Patent Grant
11759376
The present disclosure is generally directed to absorbent articles for personal hygiene. The absorbent articles may each comprise channels.
Absorbent articles for personal hygiene are designed to absorb and contain body exudates. These absorbent articles may comprise several layers providing different functions, for example, a topsheet, a backsheet, and an absorbent core disposed between the topsheet and the backsheet, among other layers.
The function of the absorbent core is to absorb and retain the bodily exudates for a prolonged amount of time, for example, overnight for a diaper, minimize re-wet to keep the wearer dry, and avoid soiling of clothes or bed sheets. Some currently marketed absorbent articles comprise an absorbent material which is a blend of comminuted wood pulp (i.e., airfelt) with superabsorbent polymers (SAP) in particulate form, also called absorbent gelling materials (AGM). Absorbent articles having a core consisting essentially of SAP as the absorbent material (so called “airfelt-free” cores) have also been proposed but are less common than traditional mixed cores.
Absorbent articles may also comprise an acquisition layer or system. One function of such a layer or system is to quickly acquire liquids or other bodily exudates and distribute them to the absorbent core in an efficient manner. The acquisition layer or system may comprise one or more layers which may form a unitary layer or may remain as discrete layers. The layers may be attached to each other and may be disposed between the absorbent core and the topsheet. Some absorbent articles may typically comprise leg cuffs which provide improved containment of liquids and other body exudates. Leg cuffs may also be referred to as leg bands, side flaps, barrier cuffs, or elastic cuffs. Usually, each leg cuff comprises one or more elastic strands or elements comprised in the chassis of the diaper, for example, between the topsheet and backsheet in the area of the leg openings to provide an effective seal while the absorbent article is in use. These elasticized elements which may be substantially planar with the chassis of the absorbent article will be referred to herein as gasketing cuffs. It is also usual for the leg cuffs to comprise raised elasticized flaps, herein referred to as barrier leg cuffs, which improve the containment of fluid in the leg-torso joint regions.
Absorbent articles generally have a high absorbent capacity and the absorbent core may expand several times its weight and volume. These increases may cause the absorbent articles to sag in the crotch region as they become saturated with liquid, which may cause the barrier leg cuffs to partially lose contact with the wearer's skin. This may lead to a loss of functionality of the barrier leg cuffs, with the increased possibly of leakage. As the absorbent core expands with other bodily exudates, the acquisition layer or system may undesirably detach or otherwise separate from the absorbent core. Additionally, some absorbent articles are not designed to effectively handle both urine and feces in a single product. Accordingly, performance of the absorbent articles can be undesirable and wearing such absorbent articles can be uncomfortable.
Although various solutions to this problem have been proposed, the field can benefit from additional channel and/or pocket configurations that improve urine and feces management and leakage prevention in absorbent articles and improved comfort for the wearer.
The present disclosure is directed, in part, to an absorbent article that comprises a liquid permeable material and a liquid impermeable material. The absorbent article comprises an absorbent core disposed at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the liquid impermeable material and comprising an absorbent material. The absorbent material comprises at least 85% of superabsorbent polymers by weight of the absorbent material. The absorbent core defines a first channel substantially free of the superabsorbent polymers and the first channel extends substantially through the thickness of the absorbent material. The absorbent article comprises a liquid management system positioned at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the absorbent core. The liquid management system is substantially free of any superabsorbent polymers defines a second channel. The second channel extends substantially though the thickness of the liquid management system.
The present disclosure is directed, in part, to an absorbent article comprising a liquid permeable material and a liquid impermeable material. The absorbent article comprises an absorbent core disposed at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the liquid impermeable material and comprising an absorbent material. The absorbent material comprises at least 85% of superabsorbent polymers by weight of the absorbent material. The absorbent core defines a first channel substantially free of the superabsorbent polymers and the first channel extends substantially through the thickness of the absorbent material. The absorbent article comprises a liquid management system comprising a first layer and a second layer. The first layer is positioned at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the second layer and the second layer is positioned at least partially intermediate the first layer and the absorbent core. The first layer or the second layer defines a second channel. The liquid management system is substantially free of any superabsorbent polymers.
The present disclosure is directed, in part, to an absorbent article comprising a liquid permeable material, a liquid impermeable material and an absorbent core disposed at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the liquid impermeable material and comprising an absorbent material. The absorbent material comprises superabsorbent polymers. The absorbent article comprises a liquid management system positioned at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the absorbent core. The liquid management system is substantially free of any superabsorbent polymers and comprises cross-linked cellulosic fibers. The liquid management system defines a channel.
The present disclosure is directed, in part, to an absorbent article comprising a liquid permeable material and a liquid impermeable material. The absorbent article comprises an absorbent core disposed at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the liquid impermeable material and comprising an absorbent material. The absorbent material comprises at least 85% of superabsorbent polymers by weight of the absorbent material and the absorbent core defines a first channel substantially free of the superabsorbent polymers. The absorbent article comprises a liquid management system positioned at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the absorbent core. The liquid management system is free of any superabsorbent polymer. The liquid management system defines a second channel defined therein and a portion of the liquid permeable material is recessed into the second channel.
The present disclosure is directed, in part, to an absorbent article comprising a liquid permeable material and a liquid impermeable material. The absorbent article comprises an absorbent core disposed at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the liquid impermeable material and comprising an absorbent material. The absorbent material comprises at least 85% of superabsorbent polymers by weight of the absorbent material and the absorbent core defines a first channel substantially free of the superabsorbent polymers. The absorbent article comprises a first material positioned at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the absorbent core. The first material is substantially free of superabsorbent polymers. The absorbent article comprises a second material positioned intermediate the first material and the absorbent core. The second material is substantially free of any superabsorbent polymers defines a second channel. A portion of the first material is recessed into the second channel.
The present disclosure is directed, in part, to an absorbent article comprising a liquid permeable material and a liquid impermeable material. The absorbent article comprises an absorbent core disposed at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the liquid impermeable material and comprising an absorbent material. The absorbent article comprises a substantially laterally-extending separation element at least partially defining a visual front portion and a visual back portion of the absorbent article. The absorbent article comprises a liquid management system positioned at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the absorbent core. The liquid management system defines a channel formed therein having a physical property. The channel has a first physical property value in the visual front portion and a second physical property value in the visual back portion. The first physical property value of a front portion of the channel is different than the second physical property value of a back portion of the channel.
The present disclosure is directed, in part, to an absorbent article comprising a liquid permeable material and a liquid impermeable material. The absorbent article comprises an absorbent core disposed at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the liquid impermeable material and comprising an absorbent material and a substantially laterally-extending separation element at least partially visually defining a front portion and a back portion of the absorbent article. The absorbent article comprises a liquid management system positioned at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the absorbent core, wherein the liquid management system defines a channel. The channel is positioned in the front portion or the back portion.
The present disclosure is directed, in part, to an absorbent article comprising a liquid permeable material and a liquid impermeable material. The absorbent article comprises an absorbent core disposed at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the liquid impermeable material and comprising an absorbent material. The absorbent core defines a first channel substantially free of the absorbent material and the first channel extends substantially through the thickness of the absorbent material. The absorbent article comprises a substantially laterally-extending separation element at least partially defining a visual front portion and a visual back portion of the absorbent article. The absorbent article comprises a liquid management system positioned at least partially intermediate the liquid permeable material and the absorbent core. The liquid management system comprises a second channel formed therein and overlaps at least a portion of the first channel.
The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of the present disclosure, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the disclosure itself will be better understood by reference to the following description of non-limiting embodiments of the disclosure taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described to provide an overall understanding of the principles of the structure, function, manufacture, and use of the absorbent articles with channels and methods for making the same disclosed herein. One or more examples of these non-limiting embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the absorbent articles with channels and methods for making the same described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting example embodiments and that the scope of the various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure are defined solely by the claims. The features illustrated or described in connection with one non-limiting embodiment may be combined with the features of other non-limiting embodiments. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.
Introduction
The term “absorbent article, as used herein, refers to disposable devices such as infant, child, or adult diapers, pant-style diapers, training pants, sanitary napkins, diaper inserts, and the like which are placed against or in proximity to the body of the wearer to absorb and contain the various exudates discharged from the body. Typically, these articles comprise a topsheet, backsheet, an absorbent core, an acquisition system (which may be referred to as a liquid management system and may be comprised of one or several layers) and typically other components, with the absorbent core normally placed at least partially between the backsheet and the acquisition system or between the topsheet and the backsheet. The absorbent articles of the present disclosure will be further illustrated in the below description and in the Figures in the form of a taped diaper. Nothing in this description should be, however, considered limiting the scope of the claims. As such the present disclosure applies to any suitable form of absorbent articles (e.g., training pants, adult incontinence products, sanitary napkins).
