Patent Grant
7144846
A ready-to-use aqueous phenolic disinfectant comprises a phenolic compound, an organic acid, and a dispersing agent to provide very effective activity against viruses, bacteria, and fungi including Aspergillus niger.
Heretofore, various disinfectants including phenolic disinfectants have been utilized to disinfect various items and objects. However, no known acidic phenolic disinfectant exists which shows complete activity against Aspergillus niger. Moreover, ready-to-use (RTU), sterile phenolic disinfectants are currently not available and must be made from a concentrated sterile solution diluted with water. To produce a sterile product for an end use, the customer must dilute a concentrated solution in a clean room. The customer needs to validate the dilution along with aseptic assembly and blending. For non-sterile products, the customer must sterile filter the disinfectant solution into the clean room, but this does not meet the industry standard of sterility. The customer must also validate the procedure. This requires a high level of documentation and is a very time consuming and labor intensive activity.
Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects and surfaces to kill or irreversibly inactivate bacteria, pathogenic fungi, viruses and other undesirable infectious microorganisms. Disinfectants are commonly used in hospital and medical related areas generally including clinics, medical centers, pharmaceutical facilities, and clean rooms. Disinfectants can also be used in homes as in bathrooms, showers, and other non-food areas. Phenol and phenol derivatives have been used as disinfectants.
It now has been found that a RTU sterile disinfecting composition based on an aqueous dispersed phenolic compound can be produced for direct use without necessitating the end user to first dilute and/or sterilize the phenolic disinfecting composition. Aqueous phenolic compound compositions containing an effective amount of organic acid provides considerably improved disinfecting activity and also aids in stabilizing the phenolic composition. RTU dilute aqueous disinfectants can be used directly by the end user to kill various forms of viruses, bacteria, and pathogenic fungi. The disinfectant compositions of the present invention are also readily effective in killing the most resistant fungi organism known, Aspergillus niger.
The aqueous disinfectant of this invention comprises the combination of a phenolic compound and one or more organic acids generally having a pKa of at least 1.0 in a sufficient amount to produce an acidic composition. Dispersing agents such as surfactants and/or alcohols, and/or simple glycols are utilized to solubilize the phenolic compound in water. The aqueous disinfectant can be formulated such that it is a RTU phenolic disinfectant.
The disinfecting composition of this invention is based on a phenolic compound disposed in water along with additive amounts of organic acid and solubilizing agent. For purposes of this invention, a phenolic compound comprises phenol, that is a hydroxyl group attached directly to a benzene ring carbon, and derivatives of phenol. Phenol derivatives include substituted phenols having at least one substitute group(s) attached to at least another ring carbon atom of the phenol. The substituted group frequently increases activity of the phenol. Substituted groups include at least one hydrocarbon group such as an aliphatic (e.g. alkyl), an aromatic or combinations thereof having from 1 or 6 to about 20 and desirably from 2 or 6 to about 10 carbon atoms, halogen, a nitrogen containing group such as an amine or a nitro, hydroxyl, similar substituted groups, and combinations thereof.
Useful phenolic compounds include phenol; cresols; alkyl and dialkyl phenols; dihydric phenols such as catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone; alkyl dihydroxybenzenes; halogen substituted phenols, such as chlorophenols, alkyl and/or aromatic substituted chlorophenols; nitrophenols, dinitrophenols, trinitrophenols, and alkyl or aromatic substituted nitrophenols; aminophenols; aromatic, alkyl aromatic, and aromatic alkyl substituted phenols; hydroxybenzoic acids; bisphenols, bis(hydroxyphenyl) alkanes, and hydroxyquinolines such as 8-hydroxyquinoline. Phenolic compounds preferred as disinfectants include o-phenylphenol (OPP), p-t-amylphenol (PTAP), o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol (OBPCP), p-chloro-m-xylenol (PCMX), 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (Triclosan) and the like.
The amount of phenolic compound, as well as the various other components of the RTU disinfectant composition of the present invention will be based upon 100 parts by weight of water for ease of describing the invention. For a RTU composition, the total amount of one or more phenolic compounds is from about 0.005 to about 16, desirably from about 0.007 to about 5.0, and preferably from about 0.01 to about 0.2 or about 0.3 parts by weight for every 100 parts by weight of water of a RTU composition.
