Patent Application
20210369512
The present disclosure is directed to absorbent articles comprising laminates of an outer cover material and/or a landing zone and/or a topsheet comprising a pattern or patterns in combination with a backsheet comprising one or more color graphics for improved pattern recognition and overall vibrant graphics perception.
Absorbent articles are used in the hygiene industry to contain and absorb bodily exudates (i.e., urine, bowel movements, and menses) in infants, toddlers, children, and adults. Absorbent articles may include, but not be limited to, diapers, pants, adult incontinence products, feminine care products, and absorbent pads. In some instances, one or more patterns are formed into a topsheet, landing zone, and/or an outer cover material of the absorbent article. When underlying components, such as backsheets, are free of graphics or comprise graphics composed of muted colors, the patterns in the topsheet, landing zone, and/or outer cover material are quite difficult to discern. This may be especially true when the patterns comprise relatively large, discrete, recognizable indicia. Additionally, when outer cover nonwoven materials, landing zones, or topsheets are planar, non-patterned webs, the underlying graphics are mottled, uniformly muted, and/or uniformly masked to a degree from the view of a consumer observing through the topsheets, landing zones, or the outer cover nonwoven materials. As such, outer cover materials, landing zones, topsheets, and backsheet graphics should be improved.
The present disclosure provides, in part, absorbent articles comprising laminates exhibiting highly perceptible patterns disposed in outer cover materials, landing zones, and/or topsheets. The present disclosure also provides, in part, absorbent articles comprising laminates comprising a topsheet, a landing zone, and/or an outer cover material comprising a pattern or patterns in combination with a backsheet comprising one or more graphics for improved pattern recognition and overall vibrant graphics perception. The presence, size, and/or color characteristics of the one or more graphics may allow for the easier recognition of the pattern disposed in the topsheet, landing zone, and/or outer cover material, especially when the pattern comprises a discrete, recognizable indicia. This enhances the consumer experience.
The present disclosure provides, in part, an absorbent article comprising a liquid permeable topsheet, a liquid impermeable backsheet, an absorbent core positioned at least partially between the topsheet and the backsheet, and an outer cover material or a landing zone comprising an embossed pattern. A garment-facing surface of the backsheet comprises one or more graphics. At least a portion of the embossed pattern overlaps at least a portion of the one or more graphics. The portion of the one or more graphics exhibits a first L*, a*, b* color value, when measured through a densified region of the embossed pattern of the outer cover material or the landing zone, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. The portion of the one or more graphics exhibits a second L*, a*, b* color value, when measured through a non-densified region of the outer cover material or the landing zone, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. The garment-facing surface of the backsheet has a graphic-free area of about 5% to about 85%, relative to an entire area of the garment-facing surface of the backsheet. The embossed pattern forms at least 1 and less than 40 recognizable, discrete indicia.
The present disclosure provides, in part, an absorbent article comprising a liquid permeable topsheet, a liquid impermeable backsheet, an absorbent core positioned at least partially between the topsheet and the backsheet, and an outer cover material or a landing zone comprising a plurality of apertures. A garment-facing surface of the backsheet comprises one or more graphics. At least a portion of the plurality of apertures overlaps at least a portion of the one or more graphics. The portion of the one or more graphics exhibits a first L*, a*, b* color value, when measured through one of the plurality of apertures, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. The portion of the one or more graphics exhibits a second L*, a*, b* color value, when measured through a non-apertured region of the outer cover material or the landing zone, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. The garment-facing surface of the backsheet has a graphic-free area of about 5% to about 85%, relative to an entire area of the garment-facing surface of the backsheet. At least a portion of the plurality of apertures forms at least 1 and less than 40 recognizable, discrete indicia.
The present disclosure provides, in part, an absorbent article comprising a liquid permeable topsheet comprising an embossed pattern, a liquid impermeable backsheet, and an absorbent core positioned at least partially between the topsheet and the backsheet. A wearer-facing surface of the backsheet comprises one or more graphics. At least a portion of the embossed pattern overlaps a portion of the one or more graphics. The portion of the one or more graphics exhibits a first L*, a*, b* color value, when measured through a densified region of the embossed pattern, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. The portion of the one or more graphics exhibits a second L*, a*, b* color value, when measured through a non-densified region of the topsheet, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. The wearer-facing surface of the backsheet has a graphic-free area of about 5% to about 85%, relative to an entire area of the wearer-facing surface of the backsheet. The embossed pattern forms at least 1 and less than 40 recognizable, discrete indicia.
The present disclosure provides, in part, an absorbent article comprising a liquid permeable topsheet comprising a plurality of apertures, a liquid impermeable backsheet, and an absorbent core positioned at least partially between the topsheet and the backsheet. A wearer-facing surface of the backsheet comprises one or more graphics. At least a portion of the plurality of apertures overlaps a portion of the one or more graphics. The portion of the one or more graphics exhibits a first L*, a*, b* color value, when measured through one of the plurality of apertures, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. The portion of the one or more graphics exhibits a second L*, a*, b* color value, when measured through a non-apertured region of the topsheet, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. The wearer-facing surface of the backsheet has a graphic-free area of about 5% to about 85%, relative to an entire area of the wearer-facing surface of the backsheet. At least a portion of the plurality of apertures forms at least 1 and less than 40 recognizable, discrete indicia.
The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of the present disclosure, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the disclosure itself will be better understood by reference to the following description of example forms of the disclosure taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Various non-limiting forms of the present disclosure will now be described to provide an overall understanding of the principles of the structure, function, manufacture, and use of the absorbent articles having laminates exhibiting highly recognizable patterns and vibrant graphics disclosed herein. One or more examples of these non-limiting forms are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the absorbent articles having laminates exhibiting highly recognizable patterns and vibrant graphics described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting example forms. The features illustrated or described in connection with one non-limiting form may be combined with the features of other non-limiting forms. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.
An example absorbent article 10 according to the present disclosure, shown in the form of a taped diaper, is represented in
The absorbent article 10 may comprise a front waist region 12, a crotch region 14, and a back waist region 16. The crotch region 14 may extend intermediate the front waist region 12 and the back waist region 16. The front wait region 12, the crotch region 14, and the back waist region 16 may each be ⅓ of the length of the absorbent article 10. The absorbent article 10 may comprise a front end edge 18, a back end edge 20 opposite to the front end edge 18, and longitudinally extending, transversely opposed side edges 22 and 24 defined by the chassis 52.
