Patent Application
20150313763
The disclosure relates to a folded absorbent product that has at least one fold in the transverse direction of the product, wherein the absorbent product includes an absorption body.
It is desirable that absorbent products such as sanitary napkins, panty liners and incontinence pads are packaged in such a way so they take up as little volume in the packaging as possible. If the product takes up a small volume in the packaging, i.e. during storage and transport, the transport cost is reduced and also the size of the storage space that is required for the absorbent products manufactured. Absorbent products such as sanitary napkins, panty liners and incontinence pads often have one or more folds in the packaging, therefore, for example in the transverse direction of the product. In the manufacture of absorbent products, it usually occurs that the product is compressed, and compression of the product is often carried out after the folding stage but before the packaging stage. Due to such a compression stage, the product becomes thinner and takes up a smaller volume, which makes it possible to place several products in a packaging bag of a certain size, or alternatively the packaging bags can be made smaller but with an unchanged number of products in the packaging.
One problem when using absorbent products that have been folded and compressed prior to packaging is that creases can be formed in the product along the fold. These creases can be troublesome during the use of the products. If the products are folded in their transverse direction, for example, creases are often obtained in the transverse direction of the product, making it possible for liquid to run along the creases and be transported out to the product's edges and create a liquid leakage. Furthermore, creases due to folding of the product in its transverse direction can cause material breaks in the material layer of the absorption body along the fold, which leads to an impaired capacity to spread and distribute the liquid in the absorption body. Such creases risk impairing the liquid-absorbent capacity of the absorption body. Material breaks in the absorption body can also impair the function of the absorption body as a shaping element, and mean that the absorption body crumples.
JP 2010178932 A relates to a folded towel, the towel having one or more continuous channels that each extend along both the longitudinal and the transverse direction of the product, wherein the channels in the transverse direction of the product coincide with the fold line that is formed due to the product having been folded together in the transverse direction of the product during packing. The channels in the product's longitudinal direction assist in guiding the liquid along the channels in the product's longitudinal direction, which counteracts the liquid being guided along the product's transverse fold line, which reduces the risk of lateral leakage.
Another problem linked to creases formed by folding the product together is that the creases can make attachment of the product in the user's briefs difficult. Towels are often attached in the briefs by means of an adhesive on the underside of the backing layer and for the adhesive to be attached to the briefs the towel should be relatively flat upon attachment, i.e. does not have creases and/or folds, which can mean that the full extension of the adhesive does not stick down to the briefs.
Furthermore, the absorbent product should be reliable such that the user has a feeling of reliability in that the product shall function well.
The product described herein has high leakage security, is soft, and can be packed in such a way that the transport cost and storage space is minimised.
A product described herein comprises a liquid-receiving, flexible foam layer and a liquid-absorbent fibrous layer, wherein the liquid-receiving, flexible foam layer has a total surface in the plane extension of the product that at least covers the entire surface of the liquid-absorbent, fibrous layer in the plane extension, wherein the liquid-receiving, flexible foam layer has a bending stiffness that is lower than 0.30 newtons measured according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method. The liquid absorbent, fibrous layer has a bending stiffness that is higher than 2.0 newtons, measured according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method. An advantage of the liquid-absorbent layer having a bending stiffness that is greater than 2.0 newtons is that it creates a relatively stiff and stable product, which means that the liquid-absorbent layer also functions as a stiffening element. The bending stiffness means that the product does not become so limp and that it cannot so readily shrink together and create undesired creases in the crotch area. In order to also achieve a product that is soft, flexible and comfortable to wear, the liquid-receiving layer can be a flexible foam material. Flexible foam materials can spring back, i.e. return to substantially their original shape in all directions after having been exposed to external loading. The flexible foam material thus has a resilient effect and is not appreciably influenced, therefore, by the force that the material is exposed to upon folding. The flexible foam material can also dampen the force that the product's underlying fibrous liquid-absorbent layer is exposed to upon folding. The foam material thus has a shock-absorbing effect in relation to the fibrous, liquid-absorbent layer. The creases are not so strong due to this, and on removal of the product from its packaging, the product unfolds in its plane better than an absorbent product that does not have a liquid-receiving, flexible foam layer with a bending stiffness that is lower than 0.30 newtons, measured according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method.
