Patent Grant
9265252
This application is a §371 National Stage Application of PCT/EP2012/065469, filed Aug. 7, 2012, which claims priority to 61/521,827, filed Aug. 10, 2011.
1. Field of Invention
The invention is in the technical field of crop protection compositions which can be used simultaneously against harmful plants and animal pests such as insects/spider mites, for example in crop plants, and comprise, as active compounds, a combination of at least one insecticide/acaricide and at least one herbicide and, if appropriate, additionally crop plant compatibility-increasing substances (safeners).
2. Descrition of Related Art
The Co-application of glyphosate plus an insecticide (e.g. Spirotetramat) or fungicides in glyphosate-resistant soybean has been described in Canadian Journal of Plant Science (2012), 92(2), 297-302. Glyphosate tankmixed with e.g. Spirotetramat has no adverse effect on weed control in glyphosate resistant soybean.
WO 98/05638 describes tetramic acid derivatives, their preparation and their use as insecticides/acaricides. The corresponding cis-isomers are described in WO 04/007448.
From WO 07/068428, it is known that the insecticidal/acaricidal activities of tetramic acid derivatives can be improved by adding adjuvants. Also known are the effects of herbicidally active tetramic acid derivatives in combination with other herbicides, for example from WO 06/024411 and WO 09/007014.
The activity of these insecticides/acaricides against animal pests in the crop plants is on a high level; however, it generally depends on the application rate, the formulation in question, the respective animal pests to be controlled, the climatic and soil conditions, etc. A further criterium is the duration of action or the rate of degradation of the insecticide/acaricide. In general, however, there is always a need for methods achieving insecticidal/acaricidal action with a lower active compound application rate. A lower application rate reduces not only the amount of active compound required for application but generally also reduces the amount of formulation auxiliaries required. Both reduce economic expense and improve the ecological compatibility of the insecticide/acaricide treatment.
One way of improving the application profile of an insecticide/acaricide may be to combine the active compound with one or more herbicidally active compounds. However, the combined use of a plurality of active compounds, in particular when insecticides are used together with herbicides, does not infrequently lead to phenomena of physical and biological imcompatibility, for example lacking stability of a coformulation, decomposition of an active compound or antagonism of the active compounds. In contrast, what is desired are combinations of active compounds and/or formulations thereof having a favourable activity profile, high stability and, ideally, synergistically enhanced activity, which permits a reduction of the application rate compared with the individual application of the active compounds to be combined. Likewise advantageous may be a broadening of the activity spectrum, an increased application flexibility and a faster onset of action.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that certain active compounds from the group of the tetramic acid derivatives in combination with certain structurally different herbicides act together in a particularly favourable manner, for example when used in crop plants suitable for the selective application of the herbicides, which firthermire allow the amount of adjuvants to be reduced and make successive spraying with a herbicide and an insecticide/acaricide unnecessary. This combination offers economical advantages to the user, is ecologically very advantageous and has a positive effect on the water and CO2 balance of the treatment of the crop since one spraying course and thus also the water for preparing the spray liquor is saved, which is advantageous in semiarid regions.
Accordingly, the invention provides combinations of insecticides/acaricides and herbicides comprising an effective amount of components (A) and (B) where
(where A1 is emphasized and A2 is likewise emphasized),
and
preferably groups (B1) to (B4),
If, in the context of this description, the short form of the “common name” of an active compound is used, this comprises in each case all customary derivatives, such as the esters and salts, and isomers, in particular optical isomers, especially the commercially available form or forms. If the “common name” refers to an ester or a salt, this in each case also comprises all other customary derivatives, such as other esters and salts, the free acids and neutral compounds, and isomers, in particular optical isomers, especially the commercially available form or forms. The given chemical compound names refer to at least one of the compounds embraced by the “common name”, frequently to a preferred compound. In the case of sulphonamides such as sulphonylureas, salts also include salts formed by exchanging a hydrogen atom on the sulphonamide group for a cation.
When using the combinations according to the invention of insecticide/acaricide and herbicide, the herbicides of group (B1) are particularly suitable for controlling monocotyledonous harmful plants, the herbicides of group (B2) are particularly suitable for controlling weed grasses and dicotyledonous harmful plants, the herbicides of group (B3) are particularly suitable for controlling dicotyledonous harmful plants and the herbicides of group (B4) are particularly suitable for the non-selective control of harmful plants or of harmful plants in transgenic crops.
The combinations according to the invention of insecticide/acaricide and herbicide comprise an insecticidally/acaricidally effective amount of component (A) and a herbicidally effective amount of component (B) and may comprise further components, for example agrochemically active compounds of a different type and/or additives customary in crop protection and/or formulation auxiliaries, or may be used together with these compounds. Preference is given to combinations of insecticide/acaricide and herbicide comprising a synergistically effective amount of components (A) and (B).
In a preferred embodiment, the combinations according to the invention of insecticide/acaricide and herbicide have synergistic actions. The synergistic actions can be observed, for example, when the commercially available formulations of active compounds (A) and (B) are applied together.
The synergistic effects permit a reduction of the application rates of the insecticidal/acaricidal tetramic and derivatives, a higher efficacy at the same application rate and/or a reduction in the number of individual applications required and—as a result for the user—an economically and ecologically improved control of animal pests over the period of weed control.
For example, the combinations according to the invention of insecticidally/acaricidally active compounds of group (A) and herbicides (B) allow the activity to be synergistically enhanced in a manner which by far and unexpectedly exceeds the activities which can be achieved with the formulations of the individual active compounds (A) and (B).
The formulae mentioned in groups (A) and (B) include all stereoisomers and their mixtures, in particular also racemic mixtures, and—if enantiomers are possible—the respective biologically active enantiomers.
Compounds of group (A) are described, for example, in the laid-open publications mentioned at the outset.
The compounds of group (B) are known herbicides. The following group members are particularly preferred as mixing partners of the compounds of component (A):
From group (B1): diclofop-methyl (B1.2); fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (B1.5), haloxyfop-P (B1.6), quizalofop-P (B1.8), sethoxydim (B1.9), clethodim (B1.10), imazethapyr (B1.19), imazamox (B1.20).
From group (B2): clomazone (B2.3), lactofen (B2.18), fomesafen (B2.19), bromoxynil (B2.25), ioxynil (B2.26), diflufenican (B2.27), chloransulam (B2.29), imazaquin (B2.30), trifloxysulfuron (B2.31).
