Patent Application
20150017991
1. Field
This application relates generally to communication and more specifically, but not exclusively, to the use of multiple pilot signature indicators for identifying an access point.
2. Introduction
A wireless communication network may be deployed over a geographical area to provide various types of services (e.g., voice, data, multimedia services, etc.) to users within that geographical area. In a typical implementation, access points (e.g., macro access points providing macro cell coverage) are distributed throughout a network to provide wireless connectivity for access terminals (e.g., cell phones) that are operating within the geographical area served by the network.
As the demand for high-rate and multimedia data services rapidly grows, there lies a challenge to implement efficient and robust communication systems with enhanced performance. To supplement conventional network access points (e.g., macro access points), small-coverage access points may be deployed (e.g., installed in a user's home) to provide more robust indoor wireless coverage or other coverage for access terminals. Such small-coverage access points may be referred to as, for example, femto access points, femto cells, home NodeBs, home eNodeBs, or access point base stations. Typically, such small-coverage access points are connected to the Internet and the mobile operator's network via a DSL router or a cable modem.
As the access terminal roams throughout the geographical area associated with the network, the access terminal may move away from its serving access point and move closer to another access point. Consequently, when an access terminal gets close to a particular access point, it may be desired to handover (i.e., idle or active handover) the access terminal to that particular access point if that access point provides better radio frequency (RF) coverage and/or additional services.
To enable such handover, access terminals in a network regularly monitor for pilot signals from nearby access points to identify potential target access points. To facilitate this monitoring, each access point transmits a pilot signal with a unique pseudo-random noise (PN) spreading code. Different access points in the network may use a known pilot spreading code (also sometimes known as scrambling code) with different phase offsets—commonly referred to as PN offsets (e.g., for the case of a cdma2000 network). Thus, an access point may be identified based on the PN offset used by that access point. In conventional macro networks, a target access point for handover of an access terminal between two cells is identified based on a forward link (FL) pilot report sent by the access terminal Such a report may be referred to as, for example, a pilot strength measurement message (PSMM) or as a Route Update (in CDMA high rate packet data technology). The pilot report includes an indication of the FL signal quality (typically pilot strength Ecp/Io) of neighboring access points and pilot phase associated with each of these access points. The pilot phase that is reported may then be mapped to the signature (e.g. pilot PN offset) used by a particular access point. In this way, the identity of the access point that transmitted given pilot signal may be determined assuming no other access points are using the signature.
For effective active (i.e., connected) handover of an access terminal from one access point to another, the network needs to be able to uniquely identify the target access point. However, the number of available PN offsets is typically limited. In some cases, the number of available PN offsets may be limited by the size of the neighbor list that is used to assist access terminals in searching for neighboring PN signals. Here, to reduce overhead and improve efficiency, it may be desirable to limit the number of entries in the neighbor list advertised by a macro access point to a relatively small number (e.g., 20-40).
Consequently, in the event a relatively large number of small-coverage access points are deployed in the same area (e.g., within the coverage of a single macro cell), several of these access points may use the same PN offset for their pilot signals. Unique identification for active handover to such an access point may therefore be difficult due to PN offset confusion. Specifically, confusion may exist as to which access point (e.g., which potential handover target) is being identified when an access terminal in the network reports to its serving access point (e.g., the handover source) that a pilot signal having a given PN offset has been received.
Conventional solutions for dealing with the above problem include a mobile sensing scheme and a scheme where an access point advertises a cell identifier. For example, in a mobile sensing scheme, candidate target femto cells are requested to detect signals from an access terminal on the reverse link (RL) and report this information to the network. The network then identifies the target based on which femto cell reported the best FL signal. In practice, however, such a scheme may have scalability problems in the event a large number of femto cells are deployed. In addition, such a scheme may not provide a sufficient level of accuracy due to FL/RL imbalances (e.g., the femto cell that reports the strongest FL signal may not be the intended target).
In a cell identifier advertising scheme, a femto cell may advertise an access point identification message that includes a mobile switching center (MSC) related identifier (IOS_MSC_ID) and a cell related identifier (IOS_CELL_ID) that uniquely identifies that femto cell at the network. An access terminal may then report this information to the network via a handoff supplementary information notification message. However, such a scheme requires that the macro access points be upgraded to support the handoff supplementary information notification message. In addition such a scheme does not support legacy access terminals. In view of the above, there is a need for effective techniques for identifying access points so that other nodes in the network may efficiently communicate with the access points.
A summary of sample aspects of the disclosure follows. In the discussion herein, any reference to the term aspects may refer to one or more aspects of the disclosure.
The disclosure relates in some aspects to using a plurality of pilot signatures to provide a unique signature for identifying an access point. For example, an access point may transmit a pilot signal that is encoded (e.g., spread/scrambled) based on a particular pilot signature, and also advertise at least one other pilot signature (e.g., by transmitting a message that includes at least one indication of at least one other pilot signature). As a specific example, an access point may use one PN offset to generate a pilot signal and transmit a message that identifies at least one other PN offset. An access terminal that receives the pilot signal and the message may then generate a pilot measurement report that identifies all of these pilot signatures. Consequently, the pilot measurement report may take the form of a legacy pilot measurement report that may handled by a legacy network, while providing pilot-related information (e.g., a defined set of PN offsets) that more accurately identifies the access point. Upon receiving a handover message including this pilot-related information, a target network entity with knowledge of the pilot signatures assigned to that access point may then accurately identify the access point as a target for handover of the access terminal, as warranted.
The disclosure relates in some aspects to configuring an access point and one or more network entities with the pilot signature-related information that identifies an access point. For example, a network entity may allocate a plurality of pilot signature indicators (e.g., PN offsets) for an access point. The network entity may then send a message including the allocated pilot signature indicators to the access point. The network entity also may send a message including the allocated pilot signature indicators to one or more other network entities (e.g., entities that may need to identify the access point based on the pilot signature indicators).
The disclosure relates in some aspects to an access point that advertises a plurality of pilot signatures. For example, upon receiving an allocation of pilot signature indicators, the access point may transmit a pilot signal based on one of these pilot signature indicators. In addition, the access point may generate and then transmit a message including the other allocated pilot signature indicator(s).
