Patent Grant
9696446
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to seismic exploration and more specifically, to marine seismic survey systems.
Description of the Related Art
Marine seismic exploration investigates and maps the structure and character of subsurface geological formations underlying a body of water. For large survey areas, seismic vessels tow one or more seismic sources and multiple seismic streamer cables through the water. The seismic sources typically comprise compressed air guns for generating acoustic pulses in the water. The energy from these pulses propagates downwardly into the geological formations and is reflected upwardly from the interfaces between subsurface geological formations. The reflected energy is sensed with hydrophones attached to the seismic streamers, and data representing such energy is recorded and processed to provide information about the underlying geological features.
Three-dimensional (3-D) seismic surveys of a grid provide more information regarding the subsurface formations than two-dimensional seismic surveys. 3-D surveys may be conducted with up to twelve or more streamers that form an array covering a large area behind the vessel. The streamers typically vary in length between three and twelve kilometers. Tail buoys attached at the streamer distal ends carry radar reflectors, navigation equipment and acoustic transponders. Hydrophones are positioned along each streamer and are wired together in receiver groups spaced along each streamer. The in-line interval between receiver groups ranges between about 3 and 25 meters, with 12.5 meters comprising typical interval spacing. Since the grid is often much wider than the array, the tow vessel must turn around and tow the array in laps across the grid, being careful not to overlap or leave large gaps between the laps across the grid.
A multiple streamer array requires diverters near the vessel to pull the streamers outwardly from the direct path behind the seismic tow vessel and to maintain the traverse or crossline spacing between individual streamers. Diverters rely on hydrodynamic lift created by forward motion through the water to pull the streamers outwardly and to maintain the transverse position relative to the vessel path. If forward motion changes due to ocean currents and other environmental factors, the diverters will not maintain the desired streamer position.
In 4-D geophysical imaging, a 3-D seismic survey is repeated over a grid that has been previously surveyed. This series of surveys taken at different times may show changes to the geophysical image over time caused, for example, by extraction of oil and gas from a deposit. It is important that the sources being used to generate the acoustical pulses be located as closely as possible to the same location as in previous surveys over the same grid. This, of course, has been impossible to accomplish in a marine survey because the acoustical source arrays are typically towed behind the tow vessel and are subject to wave and current movement.
In addition to the deployment and operation difficulties associated with towing multiple streamers, conventional techniques limit the ability to position source equipment and receivers in different relative positions and orientations. Because the sources and receivers are towed behind the same seismic vessel, array design is limited by the tow configuration. Each towed array is also subject to crosscurrents, wind, waves, shallow water, and navigation obstacles that limit the coverage provided by the survey system.
Conventionally, attempts to control the location of source arrays have included attaching the arrays to distance ropes running to other deflectors and tow cables. These attempts have not provided optimal control of the location of the source arrays under towing conditions. Furthermore, the distance ropes create a significant drag that must be overcome by the tow vessel and that places a great deal of tension on the towing cables and attachments.
Accordingly, a need exists for an improved techniques and equipment for conducting marine seismic operations. It would be an advantage if such techniques and equipment allowed the acoustic sources to be positioned in desired locations while being towed behind a vessel.
The present invention provides a seismic survey system for use in water that comprises a source array coupled to an independently steerable deflector device that controls the crossline position of the source array. While the deflector device is preferably connected between the tow cable (or umbilical) and the towed source array, the deflector device may also be placed at the distal end of the source array or contained within the source array.
So that the source array may be tracked as to its present position, a positioning system unit is mounted on the source array. The positioning unit system may be, for example, a global positioning system (GPS) unit, other satellite system, laser, acoustic network or other device that indicates position. The positioning unit provides a signal to a controller to inform the controller of the current position of the source array so that the controller can control the crossline position of the deflector device and the coupled source array. The controller may be positioned at a location selected from a towing vessel, the deflector, and combinations thereof. It should be recognized that reference to a “controller” encompasses not only a single controller, but also the use of multiple controllers since the distribution of control among multiple units at one or more locations, and one or more controllers controlling a single unit, may still function in the same way and achieve the same result as a single controller.