To achieve very effective aqueous phenolic disinfectant compositions, an important aspect of the present invention is to utilize acidic solutions containing one or more weak organic acids. The pH of the aqueous disinfectant compositions of the present invention is less than 7.0, desirably from about 1 to about 6, and preferably from about 2 or about 3 to about 5. Weak organic acids are desired such as those that have a pKa of from about 1 to about 6.5, and preferably from about 3.0 to about 5.0. Although only one weak organic acid can be utilized, desirably two or more such acids are used in combination. Examples of weak organic acids generally include simple monocarboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids having generally from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms and preferably from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Specific examples include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, acrylic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, crotonic acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid and citric acid. Other simple carboxylic acids include hydroxyl containing carboxylic acids such as lactic acid, and glycolic acid. Simple carboxylic acids containing five carbon atoms or less are preferred because of their good solubility in water.
Dicarboxylic acids can be utilized containing from 2 to about 7 carbon atoms and desirably from 2 to about 5 carbon atoms since they have good solubility in water. Examples of dicarboxylic acids include oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid and citric acid.
Preferred weak organic acids include formic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, citric acid, and the like.
The amount of weak organic acids is generally an amount which renders the aqueous disinfectant composition acidic and thus within the above-noted pH ranges desirably of about 1 to about 6 and preferably from about 2 to about 5. Effective total amounts of the one or more weak organic acids are generally from about 0.5 or about 2 or about 3 to about 30 parts by weight and desirably from about 5 to about 17 or about 20 parts by weight for every 100 parts by weight of water.
Non-organic acids are generally avoided inasmuch as-they do not yield good activity with regard to microorganisms. Accordingly, the disinfectant compositions of the present invention are preferably free of inorganic acids such as phosphoric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid. If utilized, the amount of such acids is very low such as less than about 1 part by weight, and desirably less than about 0.5 parts by weight for every 100 parts of water in the disinfectant composition of the present invention.
Phenolic compounds generally have poor water solubility under the required acidic conditions of the present invention. To provide a stable aqueous disinfectant, a dispersing agent such as a surfactant and/or a solvent is utilized to solubilize the phenolic compound and to provide adequate wetting properties.
Considering the surfactants, generally any surfactant can be utilized which solubilizes a necessary amount of the phenolic compound to obtain a desired activity against a virus, a bacteria, or a fungi. A great number of classes and specific surfactants can be utilized including various anionic surfactants, various cationic surfactants, various amphoteric surfactants, as well as various nonionic surfactants. Examples of such surfactants are set forth in 2003 McCutheon's Volume 1: Emulsifiers & Detergents (The Manufacturing Confectioner Publishing Company; Glen Rock, N.J.). Whether a surfactant is suitable or not can be readily determined by adding various amounts to the above blend of water, phenolic compound, and organic acid. While nonionic surfactants are desired, anionic surfactants are generally more desired and ordinarily comprise alkyl hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains having terminal anionic hydrophilic polar groups such as carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphonate and phosphate polar groups. The alkyl can contain from about 2 to about 24 carbon atoms and desirably from about 8 to about 20 carbon atoms. Preferred surfactants comprise fatty acid chains containing about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms and may contain one or more double bonds, if desired, as in naturally occurring fatty acid vegetable oils. Carboxylate surfactants ordinarily comprise alkyl hydrocarbon hydrophobic chains whereas sulfonate surfactants comprise alkyl, aryl, or alkyl-aryl hydrophobic chains which may contain double bonds, ester or amide groups.