The absorbent article 10 may comprise a liquid permeable topsheet 26, a liquid impermeable backsheet 28, and an absorbent core 30 positioned at least partially intermediate the topsheet 26 and the backsheet 28. The absorbent article 10 may also comprise one or more pairs of barrier leg cuffs 32 with or without elastics 33, one or more pairs of leg elastics 34, one or more elastic waistbands 36, and/or one or more acquisition materials 38. The acquisition material or materials 38 may be positioned intermediate the topsheet 26 and the absorbent core 30. An outer cover material 40, such as a nonwoven material, may cover a garment-facing surface of the backsheet 28. The absorbent article 10 may comprise back ears 42 in the back waist region 16. The back ears 42 may comprise fasteners 46 and may extend from the back waist region 16 of the absorbent article 10 and attach (using the fasteners 46) to the landing zone area or landing zone material 44 on a garment-facing portion of the front waist region 12 of the absorbent article 10. The absorbent article 10 may also have front ears 47 in the front waist region 12. The absorbent article 10 may have a central lateral (or transverse) axis 48 and a central longitudinal axis 50. The central lateral axis 48 extends perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis 50.
In other instances, the absorbent article may be in the form of a pant having permanent or refastenable side seams. Suitable refastenable seams are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2014/0005020 and U.S. Pat. No. 9,421,137. Referring to
The chassis 52 may be joined to a wearer-facing surface 4 of the front and back belts 54, 56 or to a garment-facing surface 2 of the belts 54, 56. Side edges 23 and 25 of the front belt 54 may be joined to side edges 27 and 29, respectively, of the back belt 56 to form two side seams 58. The side seams 58 may be any suitable seams known to those of skill in the art, such as butt seams or overlap seams, for example. When the side seams 58 are permanently formed or refastenably closed, the absorbent article 10 in the form of a pant has two leg openings 60 and a waist opening circumference 62. The side seams 58 may be permanently joined using adhesives or bonds, for example, or may be refastenably closed using hook and loop fasteners, for example.
Belts Referring to
The front and back inner belt layers 66, 67 and the front and back outer belt layers 64, 65 may be joined using adhesives, heat bonds, pressure bonds or thermoplastic bonds. Various suitable belt layer configurations can be found in U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2013/0211363.
Front and back belt end edges 55 and 57 may extend longitudinally beyond the front and back chassis end edges 19 and 21 (as shown in
As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,901,393, the longitudinal length (along the central longitudinal axis 50) of the back belt 56 may be greater than the longitudinal length of the front belt 54, and this may be particularly useful for increased buttocks coverage when the back belt 56 has a greater longitudinal length versus the front belt 54 adjacent to or immediately adjacent to the side seams 58.
The front outer belt layer 64 and the back outer belt layer 65 may be separated from each other, such that the layers are discrete or, alternatively, these layers may be continuous, such that a layer runs continuously from the front belt end edge 55 to the back belt end edge 57. This may also be true for the front and back inner belt layers 66 and 67—that is, they may also be longitudinally discrete or continuous. Further, the front and back outer belt layers 64 and 65 may be longitudinally continuous while the front and back inner belt layers 66 and 67 are longitudinally discrete, such that a gap is formed between them—a gap between the front and back inner and outer belt layers 64, 65, 66, and 67 is shown in
The front and back belts 54 and 56 may include slits, holes, and/or perforations providing increased breathability, softness, and a garment-like texture. Underwear-like appearance can be enhanced by substantially aligning the waist and leg edges at the side seams 58 (see
The front and back belts 54 and 56 may comprise graphics (see e.g., 78 of
Alternatively, instead of attaching belts 54 and 56 to the chassis 52 to form a pant, discrete side panels may be attached to side edges of the chassis 22 and 24. Suitable forms of pants comprising discrete side panels are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,645,190; 8,747,379; 8,372,052; 8,361,048; 6,761,711; 6,817,994; 8,007,485; 7,862,550; 6,969,377; 7,497,851; 6,849,067; 6,893,426; 6,953,452; 6,840,928; 8,579,876; 7,682,349; 7,156,833; and 7,201,744.
The topsheet 26 is the part of the absorbent article 10 that is in contact with the wearer's skin. The topsheet 26 may be joined to portions of the backsheet 28, the absorbent core 30, the barrier leg cuffs 32, and/or any other layers as is known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The topsheet 26 may be compliant, soft-feeling, and non-irritating to the wearer's skin. Further, at least a portion of, or all of, the topsheet may be liquid permeable, permitting liquid bodily exudates to readily penetrate through its thickness. A suitable topsheet may be manufactured from a wide range of materials, such as porous foams, reticulated foams, apertured plastic films, woven materials, nonwoven materials, woven or nonwoven materials of natural fibers (e.g., wood or cotton fibers), synthetic fibers or filaments (e.g., polyester or polypropylene or bicomponent PE/PP fibers or mixtures thereof), or a combination of natural and synthetic fibers. The topsheet may have one or more layers. The topsheet may be apertured (
The topsheet may comprise a pattern or patterns of apertures and/or embossments and may be positioned over one or more graphics on a backsheet to achieve one or more of the benefits of the present disclosure.
The backsheet 28 is generally that portion of the absorbent article 10 positioned proximate to the garment-facing surface of the absorbent core 30. The backsheet 28 may be joined to portions of the topsheet 26, the outer cover material 40, the absorbent core 30, and/or any other layers of the absorbent article by any attachment methods known to those of skill in the art. The backsheet 28 prevents, or at least inhibits, the bodily exudates absorbed and contained in the absorbent core 10 from soiling articles such as bedsheets, undergarments, and/or clothing. The backsheet is typically liquid impermeable, or at least substantially liquid impermeable. The backsheet may, for example, be or comprise a thin plastic film, such as a thermoplastic film having a thickness of about 0.012 mm to about 0.051 mm. Other suitable backsheet materials may include breathable materials which permit vapors to escape from the absorbent article, while still preventing, or at least inhibiting, bodily exudates from passing through the backsheet. The backsheet may comprise one or more graphics on a wearer and/or garment facing surface thereof, as described further herein.
The outer cover material (sometimes referred to as a backsheet nonwoven) 40 may comprise one or more nonwoven materials joined to the backsheet 28 and that covers the backsheet 28. The outer cover material 40 forms at least a portion of the garment-facing surface 2 of the absorbent article 10 and effectively “covers” the backsheet 28 so that film is not present on the garment-facing surface 2. The outer cover material 40 may comprise a bond pattern, apertures, and/or three-dimensional features.