From group (B3): pyrithiobac (B3.37).
From group (B4): glyphosate (B4.1), glufosinate (B4.2).
Emphasis is given to glyphosate (B4.1). Emphasis is likewise given to glufosinate (B4.2).
The following combinations are particularly preferred: (A1+B4.1), (A1+B4.2), (A2+B4.1), (A2+B4.2).
Preferred are combinations of insecticide/acaricide and herbicide comprising one or more insecticides/acaricides (A) and one or more herbicides (B), preferably from group (B1) or (B2), (B3) or (B4). More preference is given to combinations of insecticides/acaricides (A) and one or more herbicides (B) according to the scheme: (A)+(B1)+(B2), (A)+(B1)+(B3), (A)+(B1)+(B4), (A)+(B2)+(B3), (A)+(B2)+(B4), (A)+(B3)+(B4).
Very particularly preferred mixtures are:
In addition, the active compound combinations (mixture) may comprise further fungicidally, acaricidally or insecticidally active additional components.
The application rate of the active compounds of groups (A) and (B) may vary within wide ranges, for example between 0.001 and 8 kg of AS/ha. Whenever the abbreviation AS/ha is used in the present description, this is to be understood as meaning “active substance per hectare”, based on 100% pure active compounds.
In the combinations according to the invention between compounds of groups (A) and (B1), the compounds of group (B1) are usually applied at an application rate of from 0.001 to 1.5 kg of AS/ha, preferably 0.005 to 1.2 kg of AS/ha. In the other combinations between compounds of groups (A) and (B), the compounds of group (B) are usually applied at an application rate of from 0.001 to 8 kg of AS/ha, preferably from 0.005 to 5 kg of AS/ha. In the combinations according to the invention, the compound of group (A) or the compounds of group (A) are preferably employed at an application rate of from 1 to 200 g of AS/ha.
The mixing ratio of the compounds of group (A) to those of group (B1) is advantageously from 1:1500 to 120:1, preferably from 1:400 to 18:1. The mixing ratio of the compounds of group (A) to those of group (B2), (B3) or (B4) is advantageously from 1:8000 to 800:1, preferably from 1:100 to 100:1.
When using the active compounds of group (B) in crop plants, it may be expedient, depending on the crop plant, to apply a safener above certain application rates to reduce or avoid possible damage to the crop plant. Such safeners are known to the person skilled in the art. Particularly suitable safeners are benoxacor, cloquintocet, cyprosulfamide, dichlormid, fenclorim, fenchlorazole, furilazole, isoxadifen, mefenpyr, 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4.5]decane (MON4660, CAS 71526-07-3), 2,2,5-trimethyl-3-(dichloroacetyl)-1,3-oxazolidine (R-29148, CAS 52836-31-4). Emphasis is given to cyprosulfamide, isoxadifen, mefenpyr.
The application rates are 1-1000 g of ai/ha, preferably 2-500 g of ai/ha.
If appropriate, the active compound combinations (mixtures) described may comprise a safener. This is also embraced by the invention.
The active compounds can generally be formulated as a water-soluble wettable powder (WP), as water-dispersible granules (WDG), as water-emulsifiable granules (WEG), as a suspoemulsion (SE) or as an oil suspension concentrate (SC).
Application of the combinations according to the invention of insecticide/acaricide and herbicide, if appropriate with the use of a safener, is preferably in annual crops such as, for example, vegetables, melons, ornamental plants, cereals, maize, soya beans, cotton, oilseed rape, potatoes, beet, sugar cane, sunflowers, coffee, tea.
The crops to be protected, which have only been described in a general manner, are described in a more differentiated and more specific manner below. Thus, with respect to the use, vegetable is to be understood as meaning, for example, fruit vegetables and flower-heads as vegetables, for example bell peppers, chilli peppers, tomatoes, aubergines, cucumbers, cucurbits, courgettes, broad beans, runner beans, bush beans, peas, artichokes; but also leafy vegetables, for example lettuce, chicory, endives, cress, rocket salad, field salad, iceberg lettuce, leek, spinach, Swiss chard;
furthermore tuber vegetables, root vegetables and stem vegetables, for example celeriac, beetroot, carrots, garden radish, horseradish, scorzonera, asparagus, table beet, palm shoots, bamboo shoots, moreover bulb vegetables, for example onions, leek, fennel, garlic;
furthermore brassica vegetables, such as cauliflowers, broccoli, kohlrabi, red cabbage, white cabbage, green cabbage, Savoy cabbage, Brussels sprouts, Chinese cabbage.
With respect to use, cereal crops are to be understood as meaning, for example, wheat, barley, rye, oats, triticale, but also millet and rice.
The present invention furthermore relates to a method for improving the utilization of the production potential of a transgenic plant, characterized in that the plant is treated with an effective amount of the active compound combinations according to the invention. It is already known that the production potential of a transgenic plant can be enhanced by treatment with the compound of the formula (I) (WO 2009/132779). This effect is increased by treatment with the active compound combinations according to the invention.
The active compound combinations (mixtures) according to the invention, if appropriate with use of a safener, are suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, for increasing harvest yields, improving the quality of the harvested material and for controlling animal pests, in particular insects, arachnids and nematodes, encountered in agriculture, and they are also tolerated well by plants, have favourable homeotherm toxicity and are tolerated well by the environment. They are preferably used as crop protection compositions. They are active against normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or individual development stages.
The abovementioned pests include in particular:
From the class of the Arachnida, for example, Acarus spp., Aceria sheldoni, Aculops spp., Aculus spp., Amblyomma spp., Amphitetranychus viennensis, Argas spp., Boophilus spp., Brevipalpus spp., Bryobia praetiosa, Chorioptes spp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Eotetranychus spp., Epitrimerus pyri, Eutetranychus spp., Eriophyes spp., Halotydeus destructor, Hemitarsonemus spp., Hyalomma spp., Ixodes spp., Latrodectus mactans, Metatetranychus spp., Nuphersa spp., Oligonychus spp., Ornithodoros spp., Panonychus spp., Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Psoroptes spp., Rhipicephalus spp., Rhizoglyphus spp., Sarcoptes spp., Scorpio maurus, Stenotarsonemus spp., Tarsonemus spp., Tetranychus spp., Vasates lycopersici.
