Accelerating color conversion using a temporary palette cache

Abstract

A method and device for accelerating a color conversion process that converts input image data corresponding to a first color space to output image data corresponding to an output color space. A temporary cache stores color information in an array, and performs a conversion calculation for each individual color combination. If a pixel corresponds to a new color combination, the pixel information is stored in a new index of the array. If the pixel repeats a previously processed color, the pixel information is stored in the same index of the array as the previously processed pixel. A color conversion calculation is performed after all pixels within a block of pixels are mapped to the temporary array.

Description

BACKGROUND

[0002] The present invention relates to a color image processing method and electronic color conversion device for receiving color image data corresponding to an arbitrary color space, processing the image data, and outputting the image data to a color image forming device in an output color space.

[0003] In a conventional image forming device, such as a color printer, color image data received from a host computer, monitor, scanner, or other image-generating device, is in the form of an input color space. Typically, each color in the input image is represented by a three-dimensional coordinate system, such as Red (R), Green (G), and Blue (B). The additive RGB color space is suitable for forming and viewing an image on a computer monitor. Each pixel in the image is represented by 24-bit data, consisting of 3 eight-bit bytes, where each byte component corresponds to a primary color of the color space. For the RGB color space, each pixel in the computer monitor can be represented with a combination of numerical values of Red, Green and Blue (R, G, B). The numerical value is one of 256 values, ranging from 0 to 255, that represents a level of the respective color component in the pixel. For example, a purely red pixel comprising an image on a computer screen will have the coordinates (255, 0, 0). In addition, input image data may correspond to a grey-scale color space. In this color space, each pixel is represented by one of 256 levels of intensity, ranging from 0 to 255. Each level represents an increment of grey between black (0) and white (255).

[0004] Generally, color images are formed using a subtractive CMY color space. Cyan (C), Magenta (M), and Yellow (Y) are the complementary colors of Red (R), Green (G) and Blue (B), respectively, and are used as the colors of the ink or toner in forming a hard copy of the image. Each combination of (R, G, B) in the input image corresponds to a combination of Cyan (C), Magenta (M) and Yellow (Y) in the output color image. In addition, Black (K) is often included with a CMY color space when forming images. In this case, the output color space is a CMYK color space. An alternate output color space for printing images is a grey-scale color space.

[0005] In order to form image data having the color spaces intended by a user, conversion from an input color space to an output color space must be performed. This involves converting data in the (R, G, B) color space to the (C, M, Y) or (C, M, Y, K) color space for most applications. An image-producing apparatus converts the input brightness RGB signals or signals having another color space, into density data in the (C, M, Y), (C, M, Y, K) or other output color space. Conventionally, this is done on a pixel by pixel basis using a conversion means. The conversion means usually includes a look-up table circuit, comprising a database indicating the coordinates of an output color space combination for a given input color space combination. The look-up table circuit performs a conversion calculation for each of the (R, G, B) image data.

[0006] The color conversion process is complicated and time-consuming. Every pixel must be individually processed and converted on a pixel by pixel basis. Even if neighboring pixels undergo the same conversion operation, the calculation must be repeated for every new pixel. This causes redundant calculations to be performed for pixels having the exact same combination of color values.

SUMMARY

[0007] The present invention streamlines the color conversion process in an image processing device, particularly for images with many repeated colors. The color conversion process is accelerated by using a temporary palette cache for pre-converted pixel values. The illustrative embodiment of the invention creates a mapping from input pixels to positions (indices) of a temporary input palette, followed by a color conversion of the entire palette to an output palette in an output color space. The output pixels are reconstructed using the same indices of the input palette. As a result, the conversion is performed with greater efficiency. Rather than performing the color conversion calculation on each and every pixel, the illustrative embodiment performs a mass color conversion for each separate color combination only. The color conversion calculation is not repeated for different pixels within a pixel block having the same color. In this manner, the number of calculations is reduced.

[0008] According to an illustrative embodiment, the input color space includes Red, Green, and Blue (RGB), and the output color space includes Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow (CMY).