The term “nonwoven web”, as used herein, means a manufactured sheet, web, or batt of directionally or randomly orientated fibers, bonded by friction, and/or cohesion, and/or adhesion, excluding paper and products which are woven, knitted, tufted, stitch-bonded incorporating binding yarns or filaments, or felted by wet-milling, whether or not additionally needled. The fibers may be of natural or man-made origin and may be staple or continuous filaments or be formed in situ. Commercially available fibers may have diameters ranging from less than about 0.001 mm to more than about 0.2 mm and may come in several different forms such as short fibers (known as staple, or chopped), continuous single fibers (filaments or monofilaments), untwisted bundles of continuous filaments (tow), and twisted bundles of continuous filaments (yam). Nonwoven webs can be formed by many processes such as meltblowing, spunbonding, solvent spinning, electrospinning, carding, and airlaying. The basis weight of nonwoven webs is usually expressed in grams per square meter (g/m2 or gsm).
The term “joined” or “bonded” or “attached”, as used herein, encompasses configurations whereby an element is directly secured to another element by affixing the element directly to the other element, and configurations whereby an element is indirectly secured to another element by affixing the element to intermediate member(s) which in turn are affixed to the other element.
The term “channel”, as used herein, is a region or zone in a material layer that has a substantially lower basis weight (e.g., less than 50%, less than 70%, less than 90%) than the surrounding material in the material layer. The channel may be a region in a material layer that is substantially material-free (e.g., 90% material-free, 95% material-free, or 99% material-free, or completely material-free). A channel may extend through one or more material layers. The channels generally have a lower bending modulus than the surrounding regions of the material layer, enabling the material layer to bend more easily and/or contain more bodily exudates within the channels than in the surrounding areas of the material layer. Thus, a channel is not merely an indentation in the material layer that does not create a reduced basis weight in the material layer in the area of the channel.
General Description of the Absorbent Article
An example absorbent article 20 according to the present disclosure, shown in the form of an infant diaper, is represented in
The absorbent article may comprise a liquid permeable topsheet 24, a liquid impermeable backsheet 25, an absorbent core 28 positioned at least partially intermediate the topsheet 24 and the backsheet 25, and barrier leg cuffs 34. The absorbent article may also comprise a liquid management system (“LMS”) 50 (shown in
The Figures also show typical taped diaper components such as a fastening system comprising adhesive tabs 42 or other mechanical fasteners attached towards the rear edge of the absorbent article 20 and cooperating with a landing zone 44 on the front of the absorbent article 20. The absorbent article may also comprise other typical elements, which are not represented, such as a rear elastic waist feature, a front elastic waist feature, transverse barrier cuff(s), and/or a lotion application, for example.
The absorbent article 20 may comprise a front waist edge 10, a rear waist edge 12 longitudinally opposing the front waist edge 10, a first side edge 3, and a second side edge 4 laterally opposing the first side edge 3. The front waist edge 10 is the edge of the absorbent article 20 which is intended to be placed towards the front of the user when worn, and the rear waist edge 12 is the opposite edge. The absorbent article may have a longitudinal axis 80 extending from the lateral midpoint of the front waist edge 10 to a lateral midpoint of the rear waist edge 12 of the absorbent article 20 and dividing the absorbent article 20 in two substantially symmetrical halves relative to the longitudinal axis 80, with article placed flat and viewed from above as in
The topsheet 24, the backsheet 25, the absorbent core 28, and the other article components may be assembled in a variety of configurations, in particular by gluing or heat embossing, for example. Example diaper configurations are described generally in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,860,003, 5,221,274, 5,554,145, 5,569,234, 5,580,411, and 6,004,306. The absorbent article may be thin. The caliper at the crotch point C or in the crotch region 7 of the absorbent article 20 may be, for example, from 4.0 mm to 12.0 mm or alternatively from 6.0 mm to 10.0 mm.
The absorbent core 28 may comprise an absorbent material comprising 75% to 100%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% all by weight of the absorbent material, specifically reciting all 0.1% increments within the above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby, and a core wrap enclosing the absorbent material. The core wrap may typically comprise two materials, substrates, or nonwoven materials 16 and 16′ for the top side and bottom side of the core.
The core may comprises one or more channels, represented in
Topsheet
The topsheet 24 is the part of the absorbent article that is directly in contact with the wearer's skin. The topsheet 24 may be joined to the backsheet 25, the core 28 and/or any other layers as is known to those of skill in the art. Usually, the topsheet 24 and the backsheet 25 are joined directly to each other in some locations (e.g., on or close to the periphery of the article) and are indirectly joined together in other locations by directly joining them to one or more other elements of the absorbent article 20.
The topsheet 24 may be compliant, soft-feeling, and non-irritating to the wearer's skin. Further, at least a portion of the topsheet 24 may be liquid permeable, permitting liquids to readily penetrate through its thickness. A suitable topsheet may be manufactured from a wide range of materials, such as porous foams, reticulated foams, apertured plastic films, or woven or nonwoven materials of natural fibers (e.g., wood or cotton fibers), synthetic fibers or filaments (e.g., polyester or polypropylene or bicomponent PE/PP fibers or mixtures thereof), or a combination of natural and synthetic fibers. If the topsheet 24 includes fibers, the fibers may be spunbond, carded, wet-laid, meltblown, hydroentangled, or otherwise processed as is known in the art, in particular spunbond PP nonwoven. Example topsheets comprising a web of staple-length polypropylene fibers are manufactured by Veratec, Inc., a Division of International Paper Company, of Walpole, MA under the designations P-8, P-9, P-10, or P-11. Other example topsheet are manufactured by Polymer Group Inc. under material trade names W5030NG, W5030TP, and W5030TO.
Any portion of the topsheet 24 may be coated with a skin care composition, antibacterial agent, or other beneficial agents as is generally known in the art. Further, the topsheet 24, the backsheet 25 or any portion of the topsheet or backsheet may be embossed and/or matte finished to provide a more cloth like appearance.
The topsheet 24 may comprise one or more apertures to ease penetration of exudates therethrough, such as urine and/or feces (solid, semi-solid, or liquid). Typical absorbent article topsheets have a basis weight of from about 5 gsm to about 30 gsm, from about 10 to about 21 gsm or from about 12 to about 18 gsm, but other basis weights are within the scope of the present disclosure.
Backsheet
The backsheet 25 is generally that portion of the absorbent article 20 positioned adjacent the garment-facing surface of the absorbent core 28 and which prevents, or at least inhibits, the exudates absorbed and contained therein from soiling articles such as bedsheets and undergarments. The backsheet 25 is typically impermeable, or at least substantially impermeable, to liquids (e.g., urine). The backsheet may, for example, be or comprise a thin plastic film such as a thermoplastic film having a thickness of about 0.012 mm to about 0.051 mm. Example backsheet films include those manufactured by Tredegar Corporation, based in Richmond, VA, and sold under the trade name CPC2 film. Other suitable backsheet materials may include breathable materials which permit vapors to escape from the absorbent article 20 while still preventing, or at least inhibiting, exudates from passing through the backsheet 25. Example breathable materials may include materials such as woven webs, nonwoven webs, composite materials such as film-coated nonwoven webs, microporous films such as manufactured by Mitsui Toatsu Co., of Japan under the designation ESPOIR NO and by Tredegar Corporation of Richmond, VA, and sold under the designation EXAIRE, and monolithic films such as manufactured by Clopay Corporation, Cincinnati, OH under the name HYTREL blend P18-3097.
The backsheet 25 may be joined to the topsheet 24, the absorbent core 28, and/or any other element of the absorbent article 20 by any attachment methods known to those of skill in the art. Suitable attachment methods are described above with respect to methods for joining the topsheet 24 to other elements of the absorbent article 20. For example, the attachment methods may include using a uniform continuous layer of adhesive, a patterned layer of adhesive, or an array of separate lines, spirals, or spots of adhesive. Suitable attachment methods comprising an open pattern network of filaments of adhesive is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,573,986. Other suitable attachment methods include using several lines of adhesive filaments which are swirled into a spiral pattern, as is illustrated by the apparatus and methods shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,911,173, 4,785,996, and 4,842,666. Adhesives which have been found to be satisfactory are manufactured by H. B. Fuller Company of St. Paul, Minnesota and marketed as HL-1620 and HL 1358-XZP. Alternatively, the attachment methods may comprise using heat bonds, pressure bonds, ultrasonic bonds, dynamic mechanical bonds, or any other suitable attachment methods or combinations of these attachment methods as are known to those of skill in the art.
Absorbent Core
As used herein, the term “absorbent core” refers to the individual component of the absorbent article having the most absorbent capacity and may comprise an absorbent material. In some embodiments, the absorbent core comprises a core wrap enclosing the absorbent material. The term “absorbent core” does not include the liquid management system or any other component of the absorbent article which is not either integral part of the core wrap or placed within the core wrap. The absorbent core may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, a core wrap, absorbent material as defined below, and glue enclosed within the core wrap. The absorbent core periphery, which may be the periphery of the core wrap, may define any suitable shape, such as a “T,” “Y,” “hour-glass,” or “dog-bone” shape, for example. An absorbent core periphery having a generally “dog bone” or “hour-glass” shape may taper along its width towards the middle or “crotch” region of the core. In this way, the absorbent core may have a relatively narrow width in an area of the absorbent core intended to be placed in the crotch region of an absorbent article.