From the order of the Heteroptera, for example, Anasa tristis, Antestiopsis spp., Blissus spp., Calocoris spp., Campylomma livida, Cavelerius spp., Cimex spp., Collaria spp., Creontiades dilutus, Dasynus piperis, Dichelops furcatus, Diconocoris hewetti, Dysdercus spp., Euschistus spp., Eurygaster spp., Heliopeltis spp., Horcias nobilellus, Leptocorisa spp., Leptoglossus phyllopus, Lygus spp., Macropes excavatus, Miridae, Monalonion atratum, Nezara spp., Oebalus spp., Pentomidae, Piesma quadrata, Piezodorus spp., Psallus spp., Pseudacysta persea, Rhodnius spp., Sahlbergella singularis, Scaptocoris castanea, Scotinophora spp., Stephanitis nashi, Tibraca spp., Triatoma spp.
From the order of the Homoptera, for example, Acyrthosipon spp., Acrogonia spp., Aeneolamia spp., Agonoscena spp., Aleurodes spp., Aleurolobus barodensis, Aleurothrixus spp., Amrasca spp., Anuraphis cardui, Aonidiella spp., Aphanostigma pin, Aphis spp., Arboridia apicalis, Aspidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Atanus spp., Aulacorthum solani, Bemisia spp., Brachycaudus helichrysii, Brachycolus spp., Brevicoryne brassicae, Calligypona marginata, Carneocephala fulgida, Ceratovacuna lanigera, Cercopidae, Ceroplastes spp., Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Chionaspis tegalensis, Chlorita onukii, Chromaphis juglandicola, Chrysomphalus ficus, Cicadulina mbila, Coccomytilus halli, Coccus spp., Cryptomyzus ribis, Dalbulus spp., Dialeurodes spp., Diaphorina spp., Diaspis spp., Drosicha spp., Dysaphis spp., Dysmicoccus spp., Empoasca spp., Eriosoma spp., Erythroneura spp., Euscelis bilobatus, Ferrisia spp., Geococcus coffeae, Hieroglyphus spp., Homalodisca coagulata, Hyalopterus arundinis, Icerya spp., Idiocerus spp., Idioscopus spp., Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Lipaphis erysimi, Macrosiphum spp., Mahanarva spp., Melanaphis sacchari, Metcalfiella spp., Meto-polophium dirhodum, Monellia costalis, Monelliopsis pecanis, Myzus spp., Nasonovia ribisnigri, Nephotettix spp., Nilaparvata lugens, Oncometopia spp., Orthezia praelonga, Parabemisia myricae, Paratrioza spp., Parlatoria spp., Pemphigus spp., Peregrinus maidis, Phenacoccus spp., Phloeomyzus passerinii, Phorodon humuli, Phylloxera spp., Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Planococcus spp., Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pseudococcus spp., Psylla spp., Pteromalus spp., Pyrilla spp., Quadraspidiotus spp., Quesada gigas, Rastrococcus spp., Rhopalosiphum spp., Saissetia spp., Scaphoides titanus, Schizaphis graminum, Selenaspidus articulatus, Sogata spp., Sogatella furcifera, Sogatodes spp., Stictocephala festina, Tenalaphara malayensis, Tinocallis caryaefoliae, Tomaspis spp., Toxoptera spp., Trialeurodes spp., Trioza spp., Typhlocyba spp., Unaspis spp., Viteus vitifolii, Zygina spp.
From the order of the Thysanoptera, for example, Anaphothrips obscurus, Baliothrips biformis, Drepanothris reuteri, Enneothrips flavens, Frankliniella spp., Heliothrips spp., Hercinothrips femoralis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips spp., Taeniothrips cardamoni, Thrips spp.
The plant pest nematodes include, for example, Aphelenchoides spp., Bursaphelenchus spp., Ditylenchus spp., Globodera spp., Heterodera spp., sspp., Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus similis, Trichodorus spp., Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Xiphinema spp.
All plants and plant parts can be treated in accordance with the invention. Plants are understood here to mean all plants and plant populations, such as desired and undesired wild plants or crop plants (including naturally occurring crop plants). Crop plants can be plants which can be obtained by conventional breeding and optimization methods or by biotechnological and genetic engineering methods or combinations of these methods, including the transgenic plants and including the plant varieties which can or cannot be protected by varietal property rights. Parts of plants are to be understood as meaning all above-ground and below-ground parts and organs of plants, such as shoot, leaf, flower and root, preferred examples which may be mentioned being leaves, needles, stems, trunks and flowers.
The treatment according to the invention of the plants and plant parts with the active compound combinations takes place directly or via action on their surroundings or habitat by customary treatment methods, for example by atomizing, spraying, nebulizing, dipping, evaporating, brushing-on and in the case of propagation material, in particular in the case of seeds, furthermore by coating with one or more layers, watering, soil mixing, furrow treatment, droplet application, in hydroponic systems, by planting hole treatment, soil, stem or flower injection, by dip application.
Preferred treatment with the active compound combinations is via foliar application.
As already mentioned above, it is possible to treat all plants and their parts in accordance with the invention. In a preferred embodiment, wild plant species and plant cultivars, or those obtained by conventional biological breeding, such as crossing or protoplast fusion, and parts thereof, are treated. In a further preferred embodiment, transgenic plants and plant cultivars obtained by genetic engineering, if appropriate in combination with conventional methods (Genetically Modified Organisms), and parts thereof are treated. The term “parts” or “parts of plants” or “plant parts” has been explained above.
More preferably, plants of the plant cultivars which are each commercially available or in use are treated in accordance with the invention. Plant cultivars are to be understood as meaning plants having new properties (“traits”) and which have been obtained by conventional breeding, by mutagenesis or by recombinant DNA techniques. They may be cultivars, biotypes and genotypes.
Depending on the plant species or plant cultivars, and the location and growth conditions (soils, climate, vegetation period, diet) thereof, the treatment according to the invention may also result in superadditive (“synergistic”) effects. For example, possibilities include reduced application rates and/or broadening of the activity spectrum and/or an increase in the activity of the compounds and compositions usable in accordance with the invention, better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to levels of water or soil salinity, increased flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated ripening, higher yields, higher quality and/or higher nutrient value of the harvested products, increased storage life and/or processibility of the harvested products, which exceed the effects actually to be expected.