[0009] In an alternate embodiment, the input color space includes Red, Green, and Blue (RGB), and the output color space includes Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black (CMYK).

[0010] In another embodiment, the input color space is a grey-scale color space.

[0011] In yet another embodiment, the output color space is a grey-scale color space.

DRAWINGS

[0012] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an image processing system suitable for implementing the accelerated color conversion process of the present invention.

[0013] FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating the accelerated color conversion process according to the teachings of the present invention.

[0014] FIG. 3 a depicts an original pixel block in an input image.

[0015] FIG. 3 b shows a hash table used in the present invention for storing an input color space value from the original image and a hash value.

[0016] FIG. 3 c shows a palette index array for storing a hash value at the same index as the pixel of the original pixel block that corresponds to the hash value.

[0017] FIG. 3 d shows an input palette containing the input image data mapped to indices.

[0018] FIG. 3 e shows an output palette of converted data values.

[0019] FIG. 3 f shows the color converted pixel block of the output image.

[0020] FIG. 4 illustrates a modification of the hash table when a collision between two discrete RGB values occurs.

[0021] FIG. 5 illustrates the storing of a hash value index when a collision occurs between two discrete RGB values.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a color image processing system used in a typical application and in which the present invention is implemented. The image processing system is configured to operate on a standard computer system and receives multileveled color image data from a host computer 1 or other image-generating device. The image 5 shown on a computer screen is held in the form of raster image data, which describes the image in terms of groups of pixels. Color image data is formed in the memory of the host computer 1, and then transmitted to an image forming unit, such as a color printer 2. According to an alternate embodiment, the image forming unit is a copier or other suitable electronic device for forming images. As discussed, this input image data consists of RGB data or data in another input color space. A processor 3 reads the contents of the image 5 and performs color space conversion of the RGB components into CMY or CMYK color components (or the ink colors of the image forming unit). The processor 3 writes the result in the image memory in order to print a copy 6 of the image on a print medium 4.

[0023] The accelerated color conversion process of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is a schematic flowchart diagramming the conversion steps using a temporary palette cache. While the illustrative embodiment described involves converting from an RGB color space to a CMY color space, it is understood that the principles involved may be applied to any conversion from a first color space to a second color space. For example, either the input color space or the output color space may be a grey-scale color space. The first step in the color conversion process is to read an input raster (step 100), usually comprised of a row of pixels in the computergenerated image. FIG. 3a illustrates an original pixel block 30 for the unconverted original image. A “hash” function is then applied to the input raster 31 for each (R, G, B) pixel 32 in the one-dimensional array (step 101). A “hash” function in computer programming is a process of converting a record key value into a “random” but consistent index value for storing or retrieving the record. In this case, the function HASH(R,G,B) gives an entry 33 into a hash table 34, shown in FIG. 3b. The HASH() function maps the 24-bit Red, Green, Blue triples into 8-bit indices, in order to store the RGB information within a 256 element indexed space. A sample HASH() function may be defined according to the following equation:

HASH(R,G,B)={(R+(G<<3)+(B<<6))+((R+(G<<3)+(B<<6))>>8)}& (hashmask)

[0024] An alternate equation for a color space with four input components, including Red, Green, Blue, and one additional component (X), would be: 1$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{HASH4}\left(R,G,B,X\right)=\{\left(R+\left(G<<2\right)+\left(B<<4\right)+\left(X<<6\right)\right)+\\ ((R+\left(G<<2\right)+\left(B<<4\right)+\\ \left(X<<6\right)>>8)\}\&\left(\mathrm{hashmask}\right)\end{array}$

[0025] This function has the property of using up as much of the hash table 8-bit index range (0 to 255) as possible. (The element “hashmask” defines the upper limit of the range). In addition, it maps similar RGB values to different places in the 256-element index range.