The disclosure relates in some aspects to an access terminal that generates a pilot report that includes indications of all of the pilot signatures allocated for an access point. For example, upon receiving the pilot signal and message transmitted by an access point, the access terminal may generate and then transmit a pilot report that includes at least one indication that is based on the received pilot signature indicator(s) and one indication based on the pilot signature associated with the received pilot signal.
The disclosure relates in some aspects to a identifying an access point as a handover target based on received information that is indicative of all of the pilot signatures allocated for that access point. For example, a network entity may determine (e.g., obtain) a mapping that maps different access points to different sets of cell identifiers or pilot signature indicators. Thus, upon receiving a handover-related message for an access terminal that includes a plurality of cell identifiers or pilot signature indicators, the network entity may identify one of these access points as the handover target based on the mapping and the received cell identifiers or pilot signature indicators.
These and other sample aspects of the disclosure will be described in the detailed description and the appended claims that follow, and in the accompanying drawings, wherein:
In accordance with common practice the various features illustrated in the drawings may not be drawn to scale. Accordingly, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity. In addition, some of the drawings may be simplified for clarity. Thus, the drawings may not depict all of the components of a given apparatus (e.g., device) or method. Finally, like reference numerals may be used to denote like features throughout the specification and figures.
Various aspects of the disclosure are described below. It should be apparent that the teachings herein may be embodied in a wide variety of forms and that any specific structure, function, or both being disclosed herein is merely representative. Based on the teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that an aspect disclosed herein may be implemented independently of any other aspects and that two or more of these aspects may be combined in various ways. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, such an apparatus may be implemented or such a method may be practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than one or more of the aspects set forth herein. Furthermore, an aspect may comprise at least one element of a claim.
Access points in the system 100 provide one or more services (e.g., network connectivity) for one or more wireless terminals (e.g., access terminal 102) that may be installed within or that may roam throughout a coverage area of the system 100. For example, at various points in time the access terminal 102 may connect to an access point 104, an access point 106, or some other access point in the system 100 (not shown). Each of these access points may communicate with one or more network entities (represented, for convenience, by network entities 108) to facilitate wide area network connectivity. A network entity may take various forms such as, for example, one or more radio and/or core network entities. Thus, in various implementations a network entity may represent functionality such as at least one of: radio network control, network management (e.g., via an operation, administration, management, and provisioning entity), call control, session management, mobility management, gateway functions, interworking functions, or some other suitable network functionality.
In accordance with the teachings herein, a pilot signature configuration entity 110 allocates a plurality of pilot signature indicators for certain access points in the system 100. For example, the pilot signature configuration entity 110 may allocate two or more PN offsets for the access point 104 (e.g., a femto cell). The pilot signature configuration entity 110 also may send this information to other entities in the system 100. For example, a target identification entity 112 may use this pilot signature information to identify the access point as a target for a handover procedure.
The access point 104 uses one of its allocated pilot signature indicators for transmitting a pilot signal and advertises the other allocated pilot signature indicator(s). That is, the access point 104 may broadcast a message that identifies the other allocated pilot signature indicator(s). This message also may include a defined (e.g., artificial) indication of pilot strength (e.g. Ecp/Io—the ratio of received pilot energy to the total received power) associated with each pilot signature indicator included in the message.
When the access terminal 102 is in the vicinity of the access point 102, the access terminal 102 may receive the pilot signal and the message transmitted by the access point 104. In accordance with the teachings herein, the access terminal 102 generates a pilot report that includes pilot signature indicators based on the received pilot signal and the received message. For example, the pilot report may include an indication of the PN offset that the access point 104 used to transmit the pilot signal and the pilot report may include one or more indications of the PN offsets that were identified in the message sent by the access point 104. For each PN offset, this report may include pilot measurement information such as, for example, the PN phase corresponding to the PN offset, as well as a corresponding indication of pilot strength. Also, in the event there are other access points in the vicinity of the access terminal, the pilot report may include similar pilot signature-related information for these other access points.
In accordance with conventional practice, at some point in time, the access terminal 102 sends the pilot report to its current serving access point (e.g., access point 106). If the information in the pilot report indicates that handover of the access terminal is warranted, a handover message include information based on the pilot report may be sent to another network entity (e.g., the entity 112) that is able to determine the identity of the target access point for handover of the access terminal 102. In accordance with conventional practice, this handover message may include, for example, the reported PN phases or cell identifiers corresponding to the reported PN phases. The entity 112 may then use the pilot signature configuration information it received from the entity 110 to identify any access points that use PN phases that match those indicated by the pilot signature-related information received via the handover message.
These and other aspects of the disclosure will now be described in more detail in conjunction with the flowchart of
As represented by block 202 of
The network entity allocates one of the pilot signature indicators for transmitting a pilot signal and the remaining pilot signature indicator(s) is/are used for identification of the access point. For example, in a case where three pilot signature indicators are allocated for an access point, the access point generates a pilot signal based on one of the pilot signature indicators and advertises the other two pilot signature indicators. As discussed in more detail below, a pilot signature indicator allocated for non-pilot signal use may be obtained from a set of pilot signature indicators that are not allocated for pilot signal use in a corresponding area of the network (e.g., the coverage area managed by a particular mobile switching center).
In some cases, the network entity also defines a pilot signal strength indication to be advertised along with each advertised pilot signature indicator. As discussed in more detail below, this defined pilot signal strength indication may subsequently be used by an access terminal to generate a pilot report.
As represented by block 204, the network entity configures the access point by sending a message including the allocated pilot signature indicators to the access point. If applicable, this message also includes one or more pilot signal strength indications. As discussed herein, the network entity may also send this configuration information to one or more other entities in the network.
The access point receives the pilot signature indicators as represented by block 206. Then, based on one of the received pilot signature indicators, the access point transmits a pilot signal as represented by block 208. For example, the access point may transmit its pilot signal through the use of a spreading code (e.g., a PN spreading code) that is based on the allocated pilot indicator (e.g., a particular PN offset).
As represented by block 210, the access point also generates and transmits a message (e.g., an access point identifier message (APIDM)) that includes at least one of the received pilot signature indicators other than the received pilot signal that is used to transmit the pilot signal. For example, the access point may receive indications of PN offsets 0 and 2 at block 206. The access point may then use PN offset 0 for sending the pilot signal at block 208. In this case, the message generated at block 210 will include an indication that is based on PN offset 2. In some implementations, the message also may optionally include an indication that is based on PN offset 0 in this example.
