Patent Application
20150221854
Reference is hereby made to German Patent Application No. DE10 2010014 892.5, filed on Jul. 27, 2013 and PCT/EP2013/002192, filed Jul. 23, 2014, which applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an actuating drive for uniaxial, bi-directional deflection of an actuating element, which can be actuated directly or indirectly by a solid body actuator, which has at least one solid body actuator end braced on a frontal face in a housing that undergoes a change in length in a longitudinal extension that is assignable to the solid body actuator in response to a change in an electrical voltage that may be applied to the solid body actuator or a magnetic field acting on the solid body actuator, depending on the actuator type, and which may be transferred directly or indirectly to the actuating element via a second frontal face opposite the first frontal face in the longitudinal extension of the solid body actuator, displacing the actuating element and method for removing heat from a solid body actuator housed in an actuating drive with an actuating element.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Actuating drives in which solid body actuators—preferably based on piezoelectric or magnetostrictive materials which are integrated for the purpose of travel deflection, are prone to heating particularly during dynamic power operation due to the hysteresis inherent in the transducer material and the enclosure of the solid body actuator required by the system. If no measures are implement to cool the solid body actuator, not only is there a danger that the solid body actuator may lose geometric dimensional stability due to thermal expansion of the material, but if the material-specific Curie temperature is exceeded, the energy transducing properties acquired by the material are lost. Moreover, operationally induced self-heating of the solid body actuator results mostly in an increased electrical power requirement, which has a very detrimental effect on the activation of the solid body actuator.
Heat dissipation is typically assured with an elastomer-like medium, most often cast with additional heat dissipating particles around the solid body actuator inside the actuating drive housing. Accordingly, the most prevalent cooling principle employed is to dissipate the heat from the solid body surface to the surrounding housing via the elastomeric medium.
The activation of control valves or injection valves in motor vehicles represents a typical application of an actuating drive equipped for example with a piezoelectric actuator. Such a piezoelectric actuator is described in DE 199 14 411 A1 and has a multilayer laminate of stacked layers of piezoelectric material with interposed metal or electrically conductive, layers functioning as electrodes. The actuator body, also known as a stack actuator, is integrated inside a hollow cylindrical travel path housing and one side of the body rests on a baseplate fixed inside the housing. The opposite end of the stack actuator is in contact with a valve stem, for the purpose of deflecting it in the lengthwise direction of the stack actuator. Also resting on the opposite end of the stack actuator inside the actuator housing is a spring that generates a restoring force. For purposes of cooling the stack actuator, an electrically insulating elastomer sleeve is provided which fits tightly against the inner wall of the hollow cylindrical actuating drive housing and against the stack actuator.
A similar fuel injector having a piezoelectric element is disclosed in DE11 2009 001 571 T5, in which a piezoelectric element is introduced into an injector housing, so that a cavity is delimited between the housing and the piezoelectric element. The cavity is at least partially filled with a thermally conductive material to transfer heat from the piezoelectric element to the housing.
German Patent No. DE 103 28 373 A1 discloses a piezoelectric assembly having an integrated temperature control device that is made from a composite material having an elastomeric polymer and serves as a support matrix for carbon fibers, which are preferably used in the form of carbon nanotubes for particularly effective cooling of the piezoelectric device.
The object of German Patent No. DE 10 2004 050 880 B4 discloses a fuel injector having an encased actuator, wherein the surface of the enclosure facing away from the actuator has microstructures that increase the surface arear thereof for improved heat dissipation.
Similar actuating drives, each equipped with piezoelectric actuators that provide electrically activatable cooling elements in the form of Peltier elements for actively cooling the piezoelectric actuator are also disclosed in DE 10 2009 026 533 A1 and DE 198 26 339 A1.
Japanese Patent JP 07131085 A describes a piezoelectric actuator having an actuator stack composed of a plurality of individual piezoelectric perforated discs, in which a double-tube like cooling structure is created in the interior hollow duct for cooling purposes.
