the absorbent article including the one or more indicator(s). The detector device can be attached to the integral unit and can be detached from the integral unit. In one particular embodiment, for example, the detector device can be attached to an area of the absorbent article juxtaposed the indicator integral to the absorbent article, and can be detached from that area of the absorbent article.
The housing of the detector device, in one embodiment, has an outer extension in a first direction and an outer extension in a second direction, which is perpendicular to the first direction. The first direction, in this embodiment, may be chosen as characteristic directions, e.g. along a main axis and normally as that of largest extension of the housing. For safety and convenient handling of the device, it may be useful that the device has a length in the first direction of at least 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm or more (but normally less than 15 cm) and that the device has a length in the second direction of at least 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm or more (but normally less than 15 cm). In one particular embodiment, for example, the housing has a first dimension of at least about one inch and a second dimension of at least about two inches. In various embodiments, the housing can be rigid or at least partially or fully flexible. To be flexible the detector device can incorporate flexible electronic components (and boards).
According to one embodiment, the detector device comprises one or more optical sensor, such as a color sensor. This optical sensor can generate an output which depends on an optical property (e.g., a color) observed by the optical sensor. Some examples of optical sensors across a range of wavelengths are: electron tube detectors, photosensors, photomultiplier tubes, phototubes, photodetectors, opto-semiconductor detectors, photodiodes, photomultipliers, image sensors, infrared detectors, thermal sensors, illuminance sensors, visible light sensors and color sensors. In one particular embodiment, for example, the optical sensor may comprise a photodiode such as a TCS 34725 color sensor commercially available from AMS-TAOS USA Inc.
In other embodiments, for example, the detector device need not include a light source, such as where sufficient ambient light may be provided in an application, where light is provided elsewhere (e.g., associated with an absorbent article or clothing, or elsewhere in an environment) or where the property change of a property changing indicator may be detectable without light.
Often, the detector device will also comprise one or more light, such as a light emitting diode (LED), organic light emitting diode (OLED), an incandescent light bulb, thermionic light emission, luminescence (e.g., among others, fluorescence, chemilluminescence, electroluminescence (e.g., LED), for emitting light onto an area, the wavelength or spectrum of which is to be assessed by the optical sensor. The optical sensor in some color detecting embodiments can be optimized for assessing a color of a color-changing indicator. The optical sensor can be sensitive to visible and non-visible light, namely light in the near IR range. In various embodiments, UV, visible infrared and near infrared wavelengths may be used. A color changing indicator can change its color, for example, based on the presence and/or absence of bodily exudates and/or in response to some other condition being monitored with respect to the absorbent article. In this embodiment, the color sensor can provide an output that varies depending on the presence or absence of bodily exudates.
In various embodiments, essentially any known color-changing indicator that responds to the absence or presence of bodily exudates or other conditions to be monitored with respect to the absorbent article can be useful. It may be useful to employ a color-changing indicator which comprises a chemical substance. Such a chemical substance can induce a color change when bodily exudates are present. One useful form of a color-changing indicator comprises a pH-sensitive indicator. Bodily exudates, for example, may influence the pH-value in their environment. Similarly, components within an absorbent article may alter a pH of the environment in response to contact with one or more bodily exudates. In one particular embodiment, for example, as AGM swells in the presence of urine or other liquids present in a bodily exudate, the AGM swelling changes the pH of the environment within the absorbent article. Thus, in this and other embodiments, a pH-sensitive indicator can be used and detected by the detector device.
Other useful indicators can comprise biological or physical sensor materials. The skilled person is aware of numerous useful biological sensor materials. Physical sensors can be provided by a material, which changes its color when the material is stretched. Stretching of a material can be induced by the swelling of the absorbent core. Biological sensors may include a bioreceptor that interacts with an analyte of interest, such as trypsin or urease. A bioreceptor, for example, may use reagent/analyte interactions that provide a property change (e.g., a color or other optical change) in the absorbent article upon detection of a particular analyte of interest. In one particular embodiment, for example, a bioreceptor may use an immobilised binding reagent also capable of binding to an analyte of interest. The immobilized reagent for example, may be disposed at a detection zone detectable by a sensor of a detector device.
Additionally the indicator can comprise a material selected from the group comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of: thermochromic inks, thermochromic dyes, thermochromic liquid crystalline materials, and combinations thereof. These indicators can, for example, serve to monitor other conditions associated with the absorbent article and/or wearer of the absorbent article, such as body temperature or fever indication.
The present embodiments can usefully employ one or more connectors which allow for detachment and can also allow for refastening of an indication device to the absorbent article. Such connectors may comprise one or more adhesives or cohesives. Such connectors may further comprise one or more mechanical fasteners, including strap based fasteners or fasteners comprising at least one button or at least one magnet. Among the group of mechanical fasteners, a hook-end-loop fastener is useful. It can be useful to attach the hook-portion to the absorbent article or to attach the loop-portion to the absorbent article. The corresponding portion can then be attached to the detector device.
In one useful embodiment, the loop portion of a hook-and-loop-fastener can be provided integral with the absorbent article. For example, if the outer side of the backsheet of the absorbent article is provided from a textile material, e.g. a non-woven material, loops provided in such a material can interact with the hooks of a hook-portion of a fastener.
There are also alternative forms of mechanical fasteners (to be used as connectors), which can be used additionally or alternatively. For example, a pocket can be formed in an area of the absorbent article. For example, such a pocket can be formed between layers of the backsheet. A pocket can also be formed between other layers. For example, diapers can be provided as pant-diapers comprising a crotch-portion and a belt-portion. The crotch-portion and the belt-portion can be joined adhesively or mechanically, e.g. by crimping. In the area of adhesive joining, a certain portion can be free of adhesive and accessible from the outside. This portion can than serve as a pocket for receiving the detector device. A belt, strap or other device may be used to place and hold the detector device relative to the absorbent article. The detector device may similarly be joined or held to an article of clothing worn by the user wearing the absorbent article.