The preferred transgenic plants or plant cultivars (those obtained by genetic engineering) which are to be treated in accordance with the invention include all plants which, through the genetic modification, received genetic material which imparts particular advantageous useful properties (“traits”) to these plants. Examples of such properties are better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to levels of water or soil salinity, enhanced flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated ripening, higher yields, higher quality and/or a higher nutritional value of the harvested products, better storage life and/or processability of the harvested products. Further and particularly emphasized examples of such properties are an improved defense of the plants against animal and microbial pests, such as against insects, mites, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and/or viruses, and also increased tolerance of the plants to certain herbicidally active compounds. Examples of transgenic plants which may be mentioned are the important crop plants, such as cereals (wheat, rice), maize, soya beans, potatoes, cotton, tobacco, oilseed rape and also fruit plants (with the fruits apples, pears, citrus fruits and grapes), and particular emphasis is given to maize, soya beans, potatoes, cotton, tobacco and oilseed rape. Traits that are emphasized in particular are increased defense of the plants against insects, arachnids, nematodes and slugs and snails by toxins formed in the plants, in particular those formed in the plants by the genetic material from Bacillus thuringiensis (for example by the genes CryIA(a), CryIA(b), CryIA(c), CryIIA, CryIIIA, CryIIIB2, Cry9c Cry2Ab, Cry3Bb and CryIF and also combinations thereof) (hereinbelow referred to as “Bt plants”). Traits that are also particularly emphasized are the improved defense of plants against fungi, bacteria and viruses by systemic acquired resistance (SAR), systemin, phytoalexins, elicitors and also resistance genes and correspondingly expressed proteins and toxins. Traits that are additionally particularly emphasized are the increased tolerance of the plants to certain active herbicidal compounds, for example imidazolinones, sulphonylureas, glyphosate or phosphinothricin (for example the “PAT” gene). The genes which impart the desired traits in question may also be present in combinations with one another in the transgenic plants. Examples of “Bt plants” include maize varieties, cotton varieties, soya varieties and potato varieties which are sold under the trade names YIELD GARD® (for example maize, cotton, soya), KnockOut® (for example maize), StarLink® (for example maize), Bollgard® (cotton), Nucotn® (cotton) and NewLeaf® (potato). Examples of herbicide-tolerant plants which may be mentioned are maize varieties, cotton varieties and soya bean varieties which are sold under the trade names Roundup Ready® (tolerance against glyphosate, for example maize, cotton, soya beans), Liberty Link® (tolerance against phosphinothricin, for example oilseed rape), IMI® (tolerance against imidazolinones) and STS (tolerance against sulphonylureas, for example maize). Herbicide-resistant plants (plants bred in a conventional manner for herbicide tolerance) which may be mentioned include the varieties sold under the name Clearfield® (for example maize). Of course, these statements also apply to plant cultivars which have these genetic traits or genetic traits which are still to be developed and will be developed and/or marketed in the future.
According to the invention all plants and plant parts can be treated. By plants is meant all plants and plant populations such as desirable and undesirable wild plants, cultivars and plant varieties (whether or not protectable by plant variety or plant breeder's rights). Cultivars and plant varieties can be plants obtained by conventional propagation and breeding methods which can be assisted or supplemented by one or more biotechnological methods such as by use of double haploids, protoplast fusion, random and directed mutagenesis, molecular or genetic markers or by bioengineering and genetic engineering methods. By plant parts is meant all above ground and below ground parts and organs of plants such as shoot, leaf, blossom and root, whereby for example leaves, needles, stems, branches, blossoms, fruiting bodies, fruits and seed as well as roots, corms and rhizomes are listed. Crops and vegetative and generative propagating material, for example cuttings, corms, rhizomes, runners and seeds also belong to plant parts.
Among the plants that can be protected by the method according to the invention, mention may be made of major field crops like corn, soya bean, cotton, Brassica oilseeds such as Brassica napus (e.g. canola), Brassica rapa, B. juncea (e.g. mustard) and Brassica carinata, rice, wheat, sugarbeet, sugarcane, oats, rye, barley, millet, triticale, flax, vine and various fruits and vegetables of various botanical taxa such as Rosaceae sp. (for instance pip fruit such as apples and pears, but also stone fruit such as apricots, cherries, almonds and peaches, berry fruits such as strawberries), Ribesioidae sp., Juglandaceae sp., Betulaceae sp., Anacardiaceae sp., Fagaceae sp., Moraceae sp., Oleaceae sp., Actinidaceae sp., Lauraceae sp., Musaceae sp. (for instance banana trees and plantings), Rubiaceae sp. (for instance coffee), Theaceae sp., Sterculiceae sp., Rutaceae sp. (for instance lemons, oranges and grapefruit); Solanaceae sp. (for instance tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, eggplant), Liliaceae sp., Compositiae sp. (for instance lettuce, artichoke and chicory—including root chicory, endive or common chicory), Umbelliferae sp. (for instance carrot, parsley, celery and celeriac), Cucurbitaceae sp. (for instance cucumber—including pickling cucumber, squash, watermelon, gourds and melons), Alliaceae sp. (for instance onions and leek), Cruciferae sp. (for instance white cabbage, red cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, pak choi, kohlrabi, radish, horseradish, cress, Chinese cabbage), Leguminosae sp. (for instance peanuts, peas and beans—such as climbing beans and broad beans), Chenopodiaceae sp. (for instance mangold, spinach beet, spinach, beetroots), Malvaceae (for instance okra), Asparagaceae (for instance asparagus); horticultural and forest crops; ornamental plants; as well as genetically modified homologues of these crops.
The method of treatment according to the invention can be used in the treatment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), e.g. plants or seeds. Genetically modified plants (or transgenic plants) are plants of which a heterologous gene has been stably integrated into the genome. The expression “heterologous gene” essentially means a gene which is provided or assembled outside the plant and when introduced in the nuclear, chloroplastic or mitochondrial genome gives the transformed plant new or improved agronomic or other properties by expressing a protein or polypeptide of interest or by downregulating or silencing other gene(s) which are present in the plant (using, for example, antisense technology, cosuppression technology or RNA interference—RNAi—technology). A heterologous gene that is located in the genome is also called a transgene. A transgene that is defined by its particular location in the plant genome is called a transformation or transgenic event.
Depending on the plant species or plant cultivars, their location and growth conditions (soils, climate, vegetation period, diet), the treatment according to the invention may also result in superadditive (“synergistic”) effects. Thus, for example, reduced application rates and/or a widening of the activity spectrum and/or an increase in the activity of the active compounds and compositions which can be used according to the invention, better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to water or soil salt content, increased flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yields, bigger fruits, larger plant height, greener leaf colour, earlier flowering, higher quality and/or a higher nutritional value of the harvested products, higher sugar concentration within the fruits, better storage stability and/or processability of the harvested products are possible, which exceed the effects which were actually to be expected.