Due to the fact that the crease/creases along the fold/folds in the transverse direction of the product are less strong in the liquid-absorbent, fibrous material layer, this results in the capacity of the liquid-absorbent, fibrous material to spread and distribute the liquid in the desired direction being improved. The problem with material breaks in the liquid-absorbent, fibrous layer along the crease/creases that is/are formed due to the fold/folds in the transverse direction of the product is especially marked for absorbent products with liquid-absorbent fibrous layers that have a high stiffness.
In certain embodiments, the liquid-receiving layer includes a bending stiffness that is less than 0.3 newtons according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method in any area of the liquid-receiving layer, i.e. in at least one area of the liquid-absorbent layer.
The surface of the liquid-absorbent layer in the plane extension can have local differences in the bending stiffness. The bending stiffness over any area on the surface of the liquid-absorbent layer should be greater than 2.0 newtons, i.e. the liquid-absorbent layer is in accordance with the invention since the bending stiffness is greater than 2.0 newtons according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method in any area of the liquid-absorbent layer.
According to another embodiment, the surface of the liquid-absorbent layer in the plane extension has at least two different areas with a bending stiffness that is greater than 2.0 newtons according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method. This means that the surface which has a bending stiffness that is greater than 2.0 newtons according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method, should be able to be measured on two different areas on the surface of the liquid-absorbent layer, which two areas can be located adjacent to one another or be placed separated from one another.
According to another embodiment, the liquid-absorbent layer has a bending stiffness that is greater than 2.0 newtons according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method over its entire surface.
According to another embodiment, the liquid-receiving foam layer has a bending stiffness that is less than 0.25 newtons according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method. The liquid-receiving layer falls within this embodiment since the bending stiffness is less than 0.25 newtons according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method in any area of the liquid-receiving layer, i.e. in at least one area of the liquid-receiving layer.
The liquid-receiving foam layer is a continuous structure. Due to the fact that the foam layer is a continuous structure, it has a good pliability and resilient capacity after it has been exposed to external loading. Fibre and/or filament-based liquid-receiving layers consist are made of a great number of discrete fibres and/or filaments that are often intermittently joined to one another, but the joining points do not create a continuous structure such as is created by a foamed material, however. Fibre and/or filament-based layers do not have an equally good ability to spring back and regain their original shape following external loading, therefore. Liquid-receiving foam layers have a good capacity for regaining their original shape in all directions following external loading.
The pliability and resilient capacity of the foam also mean that there is a smaller risk of creases arising, or of the layer crumpling, compared with fibre and/or filament-based layers.
The liquid-receiving foam layer is an open-cell continuous structure and acquires a good liquid-receiving capacity in this way.
According to one embodiment, the liquid-absorbent fibrous layer has a bending stiffness that is higher than 3.0 newtons, measured according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method.
According to one embodiment, each longitudinally running side edge of the liquid-receiving flexible foam layer extends at least along a part of its length outside of each longitudinally running side edge of the liquid-absorbent, fibrous layer. In certain embodiments, each longitudinally running side edge of the flexible liquid-receiving foam layer extends outside of each longitudinally running side edge of the liquid-absorbent, fibrous layer along its entire length. The flexible foam material can spring back, i.e. regain substantially its original shape after having been exposed to external loading. The flexible foam material also has a padding effect such that the foam material lines the stiff edges and creates a soft distancing element between the user's skin and the stiff edges of the liquid-absorbent layer.
The liquid-receiving foam layer can be thermoplastic foams or thermosetting foams. Examples of usable foams are polyolefin-based foam, polystyrene-based foam, PVC foam, polyvinyl alcohol foam, acrylate foam, for example manufactured according to HIPE technology, polyurethane foam, epoxy foam, latex foam, urea-formaldehyde foam, melamine-formaldehyde foam, silicone foam, viscose foam, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) foam, starch form, chitosan foam, alginate foam, polyactide foam, polyglycolide foam and polycaprolactone foam.
It has proved to be an advantage especially for sanitary napkins that are to absorb menstrual liquid, which has a strong colour, that the absorbed liquid that is absorbed into the product is not very visible. Due to the fact that the liquid-receiving layer has an opacity that is greater than 35%, it turned out that the user experiences the product as more pleasing than a product that has liquid-receiving layers that have an opacity that is less than 35%, for example fibre layers of airy, nonwoven material. It is desired that the user finds, before using the product, that it is a reliable and aesthetically pleasing product. Due to the fact that the liquid-receiving layer has an opacity that is greater than 35%, the difference in size of the absorbent layers in the plane extension is not seen as distinctly, which gives a more reliable impression of the product even before use.
