BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The presented invention relates to an active power filter. More particularly, the presented invention relates to a parallel connection of an active power filter and a load for providing a selectable compensation from a fundamental reactive current, an attenuation of a compound of the harmonic currents of specific orders, and a combination of both of them, with the load being particularly a nonlinear load and an attenuating ratio of the attenuation being adjustable.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, the characteristics of power electronic devices have been improved significantly. The power electronic devices with characteristics of high-voltage rating, high-current rating, and high switching speed have been developed due to the improvement of semiconductor manufacturing technique. Power electronic devices are widely applied in electric power equipment, such as uninterruptible power supply, motor driver, arc furnace, trolley car, battery charger, and lighting appliance etc. The electric power equipment may generate a large amount of harmonic currents due to the nonlinear input characteristic of such loads. The harmonic current will pollute the power system and result in the serious problems such as transformer overheat, rotary machine vibration, degrading voltage quality, electric power components destruction, medical facilities malfunction etc. In order to improve the problems of harmonic pollution effectively, many harmonic control standards, such as IEEE519-1992, IEC1000-3-5, and IEC1000-3-4 etc., have been established by international research centers.
Traditionally, passive power filter configured by the inductor and capacitor was used to solve the problems caused by the harmonic in a power system. However, the passive power filter may cause resonance and neighbor harmonic current injection problems that may damage the passive power filter. Additionally, it is quite hard to obtain a better filtering performance of the passive power filter due to the filter characteristic of the passive power filter may be affected by the system impedance.
Because of the mentioned drawbacks of the passive power filter, active power filters are developed for harmonic suppression recently, which have a conventional structure as shown in FIG. 1. A power source 91 provides a load 92 with electrical power, and an active power filter 93 connects with the load 92 in parallel for providing a compensating current, wherein the compensating current equals to the fundamental reactive current and the harmonic current of the load. Subsequently, the compensating current injects into a power line between the power source 91 and the load 92 to suppress the harmonic current of the load 92 and improve the power factor simultaneously.
The conventional active power filters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,832 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,770 with a control structure as shown in FIG. 2. A calculating circuit 80 detects a load current, a source voltage and a DC voltage of the active power filter for calculating a reference signal of compensating current. An output current of the active power filter is detected and subtracted from the reference signal of compensating current by a subtracter 81, and the subtracting result is transmitted to a current controller 82 to generate a control signal. Although the conventional active power filter is able to suppress the harmonic current and improve the power factor, there are still some disadvantages as follows:
- 1. a conversion ratio of a current sensor for the load current and that for the output current of the active power filter should be pre-known, otherwise, the compensation performance of the active power filter will be degraded due to the mismatch of the compensating current of the active power filter and the harmonic current of the load; and
- 2. a generated compensating current includes the harmonic currents composed of all orders and the fundamental reactive current, which results in application limitation in some applications.
A direct source current compensation method disclosed in “Simplified control method for the single phase active power filter,” IEE Proc. Electrical Power Applications, vol. 143, 1996, pp. 219-224 was proposed to solve the first disadvantage above. Nevertheless, its compensating current still includes the harmonic currents composed of all orders and the fundamental reactive current.
Although, an active power filter disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,660 senses the source current to calculate a reference signal of a compensating current thereby, the generated compensating current still suppresses the harmonic currents of all orders and compensates the fundamental reactive current simultaneously. In addition, microprocessors are generally used to implement the controllers of conventional active power filters. Since the fundamental component dominates the source current after compensating by the active power filter, the harmonic components are too small to be detected from the source current. Especially due to the bits limitations in A/D converters of microprocessor, an evident error will appear in the calculation of reference signal of compensating current for the active power filter. An inaccurate compensating current resulted form the above reasons will degrade the filtering performance of the active power filter.
The presented invention intends to provide an active power filter without those disadvantages of the conventional ones. The control method of proposed active power filter detects a source current, a source voltage and an energy storage capacitor voltage of the active power filter to calculate a reference signal of compensating current. The reference signal of compensating current can be set manually to select as a fundamental reactive current, an attenuation of a compound of the harmonic currents of specific orders, and a combination of both of them. Moreover, an attenuating ratio of harmonic currents of each specified orders is adjustable individually. For improving the accuracy in the calculation of reference signal of compensating current, the detected source current is separated into two parts before transmitted to a microprocessor for calculating a reference signal of compensating current. One is the source current itself, and the other part is the combination of all harmonic components. Furthermore, the control method also operates the active power filter as parallel operation of a virtual resister and a virtual capacitor at the fundamental frequency to compensate for the fundamental reactive power of the load and the power loss of the active power filter.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The primary objective of this invention is to provide an active power filter, which utilizes a controller operating an inverter to generate a compensating current injecting into a power line connected between a power source and a load. Consequently, the presented invention effectively suppresses the harmonic currents and/or improves the power factor.