Desired surfactants include the following: Sodium Caprylamphopropionate (Miranol JEM), Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate (Rhodapon BOS, Sulfotex OA), sodium octyl sulfate (Standapol LF), Sultech 2113, Disodium Cocoamphodiacetate (Mackam 75/2C), Disodium Capryloamphodipropionate (Mackam 2CYSF), Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine (Mackam CBS 50), Sodium Capryloamphohydroxypropylsufonate (Mackam JS), Caprylamidopropyl Betaine (Mackam OAB, DV 6836), methyl ester soybean oil (Septosol SB-D), Diphenylene Oxide Disulfonate (Rhodacal DSB), Lauraminopropionic Acid (Deriphat 151C), alkylpolyglucosides (Glucopon 425), Sodium laurylether sulfate (SLES), Octylamine Oxide (Mackamine C-8), octyl betaine (Mackam BW 139), Sodium Alkyl Naphthalene Sulfonate (Petro ULF), linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (Biosoft S-101), Lauramine Oxide, alkylamine oxides (AO 728), alkylether sulfonates (Avanel S-74), anionic and nonionic fluorosurfactants (Zonyl FS-62, Zonyl FSH, Zonyl FSP, Zonyl 9361), cationic/nonionic surfactant blends (Burcoterge CSB), alkylpolyglucosides (AG 6202), tall oil based amides (Burcoimidozoline), propoxylated and ethoxylated fatty acids (Burcoterge LFE 1000), modified ethoxylated carboxylates (Deterge LF 7315), phosphated amphoterics (Deteric CSP), ethoxylated complex amines (Deterge AT 100), diphenyl sulfonate derivatives (Dowfax 8390), phosphate esters (Colatrope 555, Colafax 3373 PE, Colafax 3371 PE), alkylether hydroxysultaines (Mirataine ASC), anionic proprietary blends (Colonial ZF 20), diphenyl sulfonate derivatives (Surfedon LP 300), organic phosphated amphoteric (Deteric CSP), salts of N-lauryl beta iminodiproprianate (Deriphat 160C), iminodipropionate amphoteric (Amphoteric 400), proprietary hydrotropes (Monatrope 1250), Cocamide DEA (Ninol 40-CO) and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (Biosoft S 101), wherein the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is as noted above.
Preferred surfactants include the various fluorosurfactants such as the above noted Zonyl® compounds made by Dupont which generally contain an anionic group, a substantially hydrocarbon portion such as a polyether having from 1 to 3 or 4 carbon atoms as well as a fluorinated alkyl group including perfluorinated alkyl groups where R is generally from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms. More specifically, the following Zonyl® fluorosurfactants can be utilized.
Effective total amounts of one or more surfactants generally range from about 0.01 or about 0.02 to about 10 or about 15, and desirably from about 0.05 to about 1 or about 3 parts by weight per 100 total parts by weight of water.
In lieu of or in combination with a surfactant, a solubilizing solvent such as a glycol or an alcohol can be utilized. Useful glycols are low molecular weight alkyl glycols generally having from 2 to about 10 or about 12 carbon atoms and include alkylene and diether glycols. Examples of suitable glycols include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, 1-butoxyethanol, ethylene glycol n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, N-methyl-2-pyrolidone.
Useful alcohols can be saturated lower alkyl alcohols containing from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms with from about 2 to about 4 carbon atoms being preferred. Specific examples of useful alcohols include methanol, ethanol, n-propyl, isopropyl (highly preferred), n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl alcohols as well as N-methyl-2-pyrolidone and phenoxyethanol.
The total amount of the one or more solvents such as an alcohol and/or a glycol is from about 0.5 or about 1.0 to about 20 or about 30, and desirably from about 1.5 to about 8 or about 15 parts by weight per 100 total parts by weight of water.
The total amount of the one or more dispersing agents be it a surfactant, or an alcohol, or both, is generally from about 0.01 to about 45 parts by weight, and desirably from about 1.5 or about 2.0 to about 10 or about 20 parts by weight for 100 parts by weight of water.
Various conventional additives can be utilized in conventional amounts such as colorants or dyes, deodorizers, odor masking agents, perfumes, thickening agents, corrosion inhibitors, and the like.
The aqueous disinfectant compositions of the present invention can be readily prepared depending on whether the phenolic compound is a solid or liquid. If solid phenols are used, the solid phenolic can be first dissolved in the solvent or solvents to form a phenolic compound premix. The appropriate amount of water can be weighed in a separate vessel. The surfactants then can be added to the water with agitation. The phenolic premix then can be added to the water and surfactant mixture and mixed until uniform. The organic acid or acids then can be added to the mixture and mixed thoroughly.
In an alternative preparation, the appropriate amount of water and surfactant can be mixed in a vessel. A commercially available liquid phenolic, such as a (75% phenolic, 25% isopropyl alcohol mixture), is then added with mixing. The organic acid or acids then can be added and mixed until uniform.
The various additives can then be added. The aqueous disinfectant composition is ready to use as is. No further treatment or dilution is necessary, except for sterilization if desired.