According to another embodiment, the liquid-receiving flexible foam layer has an absorption capacity that is lower than 0.15 grams of liquid/cm3 of dry test material measured according to the method CRCmaterial layer. An advantage of a liquid-receiving foam layer with a low absorption capacity in grams of liquid/cm3 of dry test material is that a smaller area is moistened on the material layer than for a material layer that has a high absorption capacity in grams of liquid/cm3. A liquid-receiving layer with a low absorption capacity is drained more easily of liquid by an underlying liquid-absorbent layer.
According to another embodiment, each longitudinally running side edge of the liquid-receiving, flexible foam layer extends at least 5.0 millimetres outside of each longitudinally running side edge of the liquid-absorbent fibrous layer. The width of the surface of the liquid-receiving foam material in the longitudinal direction of the product extending outside of the surface of the underlying liquid-absorbent layer should be adapted in such a manner that good flexibility is obtained. In certain embodiments, it was determined that the width on each longitudinally running side edge of the liquid-receiving layer extending outside of the underlying absorbent layer is preferably between 5-15 mm. As previously described, the flexible foam material has a padding effect such that the foam material lines the stiff edges. A good padding effect is obtained when that said distance is 5-15 mm. As also described previously, the ability of the foam material to spring back, i.e. to return to substantially its original shape after having been exposed to external loading, is also desirable. The foam material has the ability to regain its original shape in all directions, not only in the direction of the thickness of the material.
According to another embodiment, the total surface of the liquid-receiving flexible foam layer in its plane extension is at least 1.7 times as great as the total surface of the liquid-absorbent, fibrous layer in the plane extension of the product. For some products, for example, for a panty liner that does not need to be able to absorb an equally great volume of menstrual liquid, the total surface of the liquid-absorbent, fibrous layer does not need to be equally great, which means that for such products it can be advantageous if the total surface of the liquid-receiving foam layer in its plane extension is at least 2.0 times as great as the total surface of the liquid-absorbent, fibrous layer in the plane extension of the product. Due to the fact that the open-cell, liquid-receiving foam layer has an opacity that is greater than 35%, the difference in size of the layers is not seen as clearly, which makes the product more aesthetically pleasing and gives the product a more reliable impression. A high opacity of the liquid-receiving layer is especially advantageous, therefore, for products with a large difference of the surface between the liquid-receiving layer and the liquid-absorbent layer.
A small surface of the liquid-absorbent layer can be desirable for certain products, in part for making them thin and discreet and in part for reducing the material cost. Furthermore, an advantage with a large difference on the surface between the liquid-receiving layer and the liquid-absorbent layer is that when the liquid-absorbent layer also functions as a shaping element that follows the body when it moves, a certain difference of the layers can be useful for obtaining the desired shaping.
According to an embodiment, the absorbent product includes a liquid-permeable surface material and a liquid-tight backing material, wherein the absorption body is arranged between the liquid-permeable surface material and the liquid-tight backing material, wherein the liquid-receiving foam layer is placed against the liquid-permeable surface material and the liquid-absorbent, fibrous layer is placed against the liquid-tight backing material.
However, it is also possible that the absorbent product does not have a separate liquid-permeable surface material. In such an embodiment, the liquid-receiving layer is placed closest to the user when the product is being used and thus the surface closest to the user consists of includes a flexible foam. An advantage of such an embodiment is that the surface closest to the user is soft, smooth and pliable and that the number of layers used in the product is less, which simplifies the manufacturing process and possibly also reduces the material cost.
Embodiments of the invention also relate to folded absorbent products, which have two or more folds in the transverse direction of the product.
Embodiments of the invention also relate to a single-unit packaging containing a folded absorbent product according to one/some of the described embodiments, and a packaging containing a plurality of folded absorbent products according to one/some of the embodiments described. The liquid-receiving flexible foam layer expands relatively quickly from its folded compressed state when the product is removed from its packaging, and in this way the product regains a relatively flat extension relatively quickly, which makes application of the product to the user's briefs easier, and reduces the existing fold lines in the transverse direction of the product. The folded absorbent product in the single-unit packaging thus has a more compressed structure than corresponding absorbent products have in their unfolded state.