The detector device provides information which in one aspect will indicate the presence and/or absence of bodily exudates. Such a detector device can comprise a variety of output and/or display elements. A simple output element can comprise LED, OLED or similar lamps. For example a green light can be used as an indication for the absence of bodily exudates or presence only a low amount of bodily exudates whereas a red light can indicate the presence of a higher amount of bodily exudates and therefore will normally indicate the need to change the absorbent article. Information can be provided in more comprehensive forms and therefore a display element, for example in the form of a small monitor can be useful. Information to be displayed on such a monitor or similar display element could include information about the loading status of the absorbent article, the time at which a fresh absorbent article has been applied and so forth.
The output element or display element can be provided within the housing or attached to the detector device. The output element, for example, may include a visual output device (e.g., display, LED or the like), an audible output device (e.g., a speaker), a tactile output device and/or the like.
The output or display element can also be provided in a separate unit. Such a separate unit can also have other functions. It can be useful to employ a mobile phone with a display or another personal digital assistant for use as a display element in the present context. The display element can also be a computer (including a laptop computer or a tablet computer). Information obtained from the detector device can also be displayed on several such units at the same time. This can be displayed there in the same format or in similar formats. For example a more detailed display of information on a computer can be combined with simplified display of information on a mobile phone. Additionally or alternatively the output element can also comprise acoustic indication device and can also rely on a computer generated voice. In some cases also, the information is not or not only displayed or provided, but directed to a data storage device for data aggregation.
In one particular implementation, the separate unit may include any display or output device in the area surrounding the detector device (e.g., within a house, apartment or the like). The separate unit may further include a plurality of input/output nodes that may be communicatively coupled to the detector, such as an Amazon® Echo® device that may provide visual and/or audio outputs (e.g., “diaper needs changing”).
For providing information to the separate unit the detector device can broadcast or otherwise send information to the unit comprising the display element. The skilled person is aware of useful standards for providing such broadcasting, for example Bluetooth, BTLE, mesh (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4), WiFi (e.g., IEEE 802.15.11), communication incorporating all or any portion of IEEE 802 or similar communication standards, RFID, 3G or 4G communication, Backscatter communication, light communication, audio/sound communication, harvesting protocol communication (e.g., a metadata harvesting protocol). Other communications protocols or combinations of communications protocols (e.g., a Bluetooth/Mesh combined protocol) can be employed. Additionally or alternatively an acoustic or optical broadcasting is useful.
In a further embodiment, a kit comprising a multitude of absorbent articles and a detector device, which comprises a housing and a connector, such that the detector device can be connected to any one of the absorbent articles is also provided. The absorbent articles and the detector device may each comprise any of the further features described herein. Hence, the detector device can be used on a first absorbent article of the multitude, the absorbent article can be disposed of after use, and the detector device can be re-used on another (fresh) absorbent article.
An exemplary absorbent article according to one embodiment in the form of an infant diaper 10 is represented in
In
The article comprises a crotch point P defined herein as the point placed on the longitudinal axis at a distance of two fifth (⅖) of L starting from the front edge 12 of the diaper 10.
The absorbent article comprises an indication means 60, which can take the form of a small sheet of material or patch. As shown, a rectangular form is useful. The indication means 60 can be arranged in the front area A, the central area B or the rear area C of the diaper. It is often useful to range the indication means 60 in the central area B or in the front area A. As shown, it can be useful to provide the indication means 60 towards the front of the crotch point P.
The diaper 10 further comprises gasketing cuffs 26 for maintaining a tight fit of the diaper 10 to the wearer, when the diaper 10 is worn. The gasketing cuffs 26 comprise elastics 28 for maintaining the tight fit, which helps to avoid leakage.
The diaper 10 further comprises barrier leg cuffs 30 on each side of the diaper. Barrier leg cuffs comprise proximal edges 32a and 32b, which are adjacent to topsheet 22. Opposed to the respective proximal edges, the barrier leg cuffs 30 comprise distal edges 34a and 34b, respectively. In the area of the distal edges 34, further elastics 36a provided, while a portion of the distal edges 34 of the barrier leg cuffs 30 can be attached to components of the diaper 10, such as the topsheet 22, it is preferred that the barrier leg cuffs 30 also comprise unattached areas of the distal edges, herein referred to as free flaps 38. The respective free flaps 38 are typically provided in the central zone of the diaper 10.
The diaper 10 further comprises the fastening system, for fastening the diaper to the body of a wearer. This fastening system comprises two back ears 40, which comprise adhesive tapes 42. The adhesive tapes 42 can be attached to landing zone 44. In the front area, the diaper comprises front ears 46. As described below, for other embodiments other fastening systems can be useful, including mechanical fasteners and including fastening systems comprising more than two, for example for IS.
The core can optionally comprise areas, where there is a reduced amount of absorbent material or no absorbent material. These areas are referred to as channels.
The absorbent core 20 comprises a core layer 56. This core layer can comprise particular material, such as super absorbent particles, herein also referred to SAP. Between the core layer 56 and the backsheet 24 the indication means 60 can be arranged. As shown in
The article may also comprise elasticized gasketing cuffs 26 joined to the chassis of the absorbent article, typically via the topsheet and/or backsheet, and substantially planar with the chassis of the diaper.
The Figures also show typical taped diaper components such as a fastening system comprising adhesive tabs 42 attached towards the back edge of the article and cooperating with a landing zone 44 on the front of the article. The absorbent article may also comprise other typical elements, which are not represented, such as a back elastic waist feature, a front elastic waist feature, transverse barrier cuff(s), a lotion application, etc.