The deflector device preferably comprises a single wing in a generally vertical arrangement and a central body, but may also comprise an upper wing, a lower wing, and a central body, wherein the upper and lower wings are disposed on opposite sides of the central body in a generally vertical arrangement and wherein the wings move together in similar motion. Alternatively, the wings may be arranged horizontally, wherein the wings may move together in similar motion, or wherein one wing is fixed and the other wing is adjusted or wherein each wing may be adjusted independently. An actuator is disposed within or adjacent to the central body, wherein a controller sends a signal to the actuator, which moves the wing by either electrical or hydraulic action. The one or more wings have a combined surface area of between about 1 and about 7 square meters and may be made of a material selected from metal, plastic composite or combinations thereof. For example, the wing may be constructed of a metal skin covering a foam core.
Electrical power may be provided to the deflector from the tow vessel through the umbilical, from batteries or other electricity storage devices located on the deflector, and from a combination thereof.
The present invention may further comprise a second source array. More than one deflector device may be used, especially when there are multiple source arrays. Accordingly, the present invention also includes a second independently steerable deflector device coupled to a second source array for controlling a crossline position of the second source array.
Additionally, the present invention provides an obstruction avoidance system having an acoustical transducer and receiver coupled to the source array, and a controller, wherein the controller adjusts the deflector device to steer around an obstruction located by the acoustical transducer and receiver. Preferably, the acoustical transducer and receiver operate in a range typical for sonar type devices, and may be used to locate obstructions in or under the water such as, for example, installed constructions, moored devices, floating devices, lead-in cables and combinations thereof. The acoustic transducer and receiver may be pointed in a given direction or, alternatively, the acoustic transducer and receiver may sweep in many directions. Alternatively, optical devices, such as lasers, may comprise the obstruction avoidance system.
Also included as the present invention is a method of positioning a source array in tow behind a vessel. The steps of this method include determining the crossline position of the source array, and independently steering a deflector device to position the source array in a desired crossline position. The method further includes using a controller for controlling the deflector device to reach the desired crossline position. A positioning system unit is used for determining the position of the source array and providing the position to the controller.
As previously discussed, the deflector that may be used in the method of the present invention preferably comprises a wing and an actuator to move the wing. The controller controls the actuator, which moves the wing, wherein the movement of the wing steers the source array.
The method of the present invention further provides a method for avoiding obstruction in or under the water. These steps include detecting acoustic signals or reflections indicating obstructions in the path of the source array and adjusting the deflector device to steer around an obstruction detected by the acoustical transducer and receiver.
The present invention further provides a system for changing the position of a source array towed by a vessel in a body of water having a deflector coupled to the source array. The deflector includes a wing that provides a lateral force to the source array as the source array is towed through the water, an actuator for controllably varying the angle between the deflector wing and the direction of tow of the vessel, and a sensor for measuring the wing angle. Additionally the deflector may include a positioning system for indicating the position of the deflector, and a controller for providing a command to the actuator for varying the angle between the deflector wing and the tow direction. Preferably, commands from the controller to the actuator cause the deflector to steer to a desired position and then maintain that position.
The deflector is stabilized against forces transverse to the direction of tow by drag forces resulting from towing the source array from the deflector. Further stabilization may be realized by having a lower end of the deflector that is weighted and an upper end that is buoyant.
As an alternative seismic survey system for use in water, the present invention provides a winch for controlling the position of a source array. The system comprises a source array towed by a first tow cable, a deflector towed by a second tow cable, a distance rope coupling the first and second tow cables, and a winch attached to the distance rope, wherein the winch controls a position of the source array. A positioning system receiver unit mounted on the source array and a controller are used for controlling the position of the source array. The controller may be a computer, a distributed control system, an analogue control system or other controller known to those having ordinary skill in the art. The controller is positioned at a location selected from a towing vessel, in-sea (such as at the winch), and combinations thereof. The positioning system receiver unit attached to the source array provides a signal to inform the controller of the current location of the source array. A seismic source on the source array may be triggered when the source array is at a desired location.