The absorbent core 28 of the present disclosure may comprise an absorbent material with a high amount of superabsorbent polymers (herein abbreviated as “SAP”) enclosed within a core wrap. The SAP content may represent 70% to 100% or at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% by weight of the absorbent material contained in the core wrap. The core wrap is not considered as absorbent material for the purpose of assessing the percentage of SAP in the absorbent core.
“Absorbent material” means a material which has some absorbency property or liquid retaining properties, such as SAP, cellulosic fibers as well as synthetic fibers. Typically, glues used in making absorbent cores have no absorbency properties and are not considered as absorbent material. The SAP content may be higher than 80%, for example at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, and even up to and including 100% of the weight of the absorbent material contained within the core wrap, as stated above. This provides a relatively thin core compared to conventional cores typically comprising between 40-60% SAP, for example, and high content of cellulose fibers. The absorbent material may comprise less than 15% or less than 10% weight percent of natural or synthetic fibers, less than 5% weight percent, less than 3% weight percent, less than 2% weight percent, less than 1% weight percent, or may even be substantially free of, or free of, natural and/or synthetic fibers, specifically reciting all 0.1% increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. The absorbent material may advantageously comprise little or no airfelt (cellulose) fibers, in particular the absorbent core may comprise less than 15%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 2%, 1% airfelt (cellulose) fibers by weight, or may even be substantially free of, or free of, cellulose fibers, specifically reciting all 0.1% increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
The example absorbent core 28 of the absorbent article of
The absorbent core of the present disclosure may comprise adhesive, for example, to help immobilizing the SAP within the core wrap and/or to ensure integrity of the core wrap, in particular when the core wrap is made of two or more substrates. The core wrap may extend to a larger area than strictly needed for containing the absorbent material within.
Cores comprising relatively high amount of SAP with various core designs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,335 (Goldman), EP 1,447,066 (Busam), WO 95/11652 (Tanzer), U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2008/0312622A1 (Hundorf), and WO 2012/052172 (Van Malderen).
The absorbent material may be one or more continuous layers present within the core wrap. In other embodiments, the absorbent material may be comprised of individual pockets or stripes of absorbent material enclosed within the core wrap. In the first case, the absorbent material may be, for example, obtained by the application of a single continuous layer of absorbent material. The continuous layer of absorbent material, in particular of SAP, may also be obtained by combining two or more absorbent layers having discontinuous absorbent material application pattern, wherein the resulting layer is substantially continuously distributed across the absorbent particulate polymer material area, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2008/0312622A1 (Hundorf), for example. The absorbent core 28 may comprise a first absorbent layer and a second absorbent layer. The first absorbent layer may comprise the first material 16 and a first layer 61 of absorbent material, which may be 100% or less of SAP. The second absorbent layer may comprise the second material 16′ and a second layer 62 of absorbent material, which may also be 100% or less of SAP. The absorbent core 28 may also comprise a fibrous thermoplastic adhesive material 51 at least partially bonding each layer of absorbent material 61, 62 to its respective material 16 or 16′. This is illustrated in
The fibrous thermoplastic adhesive material 51 may be at least partially in contact with the absorbent material 61, 62 in the land areas and at least partially in contact with the materials 16 and 16′ in the junction areas. This imparts an essentially three-dimensional structure to the fibrous layer of thermoplastic adhesive material 51, which in itself is essentially a two-dimensional structure of relatively small thickness, as compared to the dimension in length and width directions. Thereby, the fibrous thermoplastic adhesive material may provide cavities to cover the absorbent material in the land area, and thereby immobilizes this absorbent material, which may be 100% or less of SAP.
The thermoplastic adhesive material 51 may comprise, in its entirety, a single thermoplastic polymer or a blend of thermoplastic polymers, having a softening point, as determined by the ASTM Method D-36-95 “Ring and Ball”, in the range between 50° C. and 300° C., and/or the thermoplastic adhesive material may be a hotmelt adhesive comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer in combination with other thermoplastic diluents such as tackifying resins, plasticizers and additives such as antioxidants.
The thermoplastic adhesive used for the fibrous layer may have elastomeric properties, such that the web formed by the fibers on the SAP layer is able to be stretched as the SAP swell. Elastomeric, hot-melt adhesives of these types are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,731,066 issued to Korpman on Mar. 15, 1988. The thermoplastic adhesive material may be applied as fibers.
Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP)
“Superabsorbent polymers” (“SAP”), as used herein, refer to absorbent materials which are cross-linked polymeric materials that can absorb at least 10 times their weight of an aqueous 0.9% saline solution as measured using the Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC) test (EDANA method WSP 241.2-05E). The SAP used may have a CRC value of more than 20 g/g, more than 24 g/g, from 20 to 50 g/g, from 20 to 40 g/g, or from 24 to 30 g/g, specifically reciting all 0.1 g/g increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges created therein or thereby. The SAP useful with the present disclosure may include a variety of water-insoluble, but water-swellable polymers capable of absorbing large quantities of fluids.
The superabsorbent polymer may be in particulate form so as to be flowable in the dry state. Particulate absorbent polymer materials may be made of poly(meth)acrylic acid polymers. However, starch-based particulate absorbent polymer material may also be used, as well polyacrylamide copolymer, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, cross-linked polyethylene oxide, and starch grafted copolymer of polyacrylonitrile. The superabsorbent polymer may be polyacrylates and polyacrylic acid polymers that are internally and/or surface cross-linked. Suitable materials are described in the PCT Patent Application Nos. WO 07/047598, WO 07/046052, WO2009/155265, and WO2009/155264, for example. In some embodiments, suitable superabsorbent polymer particles may be obtained by generally known production processes as described in WO 2006/083584, for example.
The SAP useful for the present disclosure may be of numerous shapes. The term “particles” refers to granules, fibers, flakes, spheres, powders, platelets and other shapes and forms known to persons skilled in the art of superabsorbent polymer particles. In some embodiments, the SAP particles may be in the shape of fibers, i.e., elongated, acicular superabsorbent polymer particles. In those embodiments, the superabsorbent polymer particles fibers may have a minor dimension (i.e., diameter of the fiber) of less than about 1 mm, usually less than about 500 μm, or less than 250 μm down to 50 μm, specifically reciting all 1 μm increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby. The length of the fibers may be about 3 mm to about 100 mm, specifically reciting all 1 mm increments within the above-specified range and any ranges formed therein or thereby. The fibers may also be in the form of a long filament that may be woven.
SAP may be spherical-like particles. In contrast to fibers, “spherical-like particles” have a longest and a smallest dimension with a particulate ratio of longest to smallest particle dimension in the range of 1-5, where a value of 1 would equate a perfectly spherical particle and 5 would allow for some deviation from such a spherical particle. The superabsorbent polymer particles may have a particle size of less than 850 μm, from 50 to 850 μm, from 100 to 710 μm, or from 150 to 650 μm, specifically reciting all 1 μm increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby, as measured according to EDANA method WSP 220.2-05. SAP having a relatively low particle size may help to increase the surface area of the absorbent material which is in contact with liquid exudates and therefore supports fast absorption of liquid exudates.
The SAP may have a particle size in the range from 45 μm to 4000 μm, more specifically a particle size distribution within the range of from 45 μm to about 2000 μm, or from about 100 μm to about 1000, 850 or 600 μm, specifically reciting all 1 μm increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby. The particle size distribution of a material in particulate form can be determined, for example, by means of dry sieve analysis (EDANA 420.02 “Particle Size distribution). The surface of the SAP may be coated, for example, with a cationic polymer. Certain cationic polymers may include polyamine or polyimine materials. The absorbent core may comprise one or more types of SAP.
For most absorbent articles, liquid discharges from a wearer occur predominately in the front half of the absorbent article, in particular for a diaper. The front half of the absorbent article (as defined by the region between the front edge and the lateral axis 90) may therefore comprise most of the absorbent capacity of the core). Thus, at least 60% of the SAP, or at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, or 85% of the SAP may be present in the front half of the absorbent article, the remaining SAP being disposed in the rear half of the absorbent article. In other embodiments, the SAP distribution may be uniform through the core or may have other suitable distributions.
The total amount of SAP present in the absorbent core may also vary according to expected user. Diapers for newborns may require less SAP than infant, child, or adult incontinence diapers. The amount of SAP in the core may be about 5 to 60 g or from 5 to 50 g, specifically reciting all 0.1 increments within the specified ranges and any ranged formed therein or thereby. The average SAP basis weight within the (or “at least one”, if several are present) deposition area 8 of the SAP may be at least 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 or more g/m2. The areas of the channels (e.g., 27, 27′) present in the absorbent material deposition area 8 are deduced from the absorbent material deposition area to calculate this average basis weight.