The message generated at block 210 may include a pilot signal strength indication for each advertised pilot signature indicator. As mentioned above, in some cases the access point is configured with the pilot signal strength indication(s). In other cases, however, the access point may define the pilot signal strength indication(s).
As represented by blocks 212 and 214, an access terminal in the vicinity of the access point may receive the pilot signal and the message transmitted by the access point (as well as similar information transmitted by any other nearby access points). Accordingly, the access terminal may acquire the pilot signature-related information transmitted by the access point. For example, by decoding the received pilot signal, the access terminal may identify the PN offset used to transmit the pilot signal. In addition, the access terminal may read the PN offsets included in the received message.
The information received at blocks 212 and 214 may trigger the sending of a pilot report. For example, sending of a report may be triggered if a received signal strength of a pilot signal exceeds a certain threshold level (e.g., exceeds the received signal strength of a signal from the serving macro cell by a defined margin).
As represented by block 216 of
The pilot report also includes a pilot signal strength indication for each indication entry in the report. For example, the access terminal may measure the signal strength of the pilot signal received at block 212 and include an indication of this value in the pilot report. In addition, the access terminal may include the pilot signal strength indications received via the message at block 214 in the pilot report.
Advantageously, this pilot report may be provided in a form that is compatible with the operation of legacy network entities. For example, for hard handover for legacy mobile stations (and also in CDMA HRPD), only pilot measurements (e.g., PN phases and strengths) are reported. As discussed herein, the pilot report transmitted at block 216 may simply include PN phase and received signal strength information. Thus, the pilot report may be handled by legacy entities even though the pilot report includes additional information (e.g., additional PN phase indications) that is ultimately used in combination by another network entity to uniquely identify the access point.
As represented by block 218, a network entity (e.g., a macro access point) currently serving the access terminal receives the pilot report. In accordance with conventional practice, this network entity or an associated network entity (e.g., a mobile switching center) may determine whether handover of the access terminal is warranted. For example, handover operations may be triggered if one of the received signal strength values in the pilot report exceeds a similar macro signal level by a defined margin.
In some implementations (e.g., CDMA 1× technology), the source network entity converts the received pilot signature indicators to another form of indication. For example, a macro base station (or an associated mobile switching center) may convert each received PN phase to a corresponding cell identifier based on a mapping known to that network entity. In such a case, the source operations describe here may be performed on the basis of the corresponding cell identifiers.
The source network entity (e.g., a mobile switching center) also may determine whether it can identify the handover target. For example, if the highest received signal strength is associated with a PN phase (or a cell identifier as discussed above) that the network entity knows is being used by a particular access point, the network entity may communicate with that access point to facilitate handover of the access terminal. On the other hand, if the network entity does not know the identity of the access point associated with that PN phase (or cell identifier), the network entity may identify another network entity (e.g., through the use of a look-up table) that advertises that it does know the identity of the access point. For example, configuration information in a source macro mobile switching center may indicate that another mobile switching center can handle a particular cell identifier, and that yet another mobile switching center can handle another cell identifier. In such a case, the source network entity may send a handover message including the received or generated handover-related information to the other network entity as represented by block 220.
From the above it may be seen that a legacy macro access point may need to be configured with the PN phase indicators that are allocated for being advertized (e.g., via an APIDM). However, a mechanism for configuring an access point in this manner is already available in legacy systems Implementation of the teachings herein may thus only involve configuring the legacy macro access points with the PN phase (and, in some cases, associated cell identifier) information using this mechanism. Advantageously, the legacy entity does not need to know about the actual combinations allocated for an access point. Instead, this information is provided to another entity (e.g., a femto convergence server or a femto gateway) that performs the actual operation of identifying the access point.
As represented by block 222, a target network entity (e.g., a femto convergence server or a femto gateway) may receive the handover message sent by the source network entity at block 220. Thus, this message may include, for example, the pilot signature indicators (e.g., PN phase indicators) or the cell identifiers discussed above. In addition, the handover message may include the received pilot signal strength indications described above.
As represented by block 224, at some point in time, the target network entity determines a pilot-related information mapping for a set of access points (e.g., the access points under the supervision of the network entity). This mapping may take different forms in different implementations. For example, in some cases, a given entry of the mapping maps a given access point with the set of the pilot signature indicators (e.g., PN phase indicators or PN offset indicators) allocated for that access point. In some cases, a mapping entry maps a given access point with a set of cell identifiers that are, in turn, assigned to the set of the pilot signature indicators that are allocated for the access point.
As represented by block 226, the target network entity may therefore identify the target access point for handover of the access terminal based on the mapping and the received pilot signature-related information. For example, the network entity may compare the received PN phases indicators (or cell identifiers) with the entries in the mapping to identify the access point that transmitted the pilot signal and the message that caused these PN phases indicators (or cell identifiers) to be sent to the target network entity. As a specific example, if the highest received signal strength in the measurement report is associated with PN phases 0 and 2, the network entity determines which entry in the mapping contains this set of PN phases. The network entity may then look up the identity of the corresponding access point from this entry.
As represented by block 228, once the appropriate target has been identified, handover of the access terminal to the target is performed. For example, the target network entity may facilitate communication between the source access point and the target access point to complete the handover.
With the above in mind, additional details of operations that may be performed in accordance with the teachings herein will be described with reference to
As represented by block 602, a set of unallocated pilot signatures that may be allocated to access points (e.g., femto cells) are identified. For example, this set may comprise all of the PN offsets that not being used by macro access points in a given area.
In some cases, this set of pilot signatures may be designated for non-pilot transmission use only. For example, out of a set of available pilot signatures (e.g., 256 available PN offsets), a first group may be designated for use for transmitting pilot signals, while a second group may be designated only for being sent in a message (e.g., APIDM) by an access point. In other words, pilot signatures of the second group may not be used for scrambling transmitted pilot signals. Advantageously, this second group of pilot signatures may be used to identify access points without the need to advertise these pilot signatures in a macro neighbor list, and without the need for access terminals to conduct searches for these pilot signatures. In some cases, a pilot signature that is designated for transmitting pilot signals also may be designated for being advertised (e.g., in an APIDM).