At certain application rates, the active compound combinations according to the invention may also have a strengthening effect in plants. Accordingly, they are also suitable for mobilizing the defense system of the plant against attack by unwanted microorganisms. This may, if appropriate, be one of the reasons of the enhanced activity of the combinations according to the invention, for example against fungi. Plant-strengthening (resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, those substances or combinations of substances which are capable of stimulating the defense system of plants in such a way that, when subsequently inoculated with unwanted microorganisms, the treated plants display a substantial degree of resistance to these microorganisms. In the present case, unwanted microorganisms are to be understood as meaning phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses. Thus, the substances according to the invention can be employed for protecting plants against attack by the abovementioned pathogens within a certain period of time after the treatment. The period of time within which protection is effected generally extends from 1 to 10 days, preferably 1 to 7 days, after the treatment of the plants with the active compounds.
Plants and plant cultivars which are preferably to be treated according to the invention include all plants which have genetic material which imparts particularly advantageous, useful traits to these plants (whether obtained by breeding and/or biotechnological means).
Plants and plant cultivars which are also preferably to be treated according to the invention are resistant against one or more biotic stresses, i.e. said plants show a better defense against animal and microbial pests, such as against nematodes, insects, mites, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses and/or viroids.
Examples of nematode-resistant plants are described in e.g. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/765,491, 11/765,494, 10/926,819, 10/782,020, 12/032,479, 10/783,417, 10/782,096, 11/657,964, 12/192,904, 11/396,808, 12/166,253, 12/166,239, 12/166,124, 12/166,209, 11/762,886, 12/364,335, 11/763,947, 12/252,453, 12/209,354, 12/491,396 or 12/497,221.
Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention are those plants which are resistant to one or more abiotic stresses. Abiotic stress conditions may include, for example, drought, cold temperature exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, flooding, increased soil salinity, increased mineral exposure, ozone exposure, high light exposure, limited availability of nitrogen nutrients, limited availability of phosphorus nutrients, shade avoidance.
Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention, are those plants characterized by enhanced yield characteristics. Increased yield in said plants can be the result of, for example, improved plant physiology, growth and development, such as water use efficiency, water retention efficiency, improved nitrogen use, enhanced carbon assimilation, improved photosynthesis, increased germination efficiency and accelerated maturation. Yield can furthermore be affected by improved plant architecture (under stress and non-stress conditions), including but not limited to, early flowering, flowering control for hybrid seed production, seedling vigor, plant size, internode number and distance, root growth, seed size, fruit size, pod size, pod or ear number, seed number per pod or ear, seed mass, enhanced seed filling, reduced seed dispersal, reduced pod dehiscence and lodging resistance. Further yield traits include seed composition, such as carbohydrate content, protein content, oil content and composition, nutritional value, reduction in anti-nutritional compounds, improved processability and better storage stability.
Examples of plants with the above-mentioned traits are non-exhaustively listed in Table A.
Plants that may be treated according to the invention are hybrid plants that already express the characteristic of heterosis or hybrid vigor which results in generally higher yield, vigor, health and resistance towards biotic and abiotic stresses. Such plants are typically made by crossing an inbred male-sterile parent line (the female parent) with another inbred male-fertile parent line (the male parent). Hybrid seed is typically harvested from the male sterile plants and sold to growers. Male sterile plants can sometimes (e.g. in corn) be produced by detasseling, i.e. the mechanical removal of the male reproductive organs (or males flowers) but, more typically, male sterility is the result of genetic determinants in the plant genome. In that case, and especially when seed is the desired product to be harvested from the hybrid plants it is typically useful to ensure that male fertility in the hybrid plants is fully restored. This can be accomplished by ensuring that the male parents have appropriate fertility restorer genes which are capable of restoring the male fertility in hybrid plants that contain the genetic determinants responsible for male-sterility. Genetic determinants for male sterility may be located in the cytoplasm. Examples of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) were for instance described in Brassica species (WO 92/05251, WO 95/09910, WO 98/27806, WO 05/002324, WO 06/021972 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,229,072). However, genetic determinants for male sterility can also be located in the nuclear genome. Male sterile plants can also be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering. A particularly useful means of obtaining male-sterile plants is described in WO 89/10396 in which, for example, a ribonuclease such as barnase is selectively expressed in the tapetum cells in the stamens. Fertility can then be restored by expression in the tapetum cells of a ribonuclease inhibitor such as barstar (e.g. WO 91/02069).
Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may be treated according to the invention are herbicide-tolerant plants, i.e. plants made tolerant to one or more given herbicides. Such plants can be obtained either by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such herbicide tolerance.
Herbicide-resistant plants are for example glyphosate-tolerant plants, i.e. plants made tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate or salts thereof. Plants can be made tolerant to glyphosate through different means. For example, glyphosate-tolerant plants can be obtained by transforming the plant with a gene encoding the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). Examples of such EPSPS genes are the AroA gene (mutant CT7) of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium (Comai et al., 1983, Science 221, 370-371), the CP4 gene of the bacterium Agrobacterium sp. (Barry et al., 1992, Curr. Topics Plant Physiol. 7, 139-145), the genes encoding a petunia EPSPS (Shah et al., 1986, Science 233, 478-481), a tomato EPSPS (Gasser et al., 1988, J. Biol. Chem. 263, 4280-4289), or an eleusine EPSPS (WO 01/66704). It can also be a mutated EPSPS as described in for example EP 0837944, WO 00/66746, WO 00/66747 or WO02/26995. Glyphosate-tolerant plants can also be obtained by expressing a gene that encodes a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,776,760 and 5,463,175. Glyphosate-tolerant plants can also be obtained by expressing a gene that encodes a glyphosate acetyl transferase enzyme as described in for example WO 02/036782, WO 03/092360, WO 05/012515 and WO 07/024782. Glyphosate-tolerant plants can also be obtained by selecting plants containing naturally-occurring mutations of the above-mentioned genes, as described in for example WO 01/024615 or WO 03/013226. Plants expressing EPSPS genes that confer glyphosate tolerance are described in e.g. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/517,991, 10/739,610, 12/139,408, 12/352,532, 11/312,866, 11/315,678, 12/421,292, 11/400,598, 11/651,752, 11/681,285, 11/605,824, 12/468,205, 11/760,570, 11/762,526, 11/769,327, 11/769,255, 11/943801 or 12/362,774. Plants comprising other genes that confer glyphosate tolerance, such as decarboxylase genes, are described in e.g. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/588,811, 11/185,342, 12/364,724, 11/185,560 or 12/423,926.