Core Wrap
The core wrap may be made of a single substrate, material, or nonwoven folded around the absorbent material, or may comprise two (or more) substrates, materials, or nonwovens which are attached to another. Typical attachments are the so-called C-wrap and/or sandwich wrap. In a C-wrap, as illustrated, for example, in
The core wrap may be formed by any materials suitable for receiving and containing the absorbent material. Typical substrate materials used in the production of conventional cores may be used, in particular paper, tissues, films, wovens or nonwovens, or laminates or composites of any of these. The core wrap may be formed by a nonwoven web, such as a carded nonwoven, spunbond nonwoven (“S”) or meltblown nonwoven (“M”), and laminates of any of these. For example, spunmelt polypropylene nonwovens may be suitable, in particular those having a laminate web SMS, or SMMS, or SSMMS, structure, and having a basis weight range of about 5 gsm to about 15 gsm. Suitable materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,576, U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2011/0268932A1, U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2011/0319848A1, and U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2011/0250413A1. Nonwoven materials provided from synthetic fibers may also be used, such as PE, PET, and/or PP, for example.
If the core wrap comprises a first substrate, nonwoven or material 16 and a second substrate, nonwoven, or materials 16′ these may be made of the same type of material, may be made of different materials, or one of the substrates may be treated differently than the other to provide it with different properties. As the polymers used for nonwoven production are inherently hydrophobic, they may be coated with hydrophilic coatings if placed on the fluid receiving side of the absorbent core. It may be advantageous that the top side of the core wrap, i.e., the side placed closer to the wearer in the absorbent article, be more hydrophilic than the bottom side of the core wrap. A possible way to produce nonwovens with durably hydrophilic coatings is via applying a hydrophilic monomer and a radical polymerization initiator onto the nonwoven, and conducting a polymerization activated via UV light resulting in monomer chemically bound to the surface of the nonwoven. An alternative possible way to produce nonwovens with durably hydrophilic coatings is to coat the nonwoven with hydrophilic nanoparticles, e.g., as described in WO 02/064877.
Permanently hydrophilic nonwovens are also useful in some embodiments. Surface tension, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,576 (Busam et al.), can be used to measure how permanently a certain hydrophilicity level is achieved. Liquid strike through, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,576, may be used to measure the hydrophilicity level. The first and/or second substrate may have a surface tension of at least 55, at least 60, or at least 65 mN/m or higher when wetted with saline solution. The substrate may also have a liquid strike through time of less than 5 seconds for a fifth gush of liquid. These values can be measured using the test methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,576B2: “Determination Of Surface Tension” and “Determination of Strike Through” respectively.
Hydrophilicity and wettability are typically defined in terms of contact angle and the strike through time of the fluids, for example, through a nonwoven fabric. This is discussed in detail in the American Chemical Society publication entitled “Contact angle, wettability and adhesion”, edited by Robert F. Gould (Copyright 1964). A substrate having a lower contact angle between the water and the surface of substrate may be said to be more hydrophilic than another.
The substrates may also be air-permeable. Films useful herein may therefore comprise micro-pores. The substrate may have an air-permeability of from 40 or from 50, to 300 or to 200 m3/(m2×min), as determined by EDANA method 140-1-99 (125 Pa, 38.3 cm2). The material of the core wrap may alternatively have a lower air-permeability, e.g., being non-air-permeable, for example, to facilitate handling on a moving surface comprising vacuum.
The core wrap may be at least partially sealed along all the sides of the absorbent core so that substantially no absorbent material leaks out of the core. By “substantially no absorbent material” it is meant that less than 5%, less than 2%, less than 1%, or about 0% by weight of absorbent material escape the core wrap. The term “seal” is to be understood in a broad sense. The seal does not need to be continuous along the whole periphery of the core wrap but may be discontinuous along part or the whole of it, such as formed by a series of seal points spaced on a line. A seal may be formed by gluing and/or thermal bonding.
If the core wrap is formed by two substrates 16, 16′, four seals may be used to enclose the absorbent material 60 within the core wrap. For example, a first substrate 16 may be placed on one side of the core (the top side as represented in the Figures) and extend around the core's longitudinal edges to at least partially wrap the opposed bottom side of the core. The second substrate 16′ may be present between the wrapped flaps of the first substrate 16 and the absorbent material 60. The flaps of the first substrate 16 may be glued to the second substrate 16′ to provide a strong seal. This so called C-wrap construction may provide benefits such as improved resistance to bursting in a wet loaded state compared to a sandwich seal. The front side and rear side of the core wrap may then also be sealed by gluing the first substrate and second substrate to another to provide complete encapsulation of the absorbent material across the whole of the periphery of the core. For the front side and rear side of the core, the first and second substrates may extend and may be joined together in a substantially planar direction, forming for these edges a so-called sandwich construction. In the so-called sandwich construction, the first and second substrates may also extend outwardly on all sides of the core and be sealed flat, or substantially flat, along the whole or parts of the periphery of the core typically by gluing and/or heat/pressure bonding. In an embodiment, neither the first nor the second substrates need to be shaped, so that they can be rectangularly cut for ease of production but other shapes are within the scope of the present disclosure.
The core wrap may also be formed by a single substrate which may enclose as in a parcel wrap the absorbent material and be sealed along the front side and rear side of the core and one longitudinal seal.
SAP Deposition Area
The absorbent material deposition area 8 may be defined by the periphery of the layer formed by the absorbent material 60 within the core wrap, as seen from the top side of the absorbent core. The absorbent material deposition area 8 may have various shapes, in particular, a so-called “dog bone” or “hour-glass” shape, which shows a tapering along its width towards the middle or “crotch” region of the core. In this way, the absorbent material deposition area 8 may have a relatively narrow width in an area of the core intended to be placed in the crotch region of the absorbent article, as illustrated in
The basis weight (amount deposited per unit of surface) of the SAP may also be varied along the deposition area 8 to create a profiled distribution of absorbent material, in particular SAP, in the longitudinal direction, in the transversal direction, or both directions of the core. Hence, along the longitudinal axis of the core, the basis weight of absorbent material may vary, as well as along the transversal axis, or any axis parallel to any of these axes. The basis weight of SAP in areas of relatively high basis weight may thus be at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% higher than in an area of relatively low basis weight. In an embodiment, the SAP present in the absorbent material deposition area 8 at the level of the crotch point C may have more SAP per unit of surface deposited as compared to another area of the absorbent material deposition area 8.
The absorbent material may be deposited using known techniques, which may allow relatively precise deposition of SAP at relatively high speed. In particular, the SAP printing technology as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2008/0312617 and U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2010/0051166A1 (both to Hundorf et al.) may be used. This technique uses a printing roll to deposit SAP onto a substrate disposed on a grid of a support which may include a plurality of cross bars extending substantially parallel to and spaced from one another so as to form channels extending between the plurality of cross-bars. This technology allows high-speed and precise deposition of SAP on a substrate. The channels of the absorbent core may be formed for example by modifying the pattern of the grid and receiving drums so that no SAP is applied in areas corresponding to the channels. EP application number 11169396.6 discloses this modification in more details.
Channels in the Absorbent Core
The absorbent material deposition area 8 may comprise at least one channel 26, which is at least partially oriented in the longitudinal direction of the absorbent article 80 (i.e., has a longitudinal vector component). Other channels may be at least partially oriented in the lateral direction (i.e., has a lateral vector component) or in any other direction. If the following, the plural form “channels” will be used to mean “at least one channel”. The channels may have a length L′ projected on the longitudinal axis 80 of the absorbent article that is at least 10% of the length L of the absorbent article. The channels may also be circular, oblong, or be in the shape of a variety of other closed polygons. The channels may be formed in various ways. For example, the channels may be formed by zones within the absorbent material deposition area 8 which may be substantially free of, or free of, absorbent material, in particular, SAP. In addition or alternatively, the channel(s) may also be formed by continuously or discontinuously bonding the top side of the core wrap to the bottom side of the core wrap through the absorbent material deposition area 8. The channels may be continuous but it is also envisioned that the channels may be intermittent. The liquid management system 50, or another layer of the absorbent article, may also comprise channels, which may or not correspond to the channels of the absorbent core, as described in more detail below.
In some embodiments, the channels may be present at least at the same longitudinal level as the crotch point C or the lateral axis 90 in the absorbent article, as represented in
The absorbent core 28 may also comprise more than two channels, for example, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, or at least 6 or more. Shorter channels may also be present, for example in the rear waist region 6 or the front waist region 5 of the core as represented by the pair of channels 27, 27′ in
The channels may be particularly useful in the absorbent core when the absorbent material deposition area is rectangular, as the channels may improve the flexibility of the core to an extent that there is less advantage in using a non-rectangular (shaped) core. Of course channels may also be present in a layer of SAP having a shaped deposition area.
The channels may extend substantially longitudinally, which means that each channel extends more in the longitudinal direction than in the transverse direction, or at least twice as much in the longitudinal direction than in the transverse direction (as measured after projection on the respective axis). In other embodiments, the channels may extend substantially laterally, which means that each channel extends more in the lateral direction than in the longitudinal direction, or at least twice as much in the transverse direction than in the longitudinal direction (as measured after projection on the respective axis).