The allocation of a set of pilot signatures may be made for a designated area. For example, the designation of a set of pilot signatures so that they will only be advertised in APIDMs may only apply to an area corresponding to the coverage areas of access points supervised or controlled by a given femto management system or a given mobile switching center. Thus, in some aspects, a pilot signature indicator may comprise a value that is indicative of a pilot signature that is not currently allocated for pilot scrambling use by any access points associated with an area of a wireless network.
As represented by block 604, at some point in time, pilot signature allocation for an access point is commenced. For example, a femto management system may initiate this allocation when a femto cell is deployed, powered-up, reset, or reconfigured.
As discussed herein, this process may involve allocating multiple pilot signature indicators for a single access point to provide a unique signature for that access point that may then be used to uniquely identify the access point during handover. Accordingly, as represented by block 606, a determination may thus be made that more than one pilot signature indication is to be allocated for a given access point (e.g., for access point of a given type). For example, all femto cells in a given network may be allocated more than one PN offset while all other access points in that network may be allocated a single PN offset.
Thus, as represented by block 608, the allocation entity may allocate a plurality of pilot signature indicators (e.g., each of which comprises a specific value corresponding to a particular PN offset or PN phase) for a given access point. As discussed above, one of these pilot signature indicators is allocated for transmission of a pilot signal by the access point, while the remaining pilot signature indicator(s) is/are allocated for being advertised by the access point (e.g., via an APIDM).
As represented by block 610, the allocation entity may optionally define pilot signal strength information for each pilot signature indicator that is allocated for being advertised. In some cases, this pilot signal strength is set to a value that ensures there will not be undue interference with network handover trigger mechanisms (e.g., the selected value won't trigger unnecessary initiations of handover procedures). For example, the pilot signal strength may be defined at a value that is below a minimum received signal strength that is specified for maintaining a call with a macro access point.
In some implementations, the defined pilot signal strength may be used to define the identity signature for the access point. That is, an identity signature for a given access point may be generated by allocating different PN offset indictors (or PN phase indicators) and different associated pilot strength values. Thus, as discussed below, a network entity (e.g., femto convergence server or femto gateway) also may take these pilot signal strength indications into account when identifying the target for a handover.
As represented by block 612, the allocation entity sends a message that includes the allocated pilot signature indicators to the access point. As discussed herein, this message may include PN offset indicators, PN phase indicators, PSC indicators, PCI indicators, or some other type of indicators. In addition, this message may include the pilot signal strength indication(s) defined at block 610.
As represented by block 614, the allocation entity also sends a message that includes the allocated pilot signature indicators (and, optionally, defined pilot signal strength indication(s)) to one or more other network entities. For example, this message may be sent to a femto convergence server, a femto gateway (also referred to as a femto cell gateway), an access network, some other entity, or some combination of these entities.
As represented by block 704, the access point may optionally define pilot signal strength information for each pilot signature indicator that is allocated for being advertised (e.g., in the event the access point did not receive any pilot signal strength indications from the femto management system). In some cases, a pilot signal strength indication is set to a value that ensures there will not be undue interference with network handover trigger mechanisms (e.g., as discussed above).
As represented by block 706, the access point transmits a pilot signal based on one of the allocated pilot signature indicators. For example, the access point may use an allocated PN offset to adjust the phase of the spreading code the access point uses to transmit the pilot signal.
As represented by block 708, the access point generates a message that includes at least one of the received pilot signature indicators other than the received pilot signal that is used to transmit the pilot signal. This message also may include a pilot signal strength indication for each advertised pilot signature indicator as discussed herein.
As represented by block 710, the access point transmits the message generated at block 708. For example, the access point may repeatedly (e.g., periodically) broadcast an APIDM message or some other suitable message (e.g., an existing message modified to include the pilot information or a new message including this information).
As represented by block 802, the access terminal receives a pilot signal from an access point. As represented by block 804, the access terminal identifies the pilot signature (e.g., PN offset or PN phase) that was used by the access point to send the pilot signal (e.g., using known techniques).
As represented by block 806, the access terminal also receives a message (e.g., APIDM) from the access point. As discussed herein, this message includes at least one pilot signature indicator allocated for that access point and, optionally, defined pilot signal strength information for each pilot signature indicator.
As represented by block 808, the access terminal optionally determines pilot phase values (e.g., PN phases) associated with the at least one pilot signature indicator received at block 806 and, if necessary, the pilot signature determined at block 804. For example, in the event a received pilot signature indicator comprises a set of PN offsets, the access terminal may use the following formula to calculate the PN phase (designated PN_Phasei) for each PN offset (designated PNi): PN_Phasei=(PILOT_ARRIVAL+(64×PNi)) mod 215. Here, PILOT_ARRIVAL is the measured arrival time of the physical femto access point pilot (e.g., as defined in section 2.6.6.2.4 of C.S0005-E).
As represented by block 810, the access terminal generates a pilot report that includes at least one indication based on the pilot signature indicator(s) received at block 806 and an indication based on the pilot signature identified at block 804. For example, these indications may correspond directly to the received indicator(s) and identified pilot signature or these indications may correspond to the pilot phase values (e.g., PN phases) determined at block 808.
The pilot report also includes a pilot signal strength indication for each indication entry in the report. For example, the access terminal may measure the signal strength of the pilot signal received at block 802 and include an indication of this value in the pilot report. In some cases, the pilot signal strength indication for each advertised pilot signature indicator also may be set to this same value. Alternatively, the access terminal may include any pilot signal strength information received at block 806 in the pilot report entry for each advertised pilot signature indicator.
As represented by block 812, the access terminal transmits the pilot report (e.g., a PSMM or Route Update) generated at block 810. For example, the access terminal may send the report to a serving macro access point (e.g., a macro base station or access network) for further processing.
As represented by block 902, at some point in time, a pilot signature indicator mapping or a cell identifier mapping is determined for a set of access points. Here, a pilot signature indicator mapping maps different access points with different sets of pilot signature indicators. For example, a given access point may be mapped to the two PN phases (corresponding to two PN offsets) that were allocated for that access point by the femto convergence server. Similarly, a cell identifier mapping maps different access points with different set of cells identifiers. For example, a given access point may be mapped to two cell identifiers (corresponding to two PN offsets) allocated for that access point by the femto convergence server.