Further scope of the applicability of the presented invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The presented invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the presented invention, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic circuitry of a power system with a conventional active power filter;
FIG. 2 is a schematic circuitry of a conventional active power filter;
FIG. 3 is a schematic circuitry of a power system with an active power filter in accordance with a first embodiment of the presented invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic circuitry of a controller of the active power filter in accordance with a first embodiment of the presented invention;
FIG. 5 is an equivalent circuit of the power system of an nth harmonic order in accordance with the first embodiment of the presented invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic circuitry of a power system with an active power filter in accordance with a second embodiment of the presented invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic circuitry of a power system with an active power filter in accordance with a third embodiment of the presented invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic circuitry of a power system with an active power filter in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the presented invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic circuitry of a power system with an active power filter in accordance with a fifth embodiment of the presented invention; and
FIG. 10 is a schematic circuitry of a power system with an active power filter in accordance with a sixth embodiment of the presented invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIG. 3, a schematic circuitry of a power system with an active power filter in accordance with a first embodiment of the presented invention is illustrated. The active power filter 3 is applied in a three-phase four-wire power system that further includes a power source 1, a load 2, and a power line set 4. The power source 1 is a three-phase four-wire AC power source and supplies the load 2 with electrical power through the power line set 4 comprising three power lines 40, 41, 42 for the three phases respectively and a neutral line 43. The active power filter 3 electrically connects to the power line set between the power source 1 and the load 2.
Still referring to FIG. 3, the active power filter 3 comprises an energy storage capacitor 30, an inverter 31, a filtering circuit 32, and a controller 33. The energy storage capacitor 30 provides a regulated DC voltage and is consisted of two serially connecting DC capacitors, wherein the connected point of the two DC capacitors connects to the neutral line 43. The inverter 31 electrically connects to two terminals of the energy storage capacitor 30. The inverter is a three arms bridge structure with split DC capacitors. The three arm bridge structure consisted of six power electronic switches. In operation, switching the power electronic switches of the inverter 31 converts the DC voltage of the energy storage capacitor 30 into a compensating voltage. The filtering circuit 32 has two sets of terminals with one of them electrically connects to the inverter 31 and the other connects to the three power lines 40, 41, 42 between the power source 1 and the load 2. The filtering circuit 32 comprises a plurality of inductors, capacitors and resisters, and acts as a low pass filter to filter the ripples due to the high-frequency switching of the inverter 31. Through the filtering circuit 32, the compensating voltage generated by the inverter 31 converts into a compensating current. The compensating current injects into the power line set 4 for compensating for the power loss of the active power filter and selectively compensating the load 2 for a compound of the harmonic currents of specific orders and/or a fundamental reactive current. Consequently, the harmonic current of the source current is suppressed and/or the power factor is improved.
Referring to FIG. 4, a schematic circuitry of the controller 33 of the active power filter 3 in accordance with a first embodiment of the presented invention is illustrated, with the inverter 31 being in a current-mode control. The controller 33 comprises a harmonic current loop 331, a fundamental reactive current loop 332 and a fundamental real current loop 333. A reference signal Ir* of the compensating current is obtained through the three circuits 331, 332, 333, and an output current of the active power filter 3 is detected. As a result, control signals for the inverter 31 are produced by utilizing the controller 33 completing a feedback control with the reference signal Ir* and the output current of the active power filter 3, so that the output current of the active power filter 3 can track the reference signal Ir*.
Still referring to FIG. 4, firstly, the harmonic current loop 331 of the controller 33 of the active power filter 3 is used to obtain a harmonic component of the reference signal Ir*. The harmonic current loop 331 comprises a first current sensor 3310, a band-rejection filter 3311 and a harmonic calculating and amplifying circuit 3312. The first current sensor 3310 detects the source current, and its output signal is transmitted to the band-rejection filter 3311 to filter out the fundamental component of the source current. The harmonic calculating and amplifying circuit 3312 receives the output of the band-rejection filter 3311 and calculates the harmonic components of each specified orders and then amplifies them by different gains in accordance with the preset attenuation ratio. It should be noticed that the band-rejection filter 3311 must be realized by means of analog circuit, and the harmonic calculating and amplifying circuit 3312 can be realized by a microprocessor. Since the fundamental component is the dominated component of the source current after compensating by the active power filter, the harmonic components are too small to be detected from the source current. Especially for the harmonic calculating and amplifying circuit 3312 being implemented by a microprocessor with limited bits of A/D converters, an evident error will appear in calculating the compensating components. This is the reason why such a band-rejection filter 3311 in the harmonic current loop 331 to filter out the fundamental component of the source current for emphasizing the harmonic component must be realized by an analog circuit. Hence, the accuracy of harmonic components calculation is improved.