The channels may be completely oriented longitudinally and parallel to the longitudinal axis or completely oriented transversely and parallel to the lateral axis, but also may be curved. In various embodiments, some or all of the channels, in particular the channels present in the crotch region 7, may be concave towards the longitudinal axis 80, as, for example, represented in
In some embodiments, there may be a channel coincides with the longitudinal axis 80 of the absorbent article or the core, while in other embodiments there may not be a channel that coincides with the longitudinal axis 80. When present as symmetrical pairs relative to the longitudinal axis 80, the channels may be spaced apart from one another over their whole longitudinal dimension. The smallest spacing distance may be at least 5 mm, at least 10 mm, or at least 15 mm, for example.
Furthermore, in order to reduce the risk of fluid leakages, the longitudinal main channels may not extend up to any of the edges of the absorbent material deposition area 8, and may therefore be fully encompassed within the absorbent material deposition area 8 of the core. The smallest distance between a channel and the closest edge of the absorbent material deposition area 8 may be at least 5 mm.
The channels may have a width Wc1 along at least part of its length which is at least 2 mm, at least 3 mm, at least 4 mm, up to for example 20 mm, 16 mm, or 12 mm, for example. The width of the channel may be constant through substantially the whole length of the channel or may vary along its length. When the channels are formed by absorbent material-free zones within the absorbent material deposition area 8, the width of the channels is considered to be the width of the material-free zones, disregarding the possible presence of the core wrap within the channels. If the channels are not formed by absorbent material-free zones, for example mainly through bonding of the core wrap through the absorbent material zone, the width of the channels is the width of this bonding.
At least some or all of the channels may be permanent channels, meaning their integrity is at least partially maintained both in the dry state and in the wet state. Permanent channels may be obtained by provision of one or more adhesive materials, for example, the fibrous layer of adhesive material or construction glue that helps adhere a substrate with an absorbent material within the walls of the channel. Permanent channels may also be formed by bonding the upper side and lower side of the core wrap (e.g., the first substrate 16 and the second substrate 16′) and/or the topsheet 24 to the backsheet 25 together through the channels. Typically, an adhesive may be used to bond both sides of the core wrap or the topsheet and the backsheet through the channels, but it is possible to bond via other known processes, such as pressure bonding, ultrasonic bonding, heat bonding, or combination thereof. The core wrap or the topsheet 24 and the backsheet 25 may be continuously bonded or intermittently bonded along the channels. The channels may advantageously remain or become visible at least through the topsheet and/or backsheet when the absorbent article is fully loaded with a fluid. This may be obtained by making the channels substantially free of SAP, so they will not swell, and sufficiently large so that they will not close when wet. Furthermore, bonding the core wrap to itself or the topsheet to the backsheet through the channels may be advantageous.
In an embodiment, referring to
In some embodiments, in addition to the first and second channels 26 and 26′, an absorbent core 28 may comprise a pocket (not shown) in the crotch region 7 and/or the rear waist region 6 and one or more channels in the rear waist region 6 and/or the crotch region 7. In another embodiment, a pocket may be in the crotch region 7 and/or the front waist region 5 and the one or more channels may be in the crotch region 7 and/or the front waist region 5. The pocket and the one or more channels may be BM pockets or channels and/or urine management pockets and/or channels.
Barrier Leg Cuffs
The absorbent article may comprise a pair of barrier leg cuffs 34. Each barrier leg cuff may be formed by a piece of material which is bonded to the absorbent article so it can extend upwards from the inner surface of the absorbent article and provide improved containment of liquids and other body exudates approximately at the junction of the torso and legs of the wearer. The barrier leg cuffs 34 are delimited by a proximal edge 64 joined directly or indirectly to the topsheet 24 and/or the backsheet 25 and a free terminal edge 66, which is intended to contact and form a seal with the wearer's skin. The barrier leg cuffs 34 extend at least partially between the front waist edge 10 and the rear waist edge 12 of the absorbent article on opposite sides of the longitudinal axis 80 and are at least present at the level of the crotch point (C) or crotch region. The barrier leg cuffs 34 may be joined at the proximal edge 64 with the chassis of the absorbent article by a bond 65 which may be made by gluing, fusion bonding, or combination of other suitable bonding processes. The bond 65 at the proximal edge 64 may be continuous or intermittent. The bond 65 closest to the raised section of the leg cuffs 34 delimits the proximal edge 64 of the standing up section of the leg cuffs 34.
The barrier leg cuffs 34 may be integral with the topsheet 24 or the backsheet 25 or may be a separate material joined to the absorbent article's chassis. The material of the barrier leg cuffs 34 may extend through the whole length of the diapers but may be “tack bonded” to the topsheet 24 towards the front waist edge 10 and rear waist edge 12 of the absorbent article so that in these sections the barrier leg cuff material remains flush with the topsheet 24.
Each barrier leg cuff 34 may comprise one, two or more elastic strands or strips of film 35 close to this free terminal edge 66 to provide a better seal.
In addition to the barrier leg cuffs 34, the absorbent article may comprise gasketing cuffs 32, which are joined to the chassis of the absorbent article, in particular to the topsheet 24 and/or the backsheet 25 and are placed externally relative to the barrier leg cuffs 34. The gasketing cuffs 32 may provide a better seal around the thighs of the wearer. Each gasketing leg cuff may comprise one or more elastic strings or elastic elements in the chassis of the absorbent article between the topsheet 24 and backsheet 25 in the area of the leg openings. All or a portion of the barrier leg and/or gasketing cuffs may be treated with a lotion or skin care composition. The barrier leg cuffs may be constructed in a number of different configurations, including those described in U.S. Pat. App. Publ. No. 2012/0277713.
Fastening System
The absorbent article may include a fastening system. The fastening system may be used to provide lateral tensions about the circumference of the absorbent article to hold the absorbent article on the wearer as is typical for taped diapers. This fastening system may not be necessary for training pant or pant-style articles since the waist region of these articles is already bonded. The fastening system may comprise a fastener such as tape tabs, hook and loop fastening components, interlocking fasteners such as tabs & slots, buckles, buttons, snaps, and/or hermaphroditic fastening components, although any other suitable fastening mechanisms are also within the scope of the present disclosure. A landing zone 44 is normally provided on the garment-facing surface of the front waist region 5 for the fastener to be releasably attached thereto.
The fastening system may also include primary and secondary fastening systems, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,622 to reduce shifting of overlapped portions or to improve fit as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,242,436, 5,499,978, 5,507,736, and 5,591,152.
Front and Rear Ears
In an embodiment, the absorbent article may comprise front ears 46 and rear ears 40. The ears may be an integral part of the chassis, such as formed from the topsheet 24 and/or backsheet 25 as side panel. Alternatively, as represented on
Elastic Waist Feature
The absorbent article may also comprise at least one elastic waist feature (not represented) that helps to provide improved fit and containment. The elastic waist feature is generally intended to elastically expand and contract to dynamically fit the wearer's waist. The elastic waist feature may extend at least longitudinally outwardly from at least one waist edge of the absorbent core 28 and generally forms at least a portion of the end edge of the absorbent article. Disposable diapers may be constructed so as to have two elastic waist features, one positioned in the front waist region and one positioned in the rear waist region. The elastic waist feature may be constructed in a number of different configurations including those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,515,595; 4,710,189; 5,151,092; 5,221,274; U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2012/0330262; U.S. Pat. App. Publ. No. 2012/0330263; and U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2012/0330264.
Relations Between the Layers
Typically, adjacent layers and components may be joined together using conventional bonding methods, such as adhesive coating via slot coating or spraying on the whole or part of the surface of the layer, thermo-bonding, pressure bonding, or combinations thereof. Bonding between the layers of the absorbent article may or may not be present. Bonding is not represented in the Figures (except for the bonding between the raised elements of the leg cuffs 34 with the topsheet 24) for clarity and readability. Adhesives may be used to improve the adhesion of the different layers between the backsheet 25 and the core wrap. The glue may be any suitable hotmelt glue known in the art.
If an acquisition layer 52 is present in the LMS 50, it may be desired that this acquisition layer is larger than or least as large as the distribution layer 54 in the longitudinal and/or transversal dimension. Thus, the distribution layer 54 may be deposited on the acquisition layer 52. This simplifies handling, in particular if the acquisition layer is a nonwoven which may be unrolled from a roll of stock material. The distribution layer 54 may also be deposited directly on the absorbent core's upper side of the core wrap or another layer of the absorbent article. Also, having an acquisition layer 52 that is larger than the distribution layer allows for direct gluing of the acquisition layer to the storage core (at the larger areas). This may provide increased patch integrity and better liquid communication.
The absorbent core, and in particular its absorbent material deposition area 8, may be at least as large and long and at least partially larger and/or longer than the liquid management system. This is because the absorbent material in the core may more effectively retain fluid and provide dryness benefits across a larger area than the LMS 50. The absorbent article may have a rectangular SAP layer and a non-rectangular (shaped) LMS 50. The absorbent article may also have a rectangular (non-shaped) LMS 50 and a rectangular layer of SAP.
Liquid Management System
The LMS 50 of the present disclosure may sometimes be referred to as acquisition-distribution system (“ADS”) or an acquisition system. One function of the LMS 50 is to quickly acquire the fluid and distribute it to the absorbent core in an efficient manner. The LMS 50 may comprise one, two or more layers, which may form a unitary layer or may remain as discrete layers which may be attached to each other. In an embodiment, the LMS 50 may comprise two layers: a distribution layer 54 and an acquisition layer 52 disposed between the absorbent core and the topsheet, but the present disclosure is not limited to this embodiment.