Other herbicide-resistant plants are for example plants that are made tolerant to herbicides inhibiting the enzyme glutamine synthase, such as bialaphos, phosphinothricin or glufosinate. Such plants can be obtained by expressing an enzyme detoxifying the herbicide or a mutant glutamine synthase enzyme that is resistant to inhibition, e.g. described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/760,602. One such efficient detoxifying enzyme is an enzyme encoding a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (such as the bar or pat protein from Streptomyces species). Plants expressing an exogenous phosphinothricin acetyltransferase are for example described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,561,236; 5,648,477; 5,646,024; 5,273,894; 5,637,489; 5,276,268; 5,739,082; 5,908,810 and 7,112,665.
Further herbicide-tolerant plants are also plants that are made tolerant to the herbicides inhibiting the enzyme hydroxyphenylpyruvatedioxygenase (HPPD). HPPD is an enzyme that catalyses the reaction in which para-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP) is transformed into homogentisate. Plants tolerant to HPPD-inhibitors can be transformed with a gene encoding a naturally-occurring resistant HPPD enzyme, or a gene encoding a mutated or chimeric HPPD enzyme as described in WO 96/38567, WO 99/24585 and WO 99/24586. Tolerance to HPPD-inhibitors can also be obtained by transforming plants with genes encoding certain enzymes enabling the formation of homogentisate despite the inhibition of the native HPPD enzyme by the HPPD-inhibitor. Such plants and genes are described in WO 99/34008 and WO 02/36787. Tolerance of plants to HPPD inhibitors can also be improved by transforming plants with a gene encoding an enzyme having prephenate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity in addition to a gene encoding an HPPD-tolerant enzyme, as described in WO 2004/024928. Further, plants can be made more tolerant to HPPD-inhibitor herbicides by adding into their genome a gene encoding an enzyme capable of metabolizing or degrading HPPD inhibitors, such as the CYP450 enzymes shown in WO 2007/103567 and WO 2008/150473.
Still further herbicide-resistant plants are plants that are made tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors. Known ALS-inhibitors include, for example, sulphonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidines, pyrimidinyloxy(thio)benzoates, and/or sulphonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides. Different mutations in the ALS enzyme (also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase, AHAS) are known to confer tolerance to different herbicides and groups of herbicides, as described for example in Tranel and Wright (2002, Weed Science 50:700-712), but also, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011, 5,378,824, 5,141,870, and 5,013,659. The production of sulphonylurea-tolerant plants and imidazolinone-tolerant plants is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011; 5,013,659; 5,141,870; 5,767,361; 5,731,180; 5,304,732; 4,761,373; 5,331,107; 5,928,937; and 5,378,824; and international publication WO 96/33270. Other imidazolinone-tolerant plants are also described in for example WO 2004/040012, WO 2004/106529, WO 2005/020673, WO 2005/093093, WO 2006/007373, WO 2006/015376, WO 2006/024351, and WO 2006/060634. Further sulphonylurea- and imidazolinone-tolerant plants are also described in for example WO 07/024782 and U.S. Patent Application No. 61/288,958.
Other plants tolerant to imidazolinone and/or sulphonylurea can be obtained by induced mutagenesis, selection in cell cultures in the presence of the herbicide or mutation breeding as described for example for soya beans in U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,082, for rice in WO 97/41218, for sugar beet in U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,702 and WO 99/057965, for lettuce in U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,599, or for sunflower in WO 01/065922.
Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are insect-resistant transgenic plants, i.e. plants made resistant to attack by certain target insects. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such insect resistance.
An “insect-resistant transgenic plant”, as used herein, includes any plant containing at least one transgene comprising a coding sequence encoding:
Of course, an insect-resistant transgenic plant, as used herein, also includes any plant comprising a combination of genes encoding the proteins of any one of the above classes 1 to 10. In one embodiment, an insect-resistant plant contains more than one transgene encoding a protein of any one of the above classes 1 to 10, to expand the range of target insect species affected when using different proteins directed at different target insect species, or to delay insect resistance development to the plants by using different proteins insecticidal to the same target insect species but having a different mode of action, such as binding to different receptor binding sites in the insect.
An “insect-resistant transgenic plant”, as used herein, further includes any plant containing at least one transgene comprising a sequence producing upon expression a double-stranded RNA which upon ingestion by a plant insect pest inhibits the growth of this insect pest, as described e.g. in WO 2007/080126, WO 2006/129204, WO 2007/074405, WO 2007/080127 and WO 2007/035650.
Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are tolerant to abiotic stresses. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such stress resistance. Particularly useful stress tolerance plants include:
Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention show altered quantity, quality and/or storage-stability of the harvested product and/or altered properties of specific ingredients of the harvested product such as:
Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as cotton plants, with altered fiber characteristics. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants which contain a mutation imparting such altered fiber characteristics and include:
Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as oilseed rape or related Brassica plants, with altered oil profile characteristics. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants which contain a mutation imparting such altered oil profile characteristics and include:
Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as oilseed rape or related Brassica plants, with altered seed shattering characteristics. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants which contain a mutation imparting such altered seed shattering characteristics and include plants such as oilseed rape plants with delayed or reduced seed shattering as described in U.S. Patent Appl. No. 61/135,230, WO09/068313 and WO10/006732.
Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants containing transformation events, or combination of transformation events, that are the subject of petitions for non-regulated status, in the United States of America, to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) whether such petitions are granted or are still pending. At any time this information is readily available from APHIS (4700 River Road, Riverdale, Md. 20737, USA), for instance on its internet site (URL http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/not_reg.html). On the filing date of this application the petitions for nonregulated status that were pending with APHIS or granted by APHIS were those listed in table B which contains the following information:
Additional particularly useful plants containing single transformation events or combinations of transformation events are listed for example in the databases from various national or regional regulatory agencies (see for example http://gmoinfo.jrc.it/gmp_browse.aspx and http://cera-gmc.org/index.php?evidcode=&hstIDXCode=&gType=&AbbrCode=&atCode=&stCode=&coIDCode=&action=gm_crop_database&mode=Submit).
