BACKGROUND
This specification describes an acoustic structure with passive radiators. A specific embodiment describes use of the passive radiators to provide perceptible mechanical vibration.
SUMMARY
In one aspect an acoustic device includes a first passive radiator structure mounted in a first chamber; a first acoustic driver, mounted in the first chamber to radiate acoustic energy into the first chamber to cause the first passive radiator structure to vibrate; a second passive radiator structure mounted in a second chamber: a second acoustic driver, mounted in the second chamber to radiate acoustic energy into the second chamber to cause the second passive radiator to vibrate; circuitry for coupling a first signal source to the first acoustic driver and the second acoustic driver to process and transmit a signal to the first acoustic driver and the second acoustic driver so that the first acoustic driver radiates acoustic energy acoustically out of phase with the second acoustic driver so that the momentum of the first passive radiator is non-canceling with the second passive radiator. The first passive radiator structure may include the first driver. The circuitry may be alternatively selectable to process and transmit the signal to the first acoustic driver and the second acoustic driver so that the first acoustic driver radiates acoustic energy out of phase with the second acoustic driver so that the momentum of the first passive radiator structure is additive with the momentum of the second passive radiator, or to process and transmit the signal to the first acoustic driver and the second acoustic driver so that the first acoustic driver radiates acoustic energy in phase with the second acoustic driver so that the momentum of the first passive radiator structure cancels the momentum of the second passive radiator. The signal source may be further for providing entertainment audio signals to the acoustic drivers. The device may further include a second signal source coupled to the first acoustic driver and the second acoustic driver for providing an entertainment audio signal. The entertainment audio signal may be a stereo audio signal. The first signal source may be a stereo audio signal source.
In another aspect, a method includes transmitting to an acoustic driver mounted in a first chamber of a pocket sized device a signal of a frequency corresponding a tuning frequency of an acoustic passive radiator assembly mounted the first chamber and transducing the signal to mechanical force to cause a diaphragm of the first acoustic driver to vibrate at the frequency to cause pressure changes in the first chamber to cause the passive radiator structure to vibrate at the frequency to cause the pocket sized device to vibrate mechanically. The method may further include transmitting to an acoustic driver mounted in a second chamber of the pocket sized device a signal of the frequency and transducing the signal to mechanical force to cause a diaphragm of the first acoustic driver to vibrate at the frequency to cause pressure changes in the first chamber to cause the passive radiator structure to vibrate at the frequency to cause the pocket sized device to vibrate mechanically, wherein the first passive radiator and the second passive radiator are positioned so the momentums of the first passive and the second passive radiator are non-canceling. The momentums of the first passive radiator and the second passive radiator may be additive.
Other features, objects, and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description, when read in connection with the following drawing, in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a hand held electronic device;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of an acoustic reproduction device;
FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrammatic views of a part of the acoustic reproduction device of FIG. 2;
FIGS. 4A-4C are diagrammatic views of an acoustic reproduction devices:
FIG. 5A is a diagrammatic view of an acoustic reproduction device;
FIG. 5B is a block diagram of an audio signal processing circuit;
FIGS. 6A-6C are diagrammatic views of parts of audio reproduction devices;
FIG. 6D is a diagrammatic view of an acoustic driver;
FIG. 7 is an isometric view of a connecting ring;
FIG. 8A is a diagrammatic view of an audio reproduction device:
FIGS. 8B-8D are block diagrams of audio reproduction devices: and
FIG. 8E is a diagrammatic view of an audio reproduction device.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Though the elements of several views of the drawing may be shown and described as discrete elements in a block diagram and may be referred to as “circuitry”, unless otherwise indicated, the elements may be implemented as one of or a combination of, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, or one or more microprocessors executing software instructions. The software instructions may include digital signal processing (DSP) instructions. Unless otherwise indicated, signal lines may be implemented as discrete analog or digital signal lines, as a single discrete digital signal line with appropriate signal processing to process separate streams of audio signals, or as elements of a wireless communication system. Unless otherwise indicated, audio signals or video signals or both may be encoded and transmitted in either digital or analog form; conventional digital-to-analog or analog-to-digital converters may not be shown in the figures. For simplicity of wording “radiating acoustic energy corresponding to the audio signals in channel x” will be referred to as “radiating channel x.”