The LMS 50 may comprise SAP as this may slow the acquisition and distribution of the fluid. In other embodiments, the LMS may be substantially free (e.g., 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% free of) or completely free of SAP. The LMS may also comprise one or more of a variety of other suitable types of materials, such as opened-cell foam, air-laid fibers, or carded, resin bonded nonwoven materials, for example. Suitable example LMSs are described in WO 2000/59430 (Daley), WO 95/10996 (Richards), U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,254 (McDowall), and WO 02/067809 (Graef), for example. Any of the example LMSs 50 disclosed herein may be positioned in an absorbent article: (1) intermediate a liquid pervious material or topsheet or secondary topsheet and an absorbent core; (2) intermediate an absorbent core and a liquid impervious material or backsheet; (3) intermediate an absorbent core and a liquid distribution layer; (4) intermediate a liquid distribution layer and a liquid impervious material or backsheet, or may be otherwise located within the absorbent article. In an embodiment, more than one LMS 50 may be provided in an absorbent article. The one or more LMSs 50 may be provided above and/or below one or more absorbent cores.
Distribution Layer
In certain embodiments, the LMS 50 may comprise a distribution layer 54. The distribution layer 54 may comprise at least 50% by weight of cross-linked cellulose fibers, for example. The cross-linked cellulosic fibers may be crimped, twisted, or curled, or a combination thereof including crimped, twisted, and curled. This type of material is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2008/0312622 A1 (Hundorf). The cross-linked cellulosic fibers provide higher resilience and therefore higher resistance to the first absorbent layer against the compression in the product packaging or in use conditions, e.g., under baby weight. This provides the core with a higher void volume, permeability, and liquid absorption, and hence reduced leakage and improved dryness.
Example chemically cross-linked cellulosic fibers suitable for a distribution layer are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,549,791, 5,137,537, WO 9534329, or U.S. Pat. App. Publ. No. 2007/118087. Example cross-linking agents include polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid and/or polyacrylic acids such as acrylic acid and maleic acid copolymers.
The distribution layer 54 comprising cross-linked cellulose fibers of the present disclosure may comprise other fibers, but this layer may advantageously comprise at least 50%, or 60%, or 70%, or 80%, or 90%, or even up to 100%, by weight of the layer, of cross-linked cellulose fibers (including the cross-linking agents). Examples of such mixed layer of cross-linked cellulose fibers may comprise about 70% by weight of chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers, about 10% by weight polyester (PET) fibers, and about 20% by weight untreated pulp fibers. In another example, the layer of cross-linked cellulose fibers may comprise about 70% by weight chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers, about 20% by weight lyocell fibers, and about 10% by weight PET fibers. In another example, the layer may comprise about 68% by weight chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers, about 16% by weight untreated pulp fibers, and about 16% by weight PET fibers. In another example, the layer of cross-linked cellulose fibers may comprise from about 90-100% by weight chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers.
The distribution layer 54 may be a material having a water retention value of from 25 to 60 or from 30 to 45, measured as indicated in the procedure disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,537.
The distribution layer may typically have an average basis weight of from 30 to 400 g/m2 or from 100 to 300 g/m2, specifically reciting all 1.0 g/m2 increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby. The density of the distribution layer may vary depending on the compression of the absorbent article, but may be between 0.03 to 0.15 g/cm3 or 0.08 to 0.10 g/cm3, specifically reciting all 1.0 g/cm3 increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby, measured at 0.30 psi (2.07 kPa).
Acquisition Layer
In certain embodiments, the LMS 50 may alternatively or additionally comprise an acquisition layer 52. In an embodiment, the acquisition layer 52 may be disposed, for example, between the distribution layer 54 and the topsheet 24. The acquisition layer 52 may be or may comprise a non-woven material, such as an SMS or SMMS material, comprising a spunbonded, a melt-blown and a further spunbonded layer or alternatively a carded chemical-bonded nonwoven. In some embodiments, the acquisition layer 52 may comprise air or wet-laid cellulosic, cross-linked cellulosic, or synthetic fibers, or blends thereof. In certain embodiments, the acquisition layer 52 may comprise a roll-stock web of synthetic fibers (which may be processed to increase void space, such as by solid state formation), or a combination of synthetic and cellulosic fibers, bonded together to form a highloft material. Alternatively, the acquisition layer 52 may comprise absorbent open cell foam. The nonwoven material may be latex bonded. Example acquisition layers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,786,341. Carded, resin-bonded nonwovens may be used, in particular where the fibers used are solid round or round hollow PET staple fibers (50/50 or 40/60 mix of 6 denier and 9 denier fibers). An example binder is a butadiene/styrene latex. Nonwovens have the advantage that they can be manufactured outside the converting line and stored and used as a roll of material. The acquisition layer 52 may be stabilized by a latex binder, for example a styrene-butadiene latex binder (SB latex).
A further acquisition layer may be used in addition to a first acquisition layer described above. For example, a tissue, nonwoven, or other layer may be placed between the first acquisition layer and the distribution layer. The tissue may have enhanced capillarity distribution properties compared to the acquisition layer described above. The tissue, nonwoven, or other layer and the first acquisition layer may be of the same size or may be of a different size. For example, the tissue, nonwoven, or other layer may extend further in the rear of the absorbent article than the first acquisition layer. An example of hydrophilic tissue is a 13-15 gsm high wet strength made of cellulose fibers from supplier Havix.
The composition used to form fibers for the base substrate of the acquisition layer 52 may comprise thermoplastic polymeric and non-thermoplastic polymeric materials. The thermoplastic polymeric material must have rheological characteristics suitable for melt spinning. The molecular weight of the polymer must be sufficient to enable entanglement between polymer molecules and yet low enough to be melt spinnable. For melt spinning, thermoplastic polymers have molecular weights below about 1,000,000 g/mol; from about 5,000 g/mol to about 750,000 g/mol; from about 10,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol; and from about 50,000 g/mol to about 400,000 g/mol. Unless specified elsewhere, the molecular weight indicated is the number average molecular weight.
The thermoplastic polymeric materials are able to solidify relatively rapidly, preferably under extensional flow, and form a thermally stable fiber structure, as typically encountered in known processes such as a spin draw process for staple fibers or a spunbond continuous fiber process. Polymeric materials may comprise, but are not limited to, polypropylene and polypropylene copolymers, polyethylene and polyethylene copolymers, polyester and polyester copolymers, polyamide, polyimide, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkonoate, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene vinyl alcohol, polyacrylates, and copolymers thereof and mixtures thereof. Other suitable polymeric materials include thermoplastic starch compositions as described in detail in U.S. Pat. App. Publ. No. 2003/0109605A1 and 2003/0091803. Other suitable polymeric materials include ethylene acrylic acid, polyolefin carboxylic acid copolymers, and combinations thereof. The polymers described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,746,766, 6,818,295, and 6,946,506 and U.S. Pat. App. Ser. No. 03/0092343. Common thermoplastic polymer fiber grade materials may be used, such as polyester based resins, polypropylene based resins, polylactic acid based resin, polyhydroxyalkonoate based resin, and polyethylene based resin and combination thereof. Some embodiments use polyester and polypropylene based resins.
Nonlimiting examples of thermoplastic polymers suitable for use in the present disclosure include aliphatic polyesteramides; aliphatic polyesters; aromatic polyesters including polyethylene terephthalates (PET) and copolymer (coPET), polybutylene terephthalates and copolymers; polytrimethylene terephthalates and copolymers; polypropylene terephthalates and copolymers; polypropylene and propylene copolymers; polyethylene and polyethylene copolymers; aliphatic/aromatic copolyesters; polycaprolactones; poly(hydroxyalkanoates) including poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate), poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hexanoate), or other higher poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-alkanoates) as referenced in U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,692 to Noda; polyesters and polyurethanes derived from aliphatic polyols (i.e., dialkanoyl polymers); polyamides; polyethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymers; lactic acid polymers including lactic acid homopolymers and lactic acid copolymers; lactide polymers including lactide homopolymers and lactide copolymers; glycolide polymers including glycolide homopolymers and glycolide copolymers; and mixtures thereof. Additional examples include aliphatic polyesteramides, aliphatic polyesters, aliphatic/aromatic copolyesters, lactic acid polymers, and lactide polymers.
Suitable lactic acid and lactide polymers include those homopolymers and copolymers of lactic acid and/or lactide which have a weight average molecular weight generally ranging from about 10,000 g/mol to about 600,000 g/mol; from about 30,000 g/mol to about 400,000 g/mol; or from about 50,000 g/mol to about 200,000 g/mol. An example of commercially available polylactic acid polymers includes a variety of polylactic acids that are available from the Chronopol Incorporation located in Golden, Colorado, and the polylactides sold under the tradename EcoPLAÒ. Examples of suitable commercially available polylactic acid are NATUREWORKS from Cargill Dow and LACEA from Mitsui Chemical. Homopolymers or copolymers of poly lactic acid having a melting temperature from about 160° to about 175° C. may be used. Modified poly lactic acid and different stereo configurations may also be used, such as poly L-lactic acid and poly D,L-lactic acid with D-isomer levels up to 75%. Optional racemic combinations of D and L isomers to produce high melting temperature PLA polymers may be used. These high melting temperature PL polymers are special PLA copolymers (with the understanding that the D-isomer and L-isomer are treated as different stereo monomers) with melting temperatures above 180° C. These high melting temperatures are achieved by special control of the crystallite dimensions to increase the average melting temperature.