An entity may determine this mapping in various ways. In some implementations, a network entity (e.g., a femto convergence server or a femto gateway) generates the mapping (e.g., based on configuration information received from the femto management system). In some implementations the network entity receives the mapping from another network entity (e.g., from the femto management system).
As represented by block 904, at some point in time, the network entity receives a message for handover of an access terminal. As discussed herein, this message may include, for example, pilot signature indicators (e.g., for system 500) or cell identifiers (e.g., for system 400). In addition, this message may include received pilot signal strength indications as discussed herein.
As represented by block 906, the network entity may determine whether more than one pilot signature indictor or cell identifier is needed for identifying a target access point. For example, in accordance with conventional practice, a PN phase or cell identifier identified in the handover message (i.e., from the pilot report) may be uniquely associated with a single access point (e.g., a non-femto cell). In the event this PN phase or cell identifier is associated with the strongest received pilot strength, the target may be identified based solely on the corresponding pilot signature indicator or cell identifier.
For other access points (e.g. femto cells), however, unique identification of the access point is achieved only through the use of multiple pilot signature indicators or cell identifiers. In accordance with the teachings herein, the network entity may determine whether multiple pilot signature indicators or cell identifiers need to be used to identify a target based on analysis of the pilot signature indicators received in the message. For example, as discussed above, a dedicated set of PN offsets may be allocated for being advertised only (i.e., not used for sending an actual pilot signal). Thus, the value (e.g., PN phase 2-15) of a pilot signature indicator or cell identifier (e.g., cell ID 2-15) may indicate that it is associated with a specific type of access point (e.g., femto cell) and that this pilot signature indicator or cell identifier is to be used in conjunction with at least one other pilot signature indicator or cell identifier to uniquely identify an access point.
As represented by block 908, the target access point for handover of the access terminal is identified based on the mapping and the received pilot signature-related information. For example, the network entity may compare the received PN phase indicators (or cell identifiers) with the entries in the mapping to identify the access point that transmitted the pilot signal and the message that caused these PN phases indicators (or cell identifiers) to be sent to the target network entity. As a specific example, if the highest received signal strength in the measurement report is associated with PN phases 0 and 2, the network entity determines which entry in the mapping contains this set of PN phases. The network entity may then look up the identity of the corresponding access point from this entry.
Also, in some cases, the identification of the target access point is based on the received pilot signal strength indications. For example, in a situation where multiple access points are identified by the received pilot signature-related information, the access point associated with the highest pilot signal strength indication (e.g., for the actual pilot signal) may be selected.
In addition, in some implementations, the pilot signal strength indications are used to form the identity signature for an access point. In this case, the mapping determined at block 902 will include the pilot signal strength information that was designated for the access points. The network entity may thus identify a target access point by comparing the pilot signal strength indications received at block 904 with the pilot signal strength indicator entries in the mapping. For example, two different access points may be allocated the same PN offsets, but different pilot signal strength indications. Thus, the identification of an access point may be based on both the PN offsets and the pilot signal strength indications.
As represented by block 910, once the appropriate target has been identified, the network entity may facilitate handover of the access terminal to the target (e.g., by informing the source access point of the identity of the target access point).
For purposes of illustration,
Referring initially to
An example of handover operations performed by the system 1000 in accordance with the teachings herein follows. A mobile station (MS) receives an APIDM including at least one PN offset from the femto access point (FAP) and sends a PSMM including the corresponding PN phase information to a macro base station (BS). The macro BS converts the pilot PN phase information to cell identifiers and sends the resulting pilot signature information to the MSC/MSCe via the A1/A1p interface. Here, a femto convergence server (FCS) appears as a target mobile switching center (MSC) to the macro 1× infrastructure system. Thus, the FCS identifies the target 1× femto access point based on information the FCS receives via an IS-41 FACDIR2 message from the MSC/MSCe.
Referring to
An example of handover operations performed by the system 1100 in accordance with the teachings herein follows. An access terminal (AT) receives an APIDM including at least one PN offset from the femto access point (FAP) and sends a PSMM including the corresponding PN phase information to a macro access network (AN) entity. The macro access network sends the PN phase information to the femto gateway via an embedded Route Update message sent over the A16 interface. Here, the femto gateway performs an A16 proxy function to allow the macro access network to handoff to the femto system without requiring any changes to the macro access network. The femto gateway identifies the target femto access point based on the information in the Route Update message.
Various fields that may be provided in a message such an APIDM to support pilot signature indicators as taught herein. Two examples follow.
In a first example, a first field (e.g., 1 bit) corresponding to a variable HO_PN_GROUP_INCL is set to a 1 when a PN offset group is advertised in the message. Otherwise the first field is set to a 0. A second field (e.g., 0 or 4 bits) corresponding to a variable HO_PN_GROUP_COUNT contains the number of PN offsets following this field. A third field (e.g., 0 or (9×LOC_REC_LEN) bits) corresponding to a variable PN_OFFSET_GROUP contains an array of 9-bit fields, each listing PN offsets. Here, LOC_REC_LEN may correspond to maximum number of available PN offsets. Also, the numbering (or offsetting) of these PN offsets may need to be compatible with the PN_Inc (indicative of the phase spacing being employed) of the macro base stations.
In a second example (see Table 3.7.2.3.2.39-5 in C.S0005-E v2.0), an APIDM includes a first field (e.g., 3 bits) corresponding to a variable HO_INFO_TYPE that is set to different values to indicate the type of information that is included in a third field. For example, a value of “001” in the first field indicates that the third field includes a signature for a PSMM message. Conversely, a value of “010” in the first field indicates that the third field includes a signature for a Route Update message. A second field (e.g., 8 bits) corresponding to a variable HO_INFO_LEN is set to the length of the third field. The third field (e.g., HO_INFO_LEN bits) includes information that depends on the value of the first field as described above.
For a HO_INFO_TYPE of “001”, the third field includes a PSMM_SIG_COUNT field (e.g., 3 bits) and a PSMM_SIGNATURE field (e.g., 21 bits). The PSMM_SIG_COUNT field is set to the number of occurrences of the PSMM_SIGNATURE field. The PSMM_SIGNATURE field is set to the signature of the base station to be included in PSMM during handoff. The 15 MSBs are used in PILOT_PN_PHASE field and the 6 LSBs are used in PILOT_STRENGTH field.