The topsheet 22, the backsheet 24, the absorbent core 20 and the other article components may be assembled in a variety of well known configurations, in particular by gluing or heat embossing. Exemplary diaper configurations are described generally in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,860,003, 5,221,274, 5,554,145, 5,569,234, 5,580,411, and 6,004,306. The absorbent article is preferably thin. The caliper at the crotch point P of the article may be for example from 4.0 mm to 12.0 mm, in particular from 6.0 mm to 10.0 mm, as measured with a suitable caliper test, for example the Absorbent Article Caliper Test disclosed in EP 2 740 450 A1 (Applicant: The Procter & Gamble Company).
These and other components of the articles will now be discussed in more details.
The topsheet 22 is the part of the absorbent article that is directly in contact with the wearer's skin. The topsheet 22 can be joined to the backsheet 24, the core 20 and/or any other layers as is known in the art. Usually, the topsheet 22 and the backsheet 24 are joined directly to each other in some locations (e.g. on or close to the periphery of the article) and are indirectly joined together in other locations by directly joining them to one or more other elements of the diaper 10.
The topsheet 22 is preferably compliant, soft-feeling, and non-irritating to the wearer's skin. Further, at least a portion of the topsheet 22 is liquid permeable, permitting liquids to readily penetrate through its thickness. A suitable topsheet may be manufactured from a wide range of materials, such as porous foams, reticulated foams, apertured plastic films, or woven or nonwoven materials of natural fibers (e.g., wood or cotton fibers), synthetic fibers or filaments (e.g., polyester or polypropylene or bicomponent PE/PP fibers or mixtures thereof), or combinations thereof, e.g. a combination of natural and synthetic fibers. A combination of materials can be achieved by combining at least two materials by means of needle punching, ultra-sonic bonding, ring rolling, embossing, gluing or other types of mechanical entanglement. The resulting material may maintain a dual/multiple layer structure, but may also loose a structure of distinguishable layers after such process steps. It can also be useful to provide a formed film patch underneath the topsheet.
If the topsheet 22 includes fibers, the fibers may be spunbond, carded, wet-laid, meltblown, hydroentangled, or otherwise processed as is known in the art, in particular spunbond PP nonwoven. A suitable topsheet comprising a web of staple-length polypropylene fibers is manufactured by Veratec, Inc., a Division of International Paper Company, of Walpole, Mass. under the designation P-8.
The topsheet 22 may comprise one or more apertures to ease penetration of exudates therethrough, such as urine and/or feces (solid, semi-solid, or liquid). The size of at least the primary aperture is important in achieving the desired waste encapsulation performance. If the primary aperture is too small, the waste may not pass through the aperture, either due to poor alignment of the waste source and the aperture location or due to fecal masses having a diameter greater than the aperture. If the aperture is too large, the area of skin that may be contaminated by “rewet” from the article is increased. Typically, the total area of the apertures at the surface of a diaper may have an area of between about 10 mm2 and about 50 mm2, in particular between about 15 mm2 and 35 mm2. Examples of apertured topsheet are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,504, assigned to BBANONWOVENS SIMPSONVILLE. WO2011/163582 also discloses suitable colored topsheet having a basis weight of from 12 to 18 gsm and comprising a plurality of bonded points. Each of the bonded points has a surface area of from 2 mm2 to 5 mm2 and the cumulated surface area of the plurality of bonded points is from 10 to 25% of the total surface area of the topsheet.
Typical diaper topsheets have a basis weight of from about 10 to about 21 gsm, in particular between from about 12 to about 18 gsm but other basis weights are possible.
The backsheet 24 is generally that portion of the diaper 10 positioned adjacent the garment-facing surface of the absorbent core 20 and which prevents the exudates absorbed and contained therein from soiling articles such as bedsheets and undergarments. The backsheet 24 is typically impermeable to liquids (e.g. urine). The backsheet may for example be or comprise a thin plastic film such as a thermoplastic film having a thickness of about 0.012 mm to about 0.051 mm. Exemplary backsheet films include those manufactured by Tredegar Corporation, based in Richmond, Va., and sold under the trade name CPC2 film. Other suitable backsheet materials may include breathable materials which permit vapors to escape from the diaper 10 while still preventing exudates from passing through the backsheet 24. Exemplary breathable materials may include materials such as woven webs, nonwoven webs, composite materials such as film-coated nonwoven webs, microporous films such as manufactured by Mitsui Toatsu Co., of Japan under the designation ESPOIR NO and by Tredegar Corporation of Richmond, Va., and sold under the designation EXAIRE, and monolithic films such as manufactured by Clopay Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio under the name HYTREL blend P18-3097. Some breathable composite materials are described in greater detail in PCT Application No. WO 95/16746 published on Jun. 22, 1995 in the name of E. I. DuPont; U.S. Pat. No. 5,938,648 to LaVon et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,681,793 to Linman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,865,823 to Curro; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,096 to Dobrin et al, U.S. Pat. No. 6,946,585B2 to London Brown.
The backsheet 24 may be joined to the topsheet 22, the absorbent core 20 or any other element of the diaper 10 by any attachment means known in the art. Suitable attachment means are described above with respect to means for joining the topsheet 22 to other elements of the diaper 10. For example, the attachment means may include a uniform continuous layer of adhesive, a patterned layer of adhesive, or an array of separate lines, spirals, or spots of adhesive. Suitable attachment means comprises an open pattern network of filaments of adhesive as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,573,986. Other suitable attachment means include several lines of adhesive filaments which are swirled into a spiral pattern, as is illustrated by the apparatus and methods shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,911,173, 4,785,996; and 4,842,666. Adhesives which have been found to be satisfactory are manufactured by H. B. Fuller Company of St. Paul, Minn. and marketed as HL-1620 and HL 1358-XZP. Alternatively, the attachment means may comprise heat bonds, pressure bonds, ultrasonic bonds, dynamic mechanical bonds, or any other suitable attachment means or combinations of these attachment means as are known in the art.