One method to detect the source current is directly sensing it by using a current sensor at the power source 1. There is the other method to detect the source current by using the current sensor at the load 2 to detect a current of the load 2 and calculating the source current by using the current of the load 2 and the output current of the active power filter 3.
Referring to 5, an equivalent circuit of the system shown in FIG. 3 under the nth harmonic frequency is illustrated. The active power filter 3 can be regarded as a dependent current source due to the use of the current-mode control of the inverter 31. The nth-order harmonic current of the load 2 is labeled as ILn; the nth-order harmonic current of the power source 1 is labeled as Isn; and the inverter 31 generates a nth-order harmonic current KIsn injecting into the power line set 4, K represented as an amplification gain of the harmonic calculating and amplifying circuit 3312. By using the Kirchhoff's rule, an equation as the following one is obtained.
According to the above equation (1), the amplification gain K determines the attenuating ratio of the nth-order harmonic current. Therefore, while being applied to the harmonic current in specified order, the harmonic calculating and amplifying circuit 3312 not only obtains the harmonic components of each specified order but also determines the attenuating ratio thereof. Consequently, the output of the harmonic calculating and amplifying circuit 3312 is the harmonic component of the reference signal Ir*.
Still referring to FIG. 4, the fundamental reactive current loop 332 of the controller 33 for the active power filter 3 is used to obtain a fundamental reactive component of the reference signal Ir*. Due to the current-mode control applied to the inverter 31, a current of a capacitor is shown as the follows:
where V is the voltage of power source 1. By using the fundamental reactive current loop 332 to control the inverter 31, the compensating current generated by the active power filter 3 comprises a component being proportional to a differential value of the fundamental voltage of the power source 1. As a result, the active power filter 3 acts as a virtual capacitor C at the fundamental frequency and paralleled connects to the power source 1 for generating a reactive power to compensate the load 2. Please note that the active power filter 3 acts as a virtual capacitor only at the fundamental frequency to avoid to resulting in a harmonic pollution.
Furthermore, the fundamental reactive current loop 332 comprises a fundamental reactive power calculating circuit 3320, a first voltage sensor 3321, a band-pass filter 3322, a differentiating circuit 3323 and a first multiplier 3324. In order to determine a value of the virtual capacitor for the required compensating reactive power of the active power filter 3, the first voltage sensor 3321 senses the source voltage. The sensed source voltage and the output of the first current sensor 3310 are transmitted to the fundamental reactive power calculating circuit 3320 to calculate the fundamental reactive power. Meanwhile, the signal sensed by the first voltage sensor 3321 is also transmitted to the band-pass filter 3322 to obtain a fundamental voltage of the power source 1. Continuously, the output of the band-pass filter 3322 is transmitted to the differentiating circuit 3323 to generate a differential signal of the fundamental voltage of the power source 1. Then, the outputs of the fundamental reactive power calculating circuit 3320 and the differentiating circuit 3323 are transmitted to the first multiplier 3324 to generate the fundamental reactive component of the reference signal Ir*.
Thirdly, the fundamental real current loop 333 is employed for obtaining a fundamental real component of the reference signal Ir*. Due to the current-mode control applied to the inverter 31, the current of the virtual resistor is shown as the follows:
Through the inverter 31, the fundamental real current loop 333 enables the active power filter 3 to generate a compensating current comprising a component being proportional to the fundamental voltage of the power source 1 shown as Eq. (3). Therefore, the active power filter 3 acts as a virtual resistor R at the fundamental frequency and connects to the power source 1 in parallel to absorb a real power, so as to compensate for the power loss of the active power filter 3 and maintain the regulated DC voltage level supplied by the energy storage capacitor 30. It should be noticed that the active power filter 3 only acts as a virtual resistor at the fundamental frequency to avoid to resulting in a harmonic pollution.
Furthermore, the fundamental real current loop 333 comprises a second voltage sensor 3330, a first subtracter 3331, a first controller 3332 and a second multiplier 3333. The second voltage sensor 3330 detects the voltage of the energy storage capacitor 30 and sends a signal to the first subtracter 3331 to compare with a predetermined signal. The predetermined signal is used to determine the desired voltage of energy storage capacitor 30. The output of the first subtracter 3331 is transmitted to the first controller 3332 for determining a value of the virtual resistor at the fundamental frequency. Then, the outputs of the first controller 3332 and the band-pass filter 3322 are transmitted to the second multiplier 3333 to generate the fundamental real component of the reference signal Ir*.