The outer cover material may comprise a pattern or patterns of apertures and/or embossments and may be positioned over one or more graphics on a backsheet to achieve one or more of the benefits of the present disclosure. One or more portions of the outer cover nonwoven materials may comprise one or more integral landing zones.
As used herein, the term “absorbent core” 30 refers to the component of the absorbent article 10 having the most absorbent capacity and that comprises an absorbent material. Referring to
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The landing zone may comprise a pattern or patterns of apertures and/or embossments and may be positioned over the one or more graphics of the backsheet to achieve one or more of the benefits of the present disclosure. In some instances, the landing zones may be integral with a portion of the outer cover nonwoven materials. In other instances, the landing zones may be a discrete component or components.
Referring to
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Referring again to
The absorbent articles of the present disclosure may be placed into packages. The packages may comprise polymeric films and/or other materials. Graphics and/or indicia relating to properties of the absorbent articles may be formed on, printed on, positioned on, and/or placed on outer portions of the packages. Each package may comprise a plurality of absorbent articles. The absorbent articles may be packed under compression so as to reduce the size of the packages, while still providing an adequate number of absorbent articles per package. By packaging the absorbent articles under compression, caregivers can easily handle and store the packages, while also providing distribution savings to manufacturers owing to the size of the packages.
Referring to
A sanitary napkin may comprise a topsheet comprising a pattern or patterns of apertures and/or embossments positioned over one or more graphics disposed on a backsheet to achieve one or more of the benefits of the present disclosure. In an instance, overlap of the pattern and the one or more graphics may occur in the wings. Since an absorbent core or secondary topsheet may not be present in the wings, perception of the topsheet pattern in the wings may be improved.
Components of the disposable absorbent article (i.e., diaper, disposable pant, adult incontinence article, sanitary napkin, pantiliner, etc.) described in this specification may at least partially be comprised of bio-sourced content as described in U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2007/0219521 A1 Hird et al., published on Sep. 20, 2007, U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2011/0139658 A1 Hird et al., published on Jun. 16, 2011, U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2011/0139657 A1 Hird et al., published on Jun. 16, 2011, U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No 2011/0152812 A1 Hird et al., published on Jun. 23, 2011, U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2011/0139662 A1 Hird et al., published on Jun. 16, 2011, and U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2011/0139659 A1 Hird et al., published on Jun. 16, 2011. These components include, but are not limited to, topsheet nonwovens, backsheet films, backsheet nonwovens, side panel nonwovens, barrier leg cuff nonwovens, super absorbents, nonwoven acquisition layers, core wrap nonwovens, adhesives, fastener hooks, and fastener landing zone nonwovens and film bases.
In some forms, a disposable absorbent article component comprises a bio-based content value from about 10% to about 100% using ASTM D6866-10, method B, in another embodiment, from about 25% to about 75%, and in yet another embodiment, from about 50% to about 60% using ASTM D6866-10, method B.
In order to apply the methodology of ASTM D6866-10 to determine the bio-based content of any disposable absorbent article component, a representative sample of the disposable absorbent article component must be obtained for testing. In a form, the disposable absorbent article component may be ground into particulates less than about 20 mesh using known grinding methods (e.g., Wiley® mill), and a representative sample of suitable mass taken from the randomly mixed particles.
The laminates of the present disclosure may comprise an outer cover material, a landing zone, and/or a topsheet as discussed herein comprising a pattern and a backsheet comprising one or more graphics disposed on the garment-facing surface and/or the wearer-facing surface thereof. The one or more graphics disposed on the backsheet greatly increases the perception of the pattern formed in the outer cover material, the landing zone, and/or topsheet when the outer cover material and/or topsheet overlaps with the one or more graphics. The laminates may also comprise other materials. A portion of, or all of, the pattern of the outer cover material, landing zone, and/or topsheet may overlap a portion of, or all of, the one or more graphics. One example laminate is an outer cover material positioned over a backsheet film having one more graphics printed on a garment-facing surface of the backsheet. Another example is a topsheet positioned over a backsheet film having one or more graphics printed on a wearer-facing surface of the backsheet. In some instances, the topsheet may overlap the one or more graphics of the backsheet film at least in wings of a sanitary napkin to form the laminate. In yet another example, a laminate is a landing zone positioned over a backsheet film having one or more graphics printed on a garment-facing surface of the backsheet. The landing zones may be integral with a portion of the outer cover nonwoven materials.
As will be discussed further below, the pattern of apertures and/or embossments of the outer cover material, the landing zone, and/or topsheet may form a recognizable, discrete indicia. The pattern of the outer-cover material, the landing zone, and/or topsheet and the one or more graphics of the backsheet may be sized such that an area of an individual recognizable, discrete indicium may be smaller than an area of the one or more graphics of the backsheet. In such a case, an entire area of at least one recognizable, discrete indicium may be overlapped by the portion of the one or more graphics, allowing for the individual recognizable, discrete indicium to be better perceived as the entire indicia is highlighted by the one or more graphics. The pattern of the outer-cover material, the landing zone, and/or topsheet and the one or more graphics of the backsheet may be sized such that an area of an individual recognizable, discrete indicium may be larger than, or the same as, an area of the one or more graphics of the backsheet.
The backsheet of the laminate may comprise one or more graphics. As used herein, the term “graphic” or “graphics” refers to a colored area of the backsheet. Color may be realized on the backsheet by dying the backsheet or a portion thereof, by applying an ink on the surface of the backsheet, for example, by printing on a surface of the backsheet, by incorporating a pigment into the backsheet or portions thereof, or by any other method of applying a color known in the art. A “graphic” may include the depiction of a design or designs, any recognizable indicia such as a number, a letter, a word, a brand name, an icon, a logo, a character, a portion of, or all of, a wetness indicator, a front/back indicator, any shape and/or symbol (for example hearts, clouds, animals, etc.), as well as a full flood of pigment across a surface, or a portion of a surface, of the backsheet. “Graphics” may also comprise visible placement indicia to indicate where a sensor should be attached to the absorbent article, such as a dashed outline that matches the shape of a sensor, for example.
The one or more graphics may be positioned on a wearer-facing surface and/or a garment-facing surface of a backsheet.