In the same way, each of the folded absorbent products in a packaging containing a plurality of folded absorbent products has a more compressed structure than corresponding absorbent products have in their unfolded state.
Upon packing or alternatively before packing of a plurality of folded absorbent products, the folded products are stacked in piles, wherein each pile contains a plurality of products. The stack with a plurality of products is higher before the compression stage than after the compression stage.
Embodiments of the invention will be described in greater detail in the following with reference to the exemplary embodiments shown in the enclosed drawings. In the figures:
The sanitary napkin 100 shown in
The surface material 101 and the backing material 102 have substantially the same plane form as the absorption body 103 but have a somewhat greater extension in the plane, as a result of which they form a projecting edge 117 around the entire periphery of the absorption body 103. Cover layers 102, 103 are mutually connected inside the projecting edge 105, for example by gluing, sewing or welding with heat or ultrasound. It is also possible to design the sanitary towel so that the liquid-receiving layer 104 has the same extension in the plane as the surface material and backing material, wherein both the surface material 101, backing material 102 and also the liquid-receiving layer 104 form a projecting edge 117 along the entire periphery of the liquid-absorbent, fibrous layer 105.
The sanitary napkin in
The liquid-permeable surface material 101 can suitably be made of a conventional liquid-permeable material. Examples of suitable materials are perforated plastic films, non-woven materials, plastic nets or the like.
The liquid-tight backing material 102 can be made of any liquid-tight material suitable for the purpose. Examples of such materials are various types of thin plastic films or nonwoven materials treated to resist the penetration of liquid, for example, by being coated with plastic, wax or the like. Other treatments such as heat calendering for melting a material that was permeable in the beginning to a mainly liquid-tight layer can also be used. Furthermore, the liquid-tight backing material 103 can be made of a liquid-tight surface on absorption body 103. In order to produce an airy product, it is customary to use liquid-tight backing material that is breathable, i.e., has good air permeability. Accordingly, the liquid-tight backing material can be made of a breathable material. Examples of breathable materials are perforated films, macroporous films, macroporous films, nanoporous films, monolithic films, fibrous nonwoven ones and their laminates.
An example of a liquid-absorbent, fibrous layer 105 with a high absorption capacity and a good capacity for transporting liquid is the fibrous material described in WO 94/10953 and WO 94/10956. These materials are present in the form of dry-formed fibre layers with a high density and stiffness and are used directly in an absorbent product without being defibrated at first. The stiffening and absorbent element can also be made from a laminate of several nonwoven layers or tissue layers that are mutually fixed for increased stiffness and that have highly absorbent particles between individual layers. The fixing of the individual layers to each other can take place with binding agents such as adhesive or melted fibres. The highly absorbent particles can also contribute to the bonding. The stiffness is controlled by selecting the number of layers and the amount of binding agent used and by the selection of highly absorbent material and how its adhesive capacity is utilised.
Another example of material in the liquid-absorbent layer is one or more layers of airlaid cellulose layers. This can be prefabricated material which is supplied in roll form for being then cut out in a suitable size, or alternatively the liquid-absorbent layer can be mat-formed and formed in-line during the actual manufacture of the absorbent product.
For example, to obtain compression lines/compression zones, it can be purposeful to have the areas that are compressed at a higher bending stiffness than the surrounding areas. Such a further compression can take place in combination with the compression of the liquid-absorbent layer. Alternatively, a pattern compression can take place in a separate step after the flat compression.
The compression of the liquid-absorbent, fibrous layer can be done in several ways. An example of a common process is one that is called “high-density compression” (HDC), which is described in detail in EP-B-1427658. The compression can also be done in two to three steps that include a preliminary compression and thereafter a compression in one or two steps.
The surface of the liquid-absorbent layer in plane extension can thus exhibit local differences in bending stiffness. However in certain embodiments, it is desired that the bending stiffness over one area on the surface of the liquid-absorbent layer is greater than 2.0 newtons, i.e. the liquid-absorbent layer has a bending stiffness greater than 2.0 newtons according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method in any area of the liquid-absorbent layer.
According to another embodiment, the surface of the liquid-absorbent layer in its plane extension includes at least two different areas with a bending stiffness that is greater than 2.0 newtons according to the modified bending stiffness method. This means that the surface that has a bending stiffness greater than 2.0 newtons according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method should be able to be measured on two different areas on the surface of the liquid-absorbent layer, which two areas can be adjacent to one another or can be placed at a distance from one another.