JP 7094797 A discloses a piezoelectric actuator stack composed of a plurality of individual piezoelectric perforated disks, having an interior cavity and also encloses an interspace with a housing that surrounds the piezoelectric actuator stack. For cooling purposes, a coolant is circulated through the inner cavity in a closed cooling circuit and through the radially outer interspace of the actuator. The circulation of the coolant is controlled by valves which are alternately opened and closed.
The invention is an actuating drive for uniaxial, bi-directional deflection of an actuating element, which can be actuated directly or indirectly by a solid body actuator. At least one end of the solid body actuator is braced on a frontal face in a housing that undergoes at least a change in length in a longitudinal extension of the solid body actuator in response to a change in an electrical voltage that may be applied to the solid body actuator or a magnetic field acting on the solid body actuator, which longitudinal extension may be transferred directly or indirectly to the actuating element via a second frontal face opposite the first frontal face of the longitudinal extension of the solid body actuator. The actuating element is displaced, in such manner that operational heating of the solid body actuator is counteracted, particularly in a dynamic operating mode, by more effective heat dissipation than is the case with the previously known cooling measures. In particular, measures for cooling the solid body actuator, should neither impede nor limit scope of application of the actuator, and furthermore should be representable with the simplest, most inexpensive design engineering interventions possible.
According to the invention, an actuating drive is configured such that the housing at least partly surrounds the solid body actuator and serves together with the solid body actuator to delimit at least one interspace in a fluid-tight manner. The solid body actuator also has a hollow duct that passes through the solid body actuator at least in sections, and preferably completely. One end of the hollow duct is connected to a first hollow conduit that passes through the housing. The other end of the hollow duct that at least partially protrudes through the solid body actuator hollow duct opens directly or indirectly into the at least one interspace that is delimited in fluid-tight manner by the solid body actuator and the housing. In addition, the at least one interspace is connected in fluid-tight manner with a second hollow duct that passes through the housing.
The cooling according to the invention cools the solid body actuator which heats up in normal operation by using the thermal coupling of a gas-phase or liquid coolant to the immediate surface of the solid body actuator enclosed inside the actuating drive. To ensure effective cooling, the at least one solid body actuator provides at least one inner hollow duct through which the coolant is supplied via a suitable supply line. The coolant thus initially flows through the inner hollow duct of the solid body actuator, and undergoes effective heat extraction from the inside. After passing through the hollow duct, the coolant is diverted suitably so that it comes into thermal contact with the outer solid body actuator surface in the opposite overflow direction compared to the throughflow direction along the inner hollow duct. In this step, the solid body actuator undergoes heat extraction from the outside. After the coolant has preferably flowed over the entire outer surface of the solid body actuator, it is transported away from the actuator and also out of the actuating drive via a corresponding drain arrangement. Of course, it is possible to charge the actuating drive with the cooling in a reverse flow direction, that is, to cool the outer side of the solid body actuator before the coolant is passed through the at least one inner hollow duct and then transported away.
Appropriate coolants may be selected from gas-phase and liquid substances depending on the structural design of the actuating drive, and also on the intended use and purpose thereof. In an advantageous variation of the cooling according to the invention for solid body actuators integrated in actuating drives, the cooling medium transported away from the solid body actuator, which itself undergoes warming as a result of thermal coupling due to the extraction of heat from the solid body actuator, undergoes a cooling process that is external, that is spatially separate from actuating drive, and after corresponding cooling is returned to the solid body actuator in a closed circuit. In this way, loss of coolant is avoided.