Further particularly transgenic plants include plants containing a transgene in an agronomically neutral or beneficial position as described in any of the patent publications listed in Table C.
In a particularly preferred variant, the process according to the invention is used to treat transgenic vegetable, cotton and soya bean species.
Agrostis stolonifera
Beta vulgaris
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens,; WO 2004-074492
Beta vulgaris
Beta vulgaris (sugar
Beta vulgaris sugar
Brassica
napus (Argentine
californica).
Brassica
napus (Argentine
Brassica
napus (Argentine
Brassica
napus (Argentine
Brassica
napus (Argentine
Brassica
napus (Argentine
viridochromogenes, an aerobic soil bacteria. PPT
Brassica
napus (Argentine
viridochromogenes, an aerobic soil bacteria. PPT
Brassica
napus (Argentine
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, RF lines contained the
Brassica
napus (Argentine
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, RF lines contained the
Brassica
napus (Argentine
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, RF lines contained the
Brassica
napus
Brassica
napus
Brassica
napus
Brassica
napus
Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Brassica
napus
Brassica
napus
Streptomyces hygroscopicus.
Brassica
napus
Brassica
napus
viridochromogenes, an aerobic soil bacteria. PPT
Brassica rapa (Polish
Brassica rapa (Polish
Achromobacter sp. that degrades glyphosate by
aubergine
Carica
papaya (papaya)
Cichorium
intybus (chicory)
amyloliquefaciens; PPT resistance was via the bar
Cucumis
melo (melon)
Cucurbita
pepo (squash)
Cucurbita
pepo (squash)
pepo) produced by inserting the coat protein (CP)
Dianthus
caryophyllus
Dianthus
caryophyllus
Dianthus
caryophyllus
Glycine max L. (soya
Glycine max L. (Soya
Glycine max L. (soya
Glycine max L. (soya
Glycine max L. (soya
Glycine max L. (soya
Glycine max L. (soya
Glycine max L. (soya
Glycine max L. (soya
Glycine max L. (soya
Glycine max L. (soya
Glycine max L. (soya
Glycine max L. (soya
Glycine max L. (soya
Glycine max L. (soya
Agrobacterium tumefaciens CP4; WO2006130436
Glycine max L. (soya
Glycine max L. (soya
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
viridochromogenes was introduced as a selectable marker.
Gossypium hirsutum
kurstaki. The PAT encoding gene from
Streptomyces viridochromogenes was introduced as
Gossypium hirsutum
Bacillus thuringiensis and a nitrilase encoding gene
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Agrobacterium under the control of Ph4a748At and
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Insect resistance is
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
tumefaciens; WO 2004/072235
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum
Helianthus
annuus (sunflower)
Lens culinaris (lentil)
Linum usitatissimum
Lycopersicon
esculentum (tomato)
thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki.
Lycopersicon
esculentum (tomato)
Lycopersicon
esculentum (tomato)
Lycopersicon
esculentum (tomato)
Lycopersicon
esculentum (tomato)
Lycopersicon
esculentum (tomato)
Medicago
sativa (alfalfa)
tumefaciens.
Nicotiana tabacum
Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Nicotiana tabacum
Oryza sativa (rice)
Oryza sativa (rice)
Oryza sativa (rice)
Oryza sativa (rice)
Oryza sativa (rice)
Oryza sativa (rice)
Oryza sativa (rice)
Oryza sativa (rice)
Oryza sativa (rice)
Prunus domestica
Solanum tuberosum
thuringiensis (subsp. tenebrionis).
Solanum tuberosum
thuringiensis (subsp. tenebrionis).
Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum
tenebrionis) and the replicase encoding gene from PLRV.
Triticum
aestivum (wheat)
Triticum
aestivum (wheat)
Triticum
aestivum (wheat)
Triticum
aestivum (wheat)
Fusarium resistance (trichothecene 3-O-
Triticum
aestivum (wheat)
Triticum
aestivum (wheat)
Triticum
aestivum (wheat)
Triticum
aestivum (wheat)
Triticum
aestivum (wheat)
Zea mays L. (maize)
kurstaki. The genetic modification affords resistance
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Streptomyces viridochromogenes, respectively.
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Streptomyces hygroscopicus.
Zea mays L. (maize)
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, and the
Zea mays L. (maize)
thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, and the
Zea mays L. (maize)
thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, and the
thuringiensis. Tolerance to glyphosate herbcicide is
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
thuringiensis var aizawai and the phosphinothricin
Zea mays L. (maize)
Bacillus thuringiensis strain PS149B1. The PAT
viridochromogenes was introduced as a selectable
Zea mays L. (maize)
thuringiensis strain PS149B1. Tolerance to
Zea mays L. (maize)
Bacillus thuringiensis strain PS149B1. Lepidopteran
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
thuringiensis subsp kurstaki and phosphinothricin
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
glutamicum, encoding the enzyme
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
kurstaki. The genetic modification affords resistance
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
nubilalis) by introduction of a synthetic cry1Ab
Zea mays L. (maize)
thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1. The genetic
Zea mays L. (maize)
kurstaki HD-1 present in MON810. Corn rootworm
Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kumamotoensis
Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain CP4 present in MON88017.
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
thuringiensis subsp. kumamotoensis.
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
thuringiensis subspecies kumamotoensis strain
tumefaciens strain CP4; WO2005059103
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
tumefaciens present in MON88017.
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Streptomyces viridochromogenes.
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
thuringiensis var. aizawai. Corn rootworm-resistance
thuringiensis strain PS149B1. Tolerance to
viridochromogenes.
Zea mays L. (maize)
In one embodiment of the invention, the plants A-1 to A-183 of Table A, in total, or parts thereof, or propagation material of said plants are treated or contacted with the active compound combinations of the invention.
Sclerotinia blight
Lepidopteran
Lepidopteran
Lepidopteran
Lepidopteran
Lepidopteran
Lepidopteran
Lepidopteran
Lepidopteran
Lepidopteran
Lepidopteran
Lepidopteran
Cichorium
intybus
Lepidopteran
Lepidopteran
Lepidopteran
Lepidopteran
In one embodiment of the invention, the plants B-1 to B-129 of Table B, in total, or parts thereof, or propagation material of said plants are treated or contacted with the active compound combinations of the invention.