The one or more graphics of the backsheet may comprise any one color or any combination of colors. The color and/or colors may be characterized by chroma value, according to the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method described herein. Chroma values are a measure of the vividness or vibrancy of color in a backsheet graphic. The color and/or colors may be characterized by L*, a*, b* values, according to the Backsheet Graphic Color Test described herein. The L*, a*, b* color scale utilizes measures of lightness (L*), redness-greenness (a*), and yellowness-blueness (b*) to characterize colors. The color and/or colors may also be characterized by the PANTONE color system. The PANTONE color system uses a color numbering system to identify and match colors.
The one or more graphics of the backsheet may comprise a visually vibrant color or colors. The one or more graphics comprising a visually vibrant color or colors may be characterized by exhibiting a specific range of chroma values, L*, a*, b* values, and/or PANTONE values. A portion of the one or more graphics comprising the visually vibrant color or colors may exhibit a chroma value in the range of about 8 to about 130, about 8 to about 100, about 8 to about 90, about 8 to about 80, about 10 to about 95, about 10 to about 90, about 15 to about 80, about 20 to about 75, about 10 to about 60, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 45, about 19 to about 45, or about 13 to about 45, according to the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.5 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. The portion of the one or more graphics may exhibit an L* value of less than 95, between about 0 and about 95, between about 5 and about 95, between about 8 and about 95, between about 15 and about 95, between about 25 and about 95, between about 40 and about 95, between about 50 and about 95, between about 60 and about 95, or between about 65 and about 95, according to the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.5 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. A backsheet comprising one or more graphics comprising a visually vibrant color or colors may allow a pattern, or a portion of a pattern, of an overlying outer cover material and/or topsheet to stand out more prominently, as discussed further herein. A backsheet comprising one or more graphics comprising a visually vibrant color or colors may also provide overall vibrant backsheet graphics, even when overlaid with an outer cover material and/or topsheet.
Graphics comprising visually vibrant color characterized by the PANTONE color system herein may have an L* value in the range of about 5 to about 95, or the L* value maybe less than 95 or less than 90. An a* value may be in the range of about −90 to about 90, and a b* value may be in the range of about −90 to about 90. All L*, a*, and b* values are according to the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.5 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
Graphics that are a PANTONE color of 109 may have a chroma value in the range of about 5 to about 90, about 8 to about 90, about 18 to about 90, about 18 to about 84, about 27 to about 77, about 37 to about 66, or about 47 to about 56, according the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.5 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. Graphics that are a PANTONE color of 109 may have an L* value in the range of about 86 to about 96, an a* value of about 0 to about 5, and a b* value of about 18 to about 84, according the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.5 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
Graphics that are a PANTONE color of 171 may have a chroma value in the range of about 15 to about 80, about 19 to about 75, about 26 to about 65, about 34 to about 57, or about 42 to about 49, according the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.5 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. Graphics that are a PANTONE color of 171 may have an L* value in the range of about 60 to about 86, an a* value of about 15 to about 56, and a b* value of about 13 to about 48, according the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.5 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
Graphics that are a PANTONE color of 2965 may have a chroma value in the range of about 5 to about 30, about 7 to about 25, about 7 to about 21, about 8 to about 20, about 11 to about 18, about 13 to about 17, or about 13 to about 15, according the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.5 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. Graphics that are a PANTONE color of 2965 may have an L* value in the range of about 14 to about 82, an a* value of about −7 to about −2, and a b* value of about −19 to about −5, according the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.5 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
Graphics that are a PANTONE color of 3272 may have a chroma value in the range of about 10 to about 70, about 11 to about 65, about 18 to about 65, about 25 to about 55, about 30 to about 50, about 31 to about 46, or about 31 to about 40, according the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.5 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. Graphics that are a PANTONE color of 3272 may have an L* value in the range of about 58 to about 89, an a* value of about −60 to about −12, and a b* value of about −11 to about −3, according the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.5 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby
Graphics that are a PANTONE color of 423 may have a chroma value in the range of about 1 to about 5, about 1 to about 3, about 1 to about 2.5, about 1 to about 2.2, about 1 to about 2, about 1 to about 1.5, about 1 to about 1.4, or about 1.4, according the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.5 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. Graphics that are a PANTONE color of 423 may have an L* value in the range of about 58 to about 91, an a* value of about −2 to about −1, and a b* value of about −1 to about 0, according the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.5 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
Referring again to
Patterned Outer Cover Material and Topsheet The outer cover material and/or the topsheet of the absorbent articles of the present disclosure may comprise a pattern or patterns. The pattern or patterns may be formed by, for example, embossing and/or aperturing the outer cover material and/or topsheet. The pattern may form at least 1 and less than 40, at least 5 and less than 25, at least 8 and less than 20, or at least 10 and less than 15 recognizable, discrete indicia in the outer cover material and/or the topsheet, and specifically reciting all integers within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. Recognizable, discrete indicia may be any recognizable indicia such as, for example, a number, a letter, an icon, a logo, any shape (for example hearts, clouds, animals, etc.), and groups of shapes that form one indicia (for example, a cluster of circles). For example,
Recognizable, discrete indicia may be present in the outer cover material 40 and/or topsheet 26 in a size, scale, and disposition such that the indicia remains visually recognizable at a distance from the absorbent article. Referring to
According to the present disclosure, the pattern of the outer cover material and/or topsheet may coordinate with and/or compliment the one or more graphics of the backsheet. For example, the wearer-facing surface and/or garment-facing surface of the backsheet may comprise one or more graphics in the form of a certain shape, design, and/or indicia, and an overlying outer cover material and/or topsheet may comprise a pattern in that same shape, design, and/or indicia. In one example, the one or more graphics may be in the shape of a heart or hearts, and the pattern in the outer cover material and/or topsheet may also be in the shape of a heart or hearts, and may overlap a portion of the backsheet. In another example, as shown in
The outer cover material 40 and/or the topsheet 26 may comprise an embossed pattern. As used herein, the term “emboss” or “embossed” refers to forming a pattern in a material by densification of a portion of the fibers of the material resulting in densified regions and non-densified regions. The non-densified regions may retain an amount of loft and stand out in relief to the densified regions. A pattern or patterns may be formed with respect to the densified regions and/or with respect to the non-densified regions.