The winch comprises any apparatus for varying the effective length of the rope. For example, the winch may include a reel for winding the distance rope onto the winch, an actuator for rotating the reel, and a housing adjacent to the reel. The actuator uses a motive force selected from electrical and hydraulic. The housing protects sensors, conductors, power sources and power storage units from the water and comprises a connector for connecting an umbilical containing conductors or fiber optics to the housing from the controller and power source on the tow vessel. Power may be supplied from the tow vessel to the winch through the umbilical/tow cable, from one or more batteries located on the winch, or from combinations thereof.
A source array comprises one or more sub-arrays. Source arrays that are steered to locations on only one side of the centerline of the tow vessel require only one deflector device to control the crossline position of the source array because the forces exerted upon the source array as the array is being towed through the water tend to force the source array to the centerline of the tow boat. Alternatively, if the source array will be steered to locations on both sides of the centerline of the tow vessel, then two deflector devices, one on each side of the source array, are required.
The system may further comprise an obstacle avoidance system comprising an acoustical transducer and receiver coupled to the source array, and a controller, wherein the controller adjusts the winch to steer around an obstruction located by the acoustical transducer and receiver. The acoustical transducer and receiver preferably operate in a range typical for sonar type devices.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numbers represent like parts of the invention.
The present invention provides a seismic survey system that includes one or more source arrays towed behind a tow vessel. The system may be used for conducting seismic surveys of the subsurface geological formations that underlie a body of water. The system comprises a source array and an independently steerable deflector device that is coupled to the source array, preferably suspended from a float element of the source array, or alternatively, from a separate independent float. The deflector device controls the position of the source array by exerting a lateral force against the source array as the deflector device is towed through the water. The deflector device preferably includes one wing that may be angularly adjusted to steer the source array to a desired position behind the tow vessel.
The deflector device is a hydrodynamic body that uses the water velocity, achieved by being towed by the tow vessel through the water, to generate a lateral force to steer the source array to the desired location. It should be noted that a towed source array generally moves along the centerline of the tow vessel due to the forces exerted on the source array by the water. Therefore, the defector device is used generally to steer the source array away from the centerline of the tow vessel to a desired position. The deflector device preferably comprises a single wing in a generally vertical arrangement and a central body, but may also comprise an upper wing, a lower wing, and a central body, wherein the upper and lower wings are disposed on opposite sides of the central body in a generally vertical arrangement and wherein the wings move together in similar motion. Alternatively, the wings may be arranged in a generally horizontal arrangement, wherein wings may move together in similar motion, or wherein one wing is fixed and the other wing is adjusted, or wherein each wing may be adjusted independently. The preferably streamlined central body has connection points that allow the deflector device to be connected to a tow cable from the tow vessel and to the source array. The deflector device may be positioned at the front of a source array, at the end of a source array, within the source array itself, or there may be multiple deflector devices positioned in some combination of these positions. A preferred location is at the front of the sub-array located furthest from the centerline of the tow vessel so that the source array trails the deflector device.
As the deflector device is towed through the water, the one or more wings produce a sideways force, or “lift,” which moves the deflector laterally relative to the direction of tow. It is useful to define an “angle of attack” when discussing such lift, this angle being defined by the arc between the plane in which the trailing surface of the wing lies and the direction of tow through the water. The angle of attack will lie generally in a horizontal plane, although not necessarily so.
The central body preferably also contains the actuator that moves the wings as well as connections for an umbilical, or cables, hoses and combinations thereof, that carry control signals to and from the deflector device. The actuator may move the wings hydraulically or by an electric motor. An electric motor is preferred because an electric motor is smaller, simpler and less expensive to operate and maintain than a hydraulic system. The central body may also contain sensors that sense the motion and position of the wing and transmit that information to a controller discussed below. Alternatively, the actuator may be adjacent to the central body.
Electrical power may be supplied to the deflector through conductors in the umbilical, or cable, from the tow vessel, from batteries or other electricity storage devices located on the deflector, or from combinations thereof.