A concentrated form of the aqueous disinfectant, as opposed to an RTU form, can be prepared by first dissolving the phenolic in a solvent or solvents and mixing with from about 2% or about 3% to about 40% or about 50%, or about 75%, or about 90%, or about 99% by weight of the appropriate water weight, optionally containing a surfactant. The acid can be added last. This concentrate can then be subsequently used for in-line preparation of the product by adding the appropriate remaining amount of water. Stated differently, in the above description the amount of water utilized in the concentrate can be reduced from 100 parts by weight to about 2 to or about 3 to about 40 or about 50, or about 75, or about 90, or about 99 total parts by weight and desirably from about 30 to about 40 total parts by weight of water. Accordingly the amount of the various components such as the phenol compound, the organic acid, and dispersing agent will be proportionally increased.
The aqueous disinfectant compositions of the present invention, while being an extremely effective RTU, optionally but not desirably, can be irradiated such as through the use of gamma radiation, because of various industry standards concerning sterile disinfectants. Gamma radiation of the ready-to-use disinfectant compositions can be carried out at various dosage ranges expressed in Kilogray (KGy). The doses can be controlled by adjusting exposure times. Suitable KGy can be from about 10 to about 50 KGy and any ranges therebetween such as from about 15 to about 20 and/or about 30 to about 40 KGy. Such radiation procedures are known to the literature and to the art. Ionizing x-ray radiation can be used if desired.
The ready-to-use aqueous disinfectant compositions of the present invention eliminate various steps utilized by prior art processes. The dilution step which is generally carried out by a customer is no longer required and thus can be eliminated. Other advantages include complete activity against Aspergillus niger.
The combination of the phenolic compound disinfectant with a weak organic acid in an aqueous relatively low pH environment containing surfactants and/or solvents unexpectedly has been found to improve results with regard to strong disinfection activity against a broad spectrum of viruses (out of body), bacteria, and fungi. Disinfection is readily achieved where the number of microorganisms killed is a Log reduction of at least 4.0 meaning that less than 1 microorganism in 10,000 remains. Generally Log reductions of at least about 4.0, desirably at least 5.0, and preferably at least about 6.0 are readily achieved by the phenolic disinfectant compositions of the present invention.
Examples of organisms eradicated include various viruses such as Canine parvovirus, Human immunodeficiency virus, Hepatitis virus, Calicivirus, Coronavirus, Rotavirus, and Influenxavirus; various bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus hirae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis; and various fungi such as Penicillium notatus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Aspergillus niger.
An important advantage of the present invention is that the most disinfectant. resistant fungi organism currently known to the world, i.e. Aspergillus niger are readily killed. Accordingly, it is believed that the disinfectant compositions of the present invention are effective with regard to a great majority, if not all, of existent viruses, bacteria, and fungi, as set forth in the illustrative examples.
The aqueous phenolic compound disinfectant compositions of the present invention can be generally utilized in any number of applications where disinfection is desired. A typical area of use is in various medical related institutions such as hospitals, clinics, medical centers, pharmaceutical facilities and the like. Other areas include clean rooms, central service areas, and/or any area requiring disinfection. Home uses include disinfection of non-food contact areas including toilets, showers, floors, etc. Objects, items or locations which can be disinfected include floors, countertops, hospital beds, generally any type of apparatus, cabinets, furniture, and the like. Application of the RTU aqueous phenolic disinfectant can be in any conventional manner such as spraying, brushing, applying with a sponge or cloth, flooding and mopping. The ready-to-use aqueous disinfectant compositions can be supplied in any type container such as bottles including spray bottles, aerosols, cans, plastic packages, bulk storage containers (e.g., totes), and the like.
The invention will be better understood by reference to the following examples which serve to illustrate and explain but not to limit the present invention.
The phenolic compound(s), if solid, was dissolved in the solubilizing solvent to form a phenolic compound premix. A surfactant added to water in a separate vessel was then added to the phenolic compound premix and mixed thoroughly. Organic acid or acids were then added and mixed to provide a uniform composition having a pH less than 7 and preferably from about 2 to about 5.