Any process known in the industry for embossing continuous or discrete webs of material may be used to create embossing. Generally, such processes utilize a rotary process having an embossing roller comprising projections that form a pattern and a pressure roller. In such a process, a web of material may be fed through a nip defined between the embossing roller and the pressure roller, wherein the nip has a width less than the thickness of the material to be embossed. The pressure created by the projections contacting the pressure roller in the nip may form one or more densified regions in the web of material. The densified regions may take on the pattern from the projections of the embossing roller. Portions of the web of material that pass through the embossing roller without coming into contact with projections may be non-densified regions and may retain at least some of, or all of, their loft.
Referring again to
The outer cover material 40 and/or topsheet 26 may comprise a total densified region area in the range of about 5% to about 40%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 25%, relative to an entire area of the respective outer cover material 40 and/or topsheet 26.
A portion of the densified region of the embossed pattern of the outer cover material and/or topsheet may overlap at least a portion of the one or more graphics of the backsheet. The densified region may filter underlying colors differently as compared to the non-densified regions, leading to a visual color contrast between the portions of the densified and non-densified regions of the embossed pattern that overlap the graphic of the backsheet. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that increasing contrast (e.g., increasing Delta E) between portions of the densified and non-densified regions of the embossed pattern, especially when the embossed pattern comprises relatively large recognizable, discrete indicia, allows for improved visual perception of such indicia. In an instance, a portion of an embossed pattern of an outer cover material overlaps one or more backsheet graphics comprising a visually vibrant color. In another instance, a portion of an embossed pattern of a topsheet overlaps one or more backsheet graphics comprising a visually vibrant color.
Regarding the outer cover-backsheet laminates and/or the topsheet-backsheet laminates of the present disclosure, a first portion of the one or more graphics may exhibit a first L*, a*, b* color value, when measured through the densified regions of the embossed pattern of the outer cover material and/or the topsheet, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. A second portion of the one or more graphics may exhibit a second, different L*, a*, b* color value, when measured through the non-densified regions of the outer cover material and/or the topsheet, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. The difference between the color perception of the one or more graphics as measured through the densified regions compared to the color perception of the one or more graphics measured through the non-densified regions may be characterized by calculating the delta E value, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. The delta E value between the first L*, a*, b* color value and the second L*, a*, b* color value may be at least 2, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. The delta E value between the first L*, a*, b* color value and the second L*, a*, b* color value may be between about 2 and about 50, between about 3.4 and about 40, between about 6 and about 35, or between about 10 and about 25, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.1 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. A delta E value greater than 2, or greater than 3.4, is perceptible by the human eye, and may highlight the embossed pattern in the outer cover material and/or topsheet when overlapped with the one or more graphics, thereby increasing perception of the pattern.
It is also believed that graphics, or portions of graphics, having particular color characteristics may improve the visual perception of embossed patterns when disposed under at least a portion of the one or more densified regions of the embossed pattern. Graphics comprising visually vibrant colors may resist muting and provide a vibrant graphic perception when viewed through the outer cover material and/or the topsheet. A portion of the one or more graphics may have a first L* color value in the range of about 0 to about 95, about 5 to about 93, or about 10 to about 90; a first a* color value in the range of about −128 to about 128 about −90 to about 90, about −75 to about 80, or about −65 to about 60; and a first b* color value in the range of about −120 to about 120, about −90 to about 100, about −50 to about 90, or about −25 to about 90, when measured through the one or more densified regions of the embossed pattern of the outer cover material and/or the topsheet, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 1.0 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. A portion of the one or more graphics may have a second L* color value in the range of about 0 to about 95, about 5 to about 93, or about 10 to about 90; a second a* color value in the range of about −128 to about 128 about −90 to about 90, about −75 to about 80, or about −65 to about 60; and a second b* color value in the range of about −120 to about 120, about −90 to about 100, about −50 to about 90, or about −25 to about 90, when measured through the one or more non-densified regions of the embossed pattern of the outer cover material and/or the topsheet according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 1.0 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
According to the present disclosure, the outer cover material and/or the topsheet may comprise a plurality of apertures. At least a portion of the plurality of apertures may form an apertured pattern. A portion of the plurality of apertures may be grouped in arrays of apertures. Apertures of an aperture array may be spaced such that a pattern emerges with respect to at least a portion of the apertures and/or with respect to at least a portion of the surrounding non-apertured areas in the outer cover material and/or topsheet.
Referring to
The topsheet and/or outer cover material comprising a plurality of apertures may have an open area of between about 7% and about 30%, between about 10% and about 25%, or between about 12% and about 20%, specifically reciting all 1% increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby, according to the Open Area Test described herein.
The plurality of apertures may be formed in the outer cover material and/or topsheet using any known method, including pin aperturing and water-jet punching, for example. Apertures may also be produced by a process of overbonding (intermittently densifying) the topsheet and/or outer cover precursor material prior to subjecting the material to a cross-machine directional strain, causing at least some of the overbonds to at least partially rupture, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,097 to Benson et al., issued on May 13, 1997, and disclosed in U.S. Pat. Appl. Publication No. 2016/0136014 to Arora et al.
The absorbent articles of the present disclosure may comprise a laminate or laminates formed of a portion of the outer cover material and/or the topsheet comprising an apertured pattern and overlaying a portion of the backsheet that comprises one or more graphic. Like
Regarding the outer cover-backsheet laminates and/or the topsheet-backsheet laminates of the present disclosure, a first portion of the one or more graphics may exhibit a first L*, a*, b* color value, when measured through an aperture of the plurality of apertures of the outer cover material and/or the topsheet, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. A second portion of the one or more graphics may exhibit a second, different L*, a*, b* color value, when measured through the non-apertured region of the outer cover material and/or the topsheet, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. The difference between the color perception of the graphic as measured through the aperture compared to the color perception of the graphic measured through the non-apertured region may be characterized by calculating the delta E value according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. The delta E value between the first L*, a*, b* color value and the second L*, a*, b* color value may be at least 2, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein. The delta E value between the first L*, a*, b* color value and the second L*, a*, b* color value may be between about 2 and about 50, between about 3.4 and about 40, between about 6 and about 35, or between about 10 and about 25, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all 0.1 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. A delta E value greater than 2, or greater than 3.4, is perceptible by the human eye, and may highlight the pattern formed by the plurality of apertures in the outer cover material and/or topsheet, thereby increasing perception of the pattern and/or indicia.