[0026] If the processed pixel 32 corresponds to a new color in the raster 31, the “hash” function will provide a new entry 33 in the hash table 34. The entry of the hash table contains an index “i” for a temporary input palette 35, illustrated in FIG. 3d. The (R, G, B) value of the pixel 32 is stored in the input palette at index position “i” (step 102). Redundant (R, G, B) values in the original image raster 31 are stored at the same index of the input palette 35, since they will generate the same hash value and lead to the same hash table entry 33. Therefore, only unique representative colors, without duplications, are contained in the input palette 35. The hash table index “i” is also stored in a palette index array 36, at the same position as the original pixel 32 (step 103). The palette index array 36 is the same length as the input raster 31, and serves as a key for the mapping of the (R, G, B) data into the input palette 35. The palette index array 36 is illustrated in FIG. 3c. For example, if tenth RGB pixel in the input raster with the coordinates (50, 50, 0) gives a hash value of 116, the RGB value (50, 50, 0) will be stored in the hash table along with a hash index value of 116. The tenth entry in the palette index array is registered as 116. In the input palette, the RGB value (50, 50, 0) is stored at index 116.

[0027] After the entire raster 31 is mapped to the input palette 35, the RGBs of the input palette are converted to CMYs as a singer raster color conversion (step 104). As discussed above, the RGBs can also convert to CMYKs, or data in another output color space. The color conversion is accomplished by any known technique in the art, such as utilizing a look-up table stored in memory to convert each input color to an output color in the output color space. The result is an output palette 37, illustrated in FIG. 3e, of the same length as the input palette 35, where each index contains an element in the output color space that corresponds to an element in the input color space at the same index of the input palette.

[0028] After the color conversion of the input palette to the output palette, each RGB combination 32 in the original raster 31 is replaced with the index “i”, stored in a corresponding position in the palette index array 36 in step 105 of FIG. 2. Finally, each “i” in the original raster 31 is replaced with the CMY or other combination stored in the output palette 37 at index “i” (OutPalette[i]). In this manner, a block of pixels in the image is reconstructed in the output color space using the pixel location and the stored index. The converted pixel block 30′ for the output image is illustrated in FIG. 3f. Each pixel 32′ in the output color space corresponds to a pixel 32 of the input image having the same position in the pixel block.

[0029] In some instances, a collision occurs when performing the “hash” function, where a new and different R’G’B’ combination produces the same HASH( ) value as a previous RGB, and leads to a table entry 33 that is already in use from a previous RGB. When this occurs, the hash table entry is re-used, and the new R’G’B’ value is stored in the hash table 34 at the same index “i”. The modification of the hash table 34 when a collision occurs is illustrated in FIG. 4a. As shown in FIG. 4b, a portion 40 of the input palette array has been filled with data, leaving an unfilled portion 41 in the input palette array. In the case of a collision, the next available, unused index (i’) within the unused portion 41 of the input palette 35 is used to store the new R’G’B’ data. The old index (i) for the previously computed RGB remains valid. The hash function in the illustrated embodiment of the invention is designed to minimize collisions among neighboring RGB values.

[0030] The input palette 35 stores colors as they occur, and in the order in which they occur in the input image raster 31. The conversion of the input palette data to data in the output palette may occur after several rasters of input image data have been mapped to the input palette. However, if the input palette 35 reaches its capacity (all indices are filled), the palette must be flushed. Therefore, before each raster is read, the available amount of space in the input palette is verified. If there is room for a complete raster to be mapped, then the process continues. If not, the palette must be converted, cleared and re-filled with mapped image data.

[0031] There are numerous variations and modifications to the accelerated conversion process. For examples it is possible to modify the length of the input and output palettes to store more values. According to a preferred embodiment, both the input palette and the output palette are eight times the length of the original raster. However, this ratio may be adjusted according to the desired preferences of the user and the parameters of the system. Alternate hash functions may also be used. The hash function may be modified to use a different number of color components. In a grey-scale color space, there is only one color component (white), rather than the three used in the RGB color space. In addition, the size of the hash table (the cache size) could be altered to create a different range. It is important to note that the number of entries must be a power of two. For example, in the preferred embodiment, the hash table has 256 (28) entries, yet in an alternate embodiment of the invention, the hash table can be expanded to 512 entries (29). As discussed, the color spaces are not limited to RGB, RGBX, CMY, CMYK or grey scale color spaces. Furthermore, the color spaces are not limited to 8-bit components. For example, a 16-bit RGB may be utilized.