Disinfectant compositions indicated in Table 1 above were formulated in conjunction with organic acids indicated in Table 2 below and diluted with water to provide 100 weight parts water and tested with regard to activity against Aspergillus niger. The test method can be described as a suspension test that utilizes 0.56 mL of spores of Aspergillus niger added to 5.0 mL of disinfectant. Samples are removed, neutralized and surviving fungi quantitated at appropriate contact times (typically 10 minutes).
Aspergillus niger Reduction
Commercial acid phenol contains a concentrated phenol disinfectant containing inorganic acid with a diluted pH between 2 and 3.
As apparent from Table 2, generally a Log deduction of at least 6.0 with regard to the fungi Aspergillus niger was often readily achieved in accordance with the present invention.
In a manner similar to Table 1, additional examples were prepared varying the level of phenol and surfactants and the same is set forth in Table 3.
In a manner similar to that set forth above with regard to Table 2, formulations of Table 3 were tested with respect to Aspergillus niger reduction and the results thereof are set forth in Table 4.
Aspergillus niger Reduction regarding formulation of Table 3
As apparent from Tables 3 and 4, the use of different amounts of the phenolic compound and different surfactants always resulted in a Log reduction of at least 6.0 whereas commercial control R did not work.
Table 5 sets forth further examples of the effectiveness of the disinfectant of the present invention wherein the phenolic and surfactant levels were varied. Testing was carried out in a manner similar to Table 2.
As apparent from Table 5, generally a Log reduction of at least 4.0 and usually at least 6.0 were obtained when sufficient amounts of an organic acid were utilized. These reduction levels were significantly more than the commercial acid phenol available product.
The recipe set forth in Table 6 relates to various examples wherein the solvent and the surfactant were varied and testing has similar to that utilized in Table 2.
In the above table DOWANOL EB is (Diethylene glycol n-butyl ether), SURFEDON LP 100 is (N-alkylpyrrolidone—a nonionic surfactant/solvent) and EG is (ethylene glycol). The above listed surfactants in Table 6 are known to the art and to the literature and a chemical description thereof can be found in the above-noted 2003 McCutheon's Volume 1: Emulsifiers and Detergents Handbook.
As apparent from Table 7, when sufficient amounts of the surfactant was utilized, the log reduction of at least about 5 and typically at least 6.0 against Aspergillus niger were duly obtained.
In Table 8, the various formulations wherein generally different alcohols and different acids were utilized, were tested with respect to Aspergillus niger reduction.
Once again, the phenol compositions of the present invention prove very effective in achieving a log reduction of at least 6.0 with respect to the fungi Aspergillus niger.
While gamma radiation is optional, various samples were tested at dosage ranges of 15 to 20 KGy and from 30 to 40 KGy. The samples were irradiated in a 60Co research reactor. The doses were controlled by adjusting exposure times and confirmed by dosimetry. Formulations for radiation treatment are set forth in Table 9.
After radiation, the compositions of Table 9 were tested against the fungi Aspergillus niger. In each of the three examples, a Log reduction of at least 6.0 was achieved. Surprisingly, gamma radiation did not destroy the effectiveness of the acidic aqueous disinfectant compositions of the present invention.
As readily apparent from the above examples, the aqueous disinfectant composition of the present invention was completely effective against Aspergillus niger.
Various conventional disinfectant compositions were prepared as controls which contained the following ingredients:
Acid Concentrate A—water, phenol, surfactant and phosphoric acid, a commercially available product.
Acid Concentration B—water, surfactant, phenol and phosphoric acid, a commercially available product.
White Vinegar—5% acetic acid
Mixture for an Aerosol Container—a mixture of ethyl alcohol, and phenol, a commercially available product.
Alakine Concentration A—phenol and potassium hydroxide, a commercially available product.
Alakine Concentration B—phenol and potassium hydroxide, a commercially available product.
When tested against Aspergillus niger, the Log reduction for acidic concentrations A and B were only about 0.6. The white vinegar solution gave a Log reduction of approximately 2.2. The aerosol mixture had a Log reduction of approximately 1.7 whereas the alakine concentration A and B gave respective Log reductions of approximately 2.4 and 1.0. Accordingly, conventional disinfectant solutions were not effective against Aspergillus niger.
While in accordance with the Patent Statutes, the best mode and preferred embodiments have been set forth, the scope of the invention is not limited thereto, but rather by the scope of the attached claims.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050256018 A1 | Nov 2005 | US |