It is believed that graphics, or portions of graphics, having particular color characteristics may improve the visual perception of apertured patterns when such a graphic is disposed under at least a portion of the plurality of apertures of the outer cover and/or topsheet. The presence of the plurality of apertures in the outer cover material and/or topsheet may improve the perception of visually vibrant graphics, or graphics comprising visually vibrant colors, when viewed through the outer cover material and/or the topsheet. A portion of the one or more graphics may have a first L* color value in the range of about 0 to about 95, about 5 to about 93, or about 10 to about 90; a first a* color value in the range of about −128 to about 128 about −90 to about 90, about −75 to about 80, or about −65 to about 60; and a first b* color value in the range of about −120 to about 120, about −90 to about 100, about −50 to about 90, or about −25 to about 90, when measured through an aperture of the plurality of apertures of the outer cover material and/or the topsheet, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all integers within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. A portion of the one or more graphics may have a second L* color value in the range of about 0 to about 95, about 5 to about 93, or about 10 to about 90; a second a* color value in the range of about −128 to about 128 about −90 to about 90, about −75 to about 80, or about −65 to about 60; and a second b* color value in the range of about −120 to about 120, about −90 to about 100, about −50 to about 90, or about −25 to about 90, when measured through the non-apertured region of the outer cover material and/or the topsheet, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method described herein, and specifically reciting all integers within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
The backsheet, in addition to the various graphics discussed herein, may comprise a stitch-like pattern on the garment-facing surface or the wearer-facing surface thereof. The stitch-like pattern may surround, or partially surround the graphics. Typically, the stitch-like pattern does not overlap the graphics, or is free from overlap with the graphics. In some instances, the stitch-like pattern may overlap the graphics or portions thereof. In some instances, a stitch-like pattern may be used without the graphics.
1. An absorbent article comprising:
a liquid permeable topsheet;
a liquid impermeable backsheet;
an absorbent core positioned at least partially between the topsheet and the backsheet; and
an outer cover material or a landing zone comprising an embossed pattern;
wherein a garment-facing surface of the backsheet comprises one or more graphics;
wherein a portion of the embossed pattern overlaps a portion of the one or more graphics;
wherein the portion of the one or more graphics exhibits a first L*, a*, b* color value when measured through a densified region of the embossed pattern of the outer cover material or landing zone, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method; and
wherein the portion of the one or more graphics exhibits a second, different L*, a*, b* color value when measured through a non-densified region of the outer cover material or landing zone, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method.
2. The absorbent article of Paragraph 1, wherein the embossed pattern forms at least 1 and less than 40 recognizable, discrete indicia.
3. The absorbent article of Paragraph 2, wherein an entire area of at least one recognizable, discrete indicium is overlapped by the portion of the one or more graphics.
4. The absorbent article of any of Paragraphs 2-3, wherein a single recognizable, discrete indicium has an area in the range of about 52 mm2 to about 7,500 mm2.
5. The absorbent article of any of Paragraphs 2-4, wherein the recognizable, discrete indicia comprises an animal, a logo, a brand name, a word, a symbol, a character, or an icon.
6. The absorbent article of any of Paragraphs 2-5, wherein a single graphic of the one or more graphics has an individual graphic area, wherein a single recognizable, discrete indicium has an individual indicium area, and wherein the individual indicium area is smaller than the individual graphic area.
7. The absorbent article of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the outer cover material or the landing zone comprises a densified region area in the range of about 5% to about 30%, relative to an entire area of the outer cover material or the landing zone.
8. The absorbent article of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the first L*, a*, b* color value has an L* value in the range of about 5 to about 95, an a* value in the range of about −90 to about 90, and a b* value in the range of about −90 to about 90, when measured through the densified region of the embossed pattern of the outer cover material or the landing zone, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method.
9. The absorbent article of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the second L*, a*, b* color value has a L* value in the range of about 5 to about 95, an a* value in the range of about −90 to about 90, and a b* value in the range of about −90 to about 90, when measured through the non-densified region of the outer cover material or the landing zone, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method.
10. The absorbent article of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the garment-facing surface of the backsheet comprises a stitch-like pattern that is free from overlap with the one or more graphics.
11. The absorbent article of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein a wearer-facing surface of the backsheet comprises a wetness indicator, and wherein a zone of different color or different graphics or a zone of no color or no graphics at least partially surrounds the wetness indicator.
12. The absorbent article of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein a delta E between the first L*, a*, b* color value and the second L*, a*, b* color value is between about 2 and about 19, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method.
13. The absorbent article of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the portion of the one or more graphics exhibits a chroma value in the range of about 8 to about 130, according to the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method.
14. The absorbent article of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the portion of the one or more graphics exhibits an L*value of less than 95, according to the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method.
15. An absorbent article comprising:
a liquid permeable topsheet;
a liquid impermeable backsheet;
an absorbent core positioned at least partially between the topsheet and the backsheet; and
an outer cover material or a landing zone comprising a plurality of apertures;
wherein a garment-facing surface of the backsheet comprises one or more graphics;
wherein a portion of the plurality of apertures overlaps a portion of the one or more graphics;
wherein the portion of the one or more graphics has a first L*, a*, b* color value, when measured through one of the plurality of apertures in the outer cover material or the landing zone, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method:
wherein the portion of the one or more graphics has a second, different L*, a*, b* color value, when measured through a non-apertured region of the outer cover material or the landing zone, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method; and
wherein at least a portion of the plurality of apertures forms at least 1 and less than 40 recognizable, discrete indicia.
16. The absorbent article of Paragraph 15, wherein an entire area of at least one recognizable, discrete indicium is overlapped by the portion of the one or more graphics.
17. The absorbent article of any of Paragraphs 15-16, wherein the outer cover material or landing zone has an open area of between about 7% and about 30%, according to the Open Area Test Method.
18. The absorbent article of any of Paragraphs 15-17, wherein the first L*, a*, b* color value has a L* value in the range of about 5 to about 95, an a* value in the range of about −90 to about 90, and a b* value in the range of about −90 to about 90, when measured through an apertures of the outer cover material or the landing zone, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method.
19. The absorbent article of any of Paragraphs 15-18, wherein the second L*, a*, b* color value has an L* value in the range of about 5 to about 95, an a* value in the range of about −90 to about 90, and a b* value in the range of about −90 to about 90, when measured through the non-apertured region of the outer cover material or the landing zone, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method.
20. The absorbent article of any of Paragraphs 15-19, wherein a single recognizable, discrete indicium has a minimum area in the range of about 52 mm2 to about 7,500 mm2.
21. The absorbent article of any of Paragraphs 15-20, wherein the recognizable discrete indicia comprises an animal, a logo, a brand name, a symbol, a word, a character, or an icon.