As used herein, the term “absorbent core” refers to the component or components of the article having the most absorbent capacity and comprising an absorbent material and optionally a core wrap enclosing the absorbent material. The term “absorbent core” does not include the acquisition-distribution system or layer or any other component of the article which is not either integral part of the core wrap or placed within the core wrap. The core may consist essentially of, or consist of, a core wrap, absorbent material as defined below and glue enclosed within the core wrap.
The absorbent core 20 of the absorbent article comprises a first core layer 56 and a second core layer 58. As explained, the absorbent article might comprise and acquisition distribution system, which will typically consist of one or more layers. Most typically, the layers are arranged above the core layer. Hence, a number of layers can be arranged between the topsheet and the backsheet. The skilled person will usually have no difficulty in distinguishing between these layers. In case of doubt, a core layer can be identified as being a layer which is generally less permeable than a layer forming part of the acquisition-/distribution-system.
Permeability generally refers to the quality of a porous material that causes it to a lower liquid or gases to pass through it. Hence, the layers of the acquisition distribution system should generally be more permeable than the layers of the core system as these layers are meant to distribute liquid to the absorbent core, where the liquid is ultimately stored.
The absorbent core can comprise absorbent material with a varying amount of superabsorbent polymers (herein abbreviated as “SAP”), often enclosed within a core wrap. The SAP content can represent from 0% to 80% by weight of the absorbent material contained in the core wrap. Often an SAP content of 20% to 50% by weight of the absorbent material contained in the core wrap is useful. The core wrap is not considered as absorbent material for the purpose of assessing the percentage of SAP in the absorbent core.
By “absorbent material” it is meant a material which has some absorbency property or liquid retaining properties, such as SAP, cellulosic fibers as well as synthetic fibers. Herein, absorbent materials in the form of fibrous absorbent materials have been found to be useful. These fibrous absorbent materials can comprise or consist of natural fibers, e.g. cellulosic fibers as well as synthetic fibers. Typically, glues used in making absorbent cores have no absorbency properties and are not considered as absorbent material.
The SAP content may be higher than 30%, for example at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 80% of the weight of the absorbent material contained within the core wrap. The absorbent material may in particular embodiments comprise from 10 to 70, for example 30 to 60 weight percent of natural or synthetic fibers.
The absorbent core may comprise a generally planar top edge and a generally planar bottom edge. In some embodiments, the absorbent material will be advantageously distributed in higher amount towards the front edge than towards the rear edge as more absorbency is required at the front. In other embodiments, typically embodiments for other uses of an absorbent article, such as care of elderly incontinent people versus care of babies, the absorbent material will be advantageously distributed in higher amount towards the rear edge than towards the front edge as more absorbency is required at the rear area.
The core wrap may be formed by two separate sheets of nonwoven material which may be at least partially sealed along the edges of the absorbent core. The core wrap may be at least partially sealed along its front edge, back edge and two longitudinal edges so that substantially no absorbent material leaks out of the absorbent core wrap.
The absorbent core of the absorbent article may further comprise adhesive for example to help immobilizing the SAP within the core wrap and/or to ensure integrity of the core wrap, in particular when the core wrap is made of two or more substrates. Such an adhesive can be provided in the form of fibrous thermoplastic adhesive material.
The fibrous thermoplastic adhesive material may be at least partially in contact with the superabsorbent material in the land areas and at least partially in contact with the substrate layer in the junction areas. This imparts an essentially three-dimensional structure to the fibrous layer of thermoplastic adhesive material, which in itself is essentially a two-dimensional structure of relatively small thickness, as compared to the dimension in length and width directions. Thereby, the fibrous thermoplastic adhesive material may provide cavities to cover the absorbent material in the land area, and thereby immobilizes this absorbent material.
The thermoplastic adhesive material may comprise, in its entirety, a single thermoplastic polymer or a blend of thermoplastic polymers, having a softening point, as determined by the ASTM Method D-36-95 “Ring and Ball”, in the range between 50° C. and 300° C., and/or the thermoplastic adhesive material may be a hotmelt adhesive comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer in combination with other thermoplastic diluents such as tackifying resins, plasticizers and additives such as antioxidants.
Superabsorbent material, herein also referred to as superabsorbent polymer material, superabsorbent polymers or SAP, refers to absorbent materials which are cross-linked polymeric materials that can absorb at least 10 times their weight of an aqueous 0.9% saline solution as measured using the Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC) test (EDANA method WSP 241.2-05E). The SAP used may in particular have a CRC value of more than 20 g/g, or more than 24 g/g, or of from 20 to 50 g/g, or from 20 to 40 g/g, or 24 to 30 g/g. The SAP useful in example absorbent articles may include a variety of water-insoluble, but water-swellable polymers capable of absorbing large quantities of fluids.
The superabsorbent polymer can be in particulate form so as to be flowable in the dry state. Typical particulate absorbent polymer materials are made of poly(meth)acrylic acid polymers. However, e.g. starch-based particulate absorbent polymer material may also be used, as well polyacrylamide copolymer, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, cross-linked polyethylene oxide, and starch grafted copolymer of polyacrylonitrile. The superabsorbent polymer may be polyacrylates and polyacrylic acid polymers that are internally and/or surface cross-linked.
The SAP useful for example embodiments of absorbent articles may be of numerous shapes. The term “particles” refers to granules, fibers, flakes, spheres, powders, platelets and other shapes and forms known to persons skilled in the art of superabsorbent polymer particles. In some embodiments, the SAP particles can be in the shape of fibers, i.e. elongated, acicular superabsorbent polymer particles. In those embodiments, the superabsorbent polymer particles fibers have a minor dimension (i.e. diameter of the fiber) of less than about 1 mm, usually less than about 500 μm, and preferably less than 250 μm down to 50 μm. The length of the fibers is preferably about 3 mm to about 100 mm. The fibers can also be in the form of a long filament that can be woven.