For a HO_INFO_TYPE of “010”, the third field includes a RUP_SIG_COUNT field (e.g., 3 bits) and a RUP_SIGNATURE field (e.g., 21 bits). The RUP_SIG_COUNT field is set to the number of occurrences of the RUP_SIGNATURE field. The RUP_SIGNATURE field is set to the signature to be included in a Route Update message during handoff from another HRPD access network to the HRPD access network associated with the base station. The 15 MSBs are used in PilotPNPhase field and the 6 LSBs are used in PilotStrength field.
Various advantages may be achieved in a system implemented in accordance with the teachings herein. Significantly, the macro infrastructure need not be upgraded to support handover (e.g., active handover to femto cells) as taught herein. Rather, existing database structures (e.g., PN phase and cell identifier lists) only need to be configured to include the additional allocated PN phases, cell identifiers, etc. Moreover, due to the large number of unique signatures that may be created (e.g., by allocating 2, 3, 4, or more PN offsets for an access point), accurate handover may always be achieved for any currently practical system. Also, the described techniques are scalable since, for example, the size of the allocated PN offset groups may be expanded as needed. Also, the described techniques involve relatively simple algorithms in the femto convergence server and the femto gateway.
As shown in
The access point 1204, the network entity 1206, and the network entity 1208 include network interfaces 1222, 1224, and 1226, respectively, for communicating with other nodes (e.g., other network nodes). For example, the network interfaces 1222, 1224, and 1226 may be configured to communicate with one or more network nodes via a wire-based or wireless backhaul. In some aspects, each network interface may be implemented as a transceiver configured to support wire-based or wireless communication. For example, the network interface 1224 is depicted as including a transmitter component 1228 (e.g., for sending messages) and a receiver component 1230 (e.g., for receiving messages), while the network interface 1226 is depicted as including a transmitter component 1232 (e.g., for sending messages) and a receiver component 1234 (e.g., for receiving messages).
The access terminal 1202, the access point 1204, the network entity 1206, and the network entity 1208 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with access point identification operations as taught herein. For example, the access terminal 1202 includes a pilot processor 1236 for performing pilot signature-related operations (e.g., generating a pilot report, determining pilot phase values, identifying pilot signatures) and for providing other related functionality as taught herein. The access point 1204 includes a pilot processor 1238 for performing pilot signature-related operations (e.g., generating messages including pilot signature-related indications, defining pilot signal strength indications) and for providing other related functionality as taught herein. The network entity 1208 includes a pilot processor 1240 for performing pilot signature-related operations (e.g., allocating pilot signature indicators, defining pilot signal strength indications, determining that more than one pilot signature indicator is to be allocated, identifying unallocated pilot signatures) and for providing other related functionality as taught herein. The network entity 1206 includes a handover controller 1242 for performing handover-related operations (e.g., determining a cell identifier mapping, determining a pilot signature indicator mapping, identifying a handover target, determining that a target is to be identified from a plurality of cell identifiers) and for providing other related functionality as taught herein.
In some implementations, the components of
As discussed above, in some aspects the teachings herein may be employed in a network that includes macro scale coverage (e.g., a large area cellular network such as a 3G network, typically referred to as a macro cell network or a WAN) and smaller scale coverage (e.g., a residence-based or building-based network environment, typically referred to as a LAN). As an access terminal (AT) moves through such a network, the access terminal may be served in certain locations by access points that provide macro coverage while the access terminal may be served at other locations by access points that provide smaller scale coverage. In some aspects, the smaller coverage nodes may be used to provide incremental capacity growth, in-building coverage, and different services (e.g., for a more robust user experience).
In the description herein, a node (e.g., an access point) that provides coverage over a relatively large area may be referred to as a macro access point while a node that provides coverage over a relatively small area (e.g., a residence) may be referred to as a femto access point. It should be appreciated that the teachings herein may be applicable to nodes associated with other types of coverage areas. For example, a pico access point may provide coverage (e.g., coverage within a commercial building) over an area that is smaller than a macro area and larger than a femto area. In various applications, other terminology may be used to reference a macro access point, a femto access point, or other access point-type nodes. For example, a macro access point may be configured or referred to as an access network, base station, access point, eNodeB, macro cell, and so on. Also, a femto access point may be configured or referred to as a Home NodeB, Home eNodeB, access point base station, femto cell, and so on. In some implementations, a node may be associated with (e.g., referred to as or divided into) one or more cells or sectors. A cell or sector associated with a macro access point, a femto access point, or a pico access point may be referred to as a macro cell, a femto cell, or a pico cell, respectively.
Referring again to
A femto access point 1410 may be deployed on a single frequency or, in the alternative, on multiple frequencies. Depending on the particular configuration, the single frequency or one or more of the multiple frequencies may overlap with one or more frequencies used by a macro access point (e.g., access point 1460).
In some aspects, an access terminal 1420 may be configured to connect to a preferred femto access point (e.g., the home femto access point of the access terminal 1420) whenever such connectivity is possible. For example, whenever the access terminal 1420A is within the user's residence 1430, it may be desired that the access terminal 1420A communicate only with the home femto access point 1410A or 1410B.
In some aspects, if the access terminal 1420 operates within the macro cellular network 1450 but is not residing on its most preferred network (e.g., as defined in a preferred roaming list), the access terminal 1420 may continue to search for the most preferred network (e.g., the preferred femto access point 1410) using a better system reselection (BSR) procedure, which may involve a periodic scanning of available systems to determine whether better systems are currently available and subsequently acquire such preferred systems. The access terminal 1420 may limit the search for specific band and channel. For example, one or more femto channels may be defined whereby all femto access points (or all restricted femto access points) in a region operate on the femto channel(s). The search for the most preferred system may be repeated periodically. Upon discovery of a preferred femto access point 1410, the access terminal 1420 selects the femto access point 1410 and registers on it for use when within its coverage area.