The wing or hydrofoil may have a profile that is symmetrical or that has camber. A profile with camber is preferred. The size of the wing, or alternatively the wings, will normally be in the range of between about one and seven square meters total for each deflector. The wing may be constructed of any material, but preferably the wing is made from metal, composite materials or combinations thereof. One preferred construction is a stainless steel skin covering a foam core. If weight is a concern, titanium may be used as a preferred material of construction. The central body and actuator are preferably constructed of stainless steel. The submerged weight of the deflector device is preferably between about 30 and about 150 kg. Foam filling the wings and central body may be used for buoyancy to counteract the weight of the metal used for constructing the deflector device.
A control system monitors the location of the source array and sends signals to the deflector device to steer the array to the desired location for the array. While the deflector may be used for positioning a source array relative to the vessel, it is preferably used for positioning the source array relative to the globe. Therefore, a positioning system unit is attached to the source array to provide the controller with the actual location of the source array. By knowing the exact location of the positioning system unit and knowing the in-line location of each acoustic source in the array relative to the positioning system unit, the controller can roughly determine the location of each acoustic source being towed behind the tow vessel. The positioning system unit may be, for example, a global positioning system (GPS) unit, other satellite positioning system, laser, an acoustic network or any other type of unit known to one having ordinary skill in the art that may be used to determine a specific location.
The controller may compare the actual location of the positioning system unit with the desired location and then send a signal to the deflector device to steer the source array and thereby maintain or achieve the desired location. Since the controller is constantly monitoring the location of the source array, if the array is moved due to currents, waves, tides, winds or other outside forces, the controller may quickly sense the movement and instruct the deflector device to steer the source array back to the desired location. The controller may be located on the tow vessel communicating with the actuator that moves the wings on the deflector device. In a preferred embodiment, an on-board controller on the tow vessel communicates with a local controller in the central body of the deflector device. This local controller then transmits a signal to the actuator to move the wing and steer the source array to the optimum desired location. In this embodiment, the positioning system unit sends a signal to the navigation system of the tow vessel, which then communicates the location of the source array to the on-board controller. Using the navigation system of the tow vessel to receive the positioning system unit's signal is a preferred embodiment because the navigation system of the tow vessel conventionally has the capability of receiving and processing the signal from the positioning system unit. Alternatively, the capability of receiving and processing the signal from the positioning system unit may be made part of the on-board controller. Sensors in the central body may also monitor the position of the wing and/or the movement of the deflector device and transmit signals providing that information to the local controller and the on-board controller, if desired.
The on-board controller may be a computer, a distributed control system, an analogue control system or other control system known to those having ordinary skill in the art. The local controller may be one or more digital controllers, analogue controllers or combinations thereof. The on-board controller and the local controller may send control signals and receive transmitter signals or signals from each other by any means, including radio waves, electrical conductors, fiber optics or combinations thereof.
The seismic survey system may also include an obstructions avoidance system. An acoustical transducer and receiver may be mounted on the deflector device or on an adjacent source array. The acoustical transducer and receiver preferably operate in the range of typical sonar systems and may be directed in either one general direction or sweep in many directions. The acoustical transducer and receiver may be used to locate obstructions in or under the water such as, for example, undersea constructions, moored devices, free floating devices, tow cables and towed devices. When the acoustical transducer and receiver locates an obstruction, a signal may be sent to the controller (either the on-board controller or the local controller) and the controller may then signal the deflector device to adjust the wing and steer the source array away from or around the sensed obstruction. The acoustical transducer and receiver may be powered from the local in-sea electronics. Communication signals from the acoustical transducer and receiver to the controller may be transmitted by any means, including radio waves, optical fibers or electrical conductors, preferably by conductors in the umbilical attached to the deflector device. This obstructions avoidance system may be particularly useful during recovery or deployment of the array to avoid tangling of the tow cables.
If a tow vessel is towing more than one source array, each individual source array typically has one deflector device to control each source array's location. When the source array comprises two or more sub-arrays coupled together with distance ropes, only one of the coupled sub-arrays, typically the sub-array located furthest from the tow vessel's centerline, is provided with a deflector device to steer the source array.