Typically, SAP are spherical-like particles. In contrast to fibers, “spherical-like particles” have a longest and a smallest dimension with a particulate ratio of longest to smallest particle dimension in the range of 1-5, where a value of 1 would equate a perfectly spherical particle and 5 would allow for some deviation from such a spherical particle. The superabsorbent polymer particles may have a particle size of less than 850 μm, or from 50 to 850 μm, preferably from 100 to 710 μm, more preferably from 150 to 650 μm, as measured according to EDANA method WSP 220.2-05. SAP having a relatively low particle size help to increase the surface area of the absorbent material which is in contact with liquid exudates and therefore support fast absorption of liquid exudates.
The SAP may have a particle sizes in the range from 45 μm to 4000 μm, more specifically a particle size distribution within the range of from 45 μm to about 2000 μm, or from about 100 μm to about 1000, 850 or 600 μm. The particle size distribution of a material in particulate form can be determined as it is known in the art, for example by means of dry sieve analysis (EDANA 420.02 “Particle Size distribution).
In some embodiments herein, the superabsorbent material is in the form of particles with a mass medium particle size up to 2 mm, or between 50 microns and 2 mm or to 1 mm, or preferably from 100 or 200 or 300 or 400 or 500 μm, or to 1000 or to 800 or to 700 μm; as can for example be measured by the method set out in for example EP-A-0,691,133. In some embodiments of an absorbent article, the superabsorbent polymer material is in the form of particles whereof at least 80% by weight are particles of a size between 50 μm and 1200 μm and having a mass median particle size between any of the range combinations above. In addition, or in another embodiment of an absorbent article, the particles are essentially spherical. In yet another or additional embodiment of an absorbent article, the superabsorbent polymer material has a relatively narrow range of particle sizes, e.g. with the majority (e.g. at least 80% or preferably at least 90% or even at least 95% by weight) of particles having a particle size between 50 μm and 1000 μm, preferably between 100 μm and 800 μm, and more preferably between 200 μm and 600 μm.
The surface of the SAP may be coated, for example, with a cationic polymer. Preferred cationic polymers can include polyamine or polyimine materials. In some embodiments, the SAP may be coated with chitosan materials such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,537,832 B2. In some other embodiments, the SAP may comprise mixed-bed Ion-Exchange absorbent polymers such as those disclosed in WO 99/34841 and WO 99/34842.
The absorbent core will typically comprise only one type of SAP, but it is not excluded that a blend of SAPs may be used. The fluid permeability of a superabsorbent polymer can be quantified using its Urine Permeability Measurement (UPM) value, as measured in the test disclosed European patent application number EP12174117.7. The UPM of the SAP may for example be of at least 10×10-7 cm3·sec/g, or at least 30×10-7 cm3·sec/g, or at least 50×10-7 cm3·sec/g, or more, e.g. at least 80 or 100×10-7 cm3·sec/g. The flow characteristics can also be adjusted by varying the quantity and distribution of the SAP used in the second absorbent layer.
For most absorbent articles, the liquid discharge occurs predominately in the front half of the article, in particular for diaper. The front half of the article (as defined by the region between the front edge and a transversal line placed at a distance of half L from the front or back edge may therefore comprise most of the absorbent capacity of the core. Thus, at least 60% of the SAP, or at least 65%, 70%, 75% or 80% of the SAP may be present in the front half of the absorbent article, the remaining SAP being disposed in the back half of the absorbent article.
The total amount of SAP present in the absorbent core may also vary according to expected usage. Diapers for newborns may require less SAP than infant or adult incontinence diapers. The amount of SAP in the core may be for example comprised from about 2 to 60 g, in particular from 5 to 50 g or 10 to 40 g. The average SAP basis weight within the (or “at least one”, if several are present) deposition area of the SAP may be for example of at least 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 or more g/m2. The areas of the channels present in the absorbent material deposition area, if any, are deduced from the absorbent material deposition area to calculate this average basis weight.
The optional core wrap may be made of a single substrate folded around the absorbent material, or may advantageously comprise two (or more) substrates which are attached to another. Typical attachments are the so-called C-wrap and/or sandwich wrap. In a C-wrap, as exemplarily shown in
If the core wrap comprises a first substrate 66a and a second substrate 66b these may be made of the same type of material, or may be made of different materials or one of the substrate may be treated differently than the other to provide it with different properties. As the polymers used for nonwoven production are inherently hydrophobic, they are preferably coated with hydrophilic coatings if placed on the fluid receiving side of the absorbent core. It is advantageous that the top side of the core wrap, i.e. the side placed closer to the wearer in the absorbent article, be more hydrophilic than the bottom side of the core wrap. A possible way to produce nonwovens with durably hydrophilic coatings is via applying a hydrophilic monomer and a radical polymerization initiator onto the nonwoven, and conducting a polymerization activated via UV light resulting in monomer chemically bound to the surface of the nonwoven. An alternative possible way to produce nonwovens with durably hydrophilic coatings is to coat the nonwoven with hydrophilic nanoparticles, e.g. as described in WO 02/064877.
The absorbent article comprises a pair of barrier leg cuffs 30. The barrier leg cuffs can be formed from a piece of material, typically a nonwoven, which is partially bonded to the rest of the article so that a portion of the material, the barrier leg cuffs, can be partially raised away and stand up from the plane defined by the topsheet when the article is pulled flat as shown e.g. in
The barrier leg cuffs can be integral with the topsheet or the backsheet, or more typically be formed from a separate material joined to the rest of the article. Typically the material of the barrier leg cuffs may extend through the whole length of the diapers but is “tack bonded” to the topsheet towards the front edge and back edge of the article so that in these sections the barrier leg cuff material remains flush with the topsheet. Each barrier leg cuff 30 may comprise one, two or more elastic 36 close to this free distal edge 34 to provide a better seal.