Depending upon the specific polymer used, the process, and the final use of the fiber, more than one polymer may be desired. The polymers of the present disclosure are present in an amount to improve the mechanical properties of the fiber, the opacity of the fiber, optimize the fluid interaction with the fiber, improve the processability of the melt, and improve attenuation of the fiber. The selection and amount of the polymer will also determine if the fiber is thermally bondable and affect the softness and texture of the final product. The fibers of the present disclosure may comprise a single polymer, a blend of polymers, or be multicomponent fibers comprising more than one polymer. The fibers in the present disclosure are thermally bondable.
Multiconstituent blends may be desired. For example, blends of polyethylene and polypropylene (referred to hereafter as polymer alloys) can be mixed and spun using this technique. Another example would be blends of polyesters with different viscosities or monomer content. Multicomponent fibers can also be produced that contain differentiable chemical species in each component. Non-limiting examples would include a mixture of 25 melt flow rate (MFR) polypropylene with 50MFR polypropylene and 25MFR homopolymer polypropylene with 25MFR copolymer of polypropylene with ethylene as a comonomer.
The polymeric materials may have melting temperatures above 110° C., above 130° C., above 145° C., above 160° C. or above 200° C. Polymers with high glass transition temperatures may be desired. Glass transition temperatures in the end-use fiber form may be used that are above −10° C., which are above 0° C., which are above 20° C., or that are above 50° C. This combination of properties produces fibers that are stable at elevated temperatures. Examples of materials of this type are polypropylene, polylactic acid based polymers, and polyester terephthalate (PET) based polymer systems.
Channels in Liquid Management System
The LMS 50 of the absorbent article 20 may comprise channels that may generally enable better conformation of the absorbent article to the wearer's anatomy, leading to increased freedom-of-movement and reduced gapping. One or more of the channels of the LMS 50 may be configured to work in concert with various channels in the absorbent core 28, as discussed above. Furthermore, channels in the LMS 50 may also provide increased void space to hold and distribute urine, feces or other body exudates within the absorbent article, leading to reduced leakage and skin contact. In some embodiments, channels in the LMS 50 may also provide internal serviceable indicia, especially when highlighted via physical differences in texture, color and/or pattern, to facilitate achieving the correct alignment of the absorbent article on a wearer. Thus, such physical differences may be, for example, visually and/or tactilely noticeable.
Similar to the channels in the absorbent core 28, a channel in the LMS 50 may be any region in a layer, or extending through more than one layer, that has a substantially lower basis weight or thickness than the surrounding material, as set forth in the definition of “channel” above. The channels in the LMS 50 may also serve to reduce the tension forces to enable controlled bending and maintain the LMS 50 in close proximity to the absorbent core 28. Thus, the presence of channels in the LMS 50, which may or may not be aligned with any channels in an underlying absorbent core 28, may generally function as hinges to allow for a more flexible composite structure. In some cases, for example, the channels of the LMS 50 allow for the LMS 50 to move toward the absorbent core 28 in a controlled bending arrangement, thereby limiting the separation between the LMS 50 and the absorbent core 28. Moreover, in certain embodiments, a channel in the LMS 50 may assist in the routing of fluid or other bodily exudates from one region of the absorbent article 20 to another region of the absorbent article 20. Such routing may desirably improve the overall distribution of fluid through the absorbent article 20 and may lead to increase in comfort, wearability, or longevity of the article.
For multi-layered LMSs, the channels may be present in one or more layers of the LMS 50 and may vary in their dimensions in all three planes of reference. In an embodiment, the width of a given channel in the LMS 50 may vary in the longitudinal direction (i.e., in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the absorbent article). A channel may also have a different width, length, and/or volume in front of a lateral axis or lateral separation element of the absorbent article than behind the lateral axis or lateral separation element. The channels of the LMS 50 may have a range of widths, lengths, shapes, volumes, and patterns, similar to the channels described above with regard to the absorbent core 28.
In certain embodiments, a channel in the LMS 50 of the back portion of an absorbent article may be referred to as a bowel movement “BM” channel or BM pocket and may be generally aligned with and overlapping the longitudinal centerline in the back portion of the absorbent article or may be otherwise located. A portion of the channel may be positioned in the LMS 50 such that is generally aligns with the wearer's ischium and may have a width in the range of about 10 mm to about 30 mm, for example. Rearward of this location, the channel width may or may not increase gradually or abruptly to about 25 mm to about 150 mm, for example. In an embodiment, the width of the channel may decrease again as it approaches the rear waist region of the absorbent article. The volume of the channel may be in the range of about 10 cm3 to about 200 cm3, for example. The ratio of the maximum channel width to the width at the wearer's ischium may range from about 1.5 to about 15. In an embodiment, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, or at least about 85% of the total volume of all the channels in the LMS may lie rearward of the lateral centerline. In an embodiment, at least about 60% to about 85% of the total volume of all the channels in the LMS may lie rearward of the lateral centerline.
One or more channels in the LMS 50 may at least partially overlap, or fully overlap, a channel in the absorbent core 28, creating a deeper recess in the overlapping regions. For embodiments where the LMS 50 includes more than one layer, the layer closest to the absorbent core 28 may include a channel. One or more layers in the structure, such as the topsheet 24, an acquisition layer 52, distribution layer 54, or other layers, may be bonded to an element of the absorbent core 28 in this region to increase the depth of the combined channel. In an embodiment, the channel in the acquisition layer 52 of the LMS 50 and the channel in the absorbent core 28 are coincident such that the channels are completely overlapping. In another embodiment, channels in the LMS and storage layers have no overlapping area. Other embodiments have a vertical overlap between the channels in the two layers that encompass the intervening range such that they partially overlap. Example channel arrangements are described in more detail below with regard to
In embodiments where the topsheet 24 includes apertures, the apertures may be fully or partially aligned or overlapping with at least one channel in the LMS 50, whereas in other embodiments, the apertures may not align with any channel in the LMS 50. In some embodiments, at least one layer on or proximate to the garment-facing side and/or the wearer-side of the absorbent article 20 may include a pattern, image, color, or tint resulting in an increased visual distinctiveness of the channel of the LMS 50 and serve as an internal serviceable indicia to facilitate more accurate alignment of the absorbent article on the wearer during the application process.
Referring again to
In some embodiments, the channels of the LMS 50 may be present at least at the same longitudinal level as the crotch point C or the lateral axis 90 in the absorbent article, as represented in
The LMS 50 may define any suitable number of channels, such as at least one, more than two channels, at least three, at least four, at least five, or at least six or more. Shorter channels may also be present, for example in the rear waist region 6 or the front waist region 5 of the LMS 50. The channels of the LMS 50 may comprise one or more pairs of channels symmetrically arranged, or otherwise arranged relative to the longitudinal axis 80 and/or the lateral axis 90, or other transverse axis.
The channels of the LMS 50 may extend substantially longitudinally, which means that each channel extends more in the longitudinal direction than in the transverse direction, or at least twice as much in the longitudinal direction than in the transverse direction (as measured after projection on the respective axis). In other embodiments, the channels of the LMS 50 may extend substantially laterally, which means that each channel extends more in the lateral direction than in the longitudinal direction, or at least twice as much in the transverse direction than in the longitudinal direction (as measured after projection on the respective axis).
Similar to the channels in the absorbent core, the channels of the LMS 50 may be completely oriented longitudinally and parallel to the longitudinal axis or completely oriented transversely and parallel to the lateral axis, but also may be curved or have a combination of curved and linear components. In various embodiments, some or all the channels, in particular the channels of the LMS 50 present in the crotch region 7, may be concave with respect to the longitudinal axis 80, as, for example, represented in
Furthermore, in order to reduce the risk of fluid leakages, the channels of the LMS 50 may therefore be fully encompassed within the LMS 50. The smallest distance between a channel and the closest edge of the LMS 50 may be at least 5 mm.
The channels of the LMS 50 may have a width Wc2 (
When the channels within the LMS 50 are formed by material-free zones, the width of the channels (Wc2) is considered to be the width of the material-free zone, disregarding the possible presence of the topsheet 24, or other layers, within the channels. If the channels are formed by zones of reduced basis weight, the width of the channels may be the width of the zones of reduced basis weight.