Access to a femto access point may be restricted in some aspects. For example, a given femto access point may only provide certain services to certain access terminals. In deployments with so-called restricted (or closed) access, a given access terminal may only be served by the macro cell mobile network and a defined set of femto access points (e.g., the femto access points 1410 that reside within the corresponding user residence 1430). In some implementations, an access point may be restricted to not provide, for at least one node (e.g., access terminal), at least one of: signaling, data access, registration, paging, or service.
In some aspects, a restricted femto access point (which may also be referred to as a Closed Subscriber Group Home NodeB) is one that provides service to a restricted provisioned set of access terminals. This set may be temporarily or permanently extended as necessary. In some aspects, a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG) may be defined as the set of access points (e.g., femto access points) that share a common access control list of access terminals.
Various relationships may thus exist between a given femto access point and a given access terminal. For example, from the perspective of an access terminal, an open femto access point may refer to a femto access point with unrestricted access (e.g., the femto access point allows access to any access terminal). A restricted femto access point may refer to a femto access point that is restricted in some manner (e.g., restricted for access and/or registration). A home femto access point may refer to a femto access point on which the access terminal is authorized to access and operate on (e.g., permanent access is provided for a defined set of one or more access terminals). A hybrid (or guest) femto access point may refer to a femto access point on which different access terminals are provided different levels of service (e.g., some access terminals may be allowed partial and/or temporary access while other access terminals may be allowed full access). An alien femto access point may refer to a femto access point on which the access terminal is not authorized to access or operate on, except for perhaps emergency situations (e.g., 911 calls).
From a restricted femto access point perspective, a home access terminal may refer to an access terminal that is authorized to access the restricted femto access point installed in the residence of that access terminal's owner (usually the home access terminal has permanent access to that femto access point). A guest access terminal may refer to an access terminal with temporary access to the restricted femto access point (e g, limited based on deadline, time of use, bytes, connection count, or some other criterion or criteria). An alien access terminal may refer to an access terminal that does not have permission to access the restricted femto access point, except for perhaps emergency situations, for example, such as 911 calls (e.g., an access terminal that does not have the credentials or permission to register with the restricted femto access point).
For convenience, the disclosure herein describes various functionality in the context of a femto access point. It should be appreciated, however, that a pico access point may provide the same or similar functionality for a larger coverage area. For example, a pico access point may be restricted, a home pico access point may be defined for a given access terminal, and so on.
The teachings herein may be employed in a wireless multiple-access communication system that simultaneously supports communication for multiple wireless access terminals. Here, each terminal may communicate with one or more access points via transmissions on the forward and reverse links. The forward link (or downlink) refers to the communication link from the access points to the terminals, and the reverse link (or uplink) refers to the communication link from the terminals to the access points. This communication link may be established via a single-in-single-out system, a multiple-in-multiple-out (MIMO) system, or some other type of system.
A MIMO system employs multiple (NT) transmit antennas and multiple (NR) receive antennas for data transmission. A MIMO channel formed by the NT transmit and NR receive antennas may be decomposed into NS independent channels, which are also referred to as spatial channels, where NS≦min{NT, NR}. Each of the NS independent channels corresponds to a dimension. The MIMO system may provide improved performance (e.g., higher throughput and/or greater reliability) if the additional dimensionalities created by the multiple transmit and receive antennas are utilized.
A MIMO system may support time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD). In a TDD system, the forward and reverse link transmissions are on the same frequency region so that the reciprocity principle allows the estimation of the forward link channel from the reverse link channel. This enables the access point to extract transmit beam-forming gain on the forward link when multiple antennas are available at the access point.
The TX data processor 1614 formats, codes, and interleaves the traffic data for each data stream based on a particular coding scheme selected for that data stream to provide coded data. The coded data for each data stream may be multiplexed with pilot data using OFDM techniques. The pilot data is typically a known data pattern that is processed in a known manner and may be used at the receiver system to estimate the channel response. The multiplexed pilot and coded data for each data stream is then modulated (i.e., symbol mapped) based on a particular modulation scheme (e.g., BPSK, QSPK, M-PSK, or M-QAM) selected for that data stream to provide modulation symbols. The data rate, coding, and modulation for each data stream may be determined by instructions performed by a processor 1630. A data memory 1632 may store program code, data, and other information used by the processor 1630 or other components of the device 1610.
The modulation symbols for all data streams are then provided to a TX MIMO processor 1620, which may further process the modulation symbols (e.g., for OFDM). The TX MIMO processor 1620 then provides NT modulation symbol streams to NT transceivers (XCVR) 1622A through 1622T. In some aspects, the TX MIMO processor 1620 applies beam-forming weights to the symbols of the data streams and to the antenna from which the symbol is being transmitted.
Each transceiver 1622 receives and processes a respective symbol stream to provide one or more analog signals, and further conditions (e.g., amplifies, filters, and upconverts) the analog signals to provide a modulated signal suitable for transmission over the MIMO channel. NT modulated signals from transceivers 1622A through 1622T are then transmitted from NT antennas 1624A through 1624T, respectively.
At the device 1650, the transmitted modulated signals are received by NR antennas 1652A through 1652R and the received signal from each antenna 1652 is provided to a respective transceiver (XCVR) 1654A through 1654R. Each transceiver 1654 conditions (e.g., filters, amplifies, and downconverts) a respective received signal, digitizes the conditioned signal to provide samples, and further processes the samples to provide a corresponding “received” symbol stream.
A receive (RX) data processor 1660 then receives and processes the NR received symbol streams from NR transceivers 1654 based on a particular receiver processing technique to provide NT “detected” symbol streams. The RX data processor 1660 then demodulates, deinterleaves, and decodes each detected symbol stream to recover the traffic data for the data stream. The processing by the RX data processor 1660 is complementary to that performed by the TX MIMO processor 1620 and the TX data processor 1614 at the device 1610.
A processor 1670 periodically determines which pre-coding matrix to use (discussed below). The processor 1670 formulates a reverse link message comprising a matrix index portion and a rank value portion. A data memory 1672 may store program code, data, and other information used by the processor 1670 or other components of the device 1650.
The reverse link message may comprise various types of information regarding the communication link and/or the received data stream. The reverse link message is then processed by a TX data processor 1638, which also receives traffic data for a number of data streams from a data source 1636, modulated by a modulator 1680, conditioned by the transceivers 1654A through 1654R, and transmitted back to the device 1610.