In particular embodiments, the liquid-absorbent layer has a bending stiffness greater than 2.0 newtons according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method over the entire liquid-absorbent layer. According to this embodiment, no area on the liquid-absorbent layer may have a bending stiffness that is lower than 2.0 newtons when measured according to the modified Circular Bend Procedure method.
A suitable liquid-receiving foam layer 104 is polyurethane foam. Polyurethane is a two-component product consisting of polyol and isocyanate that are mixed to polyurethane foam. Polyurethane has either open or closed cells. For use as a liquid-receiving foam layer in an absorbent product, polyurethane foam with open cells is used. Furthermore, polyurethane foam can have different stiffness and for our purpose can be viewed as flexible foams. The liquid-receiving foam is flexible with a low bending stiffness and springs back well, i.e. after being loaded the foam returns to substantially its original form. The liquid-receiving foam layer can be thermoplastic foam or thermosetting foams. Examples of useable foams are polyolefin-based foam, polystyrene-based foam, PVC foam, polyvinyl alcohol foam, acrylate foam, for example manufactured according to HIPE technology, polyurethane foam, epoxy foam, latex foam, urea-formaldehyde foam, melamine-formaldehyde foam, silicone foam, viscose foam, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) foam, starch foam, chitosan foam, alginate foam, polylactide foam, polyglycolide foam and polycaprolactone foam.
A fastening element in the form of a rectangular area of self-adhesive glue extending in the longitudinal direction is arranged on the outside of the liquid-tight backing layer. When the sanitary napkin 100 is being used, it is placed inside the user's underpants and is fastened in the underpants with the aid of the fastening element. Before use, the fastening element is protected in a conventional manner, for example, by being covered by a protective layer of paper or plastic treated with silicone, or is embossed so that it can be readily separated from the glue when the sanitary towel is to be used. The glue can obviously be alternatively arranged in any pattern suitable for the purpose such as a plurality of longitudinally running strands, an entire covering, arranged in areas only at the front part and/or the back part or the like. Furthermore, other types of fastening elements can be used such as friction covering, press studs, clamps, fastening flaps or the like.
The liquid-absorbent layer has a width M in the transition between the crotch part 116 and the front part 114, which is less than 40 mm, or 30-35 mm. Both side edges of the front part 114 diverge in a forward direction in the product from said transition M. In this manner, the product is prevented from shifting backwards between the user's legs.
In
The sanitary napkin 100 in
The liquid-absorbent layer 105 extends slightly over the product's back part 115. The liquid-absorbent layer 105 has a recess 120 in the back part 115 and extending from its end edge and in the direction toward the crotch part 116, by means of which the product can fold along a longitudinally running line in the recess and by means of which the parts, the legs 121 and 122, which are located on both sides of the recess 120, become more flexible than the wider crotch part 116. This recess 120 is for obtaining a good adaptation to and pliability with the body.
The recess 120 is wedge-shaped and symmetrically located relative to the longitudinally running line of symmetry L of the product and forms an angle 13 with a magnitude of 20°. This angle can vary within broad limits but is of course dependent on the shape of the back part 115.
Embodiments of the invention have been described above in connection with a sanitary napkin. It is possible, however, to utilise the invention also for panty liners and incontinence pads.
The packaging wrapper 400 is folded together along a first fold line 406 and a second fold line 407 so that two end panels 408, 410 are formed, and a centre panel 409. The first end panel 408 forms the cover part 411 of the packaging wrapper. The second end panel 410, and the centre panel 409 located between the end panels 408, 410 together form the container part 412 of the packaging wrapper. The container part 412 is closed along the side edges 402, 403 of the packaging wrapper 400 by edge joints 414, 415. In the example shown, the edge joints are embossed welds, but it is naturally possible to achieve edge joints in another way, for example with glue. The cover part 411 is also fixed in the edge joints, which means that the packaging wrapper as shown in
As already discussed, the packaging wrapper 400 has two side edges 402, 403 in its folded and joined form. Furthermore, the packaging wrapper has a first end edge 416 and a second end edge 417, which extend perpendicularly to the side edges 402, 403 and which coincide with the first and second fold line 406, 407 of the packaging wrapper. The first end edge 316 also forms an inner edge on the cover part, while the outer edge 405 of the cover part 411 coincides with the one end edge 405 on the piece of material 401 and is located a little way down on the second end panel 410 on the outside of the container part 412.