In addition to the barrier leg cuffs 30, the article may comprise gasketing cuffs 26, which are joined to the chassis of the absorbent, article, in particular the topsheet and/or the backsheet and are placed transversely outwardly relative to the barrier leg cuffs. The gasketing cuffs can provide a better seal around the thighs of the wearer. Usually each gasketing leg cuff will comprise one or more elastic string or elastic element comprised in the chassis of the diaper for example between the topsheet and backsheet in the area of the leg openings.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,860,003 describes a disposable diaper which provides a contractible leg opening having a side flap and one or more elastic members to provide an elasticized leg cuff (a gasketing cuff). U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,808,178 and 4,909,803 issued to Aziz et al. describe disposable diapers having “stand-up” elasticized flaps (barrier leg cuffs) which improve the containment of the leg regions. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,695,278 and 4,795,454 issued to Lawson and to Dragoo respectively, describe disposable diapers having dual cuffs, including gasketing cuffs and barrier leg cuffs. All or a portion of the barrier leg and/or gasketing cuffs may be treated with a lotion.
Embodiments of the absorbent articles may comprise an acquisition-distribution layer or system 50 (herein “ADS”). The function of the ADS is to quickly acquire the fluid and distribute it to the absorbent core in an efficient manner. The ADS may comprise one, two or more layers, which may form a unitary layer or remain discrete layers which may be attached to each other. In the examples below, the ADS comprises two layers: a distribution layer 54 and an acquisition layer 52 disposed between the absorbent core and the topsheet, but embodiments of absorbent articles are not restricted to this example.
Typically, the ADS will not comprise SAP as this may slow the acquisition and distribution of the fluid. The prior art discloses many type of acquisition-distribution system, see for example WO2000/59430 (Daley), WO95/10996 (Richards), U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,254 (McDowall), WO02/067809 (Graef). The ADS may comprise, although not necessarily, two layers: a distribution layer and an acquisition layer, which will now be exemplified in more details.
The distribution layer may for example comprise at least 50% by weight of cross-linked cellulose fibers. The cross-linked cellulosic fibers may be crimped, twisted, or curled, or a combination thereof including crimped, twisted, and curled. This type of material has been used in the past in disposable diapers as part of an acquisition system, for example US 2008/0312622 A1 (Hundorf). The cross-linked cellulosic fibers provide higher resilience and therefore higher resistance to the first absorbent layer against the compression in the product packaging or in use conditions, e.g. under baby weight. This provides the core with a higher void volume, permeability and liquid absorption, and hence reduced leakage and improved dryness.
The distribution layer comprising cross-linked cellulose fibers of the absorbent article may comprise other fibers, but this layer may advantageously comprise at least 50%, or 60%, or 70%, or 80%, or 90% or even up to 100%, by weight of the layer, of cross-linked cellulose fibers (including the cross-linking agents). Examples of such mixed layer of cross-linked cellulose fibers may comprise about 70% by weight of chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers, about 10% by weight polyester (PET) fibers, and about 20% by weight untreated pulp fibers. In another example, the layer of cross-linked cellulose fibers may comprise about 70% by weight chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers, about 20% by weight lyocell fibers, and about 10% by weight PET fibers. In another example, the layer may comprise about 68% by weight chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers, about 16% by weight untreated pulp fibers, and about 16% by weight PET fibers. In another example, the layer of cross-linked cellulose fibers may comprise from about 90-100% by weight chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers.
The distribution layer 54 may be a material having a water retention value of from 25 to 60, preferably from 30 to 45, measured as indicated in the procedure disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,537.
The distribution layer may typically have an average basis weight of from 30 to 400 g/m2, in particular from 100 to 300 g/m2. The density of the distribution layer may vary depending on the compression of the article, but may be of between 0.03 to 0.15 g/cm3, in particular 0.08 to 0.10 g/cm3 measured at 0.30 psi (2.07 kPa).
The ADS may comprise an acquisition layer 52. The acquisition layer may be disposed between the distribution layer 54 and topsheet 22. The acquisition layer 52 may typically be or comprise a non-woven material, for example a SMS or SMMS material, comprising a spunbonded, a melt-blown and a further spunbonded layer or alternatively a carded chemical-bonded nonwoven. The non-woven material may in particular be latex bonded. Exemplary upper acquisition layers 52 are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,786,341. Carded, resin-bonded nonwovens may be used, in particular where the fibers used are solid round or round hollow PET staple fibers (50/50 or 40/60 mix of 6 denier and 9 denier fibers). An exemplary binder is a butadiene/styrene latex. Non-wovens have the advantage that they can be manufactured outside the converting line and stored and used as a roll of material.
Further useful non-wovens are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,569 to Cramer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,863,933 to Cramer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,112,621 to Rohrbaugh et al., and co patent applications US 2003/148684 to Cramer et al. and US 2005/008839 to Cramer et al.
The acquisition layer 52 may be stabilized by a latex binder, for example a styrene-butadiene latex binder (SB latex). Processes for obtaining such lattices are known, for example, from EP 149 880 (Kwok) and US 2003/0105190 (Diehl et al.). In certain embodiments, the binder may be present in the acquisition layer 52 in excess of about 12%, about 14% or about 16% by weight. SB latex is available under the trade name GENFLO™ 3160 (OMNOVA Solutions Inc.; Akron, Ohio).
A further acquisition layer may be used in addition to a first acquisition layer described above. For example a tissue layer may be placed between the first acquisition layer and the distribution layer. The tissue may have enhanced capillarity distribution properties compared to the acquisition layer described above. The tissue and the first acquisition layer may be of the same size or may be of different size, for example the tissue layer may extend further in the back of the absorbent article than the first acquisition layer. An example of hydrophilic tissue is a 13-15 gsm high wet strength made of cellulose fibers from supplier Havix.