The cooling according to the invention is usable for all solid body actuators fitted inside an actuating drives, and so preferably for solid body actuators made from piezoelectric or magnetostrictive material. For the purposes of explaining the cooling concept according to the invention, in the following reference is made to an actuating drive equipped with a piezoelectric actuator, which however is not limiting of the general concept for cooling a solid body actuator integrated in an actuating drive.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention will be described in the following without limitation of the general inventive thought on the basis of an exemplary embodiment thereof and with reference to the drawing. In the drawing:
Fig. is a longitudinal section through an actuating drive with a cooling concept according to the invention;
a and b show a cross section and a longitudinal section through a connecting element for connecting two actuator elements inside the actuating drive;
a-d are cross sectional views of further variants for the formation of connecting elements; and
The individual piezoelectric solid body elements 3 and 4 are each shaped from a monolithic piezoelectric material into a hollow cylinder, and electrodes are attached to both hollow cylindrical end faces thereof, via which an electrical voltage is applied to cause a controlled longitudinal expansion of piezoelectric solid body elements 3 and 4. Alternatively, it is also possible to combine the individual, hollow cylindrical piezoelectric elements 3, 4 from a plurality of piezoelectric elements constructed from layers or perforated discs to create an actuator stack, wherein the individual layered or disc-like piezoelectric elements are tuned to each other by a comb-like electrode structure and charged with electrical voltage to activate the actuators.
Through the serial, coaxial coupling of the two individual piezoelectric elements 3 and 4 to create a solid body actuator 2 with the form of a hollow cylinder, appropriate electrical activation additive superposes the deflection travel paths in both individual piezoelectric elements 3 and 4. Of course, it is possible to combine additional hollow cylindrical piezoelectric elements with each other using suitably designed connecting elements 5, thereby increasing the total deflection travel path of solid body actuator 2.
Connecting piece 5 is a cylindrical or sleeve-like plastic component that serves to connect the two piezoelectric elements 3 and 4 and has an outer sleeve diameter equal to the inner diameter of each of hollow cylindrical piezoelectric elements 3 and 4. In order to connect both hollow cylindrical piezoelectric elements 3 and 4, the end faces of the two elements are abutted flush with one another, wherein the two piezoelectric elements 3 and 4 are joined permanently by sticking them to the inner wall of sleeve-like connecting element 5 with an adhesive. In this way, it is ensured that the axial positioning forces acting between the two piezoelectric elements 3 and 4 arising from the controllably producible longitudinal changes in the two piezoelectric elements 3 and 4 are transmitted without loss from one element to the other.
The solid body actuator 2 produced as described in the preceding from two individual hollow cylindrical piezoelectric elements 3 and 4 thus has a first frontal face 7′ and a second frontal face 7″ opposite thereto. Both frontal ends 7′ and 7″ of solid body actuator 2 are also attached to sleeve elements 8 and 9, which are permanently adhesively attached to the inner wall of the hollow cylinder of solid body actuator 2 and project beyond solid body actuator 2 to the outside. As will be explained in the subsequent description, the portions of sleeve elements 8 and 9 that protrude beyond frontal ends 7′ and 7″ of solid body actuator 2 serve to enable precise centering of solid body actuator 2 inside housing 1. Thus, the portion of sleeve element 8 that protrudes beyond first frontal end 7′ of solid body actuator 2 fits snugly and in fluid-tight manner in a recess 11 created in a valve block 10, by which the solid body actuator 2 is joined in fixed manner relative to valve block 10. In turn, valve block 10 engages in the frontal face end of hollow cylindrical housing 1 by an extension 12 that matches the inner cross section of housing 1, and connects the housing to valve block 10 in fluid-tight manner.
The dimensions of the outer diameter of cylindrical solid body actuator 2 and the inner diameter of the hollow cylindrical housing 1 that surrounds solid body actuator 2 are matched with each other in such manner that an interspace is formed between the inner wall of housing 1 and the cylindrical outer surface of solid body actuator 2. Interspace 13 extends over the entire length of solid body actuator 2, which is centered inside housing 1 by the second frontal face 7″ thereof. To this end, the portion of sleeve member 9 that protrudes beyond second frontal face 7″ engages in a corresponding stepped recess 14 of an axially movably mounted actuating element 15. Actuating element 15 is in turn centered relative to housing 1 via a centering element 16, on the radially inwardly facing sliding surface of which, actuating element 15 is in axial sliding contact with an annular extension 15′. The radially outer side of centering element 16 is attached to the inner contour of housing 1 in fixed manner by a press fitting, so that the connection between centering element 16 and housing 1 is sealed in fluid-tight manner. In the same way, the sliding contact also forms a fluid-tight join between annular projection 15 of the actuating element 15 and the inner wall of centering element 16.