Finally, the fundamental reactive component generating by the fundamental reactive current loop 332, the fundamental real component generated by the fundamental real current loop 333 and the harmonic component generated by the harmonic current loop 331 are transmitted to a selecting circuit 334. The selecting circuit 334 selects the reference signal Ir* from the combination of the above three components. The combination is shown as follows:
- 1. the reference signal Ir* is consisted of the fundamental real component and the fundamental reactive component together to compensate for the fundamental reactive power of the load 2;
- 2. the reference signal Ir* is consisted of the real fundamental component and the harmonic component together to suppress the harmonic currents of specific orders of the load 2; and
- 3. the reference signal Ir* is consisted of all the harmonic component, the fundamental reactive component and the fundamental real component, in order to compensate for the fundamental reactive power and suppress the harmonic currents of specific orders of the load 2 simultaneously.
Still referring to FIG. 4, a second current sensor 335 detects the output current of the active power filter 3, and the output of the second current sensor 335 is send to a second subtracter 336 to compare with the reference signal Ir*. The output of the second subtracter 336 is transmitted to a second controller 337. The output of the second controller 337 is send to a pulse-width modulation (PWM) circuit 338, so as to generate control signals for the power electronic switches of the inverter 31. With the close loop control system proposed by the presented invention, the output current of the active power filter 3 can track the reference signal Ir*. The compensating current generated by the active power filter 3 is injected into the power line set 4.
The described compensating current is the fundamental real component outputted by the fundamental real current loop 333 adding a selectable compensation function from the combination of the fundamental reactive component outputted by the fundamental reactive current loop 332 and/or the harmonic component outputted by the harmonic current loop 331. The inverter has the compensating current including the fundamental real current component makes the active power filter 3 equal to a circuit having a virtual resistor; and the inverter has the compensating current including the fundamental reactive current component makes the active power filter 3 equal to a circuit having a virtual capacitor. The inverter has the compensating current including the harmonic current component makes the active power filter 3 to attenuate a compound of the harmonic currents of specific orders with a predetermined attenuating ratio set by user.
Referring to FIG. 6, a schematic circuitry of the active power filter 3 in accordance with a second embodiment of the presented invention is illustrated. In comparison with the first embodiment, the inverter 31 of the second embodiment is configured by a four arms bridge structure, each arm is consisted of two series connected power electronic switches, and the neutral line 43 connects to a middle connected point of two series connected power electronic switches in one of the four arms. Additionally, the energy storage capacitor 30 has only one DC capacitor.
Referring to FIG. 7, a schematic circuitry of the active power filter 3 in accordance with a third embodiment of the presented invention is illustrated. In comparison with the second embodiment, the active power filter 3 is applied to a three-phase three-wire power system, with the power source 1 being a three-phase three-wire AC power source and supplying the load 2 with a three-phase electrical power through the power line set 4. In comparison with the second embodiment, the inverter 31 of the third embodiment is configured by a three arms bridge structure, and each arm is consisted of two series connected power electronic switches.
Referring to FIG. 8, a schematic circuitry of the active power filter 3 in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the presented invention is illustrated. In comparison with the first through third embodiments, the active power filter 3 is applied to a three-phase four-wire power system of the power source 1 being a high level AC power source. Particularly, being different from the active power filter 3 disclosed by the first embodiment, an AC power capacitor 34 is employed to serially connect between the filtering circuit 32 and the three power lines 40, 41, 42. This AC power capacitor 34 supplies an additional reactive power and blocks most of the fundamental voltage of the power source 1 while the active power filter 3 is applied in the power system with higher voltage level. Additionally, the fundamental reactive current loop 332 of the controller 33 only requires to set a low limited value, and it can reduce the capacity of the inverter 31 used in the active power filter 3.
Referring to FIG. 9, a schematic circuitry of the active power filter 3 in accordance with a fifth embodiment of the presented invention is illustrated. In comparison with the fourth embodiment, the inverter 31 of the fifth embodiment can also be configured by a four arms bridge structure, each arm is consisted of two series connected power electronic switches, and the neutral line 43 connects to a middle connected point of two series connected power electronic switches in one of the four arms. Additionally, the energy storage capacitor 30 has only one DC capacitor.
Referring to FIG. 10, a schematic circuitry of the active power filter 3 in accordance with a sixth embodiment of the presented invention is illustrated. In comparison with the fifth embodiment, the active power filter 3 is applied to a three-phase three-wire power system of the power source 1 being a high level AC power source. Furthermore, being different from the active power filter 3 disclosed by the fifth embodiment, the inverter 31 of the fifth embodiment is configured by a three arms bridge structure, and each arm is consisted of two series connected power electronic switches.
Although the invention has been described in detail with reference to its presentedly preferred embodiment, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention, as set forth in the appended claims.
Patent Application
20080219035