FIG. 1 shows a hand-held electronic device 10. Incorporated in hand-held and/or pocket sized electronic device 10 is an acoustic reproduction device 12 acoustically coupled to the environment through openings 14 (only one of which is visible in this view). Duct 29 will be discussed below. In addition to radiating sound directly to the environment, the electronic device 10 may be configured to transmit audio signals to playback devices such as headphones or loudspeakers. FIG. 1 is for illustrative purposes and is not drawn to scale. A typical hand-held and/or pocket sized device has dimensions of h<15 cm. w<8 cm. and t(thickness)<5 cm. and preferably much smaller. for example in the range of h=13 cm, w=5 cm. and t=3 cm.
FIG. 2 shows the acoustic reproduction device 12 in more detail. A passive radiator assembly 16A is mounted in the enclosure 18 of the acoustic reproduction device 12 so that one surface 22A of the passive radiator assembly faces cavity 24 and one surface 26A faces chamber 28. The passive radiator assembly 16A is mechanically coupled to the enclosure by a suspension element 20A so that the passive radiator assembly 16A can vibrate relative to the enclosure 18 as will be seen below. For simplicity, suspension elements 20A and 20B below are shown as half-roll surrounds. In some embodiments, the suspension element may be a surround of the type described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/756,119. In order to more clearly show two openings 14, chamber 28 appears as two distinct parts. It is preferable that both passive radiator assemblies 16A and 16B are driven by pressure changes in a common chamber (and that both acoustic drivers receive a common, that is monaural, bass signal as shown below in FIG. 5B), so in an actual implementation, what appears as the two chamber sections may be acoustically coupled by a duct 29. The passive radiator assembly 16A includes a passive radiator diaphragm 30A and an acoustic driver 32A. The acoustic driver 32A includes an acoustic driver diaphragm 35A mechanically coupled to the acoustic driver the acoustic driver motor structure 37A by acoustic driver suspension 39A so that the acoustic driver diaphragm 35A can vibrate relative to the acoustic driver motor structure 37A as will be shown below. The acoustic driver also includes a motor structure which includes a magnet structure 41A, which may include a high energy product material as will be discussed below. Similarly, a passive radiator assembly 16B is mounted in the enclosure 18 of the acoustic reproduction device 12 so that one surface 22B of the passive radiator structure faces cavity 24 and one surface 26B faces chamber 28. The passive radiator assembly 16B is mechanically coupled to the enclosure by a suspension element 20B so that the passive radiator assembly 16B can vibrate relative to the enclosure 18 as will be seen below. The passive radiator assembly 16B includes a diaphragm 30B and an acoustic driver 32B. The acoustic driver 32B includes an acoustic driver diaphragm 35B mechanically coupled to the acoustic driver the acoustic driver motor structure 37B by acoustic driver suspension 39B so that the acoustic driver diaphragm 35B can vibrate relative to the acoustic driver motor structure 37B as will be shown below. The acoustic driver also includes a motor structure which includes a magnet structure 41B, which may include a high energy product material as will be discussed below. One surface 50 of the diaphragm of each acoustic driver is acoustically coupled to the cavity 24, and a second surface 48 of the diaphragm of each acoustic driver is acoustically coupled to the chamber 28.
FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate the operation of the passive radiator assembly 16A. In FIG. 3A, it is shown that the passive radiator assembly 16A, including the acoustic driver 32A vibrates (as indicated by dotted line passive radiator assemblies 16X and 16Y for explanation purposes, the distance between extreme positions 16X and 16Y are greatly exaggerated), responsive to pressure changes in chamber 28 and radiates acoustic energy into cavity 24. Suspension element 20A permits motion as indicated in FIG. 3A, but opposes motion in a lateral direction. The acoustic driver 32A is a part of the mass and surface area of the passive radiator assembly 16A and radiates acoustic energy into the cavity 24 as a part of the passive radiator assembly 16A.