In order to exert a mechanical bias on solid body actuator 2, which is essential particularly for the actuator compression after the actuator has undergone linear expansion, a spring element 17 is provided that radially partially encloses the part of actuating element 15 that projects beyond housing 1 and is located axially adjacent one side of a mounting plate 18, which is preferably connected to the right frontal face of housing 1 against the spring force of spring element 17 via fasteners 19 that preferably are screw connectors. Spring element 17 is supported by the side of the spring opposite mounting plate 18 directly on an annular shoulder 15″ on actuator 15, and thus drives the actuating element 15 by the application of the spring force axially towards the solid body actuator 2 that is mounted in centred fashion inside housing 1.
If solid body actuator 2 is activated by a corresponding charging with an electric voltage, solid body actuator 2 expands against the spring force of spring element 17 and moves actuating element 15 axially, that is, when solid body actuator expands longitudinally, actuating element 15 is deflected to the right. In the absence of electrical voltage, spring element 17 helps to hasten the reduction in length of solid body actuator 2. Such an actuating driver is capable of carrying out highly dynamic actuator deflections, such as are used particularly when conducting tests on sample. However, such highly dynamic processes cause substantial heating of solid body actuator 2, and the actuator needs to be cooled effectively with the aid of the illustrated construction according to the invention.
In order to actively cool the solid body actuator, a first hollow conduit 20 is provided in valve block 10, which conduit is connected in fluid-tight manner to hollow duct 6, which passes completely through solid body actuator 2. In the embodiment shown, two conduit feeds 20 are created in valve block 10, and these engage in hollow duct 6 of solid body actuator 2 by means of sleeve-like element 8.
In the area of its second frontal face 7″, hollow duct 6 is in fluid communication with interspace 13, which both solid body actuator 2 and housing 1 delimit radially. For this purpose, at least one radially fitted passthrough opening 15′″ is provided in the region of actuating element 15, and is disposed inside a blind hole-like recess in actuating element 15. The blind-hole-like recess formed inside actuating element 15 is connected in fluid-tight manner to hollow duct 6 via the sleeve-like element 9. Finally, interspace 13 is connected via at least one second hollow conduit 21 to housing 1 in the area of the first frontal face 6 of solid body actuator 2.
For cooling the actuator, liquid or gas-phase coolant is passed through first hollow conduit 20 and into hollow duct 6 of solid body actuator 2, so that in the case illustrated the coolant flows from left to right through hollow duct 6. The coolant enters interspace 13 via connecting opening 15′″ and here it flows over the outer surface of solid body actuator 2 in the opposite flow direction, that is to say in the case shown from right to left, and so is able to cool said surface. Finally, the coolant flows to the outside through second hollow duct 21.
Of course, it is possible to cause the coolant to flow in the reverse flow direction through the actuating drive for cooling purposes, i.e., the coolant is introduced via second hollow conduit 21 so that the coolant first flows through interspace 13, and is thus able to cool the outside of solid body actuator 2. Then, the coolant passes through the at least one connection opening 15′″ and into hollow duct 6 of solid body actuator 2, and finally escapes to the outside through first hollow conduit 20.
Suitable conduit pressure, with which the coolant is propelled through the corresponding hollow conduits inside the actuating drive, is provided by a feed pump, not shown, which is connected to a coolant reservoir, which is also not shown.
To avoid unnecessary loss of coolant, it is advisable to cool the coolant after it exits the actuating drive, i.e., to feed it to a corresponding cooling unit, which is connected in a closed circuit with a coolant reservoir, from which the supply of coolant to the actuating drive is assured.