22. The absorbent article of any of Paragraphs 15-21, wherein a delta E between the first L*, a*, b* color value and the second L*, a*, b* color value is at least 2, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method.
23. The absorbent article of any of Paragraphs 15-22, wherein a delta E between the first L*, a*, b* color value and the second L*, a*, b* color value is in the range of about 2 to about 19, according to the Backsheet Laminate Color Test Method.
24. The absorbent article of any of Paragraphs 15-23, wherein the portion of the one or more graphics exhibits a chroma value greater than 8, according to the Backsheet Graphic Color Test Method.
25. The absorbent article of any of Paragraphs 15-24, wherein a single graphic of the one or more graphics has an individual graphic area, wherein a single recognizable, discrete indicium has an individual indicium area, and wherein the individual indicium area is smaller than the individual graphic area.
26. The absorbent article of any of Paragraphs 15-25, wherein the garment-facing surface of the backsheet comprises a stitch-like pattern that is free from overlap with the one or more graphics.
27. The absorbent article of any of Paragraphs 15-26, wherein a wearer-facing surface of the backsheet comprises a wetness indictor, and wherein a zone of different color or different graphics or a zone of no color or no graphics at least partially surrounds the wetness indicator.
Chroma values are a measure of the vividness or vibrancy of color in a backsheet graphic. Generally, Chroma is calculated from the reflectance measurements of the CIE 1976 L*a*b* color values. Chroma is measured using a spectrophotometer with a computer interface (a suitable instrument is the HunterLab LabScan XE running Universal Software, as available from Hunter Associates Laboratory Inc., Reston, Va.). All testing is performed in a conditioned room maintained at about 23±2° C. and about 50±2% relative humidity.
To obtain a sample, carefully remove the backsheet film layer of material from an absorbent article. A cryogenic spray (such as Cyto-Freeze, Control Company, Houston Tex.) can be used to remove the sample from the underlying and overlaying layers if necessary. Identify a region of the sample containing a homogeneous colored graphic as the testing site. If the sample at the testing site contains any holes, tears, or other physical deformations another site is to be selected. Ensure that all adhesive and nonwoven fibers have been completely removed from the testing site. A layer of raw backsheet film material with a graphic, obtained prior to incorporation into an absorbent article, may also be tested. Precondition the samples at about 23° C.±2° C. and about 50%±2% relative humidity for 2 hours prior to testing.
Select the disk with the largest measurement port size that can fit within the selected homogeneous colored graphic testing site. Standardize the instrument using the selected port size (indicate the appropriate area view to the software) utilizing the manufacturer supplied black tile, then white tile. Calibrate the instrument according to manufacturer's specifications using their supplied standard tiles. Configure the software to measure color using the CIE 1976 L*a*b* color scale, D65 illuminant and 10° standard observer.
Place the sample over the measurement port, with the garment-facing surface or the wearer-facing surface oriented toward the instrument, depending on what surface the graphic is on. Gently pull the sample taut, without stretching, to ensure that it does not pillow into the port, and then back it with the standard white tile. Make sure that the area of the sample to be measured faces the port and completely covers the port. Take a reading and record the individual L*, a*, and b* values, then remove the white tile and sample. The individual L*, a*, and b* values are recorded to the nearest 0.1 units.
Calculate the Chroma value for the sample according to the following equation:
Chroma=√{square root over (a*2+b*2)}
The Chroma value for the sample is recorded to the nearest 0.1 units.
The purpose of this test is to measure the CIE 1976 L*a*b* color values of a backsheet graphic visible through a region and/or aperture of an outer cover material, landing zone, and/or topsheet, and calculate the delta E, or the magnitude of color difference, between two regions. A flatbed scanner capable of scanning a minimum of 24 bit color at 2400 dpi with manual control of color management (a suitable scanner is an Epson Perfection V750 Pro from Epson America Inc., Long Beach Calif., or equivalent) is used to acquire images. The scanner is interfaced with a computer running color calibration software capable of calibrating the scanner against a color reflection IT8 target utilizing a corresponding reference file compliant with ANSI method IT8.7/2-1993 (suitable color calibration software is Monaco EZColor or i1Studio available from X-Rite Grand Rapids, Mich., or equivalent). The color calibration software constructs an International Color Consortium (ICC) color profile for the scanner, which is used to color correct an output image using an image analysis program that supports application of ICC profiles (a suitable program is Photoshop available from Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, Calif., or equivalent). The color corrected image is then converted to into the CIE L*a*b* color space for subsequent color analysis (a suitable image color analysis software is MATLAB available from The Mathworks, Inc., Natick, Mass.).
To obtain a sample, carefully remove the outer cover-backsheet laminate, landing zone-backsheet laminate, or topsheet-backsheet laminate from an absorbent article. A cryogenic spray (such as Cyto-Freeze, Control Company, Houston Tex.) can be used to remove the sample from the underlying layers if necessary. Identify a portion of the sample where the densified region of the embossed pattern or an aperture in the outer cover material, landing zone, or topsheet overlaps a portion of a homogeneous colored graphic on the backsheet as the testing site. If the sample at the testing site contains any holes, tears, or other physical deformations, other than the aperture or densified region of the embossed pattern, another site is to be selected. An outer cover-backsheet laminate, landing zone-backsheet laminate, and/or a topsheet-backsheet laminate with a backsheet comprising one or more graphics obtained prior to incorporation into an absorbent article may also be tested. Precondition the samples at about 23° C.±2° C. and about 50%±2% relative humidity for 2 hours prior to testing.
The scanner is turned on 30 minutes prior to calibration and image acquisition. Deselect any automatic color correction or color management options that may be included in the scanner software. If the automatic color management cannot be disabled, the scanner is not appropriate for this application. The recommended procedures of the color calibration software are followed to create and export an ICC color profile for the scanner. The color calibration software compares an acquired IT8 target image to a corresponding reference file to create and export the ICC color profile for a scanner, which will be applied within the image analysis program to correct the color of subsequent output images.
The scanner lid is opened and the sample carefully laid flat on the center of the scanner glass with the embossed and/or apertured surface of the testing site oriented toward the glass. A scan containing the entire testing site is acquired and imported into the image analysis software at 24 bit color with a resolution of 2400 dpi (approximately 94.5 pixels per mm) in reflectance mode. The ICC color profile is assigned to the image producing a color corrected sRGB image. This calibrated image is saved in an uncompressed format to retain the calibrated R,G,B color values, such as a TIFF file, prior to analysis.