In addition as illustrated in FIG. 3B, the diaphragm 35A of the acoustic driver 32A vibrates (as indicated by dotted line diaphragms 35X and 35Y) responsive to audio signals (not shown) relative to other parts of the passive radiator assembly 16A. The vibration of the diaphragm 35A radiates acoustic energy into cavity 24 and into chamber 28. The acoustic energy radiated into chamber 28 causes pressure changes in chamber 28, which in turn causes passive radiator assembly 16A to vibrate and radiate acoustic energy into the cavity 24 as described above. The acoustic energy radiated into the cavity 24 by the vibration of the passive radiator assembly 16 and the acoustic energy radiated into the cavity by the vibration of the acoustic driver diaphragm 35A relative to other parts of the passive radiator assembly is radiated to the external environment through openings 14 of FIG. 2. Passive radiator assembly 16B operates in a similar manner and is not shown in this view.
Since both passive radiator assemblies 16A and 16B are driven by pressure changes in a common enclosure 28, both passive radiators move in phase acoustically. However, due to the orientation of the two passive radiator assemblies the two passive radiators move out of phase mechanically.
When the mechanical stiffness of the air in chamber 28 dominates the stiffness of the suspension element 20, the tuning frequency Fpr of the passive radiator is given by
where Spr is the effective radiating area of the passive radiator, ρ is the density of air, c0 is the speed of sound in air, Mpr is the mass of the passive radiator and V is the acoustic volume of the chamber 28. For a desired tuning frequency Fpr and a desired acoustic output (which is related to the efficiency of the acoustic driver), the volume V of the chamber 28 the effective radiating area Spr of the passive radiator assembly, and total moving mass Mpr of the passive radiator assembly 16 can be adjusted to achieve the desired tuning frequency. In a hand-held or pocket sized device, the volume of the chamber and the effective radiating area of the passive radiator assembly may be constrained by the size and geometry of the enclosure. If an acoustic driver with a conventional motor structure with a low energy magnet material such as ferrite or ceramic is used, the mass of magnet material needed to achieve a given motor efficiency may become so large that a desired tuning frequency cannot be achieved; or the mass of the motor structure can be limited to provide the desired tuning frequency, which may compromise the acoustic output of the acoustic device. In this situation, it may be desirable to use an acoustic driver with a motor structure including a high energy product magnet material (such as neodymium or samarium cobalt or the like). Use of high energy product magnet materials provides an acoustic driver that has low total mass for a given motor efficiency, and which therefore permits a desired tuning frequency and a desired acoustic output to be achieved. The use of high energy product magnet materials may also facilitate the use of low profile acoustic drivers, as will be discussed below in the discussion of FIG. 6D.
A device according to FIGS. 1-3B is advantageous for many reasons. The use of passive radiators permits pocket sized devices to radiate bass energy to lower frequencies and to radiate more total acoustic energy than can be radiated with conventional devices the same size. Sound quality and volume heretofore associated with larger loudspeakers can be attained with pocket sized loudspeakers and pocket sized devices having other functions, such as cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), BlackBerry® devices, and portable media storage devices. Portable media storage devices such as MP3® players can serve as loudspeakers as well as sources of audio signals for headphones. Since the passive radiators move mechanically out of phase and mechanical vibrational forces are canceled, high levels of output can be achieved by small, lightweight devices without the small devices vibrating or “walking” due to the vibration. The openings 14 do not need to be near the mounting location of the driver, which is especially important for devices in which a large portion of the external surface is covered when the device is in use or is needed for other functions, such as display screens or keypads.
There are many possible variations on the devices of FIGS. 1-3B. Some of the variations are shown in FIGS. 4A-4C. In the acoustic reproduction device of FIG. 4A, instead of two openings 14 there is a single opening 14′. In the acoustic reproduction device of FIG. 4B instead of two substantially identical passive radiator assemblies, there is one passive radiator assembly 16A similar to the passive radiator assemblies of FIGS. 1-3B and a second passive radiator 16′ which does not incorporate an acoustic driver. Preferably, the second passive radiator 16′ has the same mass as passive radiator assembly 16A, which includes the combined masses of the acoustic driver 32A (of FIG. 2) and of the passive radiator diaphragm 30A (of FIG. 2). Preferably, the second passive radiator 16′ has the same effective radiating surface area as the passive radiator 16A, which includes the combined effective surface areas of acoustic driver 32A (of FIG. 2) and of passive radiator diaphragm (30A of FIG. 2). The configuration of FIG. 4B is especially suitable for monaural audio signal sources. In the acoustic reproduction device of FIG. 4C, chamber 28 has two subchambers 28A and 28B acoustically coupled by a port 40. The configuration of FIG. 4C is particularly suitable for stereophonic audio signal sources, as will be explained below.