[0032] The illustrated embodiments of the present invention provide a streamlined color conversion process for image data. The invention is particularly advantageous for systems that require exceptionally involved and complex color conversion, or for large graphic images with only a limited number of different colors. For these systems, colors that are repeated in the input image are first sorted and cached together so that they may be converted with a single conversion calculation, rather than having to repeat the calculation for each pixel. By reducing the number of conversion calculations, the invention accelerates the complicated and time-consuming conversion process.

[0033] Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the described embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the intended scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. In an electronic device, a method, comprising the steps of: providing color data for a group of pixels, wherein, for each pixel in the group of pixels, the color data corresponds to a color representation in an initial palette at an indexed position; converting the color data for the group of pixels by using a converted color palette and for each pixel in the group of pixels substituting the color representations in the converted color palette at the indexed position for the color data.

2. The method of claim I further comprising the step of using a host function to determine the indexed position in the initial color palette for each of the pixels in the group of pixels.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the initial color palette is for a (R, G, B) color space.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the converted color palette is for a (C, M, Y, K) color space.

5. The method of claim 3 wherein the converted color palette is for a (C, M, Y) color space.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the initial color palette is for a grey scale color space.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the converted color palette is for a grey scale color space.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the electronic device is a computer system.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the electronic device is an image-reproducing apparatus.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the electronic device is a copier.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the electronic device is a printer.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein the group of pixels comprises a row of pixels.

13. In an electronic device, a method, comprising the steps of: providing a set of color data for pixels, said color data encoding colors for the pixels in a first color space; providing a first color palette for the first color space, wherein the first color palette holds representations of colors in the first color space in respective positions and wherein each of the positions has an associated index; for each of the pixels, determining an index for the pixel of a selected one of the positions in the first color palette for given areas of the representations of colors that correspond to the color data for the pixel; converting the first color palette into a second color palette for a second color space, wherein each position in the second color palette holds a representation of a color in the second color space that corresponds to a representation of the color in the first color space at a like position in the first palette; and converting the set of color data to encode colors in the second color space, for each pixel, by substituting the representation of color in the second palette at the position of the index for the pixel for the color data of the pixel.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein one of the first color space and the second color space is a (R, G, B) color space.

15. The method of claim 13 wherein one of the first color space and the second color space is a grey scale color space.

16. The method of claim 13 wherein one of the first color space and the second color space is a (C, M, Y, K) color space.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein the method is performed by a processor.

18. A device for converting color representations of a set of pixels, comprising: a storage facility for storing a first palette for a first color space; and a conversion facility for converting the set of pixels to representations in a second color space, said conversion facility converting the first palette for the second color space and using representations in the second palette to convert the set of pixels.

19. The device of claim 18 wherein the conversion facility is implemented by a processor.

20. An improved method of converting a group of pixels from a first color space to a second color space, comprising mapping color image data in the first color space to indices of an initial color palette array, wherein each index of the initial color palette array corresponds to a unique color combination in the first color space, converted the color image data mapped in the initial color palette array to an converted color palette array comprised of color image data in the second color space, reconstructing the group of pixels in the output color space.

21. The method of claim 20, further comprising a step of using a hash computer programming function to determine the indexed position in the initial color palette array for each of the pixels in the group of pixels.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the indexed position of the pixels is also stored in a palette index array at a location in the palette index array that corresponds to a location in the group of pixels.

23. The method of claim 20 wherein the initial color palette array is for a (R, G, B) color space.

24. The method of claim 20 wherein the converted color palette array is for a (C, M, Y, K) color space.

25. The method of claim 20 wherein the converted color palette array is for a (C, M, Y) color space.

26. The method of claim 20 wherein the initial color palette array is for a grey scale color space.

27. The method of claim 20 wherein the converted color palette array is for a grey scale color space.