Along the first fold 120 of the sanitary napkin 100 in the transverse direction, which fold coincides with the first fold line 406 of the packaging wrapper, and along the second fold 121 of the sanitary napkin in the transverse direction, which fold coincides with the second fold line 407 of the packaging wrapper, the material layers forming part of the sanitary napkin 100 are pressed together, wherein transversely running fold lines are created in the sanitary towel in the folding process. The size of the fold line, i.e. the degree of compression that is formed on the sanitary napkin in the folding process, is smaller for the sanitary napkin 100 constructed from a liquid-receiving layer of a flexible foam than for a sanitary napkin with a liquid-receiving layer of fibres.
The following materials were tested:
1. Polyurethane foam, FXI Foamex Innovations Inc., product code CAZ80A
2. Polyurethane foam, Foamex Innovations Inc., product code C80H2A
3. Polyurethane foam, FoamPartner, Reisgies Schaumstoffe GmbH, Regilen 30WF, item number 190321
4. Polyurethane foam, Caligen Foam Ltd., product code E 50
5. Melamine-based foam, BASF Plastics, Basotect W., product code E 2419 10
6. Polyurethane foam, Woodbridge Foam, product code SM25WH
7. Carded through, air-bound, non-woven, Fiberweb Tenotex, product code Airten 1250W6
8. Cellulose-based, multi-bound airlaid, Glatfelter Falkenhagen GmbH, product code MH080.137
9. Cellulose-based airlaid without SAP, “HDC” manufactured according to EP 1427658B1
10. Cellulose-based airlaid with 25 weight per cent SAP, “HDC” manufactured according to EP 1427658B1
11. Cellulose-based, multi-bound airlaid with 32 weight per cent SAP, Glatfelter Falkenhagen GmbH, product code VF250.103
12. Cellulose-based airlaid without SAP, manufactured according to WO 94/10953 with embossing pattern number 2072
13. Cellulose-based airlaid with 10 weight per cent SAP, manufactured according to WO 94/10953 with embossing pattern “Wave”.
Explanations:
SAP=Super-absorbent particles manufactured from crossbonded and partially neutralized acrylic acid
Multi-bond airlaid consists primarily of cellulose fibres that are bound with tex bi-component molten fibres and binding agent of ethylene vinylacetate copolymer
“HDC”=High Density Compression is in the example a highly compressed, defibrated and mat-formed chemical sulphate mass with or without SAP
The materials in examples 12 and 13 are based on fling-dried CTMP mass with or without SAP. Materials 1-8 relate to liquid-receiving layers and materials 9-13 relate to liquid-absorbent layers. In the liquid-receiving layers 1-8, materials 1-6 relate to liquid-receiving, open-cell foam layers and materials 7 and 8 relate to liquid-receiving, fibrous layers. In the liquid-absorbent layers 9-13 all relate to liquid-absorbent, fibrous layers.
Density Measurement
The measurements were carried out in accordance with the EDANA method WSP 130.1.
In order to measure the average density of a material layer in an absorbent product it is important that the various material layers included in the absorbent product are separated with caution. The material specimen to be measured is clipped out of the material layer. A loading pressure of 0.5 kPa is applied to the material specimen by a foot with an area of 45×45 mm and that is less than the area of the material specimen. Then the thickness of the material specimen is measured. The surface weight of the material sample, i.e. gram/cm2, is weighed and calculated forward. Then, the average density of the material specimen is calculated by dividing the surface weight by the thickness.
Method Description for Modified Circular Bend Procedure
The method for the modified Circular Bend Procedure was carried out according to a modified version of ASTM D 4032-82 (Circular Bend Procedure). The method for the modified Circular Bend Procedure is described in detail in EP 336 578. The measuring was carried out in the same manner as described in EP 336 578.
The apparatus that was used is the Instron Model No 5965. Instron Model No 5965 is manufactured by Instron Engineering Corporation. The bending resistance in the material sample was measured by measuring the maximum bending stiffness. According to the method, the maximum bending stiffness is constituted by a simultaneous deformation in several directions of a material sample, wherein one of the surfaces of the material sample becomes concave and the other surface of the material sample becomes convex. The method for the modified Circular Bend Procedure supplies a force value that is the bending resistance, i.e. simultaneous medium stiffness in all directions.