The absorbent article may include a fastening system. The fastening system can be used to provide lateral tensions about the circumference of the absorbent article to hold the absorbent article on the wearer as is typical for taped diapers. This fastening system is not necessary for training pant article since the waist region of these articles is already bonded. The fastening system usually comprises a fastener such as tape tabs (also referred to as adhesive tabs), hook and loop fastening components, interlocking fasteners such as tabs & slots, buckles, buttons, snaps, and/or hermaphroditic fastening components, although any other known fastening means are generally acceptable. A landing zone is normally provided on the front waist region for the fastener to be releasably attached. Some exemplary surface fastening systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,848,594, 4,662,875, 4,846,815, 4,894,060, 4,946,527, 5,151,092 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,274 issued to Buell. An exemplary interlocking fastening system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,098. The fastening system may also provide a means for holding the article in a disposal configuration as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,140 issued to Robertson et al.
The fastening system may also include primary and secondary fastening systems, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,622 to reduce shifting of overlapped portions or to improve fit as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,242,436, 5,499,978, 5,507,736, and 5,591,152.
The absorbent article may comprise front ears 46 and back ears 40 as is known in the art. The ears can be integral part of the chassis, for example formed from the topsheet and/or backsheet as side panel. Alternatively, as represented on
The absorbent article may also comprise at least one elastic waist feature (not represented) that helps to provide improved fit and containment. The elastic waist feature is generally intended to elastically expand and contract to dynamically fit the wearer's waist. The elastic waist feature preferably extends at least longitudinally outwardly from at least one waist edge of the absorbent core 20 and generally forms at least a portion of the end edge of the absorbent article. Disposable diapers can be constructed so as to have two elastic waist features, one positioned in the front waist region and one positioned in the back waist region. The elastic waist feature may be constructed in a number of different configurations including those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,515,595, 4,710,189, 5,151,092 and 5,221,274.
Typically, adjacent layers and components will be joined together using conventional bonding method such as adhesive coating via slot coating or spraying on the whole or part of the surface of the layer, or thermo-bonding, or pressure bonding or combinations thereof. This bonding is not represented in the Figures (except for the bonding by bonds 33 between the raised elements of the barrier leg cuffs 30 with the topsheet 22) for clarity and readability but bonding between the layers of the article should be considered to be present unless specifically excluded. Adhesives may be typically used to improve the adhesion of the different layers, for example between the backsheet and the core wrap. The glue may be any standard hotmelt glue as known in the art.
If an acquisition layer 52 is present, it may be advantageous that this acquisition layer is larger than or least as large as the distribution layer 54 in the longitudinal and/or transversal dimension. In this way the distribution layer 54 can be deposited on the acquisition layer 52 during the manufacturing process before assembling these layers in the finished article. This simplifies handling, in particular if the acquisition layer is a nonwoven which can be unrolled from a roll of stock material. The distribution layer may also be deposited directly on the absorbent core's upper side of the core wrap or another layer of the article. Also, an acquisition layer 52 larger than the distribution layer allows to directly glue the acquisition layer to the storage core (at the larger areas). This can give increased integrity to the article and better liquid communication.
The absorbent core and in particular its absorbent material deposition area may advantageously be at least as large and long and advantageously at least partially larger and/or longer than the acquisition-distribution system (ADS). This is because the absorbent material in the core can usually more effectively retain fluid and provide dryness benefits across a larger area than the ADS. The absorbent article may have a rectangular SAP layer and a non-rectangular (shaped) ADS. The absorbent article may also have a rectangular (non-shaped) ADS and a rectangular layer of SAP.
The absorbent articles may be made by any conventional methods known in the art. In particular the articles may be hand-made or industrially produced at high speed.
The values indicated herein are measured according to the methods indicated herein below, unless specified otherwise. All measurements are performed at 21±2° C. and 50±20% RH, unless specified otherwise. All samples should be kept at least 24 hours in these conditions to equilibrate before conducting the tests, unless indicated otherwise. All measurements should be reproduced on at least 4 samples and the average value obtained indicated, unless otherwise indicated.
The color change strip 122, for example, may be disposed in the diaper such as shown in
The detector device 100 includes one or more optical (e.g., color) sensors 102 and a light source 104 (e.g., an LED). The optical sensor 102 measures one or more light levels from the indicator 120. In one particular embodiment, for example, the color sensor measures four light levels—clear, red, green and blue—with a sixteen (16) bit resolution. The clear level corresponds to a measure of an overall light intensity and the red, green and blue levels correspond to intensity in the relevant parts of the spectrum from the indicator 120. In this embodiment, the detector device 100 takes multiple measurements with the optical sensor 102. In a first operation, the optical sensor 102 is read without the light source 104 (e.g., the LED) illuminated to determine a background light level. Another reading of the color sensor is taken in another operation with the light source 104 illuminating the color change strip 122 of the indicator 120 to measure the clear, red, green and blue (RGB) light levels. A difference between the two measurements is obtained in a third operation and represents a color of the color change strip 122 of the indicator 120. The clear color level may be used to normalize the RGB values. Fill levels corresponding to one or more intermediate states of the indicator 120 may also be determined, such as from the hue, saturation and brightness (HSB) values in combination with or instead of the RGB values.
The optical sensor 102 may be spaced from the light source 104 so that direct light from the light source 104 is reduced or eliminated at the optical sensor 102. Similarly, too large a spacing between the optical sensor 102 and the light source 104 may reduce the signal strength at the optical sensor 102. In one embodiment, for example, the optical sensor 102 may be spaced at least about 5 mm from the light source 104. In another embodiment, the optical sensor may be spaced at least about 8 mm from the light source 104, at least about 10 mm from the light source 104, between approximately 5 and 20 mm from the light source 104, and between approximately 10 to 15 mm from the light source 104.