Aphid resistance
Sclerotinia resistance
Botrytis resistance
Bremia resistance
Erwinia resistance
In one embodiment of the invention, the plants comprising or expressing traits of C-1 to C-14 of Table C, in total, or parts thereof, or propagation material of said plants are treated or contacted with the active compound combinations of the invention.
Fusarium resistance
In one embodiment, the plants comprising a transgenic event or expressing a trait of D-1 to D-48 of Table D, in total, or parts thereof, or propagation material of said plants are treated or contacted with the active compound combinations of the invention.
Beta vulgaris
Brassica napus
Brassica napus
Brassica napus
Glycine max L.
Glycine max L.
Glycine max L.
Glycine max L.
Glycine max L.
Gossypium
hirsutum
Gossypium
hirsutum
Gossypium
hirsutum
Gossypium
hirsutum
Gossypium
hirsutum
Gossypium
hirsutum
Gossypium
hirsutum
Gossypium
hirsutum
Gossypium
hirsutum
Gossypium
hirsutum
Gossypium
hirsutum
Gossypium
hirsutum
Gossypium
hirsutum
Medicago sativa
Oryza sativa
Solanum
tuberosum
decemlineata
Solanum
tuberosum
decemlineata
Solanum
tuberosum
Triticum aestivum
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
Zea mays
In one embodiment, the plants comprising a transgenic event or expressing a trait of E-1 to E-50 of Table E, in total, or parts thereof, or propagation material of said plants are treated or contacted with the active compound combinations of the invention.
The plants listed can be treated in a particularly advantageous manner in accordance with the invention with the active compound combinations of the invention. The preferred ranges stated above for the active compound combinations also apply to the treatment of these plants. Particular emphasis is given to the treatment of plants with the active compound combinations specifically mentioned in the present text.
The active compound combinations can be converted to the customary formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, wettable powders, suspensions, powders, dusts, pastes, soluble powders, granules, suspension-emulsion concentrates, natural materials impregnated with active compound, synthetic materials impregnated with active compound and microencapsulations in polymeric substances.
These formulations are produced in a known manner, for example by mixing the active compound with extenders, that is liquid solvents and/or solid carriers, optionally with the use of surfactants, that is emulsifiers and/or dispersants and/or foam-formers.
Suitable for use as auxiliaries are substances which are suitable for imparting to the active compound combination itself and/or to preparations derived therefrom (for example spray liquors, seed dressings) particular properties such as certain technical properties and/or also particular biological properties. Typical suitable auxiliaries are: extenders, solvents and carriers.
Suitable extenders are, for example, water, polar and nonpolar organic chemical liquids, for example from the classes of the aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons (such as paraffins, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chlorobenzenes), the alcohols and polyols (which, if appropriate, may also be substituted, etherified and/or esterified), the ketones (such as acetone, cyclohexanone), esters (including fats and oils) and (poly)ethers, the unsubstituted and substituted amines, amides, lactams (such as N-alkylpyrrolidones) and lactones, the sulphones and sulphoxides (such as dimethyl sulphoxide).
If the extender used is water, it is also possible to employ, for example, organic solvents as auxiliary solvents. Essentially, suitable liquid solvents are: aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols such as butanol or glycol and also their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water.
Suitable solid carriers are:
for example, ammonium salts and ground natural minerals such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica, alumina and silicates; suitable solid carriers for granules are: for example, crushed and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite and dolomite, and also synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and granules of organic material such as paper, sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks; suitable emulsifiers and/or foam-formers are: for example, nonionic and anionic emulsifiers, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, for example alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, arylsulphonates and also protein hydrolyzates; suitable dispersants are nonionic and/or ionic substances, for example from the classes of the alcohol-POE- and/or -POP-ethers, acid and/or POP-POE esters, alkyl aryl and/or POP-POE ethers, fat- and/or POP-POE adducts, POE- and/or POP-polyol derivatives, POE- and/or POP-sorbitan- or -sugar adducts, alkyl or aryl sulphates, alkyl- or arylsulphonates and alkyl or aryl phosphates or the corresponding PO-ether adducts. Furthermore, suitable oligo- or polymers, for example those derived from vinylic monomers, from acrylic acid, from EO and/or PO alone or in combination with, for example, (poly)alcohols or (poly)amines. It is also possible to employ lignin and its sulphonic acid derivatives, unmodified and modified celluloses, aromatic and/or aliphatic sulphonic acids and their adducts with formaldehyde.
Tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or latices, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, as well as natural phospholipids such as cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids, can be used in the formulations. Further additives may be mineral and vegetable oils.
It is possible to use colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian Blue, and organic dyestuffs, such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs and metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs, and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
The formulations generally comprise between 0.1 and 95% by weight of active compound, preferably between 0.5 and 90%, and in addition preferably extenders and/or surfactants.
The active compound content of the use forms prepared from the commercially available formulations can vary within wide limits. The active compound concentration of the use forms can be from 0.0000001 to 95% by weight of active compound, preferably between 0.0001 and 1% by weight.
Application is in a manner appropriate for the use forms.
The good insecticidal and/or acaricidal activity of the active compound combinations is illustrated by the examples below. Whereas the individual active compounds show weaknesses in their activity, the combinations show an activity which exceeds a simple addition of activities.
A synergistic effect in insecticides/acaricides is always present when the activity of the active compound combinations exceeds the total of the activities of the active compounds when applied individually. The expected activity for a given combination of two active compounds can be calculated according to S. R. Colby, Weeds 15 (1967), 20-22 as follows:
If
If the actual insecticidal kill rate is greater than calculated, the kill of the combination is superadditive, i.e. there is a synergistic effect. In this case, the actual observed kill rate has to be greater than the value for the expected kill rate (E) calculated from the formula given above.
To produce a suitable preparation of active compound, the desired formulation is mixed with water and the concentrate is diluted with water to the desired concentration.
Individually potted conventional or transgenic—comprising a gene coding for herbicide resistance—cotton plants heavily infested by the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) are treated by spraying with the active compound preparation of the desired concentration.
After the desired period of time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all aphids have been killed; 0% means that no aphids have been killed. The kill rates determined are entered into Colby's formula (see Sheet 1).
In this test, for example, the following active compound combination in accordance with the present application shows a synergistically enhanced activity compared to the active compounds applied individually:
Aphis gossypii test
Aphis gossypii test
Aphis gossypii test
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20140208463 A1 | Jul 2014 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61521827 | Aug 2011 | US |