The sRGB color calibrated image is opened in the color analysis software, and converted into the CIE L*a*b* color space. This is accomplished by the following procedure. First, the sRGB data is scaled into a range of [0, 1] by dividing each of the values by 255. Then the companded sRGB channels (denoted with upper case (R,G,B), or generically V) are linearized (denoted with lower case (r,g,b), or generically v) as the following operation is performed on all three channels (R, G, and B):
The linear r, g, and b values are then multiplied by a matrix to obtain the XYZ Tristimulus values according to the following formula:
The XYZ Tristimulus values are rescaled by multiplying the values by 100, and then converted into CIE 1976 L*a*b* values as defined in CIE 15:2004 section 8.2.1.1 using D65 reference white.
The CIE L*a*b* image is analyzed by identifying and manually drawing a region of interest (ROI) around the densified region or aperture opening of a first region. The average L*, a*, and b* color values within the ROI are measured and recorded as L*i, a*i, and b*i. A second non-densified and/or non-apertured region is identified and a region of interest (ROI) is manually drawn around its perimeter. The average L*, a*, and b* color values are then measured for the second region, and recorded as L*2, a*2, and b*2. The Delta E value is then calculated according to the following equation:
Delta E=√{square root over ((L*2−L*1)2+(a*2−a*1)2+(b*2−b*1)2)}
The individual L*, a*, and b* color values for the two regions, and Delta E value are reported to the nearest 0.1 units.
The percent open area may be obtained from aperture specimen images acquired using a flatbed scanner. The scanner is capable of scanning in reflectance mode at a resolution of 6400 dpi and 8 bit grayscale (a suitable scanner is an Epson Perfection V750 Pro from Epson America Inc., Long Beach Calif., or equivalent). The scanner is interfaced with a computer running an image analysis program (a suitable program is ImageJ v. 1.47, National Institute of Health, USA, or equivalent). The specimen images are distance calibrated against an acquired image of a ruler certified by NIST. The aperture specimen is backed with a black glass tile (P/N 11-0050-30, available from HunterLab, Reston, Va., or equivalent) prior to acquiring the image. The resulting grayscale image is then converted to a binary image via a threshold gray-level value, enabling the separation of open aperture regions from specimen material regions, and these regions analyzed using the image analysis program. All testing is performed in a conditioned room maintained at about 23±2° C. and about 50±2% relative humidity.
To obtain a specimen, the absorbent article or other product is taped to a rigid flat surface in a planar configuration. Any leg elastics present may be cut to facilitate laying the article flat. The outer boundary of the region lying above the absorbent core of the article is identified and marked on the apertured layer. The specimen of apertured layer is removed from the underlying layers of the article by cutting around the outer perimeter of the article with a razor blade. The apertured layer specimen is carefully removed such that its longitudinal and lateral extension is maintained to avoid distortion of the apertures. A cryogenic spray (such as Cyto-Freeze, Control Company, Houston Tex., or equivalent) can be used to remove the specimen from the underlying layers if necessary. Five replicate specimens obtained from five substantially similar articles are prepared for analysis. An apertured substrate raw material is prepared for testing by extending or activating it under the same process conditions, and to the same extent, as it would be for use on the absorbent article. The samples are conditioned at about 23° C.±2° C. and about 50%±2% relative humidity for 2 hours prior to testing.
The ruler is placed on the scanner bed such that it is oriented parallel to the sides of the scanner glass. An image of the ruler (the calibration image) is acquired in reflectance mode at a resolution of 6400 dpi (approximately 252 pixels per mm) and in 8-bit grayscale. The calibration image is saved as an uncompressed TIFF format file. After obtaining the calibration image, the ruler is removed from the scanner glass and all specimens are scanned under the same scanning conditions. An apertured specimen is placed onto the center of the scanner bed, lying flat, with the outward facing surface of the specimen facing the scanner's glass surface. The corners and edges of the specimen are secured such that its original longitudinal and lateral extension, as on the article prior to removal, is restored. The specimen is oriented such that the machine direction (MD) and cross direction (CD) of the apertured specimen layer are aligned parallel with and perpendicular to the sides of the scanner's glass surface, respectively, and that the resulting specimen image has the MD vertically running from top to bottom. The black glass tile is placed on top of the specimen, the scanner lid is closed, and a scanned image of the entire specimen is acquired. The specimen image is saved as an uncompressed TIFF format file. The remaining four replicate specimens are scanned and saved in like fashion. Prior to analysis, all specimen images are cropped to the largest rectangular field of view contained within the apertured region which had been located above the absorbent core of the article.
The calibration image file is opened in the image analysis program and a linear distance calibration is performed using the imaged ruler. This distance calibration scale is applied to all subsequent specimen images prior to analysis. A specimen image is in the image analysis program and the distance scale is set using the distance calibration. The 8-bit grayscale image is then converted to a binary image (with “zero” or “black” corresponding to the aperture regions) in the following way: If the histogram of gray level (GL) values (ranging from 0 to 255, one bin with propensity P1 per gray level i) has exactly two local maxima, the threshold gray level value t is defined as that value for which Pt−1>Pt and Pt≤Pt+1. If the histogram has greater than two local maxima, the histogram is iteratively smoothed using a windowed arithmetic mean of size 3, and this smoothing is performed iteratively until exactly two local maxima exist. The threshold gray level value t is defined as that value for which Pt−1>Pt and Pt≤Pt+1. This procedure identifies the gray level (GL) value for the minimum population located between the dark pixel peak of the aperture holes and the lighter pixel peak of the specimen material. If the histogram contains either zero or one local maximum, the method cannot proceed further, and no output parameters are defined.
Each of the discrete aperture regions is analyzed using the image analysis program. All individual aperture areas are measured and recorded to the nearest 0.01 mm2, including partial apertures along the edges of the image. The aperture areas that include whole and partial apertures are summed in area. This sum is then divided by the total area included in the image. This value is multiplied by 100% and reported as the open area to the nearest 0.01%.
The remaining four specimen images are analyzed similarly. The arithmetic mean percent open area values for the five replicate specimens is calculated and reported to the nearest 0.01%.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”
Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application and any patent application or patent to which this application claims priority or benefit thereof, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
While particular embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this present disclosure.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/031,059, filed on May 28, 2020, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63031059 | May 2020 | US |