In addition to spacing between the optical sensor 102 and the light source 104, other factors may also affect light level measurements of the optical sensor 102. For example, temperature, location of the detector device 100 on the diaper, the type, material and color of a connector (e.g., adhesive, tape, hook and loop, strap and other materials) disposed between the detector device 100 and the indicator 120 disposed within the diaper, orientation of the detector device 100 relative to the indicator 120, orientation of transmit and receive windows of the detector device 100 and the diaper, force of application of the detector device 100 against the diaper (e.g., may affect the distance between the optical sensor 102 and light source 104 of the detector device 100 and the indicator 120 of the diaper in use), ambient light, placement of an attachment zone on the diaper for coupling to the detector device 100 and placement of the detector device 100 relative to the indicator 120 of the diaper (e.g., in a cross-direction) such that the optical sensor 102 detects other components of the diaper disposed near the indicator 120.
In one embodiment, for example, the color change strip 122 changes color in response to a change in pH within the diaper. Swelling of Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP)/Absorbent Gelling Materials (AGM) within the diaper changes the pH of the environment within the diaper. In response to a change in pH, the color change strip 122 changes in color. The color change strip 122, for example, may comprise a pH sensitive glue, such as H9588 glue that is commercially available from Bostik. While a human eye may only be able to distinguish general changes in color, such as a transition from yellow (dry) to blue (wet), an electronic color sensor such as a photodiode can detect intermediate colors as the indicator transitions from a first state to a second state.
Although a pH sensitive color change strip 122 is discussed with respect to an example embodiment, the indicator 120 is not so limited. Rather, the indicator 120 may include any indicator that changes color or other appearance directly or indirectly related to the presence or absence of bodily exudates within the diaper. For example, color change materials that change from no color to one or more colors, from one or more colors to no colors, change colors in other color ranges than the pH sensitive adhesive described herein, materials that change color or appearance based on factors other than pH changes, such as but not limited to, temperature, wetness, odor, enzymes, organic components, inorganic components (e.g., salt level), colored SAP/AGM, mechanical forces (e.g., strain, stretch) or the like.
As discussed with respect to
The detector device 100 may further include a communication module 106 adapted to transmit data from the detector device 100 to a remote device 130, such as for storage and/or presentation to a user. The communication module 106, for example, may include a Bluetooth communication module, a BTLE communication module, a mesh communication module (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4), a WiFi communication module (e.g., IEEE 802.15.11), a communication module incorporating all or any portion of IEEE 802 or similar communication standards, an RFID module, a 3G or 4G communication module, a Backscatter communication module, a light communication module, a sound communication module, a harvesting protocol communication module (e.g., a metadata harvesting protocol communication module. Other communications protocols or combinations of communications protocols (e.g., a Bluetooth/Mesh combined protocol) and mechanisms may also be used.
In one embodiment, for example, a smartphone, tablet, computer or other remote device may be used to receive information from the detector device 100, determine one or more state of the diaper (e.g., presence or absence of one or more bodily exudates) and display information related to the state of the diaper to a user. The remote device may be in direct communication with the detector device and/or be communicatively coupled with detector device (or via an intermediate device) via one or more computer networks, such as the Internet.
The communications module 206, for example, may be limited in power and/or duration of transmission to reduce electromagnetic (EM) energy transmitted in close proximity to a wearer of the diaper. The BTLE module 206, for example, may be operated at approximately 2 mW for approximately 0.005% time of the time it is in operation (approximately one transmission per minute).
The container of the detector device 300 maybe sized and shaped to prevent the device 300 from being a choking hazard. The container may further include materials such as silicone, Tecaform, Tecanat or other materials. The device container may also include one or more muted colors to minimize its attractiveness to children.
The remote computing device may further receive additional inputs, such as but not limited to, weartime, the time the absorbent article was attached to a wearer, the current time, absorbent article user information (e.g., baby demographic information such as sex, age, weight of wearer, whether the wearer is toilet training, degree of wearer incontinence), user input information, caregiver preference information, biometric information of the wearer, ambient sensor information and/or contextual information, and may use these additional inputs separately and/or in combination with the information received from the detector device.
In the particular embodiment, shown in
Further, in one example, exudate fullness may be determined by the following functions:
Urine Fullness=f(Property Change Detection, wear time, wearer data and other data) Property Change Detection=f(color sensor data).
An exudate content quantity, for example, may be provided to a user to indicate a percent or other indication of diaper fullness or remaining capacity on the detector device, a remote display or a remote computing device. In one particular implementation, for example, the remote display or computing device may display a graphical or numerical representation of exudate content quantity or remaining capacity of the absorbent article.
Calibration of the color of the indicator to a particular exudate load quantity, for example, can be determined in a number of manners. For example, in one embodiment, different load quantities of an absorbent article may be introduced and corresponding colors can then be measured. In another embodiment, for a given load quantity, a color change may be mapped versus time measured during loading to provide a kinetic curve that represents an exudate load quantity versus time.
By measuring changes in multiple areas of the absorbent article, the detector device may be able to provide a better prediction of the presence and/or quantity of bodily exudates within the absorbent article given the broad distribution of urination patterns, urination loads, dietary habits, wearer movement and activity during wear time, wearer body dimensions and the like, all of which may have an effect on exudate distribution within the absorbent article.
In addition to the sensors described herein adapted to detect one or more property changes of an indicator, the detector devices may further include one or more additional sensors adapted to detect other conditions unrelated to the specific indicators of an absorbent article. For example, the detector device may further include one or more additional sensors such as, but not limited to, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a relative humidity sensor, an electrical sensor, a resistance sensor, a capacitive sensor, an inductive sensor, a continuity sensor, a chemical sensor, an audio sensor, a microphone, a strain gauge, a material expansion sensor and a vibration sensor.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16158532.8 | Mar 2016 | EP | regional |
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/626,217, filed on Jul. 21, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/134,035 filed on Apr. 20, 2016, which claims priority to European Application Serial No. 16158532.8, filed on Mar. 3, 2016. Both the U.S. application Ser. No. 15/134,035 and the European application are hereby incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15656217 | Jul 2017 | US |
| Child | 16360125 | US | |
| Parent | 15134035 | Apr 2016 | US |
| Child | 15656217 | US |