The actuating drive as shown is mounted in a test frame P. For this purpose, the actuating drive is mounted permanently on a correspondingly constructed mounting plate 22 via valve block 10. The protruding area of actuating element 15 opens axially into a load cell 23, which in turn is also mounted on test frame P via a mounting plate 24.
As was noted previously, in a serial coaxial connection of two piezoelectric elements 3, 4 to form a unitary, solid body actuator 2 with the appearance of an elongated hollow cylinder, it is helpful and required to join the two elements 3, 4 to each other permanently with a cylindrical or sleeve-like connector in the area where the end faces thereof are closest to each other. In this context, the end faces of both piezoelectric elements 3, 4 come into direct contact, while inner wall areas of both elements close to the end faces are stuck to each other permanently by means of adhesive applied to the sleeve-like connection member.
In an effort to increase the size of the solid body actuator 2 as a whole, and so to create larger travel paths and/or greater displacement forces, it is logical to combine more than two hollow cylindrically shaped single actuators, whether in the form of piezoelectric or magnetostrictive hollow cylindrical elements or actuator stacks, of which each is constructed from a plurality of individual, layered or disc-like piezoelectric or magnetostrictive components. However, this requires a connection element that ensures optimized, mutual stable support and exact centring of the axially assembled actuator elements not only relative to each other but also with regard to the housing surrounding the entire solid body actuator.
A preferred embodiment for constructing such a connector 5′ is shown in longitudinal section in
For axial support of the end faces of the two hollow cylindrical actuator elements 3′ and 4′, connection element 5′ provides a sleeve collar 52 surrounding the hollow cylindrical base body, which collar has two support surfaces 53 and 54 aligned orthogonally with outer surface M of hollow cylindrical base body 51 and facing axially away from each other, on which the front faces of hollow cylindrical actuator elements 3′ and 4′ are supported directly. Sleeve collar 52 extends around the entire outer surface M of hollow cylindrical base body 51, so that the end faces of actuator elements 3′ and 4′supported over the full area of each end face 53 and 54 thereof.
Hollow cylindrical actuator elements 3′ and 4′ are preferably joined to connecting element 5′ loosely, that is to say without any adhesive. In this way, any effects of linear expansion along hollow cylindrical actuator elements 3′ and 4′ are not impeded by a fixed material connection to outer surface M of connecting element 5′.
The dimensioning and arrangement of connecting element 5′ is selected between the respective axially joined hollow cylindrical actuator elements 3′ and 4′ such that there is little or no effect on coolant flow K. Sleeve collar 52 is arranged in each case at a radial distance from housing 1, so that coolant flow Kflowing in the example of
For centering the hollow cylindrical actuator elements 3′ and 4′ inside housing 1, centring means 25 that are preferably in the form of pin-like or peg-like spring elements, and each in the form of a spring hanger clamped on two-sides, are joined by the radially inwardly oriented end thereof to the connecting element 5′ and by the radially outwardly facing end thereof to housing 1. To ensure a defined axial fixing of centring elements 25, a mechanical stop 26 is provided on the inner side of housing 1, and the respective radially outer ends of centring elements 25 bear on said stop. A fixing sleeve 27 is mounted on the inner wall of housing 1 and is used for axial securing and fixing of centring elements 25.
As shown in the cross-sectional view in
Connecting element 5′ may be used to create actuating drives in which the solid body actuators are assembled from two, but particularly three or more individual, hollow cylindrical actuator elements. The connectors secure both the axial joining of two actuator elements in each case, an in particular they also help to avoid radial tilting or position shifting, especially in solid body actuators, which are assembled from many axially coupled actuator elements and so have a considerable total actuator length.
a shows a further embodiment in longitudinal section and in perspective view as a single part for producing a connecting element 5″ which, similarly to the embodiment of
In addition, sleeve collar 52′ comprises a plurality of radially oriented through ducts 28, through which coolant may flow from inner hollow duct 6 into interspace 13 or in the other direction. Housing 1 is shown only in outline.