The equipment used for the method of the modified Circular Bend Procedure is a modified Circular Bend Stiffness Tester that has the following parts:
A smooth-polished steel plate with measurements 102.0×102.0×6.35 mm that has a circular opening with a diameter of 18.75 mm. The circular opening has a bevelled edge that is 45 degrees to a depth of 4.75 mm. A pressure rod with a total length of 72.2 mm, a diameter of 6.25 mm and a spherical end with a radius of 2.97 mm was used. A sharp needle tip projects 0.88 mm out from the spherical end. The pressure rod was mounted concentrically and has the same magnitude of play in all directions. The end of the pressure rod is placed well over the plate with the circular opening. From this position the downwardly directed strike of the spherical tip is so long that it precisely extends to the bottom of the circular opening of the plate. However, an indication of the distance of the needle tip (0.88 mm) is not included. A tester of draught and compression with a loading cell adapted for Instron Model No. 5965 was used.
Production of Test Materials and Calculation of the Average Value:
The liquid-receiving—respectively the liquid-absorbent material layer from five absorbent products was measured and then the average value was calculated.
In those cases where the liquid-absorbent layer includes areas with different bending stiffness, for example, an area that is more compressed than an adjacent area, the liquid-absorbent layer falls within the scope of protection, since any area has a bending stiffness that is greater than 2.0 newtons.
In those cases where the liquid-receiving foam layer includes areas with different bending stiffness, for example, an area that is more compressed than an adjacent area, the liquid-receiving foam layer falls in a corresponding manner within the scope of protection, since any area has a bending stiffness that is less than that which is indicated in the claim.
When measuring material layers in an absorbent product, it is essential that the liquid-receiving foam layer is separated from the liquid-absorbent layer with great care so that the material layers do not break into pieces during the separating.
Implementation:
The implementation was made exactly in accordance with the description in EP 0 336 578 A1. The material specimens are stamped out or cut out and have an area of 37.5×37.5 mm. The material specimens were conditioned for two hours at a temperature of 21±1° C. and a relative air humidity of 50±2%. The pressure rod should be moved downward at a rate of 50.0 cm/min.
The material specimen is then placed centred over the opening of the steel plate. The surface of the material specimen that is turned in the product towards the liquid-permeable surface material was turned during the taking of the specimen towards the pressure rod and the surface of the material sample that was turned in the product towards the liquid-impervious backing material was turned during the taking of the specimen towards the steel plate. The pressure plate was then put in motion and the maximum force was measured. The value of the maximum force was rounded off to the nearest gram.
Materials 1-8 are liquid-receiving layers. The result shows that layers 1-6 that are open-cell foam materials and also material 7, that is a carded through air-bound nonwoven material, have a bending stiffness that is lower than 0.30 newtons. In contrast thereto, material 8, which is a cellulose-based, multi-bound airlaid, exhibits a bending stiffness that is greater than 0.30 newtons. Materials 9-13 are liquid-absorbent layers that exhibit a bending stiffness greater than 2.0 newtons.
Measurement of absorption capacity according to CRCmaterial layer
CRCmaterial layer is based on WSP 241.3, which is a standard method for superabsorbent polyacrylate in powder or granular form. WSP 241.3 is modified according to the following with the aim of adapting the method to sheet- and mat-shaped material with a thickness of 0.5 mm-4.0 mm measured under a load that is 0.5 kPa.
The following modifications were made:
Nonwoven bag: according to WSP 241.3, the nonwoven bag has a size that is between 60×40 mm2 and 60-85 mm2. A nonwoven bag that is 90×90 mm2 was used. According to the method description for WSP 241.3, the size of the nonwoven bag is indicated in para. 3 “Terms and definitions” in para. 6.1 “Apparatus” and in para. 8.1 “Procedure”.
Analytical balance: according to WSP 241.3, the analytical balance must be able to weigh a mass of between 0.180 and 0.220 grams. For the measurement, the analytical balance must be able to weigh a mass of between 0.200 and 3000 grams.
Centrifuging was carried out according to WSP 241.3, wherein the acceleration was 95 g and an inner diameter of “basket or rotor mesh” that is 235 mm was used.