At least some or all of the channels in the LMS 50 may be permanent channels, meaning their integrity is at least partially maintained both in the dry state and in the wet state. Permanent channels may be obtained by provision of one or more adhesive materials, for example, the fibrous layer of adhesive material or construction glue that helps adhere a substrate with an absorbent material within the walls of the channel. Permanent channels may also be formed by bonding the topsheet 24 to the backsheet 25 together through a channel of the LMS 50. Typically, an adhesive may be used to bond the topsheet 24 and the backsheet 25 through the channels, but it is possible to bond via other known processes, such as pressure bonding, ultrasonic bonding, heat bonding, or combination thereof. The topsheet 24 and the backsheet 25 may be continuously bonded or intermittently bonded along or within portions of or all of the channels. The channels may remain or become visible at least through the topsheet and/or backsheet when the absorbent article is fully loaded with a fluid. In some embodiments, channels of the LMS 50 may align with channels of the absorbent core 28, such that the channels are visible through a garment-facing surface when they contain urine or feces or when a bodily exudate is at least proximate to the channels (such as when a bodily exudate is on the topsheet 24 but not yet within a channel). Such channels may provide a visual indication to a caregiver that the absorbent article should be changed. In other embodiments, a graphical indicator or merely a graphic is printed on an outer surface or other layer of the absorbent article proximate to, over, or partially over the channels to visually obscure the bodily exudates contained within the channels.
In certain embodiments, an indicator may be included on one or more of the backsheet, a backsheet film, and/or a nonwoven dusting layer, for example, to visually indicate when a change of the absorbent article is required. The indicator may be configured to switch states in the presence of urine and/or feces. The indicator may be, for example, a line or graphic that changes from white or clear to blue. The indicator may also be a word, such a “dry”, that disappears once urine is present in the channels. The indicator may be the word “wet” that appears in the presence of urine. Any other suitable indicator or a plurality of indicators may also be utilized.
In an embodiment, referring to
The example LMS 50 of the absorbent article of
In certain embodiments, the LMS 50 may comprise a wrap or bag that is similar to the core wrap described above that is configured to hold particulates. In one example, the wrap may contain Functional Absorbent Materials (“FAM's”) that generally function as a wicking/acquisition material. In a particular embodiment, the FAM may comprise an open-celled foam, in the form of a coherent web or sheet or in particulate form, prepared from High Internal Phase Emulsions (hereinafter referred to as “HIPEs”), as illustrated in (U.S. Pat. No. 5,331,015 (DesMarais et al.) issued Jul. 19, 1994, U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,345 (DesMarais et al.) issued Nov. 9, 1993, U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,224 (DesMarais et al.) issued Dec. 7, 1993, U.S. Pat. No. 5,632,737 (Stone et al.) issued May 27, 1997, U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,207 (Dyer et al.) issued Feb. 7, 1995, U.S. Pat. No. 5,786,395 (Stone et al.) Jul. 28, 1998, U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,921 (Dyer et al.) issued Aug. 18, 1998), (U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,634 (Dyer et al.) issued Jun. 23, 1998, U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,359 (Dyer et al.) issued May 19, 1998, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,291 (Dyer et al.) issued May 27, 1997), (Bhumgara, Z. Filtration & Separation 1995, March, 245-251; Walsh et al. J. Aerosol Sci. 1996, 27, 5629-5630; published PCT application W/O 97/37745, published on Oct. 16, 1997, in the name of Shell Oil Co.).
While portions of the channels 26, 26′ of the absorbent core 28 and the channels 49, 49′ of the LMS 50 shown in
Referring first to
In some embodiments, it may be desirable to provide a visual indication of the channels. Such visual indication may be provided using any suitable technique.
In addition to the LMS 50 and the absorbent core 28, it may be desirable to include additional layers in the absorbent article, such as a liquid distribution layer.
Separation Element
In certain embodiments, a wearer-facing surface of an absorbent article may have a visual front portion and a visual back portion. The visual front portion and the visual back portion may be separated by a substantially laterally-extending separation element. The substantially laterally-extending separation element may be, for example, a graphical indicia printed on a topsheet of the absorbent article, or other layer of the absorbent article, that is visible through the topsheet. In some embodiments, the substantially laterally-extending separation element is a portion of a tinted layer that is visible through the wearer-facing surface. Additionally, the visual front portion may be visually distinct from the visual back portion based on a color difference and/or a printed pattern difference. Such visual separation between the visual front portion and the visual back portion may help for proper alignment of the absorbent article during its application.
In some embodiments, the substantially laterally-extending separation element comprises a structural separator that is located in the region of the absorbent article generally corresponding to the perineal region of the wearer (i.e., disposed between the urethra and the anus). The structural separator may, for example, limit the surface migration of urine to the back of the absorbent article and feces to the front of the absorbent article. A structural separator may include any three-dimensional feature or component that functions as a transverse barrier (TVB), such as one or more projections above the wearer-facing surface of the absorbent article, recesses below the plane of the wear-facing surface, and combinations thereof. One example includes a laterally-oriented web or sheet that is attached to the wearer-facing surface of the absorbent article and the standing barrier leg cuffs.
The structural separator may be rectangular or square when laid out flat in a relaxed, contracted state onto an even horizontal surface. The structural separator may also be trapezoid when laid out flat in a relaxed, contracted state onto an even horizontal surface. The structural separator may be hydrophobic (e.g., it may be hydrophilic and made hydrophobic with a hydrophobic surface coating, such as known in the art, for example a wax or a hydrophobic surface coating comprising one or more silicone polymers or fluorinated polymers.) In some embodiments, the structural separator may have an elastic behavior such that it can be significantly elastically extensible in a transverse direction or other direction. The structural separator may have a certain tension in use to ensure it forms an effective separator (barrier) with a Z-direction dimension, to avoid, or at least inhibit, migration of feces from the back to the front of the structural separator. Other embodiments of structural separators may include raised or thicker portions of the topsheet, elements of the acquisition system or absorbent core, separately applied elements, or holes or depressions in one or more of the absorbent core elements.
The structural separator may have any suitable structure and may be a ridge, bump, or flap, for example. The structural separator may be placed along a lateral axis of an absorbent article or may be positioned at an angle that is oblique to the lateral axis. In some embodiments, the structural separator may be positioned generally parallel to a channel within the LMS to aid in the controlling the flow of urine and/or feces into that channel.
One or more structural separators may be incorporated into absorbent articles having a variety of channel configurations, such as any of embodiments illustrated above in
While
In accordance with the present disclosure, absorbent articles may comprise one or more channels in the LMS that have different physical property values than other channels in the LMS. Example physical properties include the channel's width, length, orientation, volume, color, texture, area, or other physical properties. The absorbent article may have a visual front portion and a visual back portion that are defined by a substantially laterally-extending, or laterally-extending separation element. The substantially laterally-extending separation element may be a structure, such as structural separator 73, or may be a graphical indicia that is printed onto the topsheet or otherwise visible through a wearer-facing surface. A channel positioned in the visual front portion may have a first physical property while a channel in the visual back portion may have a second physical property. Some differences in physical properties of the channels may be visible through the wearer-facing surface to aid the caregiver in aligning the absorbent article in addition to providing desired performance characteristics.
Referring first to
Referring now to
In other embodiments, there may be other physical differences in the visual front portion (F) and the visual back portion (B). For example, the number of layers in the visual front portion (F) may differ from the number of layers in the visual back portion (B). Thus, in the front portion a channel may be defined by two layers, while in the rear portion it is defined by three layers. The shape, curvature, or depth of the channels, and/or the number of layers defining the channels in the visual front portion (F) may differ than the channels in the visual back portion (B). For example, the visual front portion (F) may have a series of channels that generally extend in a lateral direction across the visual front portion (F) and the visual back portion (B) may have a single circular channel.
Sanitary Napkin Features
Referring to
Method of Making the Article
The absorbent articles (e.g., diapers, sanitary napkins, training pants, etc.) of the present disclosure may be made by any suitable methods known in the art. In particular, the absorbent articles may be hand-made or industrially produced at high speed. In some embodiments, the channels described herein may be created by punching, die cutting, slitting, or spreading the associated layer. In one example manufacturing process a drum is provided having a protrusion. A layer of air-laid fibers are deposited on the surface of the drum and fibers above the protrusion are removed and deposited in the surrounding area. In an embodiment, a rotating scarfing roll is used to remove the fibers. In another example embodiments, a channel in a rollstock acquisition layer material, such as a wet-laid cellulosic web or a nonwoven highloft, may be created by punching/die cutting or slitting and spreading. In an embodiment, a shape is cut to form a flap of material and the flap of material is folded back onto another portion of the web. An example embodiment utilizing flap-type construction is described above with regard to
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”
Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any embodiment disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such embodiment. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
While particular embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this disclosure.
This application is a continuation of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/903,664, filed on Jun. 17, 2020, which is a continuation of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/942,607, filed on Apr. 2, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,736,794, which is a continuation of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/467,095, filed on Aug. 25, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,987,176, which claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e), of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/870,391, filed on Aug. 27, 2013, the entire disclosures of which are fully incorporated by reference herein.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16903664 | Jun 2020 | US |
| Child | 17852420 | US | |
| Parent | 15942607 | Apr 2018 | US |
| Child | 16903664 | US | |
| Parent | 14467095 | Aug 2014 | US |
| Child | 15942607 | US |