FIG. 5A shows a hand held electronic device 36 that is particularly suited for use as a stereo audio reproduction device. In use, the stereo audio production device is oriented to the listener as indicated by indicator 38. In the device of FIG. 5A, cavity 24 of previous figures is divided into two subcavities 24A and 24B, which are separated by baffle 34, so that one subcavity exits through one side of the device and the other subcavity exits through the other side of the device. Chamber 28 of FIGS. 2-4B is divided into subchambers 28A and 28B, which are acoustically coupled by port 40, as shown above in FIG. 4C and described in the corresponding portion of the specification.
In operation, a right stereo channel audio signal is transmitted to right acoustic driver 32A. The right channel is radiated into subcavity 24A and into chamber 28A. The radiation into chamber 28A results in pressure changes in chamber 28A which cause passive radiator assembly 16A to vibrate and radiate the right channel into subcavity 24A. The right channel is radiated to the environment through right opening 14A as indicated by the “R” adjacent right opening 14A. A left stereo channel audio signal is transmitted to left acoustic driver 32B. The left channel is radiated into subcavity 24B and into chamber 28B. The radiation into chamber 28B results in pressure changes in chamber 28B which cause passive radiator assembly 16B to vibrate and radiate the left channel into subcavity 24B. The left channel is radiated to the environment through left opening 14B, as indicated by the “L” adjacent left opening 14B. The radiation of the right channel through the right opening 14A and the radiation of the left channel through the left opening 14B create a stereo effect, which can be increased by spatial processing techniques.
If desired, the bass portions of the left and right channels are combined as indicated in FIG. 5B to provide monaural bass content. The right channel high frequency content is combined with the monaural bass content and transmitted to right acoustic driver 32A as indicated by the “R” adjacent right acoustic driver 32A. The left channel high frequency content is combined with the monaural bass content and transmitted to left acoustic driver 32B as indicated by the “L” adjacent left acoustic driver 32B. If the port 40 of FIG. 4D is added to the configuration of FIG. 5A, at frequencies in the bass range, the port 40 acts as a short circuit so that bass acoustic energy can pass back and forth between chamber 28A and chamber 28B. At frequencies above the tuning frequency of the port 40, the port 40 acts as an open circuit, so that high frequency acoustic energy does not pass between chamber 28A and 28B. The result is that the high frequency interaural phase difference cues are maintained and the system is more tolerant of compliance and volume differences between the chambers 28A and 28B, which could affect the performance of the passive radiators 16A and 16B. Since the high frequency acoustic energy radiated by acoustic drivers 32A and 32B may be different and since the high frequency energy does not pass between chambers 28A and 28B, the high frequency acoustic energy, and therefore high frequency pressure changes, in chambers 28A and 28B may be different. Therefore the high frequency pressure changes experienced by passive radiator assembly 16A may be different. However, passive radiator assemblies 16A and 16B may be designed to be significantly more responsive to low frequency pressure changes, which are substantially the same in chambers 28A and 28B. Therefore, as with implementations described above, passive radiator assemblies move acoustically in phase and mechanically out of phase.
The structures of FIGS. 2-5B can be incorporated in loudspeakers that are larger than handheld or pocket sized devices. For example, woofer sized loudspeakers can be designed with no exposed acoustic drivers which is advantageous cosmetically since there is no need for an external grille to cover an acoustic driver cone.