Test specimen: according to WSP 241.3, between 0.180 grams and 0.220 grams of superabsorbent is weighed and placed in a teabag (nonwoven bag), see para. 8.3 Procedure. On measuring, the stamped out, circular test material with a diameter that is 80 mm was weighed and placed in the teabag (nonwoven bag).
According to WSP 241.3, see para. 8.4, the dry polymer is weighed. On measuring, the stamped out, circular test material is weighed.
According to WSP 241.3, see para. 8.8, at least 1 litre of saline solution is used for 10 teabags (nonwoven bags). On measuring, at least 1 litre of saline solution is used for 4 teabags (nonwoven bags).
According to WSP 241.3, see para. 8.13 and 8.14, the test specimen will absorb the saline solution for 30 minutes. On measuring, the test specimen will absorb the saline solution for 10 minutes.
According to WSP 241.3, see para. 8.17, the centrifuge is set to obtain a centrifugal acceleration of 250 g. On measuring, the centrifuge is set to obtain a centrifugal acceleration of 95 g.
According to WSP 241.3, see para. 8.22 and 8.23, “PA superabsorbent gel” is written. On measuring, the stamped out, circular test material is referred to.
According to WSP 241.3, see para. 9.10, “polymer-based absorbent materials” is written. On measuring, the stamped out, circular test material is referred to.
According to WSP 241.3, see para. 9.11, gram per gram (g·g−1) is written. On measuring, gram/cm3dry material is referred to.
In certain embodiments, an absorption capacity less than 0.15 grams liquid/cm3dry material is used for the liquid-receiving layer. CRCmaterial layer is a method that measures the absorption capacity in grams liquid/cm3dry material, and is a measure of how easily a material layer is drained of liquid. A low value of CRCmaterial layer, i.e. a low absorption capacity in grams liquid/cm3dry material, is obtained for liquid-receiving layers with good drainage. A high value of CRCmaterial layer, i.e. a high absorption capacity in grams liquid/cm3dry material, is obtained for liquid-receiving layers that have low drainage.
One reason for measuring the absorption capacity in grams liquid/cm3 dry material instead of measuring the absorption capacity in grams liquid/gram dry material, i.e. in a unit of volume instead of a unit of weight, is that a thin material is desirable to obtain a comfortable and discreet product, so the thickness of the liquid-receiving layer is therefore more relevant than the weight of the liquid-receiving layer. For a thin material to be able to acquire a good liquid-receiving capacity, partly in the event of a first wetting, but also upon repeated wetting, it is advantageous to have an open structure with large pores, which means a structure with a low density. A material with low density can receive a larger quantity of liquid per unit of volume (cm3) than a material with higher density. Furthermore, the good liquid-receiving capacity is retained even with repeated wetting for liquid-receiving layers that effectively drain the liquid to underlying absorption layers, in spite of the fact that the material is thin.
When the drainage is good, i.e. a low absorption capacity in grams liquid/cm3, a smaller area of the material layer becomes wet than for a material layer that has low drainage, i.e. a high absorption capacity in grams liquid/cm3. Another advantage of liquid-receiving open-cell foam layers with a low absorption capacity in grams liquid/cm3 is that the surface of the material layer is drier after wetting than a material layer with a higher absorption capacity.
Opacity
The measurements were carried out in accordance with EDANA's method WSP 60.1.
Opacity is a concept and a magnitude in optics that is used to indicate transparency, that is, translucency. Opacity measures the degree of impenetrability for radiation through a material or transmission medium. Material that entirely lacks the ability to let light through is called opaque. The opacity was measured with a spectrophotometer with measurement in the YXY colour system (CIE 1931). The spectrophotometer used was of the brand Minolta Chroma Meter CR 300 (the y value was used) (CIE Illuminant D65). Calibration plate No. 16133079 was used as white standard background with a reflectance of 0.89. Black velvet was used as black standard background with a reflectance of 0.005.
The implementation was made in accordance with EDANA's method WSP 60.1.
The opacity (contrast ratio C0 89) is calculated as follows:
Contrast ratio C089=Rb/Rw×100
Rb=brightness, a specimen piece against black standard background
Rw=brightness, a specimen piece against white standard background
The results are indicated with accuracy in whole numbers.
This application is a §371 National Stage Application of PCT International Application No. PCT/SE2012/051462 filed Dec. 20, 2012, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/SE2012/051462 | 12/20/2012 | WO | 00 |