At the device 1610, the modulated signals from the device 1650 are received by the antennas 1624, conditioned by the transceivers 1622, demodulated by a demodulator (DEMOD) 1640, and processed by a RX data processor 1642 to extract the reverse link message transmitted by the device 1650. The processor 1630 then determines which pre-coding matrix to use for determining the beam-forming weights then processes the extracted message.
The teachings herein may be incorporated into various types of communication systems and/or system components. In some aspects, the teachings herein may be employed in a multiple-access system capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., by specifying one or more of bandwidth, transmit power, coding, interleaving, and so on). For example, the teachings herein may be applied to any one or combinations of the following technologies: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Multiple-Carrier CDMA (MCCDMA), Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA), High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA, HSPA+) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems, or other multiple access techniques. A wireless communication system employing the teachings herein may be designed to implement one or more standards, such as IS-95, cdma2000, IS-856, W-CDMA, TDSCDMA, and other standards. A CDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), cdma2000, or some other technology. UTRA includes W-CDMA and Low Chip Rate (LCR). The cdma2000 technology covers IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). The teachings herein may be implemented in a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) system, an Ultra-Mobile Broadband (UMB) system, and other types of systems. LTE is a release of UMTS that uses E-UTRA. UTRA, E-UTRA, GSM, UMTS and LTE are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP), while cdma2000 is described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). Although certain aspects of the disclosure may be described using 3GPP terminology, it is to be understood that the teachings herein may be applied to 3GPP (e.g., Re199, Re15, Re16, Re17) technology, as well as 3GPP2 (e.g., 1×RTT, 1×EV-DO Re10, RevA, RevB) technology and other technologies.
The teachings herein may be incorporated into (e.g., implemented within or performed by) a variety of apparatuses (e.g., nodes). In some aspects, a node (e.g., a wireless node) implemented in accordance with the teachings herein may comprise an access point or an access terminal.
For example, an access terminal may comprise, be implemented as, or known as user equipment, a subscriber station, a subscriber unit, a mobile station, a mobile, a mobile node, a remote station, a remote terminal, a user terminal, a user agent, a user device, or some other terminology. In some implementations an access terminal may comprise a cellular telephone, a cordless telephone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a handheld device having wireless connection capability, or some other suitable processing device connected to a wireless modem. Accordingly, one or more aspects taught herein may be incorporated into a phone (e.g., a cellular phone or smart phone), a computer (e.g., a laptop), a portable communication device, a portable computing device (e.g., a personal data assistant), an entertainment device (e.g., a music device, a video device, or a satellite radio), a global positioning system device, or any other suitable device that is configured to communicate via a wireless medium.
An access point may comprise, be implemented as, or known as a NodeB, an eNodeB, a radio network controller (RNC), a base station (BS), a radio base station (RBS), a base station controller (BSC), a base transceiver station (BTS), a transceiver function (TF), a radio transceiver, a radio router, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), a macro cell, a macro node, a Home eNB (HeNB), a femto cell, a femto node, a pico node, or some other similar terminology.
In some aspects a node (e.g., an access point) may comprise an access node for a communication system. Such an access node may provide, for example, connectivity for or to a network (e.g., a wide area network such as the Internet or a cellular network) via a wired or wireless communication link to the network. Accordingly, an access node may enable another node (e.g., an access terminal) to access a network or some other functionality. In addition, it should be appreciated that one or both of the nodes may be portable or, in some cases, relatively non-portable.
Also, it should be appreciated that a wireless node may be capable of transmitting and/or receiving information in a non-wireless manner (e.g., via a wired connection). Thus, a receiver and a transmitter as discussed herein may include appropriate communication interface components (e.g., electrical or optical interface components) to communicate via a non-wireless medium.
A wireless node may communicate via one or more wireless communication links that are based on or otherwise support any suitable wireless communication technology. For example, in some aspects a wireless node may associate with a network. In some aspects the network may comprise a local area network or a wide area network. A wireless device may support or otherwise use one or more of a variety of wireless communication technologies, protocols, or standards such as those discussed herein (e.g., CDMA, TDMA, OFDM, OFDMA, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and so on). Similarly, a wireless node may support or otherwise use one or more of a variety of corresponding modulation or multiplexing schemes. A wireless node may thus include appropriate components (e.g., air interfaces) to establish and communicate via one or more wireless communication links using the above or other wireless communication technologies. For example, a wireless node may comprise a wireless transceiver with associated transmitter and receiver components that may include various components (e.g., signal generators and signal processors) that facilitate communication over a wireless medium.
The functionality described herein (e.g., with regard to one or more of the accompanying figures) may correspond in some aspects to similarly designated “means for” functionality in the appended claims. Referring to
The functionality of the modules of
It should be understood that any reference to an element herein using a designation such as “first,” “second,” and so forth does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. Rather, these designations may be used herein as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements or instances of an element. Thus, a reference to first and second elements does not mean that only two elements may be employed there or that the first element must precede the second element in some manner. Also, unless stated otherwise a set of elements may comprise one or more elements. In addition, terminology of the form “at least one of: A, B, or C” used in the description or the claims means “A or B or C or any combination of these elements.”
Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
Those of skill would further appreciate that any of the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, processors, means, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware (e.g., a digital implementation, an analog implementation, or a combination of the two, which may be designed using source coding or some other technique), various forms of program or design code incorporating instructions (which may be referred to herein, for convenience, as “software” or a “software module”), or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.
The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented within or performed by an integrated circuit (IC), an access terminal, or an access point. The IC may comprise a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, electrical components, optical components, mechanical components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein, and may execute codes or instructions that reside within the IC, outside of the IC, or both. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
It is understood that any specific order or hierarchy of steps in any disclosed process is an example of a sample approach. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
In one or more exemplary embodiments, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. It should be appreciated that a computer-readable medium may be implemented in any suitable computer-program product.
The previous description of the disclosed aspects is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present disclosure. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
This application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/849,947, filed Aug. 4, 2010, which claims the benefit of and priority to commonly owned U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/231,635, filed Aug. 5, 2009, and assigned Attorney Docket No. 093165P1, which applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61231635 | Aug 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12849947 | Aug 2010 | US |
| Child | 14295801 | US |