FIGS. 6A-6C show another aspect of the acoustic reproduction device 12. In the implementation of FIG. 6A, the passive radiator assembly 16 includes a connector ring 42 that mechanically couples the acoustic driver 32 and a simple suspension element, such as a half-roll surround with coplanar mounting pads. In the configuration of FIG. 6A, the mounting surface 52 for the suspension element pad and the mounting surface 54 for the acoustic driver are in the same plane, so that the point of attachment of the suspension element to the enclosure, the point of attachment of the suspension element to the connecting ring, and the point of attachment of the of the connecting ring to the acoustic driver all lie in the same plane 48. In FIG. 6A, the center of mass 44 of the passive radiator assembly 16 is near the rocking plane 49 of the suspension element which lies between plane 48 and the top of the arch of the surround element 20. In FIG. 6B, the acoustic driver 32′ has a different motor structure so that the center of mass 44′ of the passive radiator assembly is not in or near rocking plane 49. The acoustic reproduction device of FIG. 6B is more susceptible than the device of FIG. 6A to rocking and other undesirable behavior, particularly if the acoustic reproduction device is used in a number of different orientations and/or is moved while the acoustic reproduction device is operating, as might be the case with a hand-held or pocket sized acoustic reproduction device. The acoustic reproduction device of FIG. 6C includes a connector ring 42′ with a mounting surface 52 for the suspension element 20 that is nonplanar with the mounting surface 54 for the acoustic driver so that the center of mass 44′ of the passive radiator assembly is closer to plane 49 than with the connecting ring of FIG. 6B. A nonplanar connecting ring gives the designer an extra tool to position the center of mass of the assembly nearer the rocking plane of the suspension element for better rocking stability. Alignment ring 56 will be described below. In addition to affecting the location of the center of mass relative to rocking plane 49, the connector ring 42, 42′ has other uses. The dimensions, configuration, geometry, and material of the connector ring can be selected so that the combined mass of the acoustic driver, the mass of the connector ring, and the mass of other parts, if any, of the passive radiator 16 is the proper mass for the desired tuning of the passive radiator. The dimensions, configuration, geometry, and material of the connector ring can be selected so that the combined mass of the acoustic driver, the mass of the connector ring, and the mass of other parts, if any, of the passive radiator 16 has a desirable mass distribution. In addition, the connector ring may be configured to facilitate the attachment of the passive radiator assembly to the suspension element 20 and the attachment of the acoustic driver 32 to other elements of the passive radiator assembly 16. For example, the connector ring 42, 42′ can be configured to provide a gluing surface that mates with a gluing surface on the suspension element 20. The connector ring can be configured so that the enclosure assembly, the suspension element 20A, and the connector ring can be assembled in a single manufacturing step, such as insert molding. The connector ring can be configured to accommodate acoustic drivers designed to be attached to other loudspeaker elements in different manners; for example, some acoustic drivers are designed to be attached to other loudspeaker elements by screws or bolts or similar fasteners, while other are designed to be attached to other loudspeaker elements by gluing or some similar attachment process. The connector ring enables the loudspeaker designer to select an acoustic driver based on its acoustic properties; fewer mechanical properties need to be considered than if the acoustic driver were directly connected to the suspension element. The connector ring may be configured so that simple suspension elements, such as a half-roll surround can be used, despite the weight distribution of the acoustic driver and the method of attachment and placement of attachment elements of the acoustic driver. The placement of the center of mass of the acoustic driver can be facilitated by the use of a shallow, low profile acoustic driver. The depth (see FIG. 6D) of the acoustic driver should be less than 20 mm and ideally less than 10 mm. The ratio of the depth of the acoustic driver to the diameter of the acoustic driver should be less than 0.5 and ideally less than 0.2.
FIG. 7 shows a connector ring 42. Elements indicated by reference numbers in FIG. 7 correspond to like numbered elements of previous figures. Outer flange 57 provides required mass to the passive radiator assembly 18 without shifting the center of mass away from the plane of attachment 48 (see FIGS. 6A-6C) or the rocking plane 49 (see FIGS. 6A-6C). Inner flange 54 provides an attachment surface (in this case a gluing surface) for the acoustic driver. If the acoustic driver were designed to be attached in some other way, such as by fasteners, the inner flange could be redesigned accordingly. Inner ring surface 56 provides an alignment guide for insertion of the acoustic driver. Outer ring surface 52 provides an attachment surface (in this instance a gluing surface) for the suspension element 20.