When a tow vessel is towing only one source array comprising a plurality of sub-arrays, then both the sub-array furthest and the sub-array closest to the centerline of the tow vessel are provided with a deflector device to steer and maintain the source array to desired locations on either side of the tow vessel's centerline.
Alternatively, a winch may be used, instead of the deflector device, to control the location of a source array. Using a monowing or similar device to control the location of seismic steamers, an adjustable distance rope coupling a lead-in of a sub-array of the source array to the lead-in of a seismic streamer can control the position of the source array. The distance rope length is adjusted by means of a winch that is attached to the lead-in of the sub-array farthest from the centerline of the tow vessel. The adjustable distance rope that positions the source array may be shortened or lengthened by the winch, effectively steering the source array to a desired position. A controller may control the winch and thereby lengthen or shorten the length of the distance rope, winching the rope in or out to steer the source array to the desired position. As in the embodiment with the deflector device, a positioning system unit may be mounted on the source array to measure the actual location of the source array and to provide the controller with that information. However, instead of adjusting the position of the wing on the deflector device, the controller may adjust the effective length of the distance rope by winching the distance rope in or out. The distance rope may be made of rope, chain, wire or other form of material that may be winched and that is suitable for the sea environment as known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
It is an important advantage of the present invention that the deflector device, or alternatively the winch, steers the source array to a predetermined position and maintains that position while the array is being towed through the water. The predetermined position may be along a straight line or along any other track that has been defined either from experience or from previous surveys, or the position may be one that will simply enable optimum source positions in future surveys. Furthermore, during 4-D seismic surveys, it is important that the source array be located as closely as possible to the same locations used during previous surveys of the same grid. It is an advantage of the present invention that the deflector may be used to locate the source array at the same location as used during previous surveys of the grid.
Without the deflector device or winch steering the source array, the position of the source array is subject to the influence of currents, waves, wind and changes in the direction of the tow vessel. By exerting lateral force on the water, the deflector device or winch can steer the source array to the optimum predetermined position independent of the location of streamers, the speed of the tow vessel or other influences.
Another advantage of the present invention is that the increased control over the location of the source array allows the source array to be positioned closer to installed constructions, moored units or other known devices in or under the water without fear of entangling the tow cables or arrays with these obstacles. This provides increased seismic surveying of a grid by being able to gather seismic data from locations that before were avoided for fear of entangling the seismic survey equipment with obstacles in or under the water. Furthermore, the cross-line positioning control may be used to decrease the turning radius of the streamer vessel without tangling the streamers.
It will be understood from the foregoing description that various modifications and changes may be made in the preferred embodiment of the present invention without departing from its true spirit. It is intended that this description is for purposes of illustration only and should not be construed in a limiting sense. The scope of this invention should be limited only by the language of the following claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0308632.9 | Apr 2003 | GB | national |
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/031,168 filed Feb. 18, 2011 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,547,782 issued Oct. 1, 2013; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/552,795 filed Jul. 13, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,957,220 issued Jun. 7, 2011; which is a U.S. National Stage Patent Application under of 35 U.S.C. §371 and claims priority to Patent Cooperation Treaty Application No. PCT/EP2004/050527 filed Apr. 15, 2004; which claims priority to British Application No. GB0308632.9 filed Apr. 15, 2003; all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
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| Fischer et al., “Western and Geco merge; streamers that can be steered,” WorldOil.com, Jul. 2000, vol. 221(7): pp. 1-2. |
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| Office Action issued in relation to the equivalent Norwegian patent application 20055361 mailed on Mar. 10, 2015. |
| Office Action issued in relation to the equivalent Brazilian patent application PI0409555-3 mailed on Aug. 31, 2016. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC issued in relation to the equivalent European patent application 04741459.4 mailed on Jan. 23, 2014. |
| Office Action issued in relation to the equivalent Brazilian patent application P10409555-3 mailed on Mar. 27, 2017. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20140029380 A1 | Jan 2014 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13031168 | Feb 2011 | US |
| Child | 14040507 | US | |
| Parent | 10552795 | US | |
| Child | 13031168 | US |