The plurality of through ducts 28 is positioned in azimuthal uniform distribution inside sleeve collar 52′, so that a flow and/or exchange of coolant between hollow duct 6 and interspace 13 may be effected as symmetrically as possible through connecting element 5′.
In a variation of the supply and removal of coolant into and out of hollow duct 6, as described in connection with the embodiment shown in
To ensure the axial flow of coolant to radially adjacent interspace 13 of the solid body actuator constructed through the coaxial combination of two or more hollow cylindrical actuator elements 3″ and 4″, it is important to provide flow diversions at the axially opposite (not illustrated in
b shows another variant for forming a connecting element 5″. In this case, it is assumed that lower actuating element 4′″ is constructed as a solid cylinder with the upper end face abutting directly with a punch shaped connecting element 5′″. The upper actuating element 3′″ is a hollow cylinder and has a hollow cylindrical interior, into which a hollow cylindrical shaped section 55 of the punch shaped connecting element 5′″ fits precisely. The hollow cavity surrounded by hollow cylindrical shaped section 55 is in fluid communication with a plurality of radially oriented through ducts 28′ which open radially into interspace 13. One possible coolant flow scenario is identified by the coolant flow arrows K in
c shows an embodiment of a connecting element 5″″, with which it is possible to combine at least three hollow cylindrical actuating elements with each other. For example, two hollow cylindrical actuating elements 3A and 3B are arranged coaxially with one inside the other and actuating elements 3a and 3b being dimensioned so that outer hollow cylindrical actuating element 3A surrounds inner hollow cylindrical actuating element 3B with a radial clearance gap 29. Both actuating elements 3A and 3B are able to increase the overall force to be generated due to their coaxial parallel arrangement. Both hollow cylindrical actuating elements 3A and 3B are supported on a shared support surface 53′″ of connecting element 5″″. A hollow cylindrical actuating element 4″″ abuts lower support surface 54″″ with its end face. Just as in
For cooling actuating elements 3A and 3B and 4″″, through ducts are created inside sleeve collar 52″″. At least one first through duct 28A provides a fluidic connection between the outer interspace 13 and the radial clearance gap 29. At least one second through duct 28b ensures an exchange of coolant between inner hollow duct 6 and interspace 13.
The flow arrows in
d shows a further embodiment of the axial combination of two hollow cylindrical actuating elements 3″″ and 4″″, in which the two actuating elements differ significantly with regard to the thickness of their hollow cylinder wall. In the case as shown, the wall is thicker in upper hollow cylindrical actuating element 3′″″ than in lower actuating element 4′″″. In this case, connecting element 5′″″ between the two actuating elements has no hollow cylindrical base body. Instead, connecting element 5′″″ is a connecting plug having an outer contour conforming precisely and in a fluid-tight manner with the inside diameters of the respective hollow cylindrical actuating elements 3′″″ and 4′″″. Connecting element 5′″″ has through ducts 28C and 28D, which are dimensioned and arranged such that first through duct 28C provides a fluid connection between hollow duct 6B, which is delimited by lower actuating element 4′″″, with which interspace 13 is created, whereas second through duct 28D connects hollow duct section 6A, which is bounded by upper hollow cylindrical actuator element 3′″″, with the radially outward interspace 13. Both through ducts 28B and 28C open into a uniform axial Exit plane A, which passes through sleeve collar 52′″″.
All connecting elements illustrated in
In order not to restrict the axial expansion of the solid body, it must be ensured that passthrough ducts 28′ are designed as flexibly as possible, so that solid body actuator 2 is able to expand in the longitudinal direction thereof without obstruction.
For the coaxial connection of hollow cylindrical actuating elements 31 and 32, the connecting element 5′ shown in
Of course, any other combinations of the connecting elements described in the preceding, and particularly with reference to the connecting elements pictured in
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2012 014 892.5 | Jul 2012 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2013/002192 | 7/23/2013 | WO | 00 |