Typically, vibration in which the two passive radiators 16A and 16B vibrate out of phase acoustically and in which the momentums of the passive radiators are additive rather than canceling, as shown in FIG. 8A, is undesirable because of a loss in acoustic output and because of undesirable mechanical vibration. However, there may be some situations in which the acoustic output is not needed or is even undesirable and in which the mechanical vibration is desirable. For example, the device 10 of FIG. 1 may be a cell phone or pager operating in “buzzer mode” so that the user is alerted to an incoming call by mechanical vibration rather than a ring tone, the device may be a PDA and the device is alerting the user to an impending appointment; or the device may alert the user to an operating condition of the device, for example, a low battery condition. FIG. 8B shows a circuit for causing the momentums of the passive radiators 16A and 16B to be non-canceling and preferably additive, thereby creating a desirable mechanical vibration. A signal source 62 is coupled to the two acoustic drivers 32A and 32B by circuitry 60 that transmits the signal to one acoustic radiator 32A and that inverts the signal (as indicated by the “+” and the “−”) and transmits an inverted signal to the second acoustic radiator 32B. Inverting the signal may be done, for example, by time delay, phase shift, signal inversion, or polarity reversal. For best effect, the signal should be at or near the tuning frequency of the passive radiators 16A and 16B. Determining the tuning frequency of a passive radiator is described above. If the two acoustic drivers are positioned as in FIG. 8A, the diaphragms 35A and 35B of the acoustic drivers 32A and 32B, respectively will vibrate out of phase acoustically so that there is significant cancellation of the acoustic radiation radiated by the acoustic drivers 32A and 32B. The out of phase vibration of the acoustic driver diaphragms 35A and 35B results in pressure variations in chambers 28A and 28B that cause the passive radiator assemblies 16A and 16B, respectively to vibrate acoustically out of phase so that there is significant cancellation of acoustic radiation from the two passive radiator assemblies 16A and 16B. Due to the orientation of the passive radiator assemblies, the momentums of the passive radiator assemblies 16A and 16B is additive, resulting in the desired mechanical vibration. A similar, but less pronounced mechanical vibration can be attained by transmitting a signal at the tuning frequency of one of the passive radiator assemblies, for example passive radiator assembly 16A, to the acoustic driver, in this example acoustic driver 32A, associated with that passive radiator assembly. The radiation of the acoustic energy into the chamber, in this example chamber 28A, associated with passive radiator assembly 16A, causes the passive radiator assembly to vibrate. Since the vibration of passive radiator is not canceled by any other vibration, resulting in the desired mechanical vibration.
For best results, it is desirable that the chambers 28A and 28B be separated and of substantially identical geometry, including volume. Further, the mounting of the acoustic drivers 32A and 32B as depicted may, in some embodiments, desirably add to the mass of the passive radiator assemblies 16A and 16B.
FIG. 8C shows a circuit that permits the momentums of the passive radiator assemblies 16A and 16B to be either additive or canceling with a single monaural signal source 62. In the circuit of FIG. 8C, one of the acoustic drivers 16B is coupled to the signal source 62 through switch 66 so that acoustic driver 32B alternatively receives the same signal as acoustic driver 32A (as indicated by the “+” symbols) or a signal that is inverted (as indicated by the “−” symbol) relative to the signal transmitted to acoustic driver 32A. The device of FIG. 8C is advantageous over devices that have a separate audio reproduction circuit and vibration circuit because it permits the same signal source to provide entertainment audio signals (including communications audio signals) and the signal to provide the mechanical vibration, thus eliminating the need for a separate buzzer signal source.
FIG. 8D shows a circuit that permits operation of the device as for providing both audio playback and mechanical vibration at the same time. In the configuration of FIG. 8D, the device operates as a stereo audio device, as shown above in FIG. 5B and described in the corresponding portions of the specification. The circuit of FIG. 8D has the elements of FIG. 5B and in addition has a separate signal source 64 for the mechanical vibration. In other implementations, the device may operate as a monaural audio device, such as the device of FIG. 8C.
In the implementation of FIG. 8E, the acoustic drivers 32A and 32B are not a part of the passive radiator assemblies 16A and 16B. However, the passive radiators assemblies 16A and 16B are positioned so that if the signal to acoustic driver 32B is inverted (for example, by time delay, phase shift, signal inversion, or polarity reversal) relative to the signal to the acoustic driver 32A (as indicated by the “+” adjacent acoustic driver 32A and the “−” adjacent acoustic driver 32B), passive radiator assemblies 16A and 16B vibrate so that the momentums of the passive radiators are additive to provide a desired mechanical vibration.
Other embodiments are in the claims.
Patent Application
20100027815
