Patent Application
20060236976
This invention relates to the addition of a flexible fuel control system into a vehicle that is powered by an internal combustion engine. This invention relates more specifically to an apparatus and methods for converting conventionally fueled gasoline and diesel engines to operate on alternate fuels like E85, M85 and biodiesel. The addition of the flexible fuel control system converts a conventional gasoline or diesel fuel system into a flexible fuel system. A Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV) is created by the addition of the flexible fuel control system to the vehicle's conventional engine and fuel system.
With the advent of alternative fuels like alcohol, biodiesel and mixed fuels like, E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) and M85 (85% methanol and 15% gasoline) there is a desire to use them in motor vehicles, motorboats and other motorized machines like trucks, tractors, lawnmowers, etc. With gasoline and diesel prices rising to record levels, alternate fuels are starting to make inroads with average American consumers. Also atmospheric pollution generated by exhaust emissions from conventional gasoline or diesel powered internal combustion engines is a well-documented problem. One method used widely today to reduce noxious emissions is to mix or even replace conventional fuels with cleaner burning alternative fuels. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,635,608 and 4,711,223 issued to Carroll teach an alcohol-fueled engine. Not only do alternate fuels burn cleaner with less harmful air pollution, the fuels can be made here at home in the United States from a variety of agricultural feedstock thereby reducing the consumption of foreign oil.
The reduction of foreign crude oil has become a topic of high priority in the US since the terrorist attacks of Sep. 11, 2001. Increase consumption of crude oil by Third World countries and the war in Iraq and further instability in the Middle East have contributed to a weak supply of crude and thus the recent rise in gasoline prices. The number of total vehicles on the planet today is estimated to be around 500 million, most of which are in the USA. By 2050 it is estimated that there will be over 3 billion vehicles and most of that increase will be in Asia and in particular China. It is reasonable to expect that crude oil prices will continue to rise whereby increasing the need of alternate fuels.
A motor vehicle capable of burning mixtures of gasoline and alcohol is commonly called a Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV). Today's commercially available FFVs typically burn any mixture from 85% ethanol or methanol to 100% gasoline. A diesel FFV can burn any mixture of diesel and biodiesel and ethanol is also known to be mixed with diesel. The operation of a FFV is well known and taught in a number of patents. U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,863 issued to Schmitz, et al. for example, describes a fuel-burning engine, which uses a mixed fuel containing alcohol from a single reservoir or tank. The fuel to alcohol ratio is measured using a sensor and the result is used to control the quantity of fuel being fed into the engine. U.S. Pat. No. 4,995,367 issued to Yamauchi et al. discloses a system for controlling both fuel injection and timing in an internal combustion engine operating on a fuel mixture of gasoline and methanol.
Controlling the quantity of fuel is necessary because alcohol fuels like ethanol and methanol have less energy per unit volume than gasoline or diesel and require a much smaller air to fuel ratio when burned in an internal combustion engine. While gasoline has an ideal air to fuel ratio of 14.7 to 1, pure ethanol has a ratio of about 9 to 1. The proper required air to fuel ratio is commonly referred to as stoichiometric. A fuel injection system in a FFV instantly compensates to maintain stoichiometric over wide percentage changes in the fuel mix. Therefore the principal advantage of a FFV is its ability to arbitrarily be refueled both with pure fuels and mixed fuels. This type of refueling is important because in early 2005 only about 200 service stations in 22 States in the US currently dispense mixed fuels like E85.
Some electronic fuel injection systems used in FFVs incorporate the use of a fuel composition sensor in combination with an Engine Controller Module (ECM). There are several different types of fuel composition sensors. One such sensor, an infrared sensor, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,594,968 issued to Degobert et al. Another is a capacitive sensor taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,915,084 issued to Eugene V. Gonze. Fuel composition sensors provide information to the ECM about the concentration of alternate fuel in the fuel mixture. Generally, fuel composition sensors provide a signal that is directly related to the percentage of alternate fuel in the fuel mixture. From that information the ECM calculates the suitable air to fuel ratio need for proper combustion. The ECM typically regulates the air to fuel mixture by controlling the amount of fuel being injected into the intake system of the engine for any given mass of air.
In the late 1990s, automotive manufactures began producing FFVs. The motivating force behind the emergence of FFVs was Federal energy legislation directed by the EPA. The demand for FFVs over the past 5 years has been rather small with the largest consumer being Federal and State governments. FFVs are currently available from six different automotive manufacturers but in just a few models. This year for example the Ford Motor Company manufactures only the Ford Taurus sedan and the Ford Explorer SUV with a FFV option. Even though FFVs make up a small percentage of vehicle sales there is a growing need for FFVs. The need is being driven mostly by the rise in crude oil prices and the desire for reduced exhaust emissions. Since there are only a few vehicle models made as FFVs, there is growing need to modify previously manufactured vehicles like classic cars, trucks and SUVs to make them fuel flexible. Classic cars and modern sports cars with high compression engines typically get poor gas mileage, have high levels of emissions and will additionally benefit from the high octane of alcohol based alternate fuels.
Therefore there is a need to convert conventional gasoline and diesel burning vehicles already being used on the highways today into Flexible Fuel Vehicles. Since these vehicles were not manufactured to operate on alternate fuels the addition of a flexible fuel engine control system is needed. In the case of a classic car using a carburetor, one method would be to replace the carburetor system with a complete flexible fuel injection system including components like, fuel injectors, sensors and an ECM. Another method would be to add a supplemental flexible fuel injection system to the engine in combination with the carburetor. For modern vehicles manufactured with Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) it would be preferred to avoid redundancy and add or replace only the essential components for flexible fuel control.
Another complicating factor to converting any modern vehicle's fuel system is the costs and delays associated in obtaining EPA approvals. Federal law prohibits changes to a vehicle that would have an effect upon its exhaust emissions. Modifying a vehicle's fuel system generally requires an EPA or CARB approval on the modified engine. With few OEM models made available as FFVs there is a need to convert older vehicles into FFVs and in such a way to reduce the costs associated with EPA approvals for those vehicles.
A major advantage of the present invention is the reduction of air pollution and greenhouse gases associated with the converted vehicle's ability to burn alternate fuels. Costs to fuel the vehicle are also reduced, as alternate fuels are now cheaper to purchase than pure gasoline. Another major advantage is the switch to alternate fuel reduces America's dependency on foreign oil and in turn benefits US farmers and the US economy. Also, the present invention's flexible fuel engine control system can be added to any vehicle, car, boat, truck or other equipment that incorporates an internal combustion engine. The flexible fuel control system does not modify, change or replace the stock OEM pollution control devices present in the vehicle. Nor does the flexible fuel system replace or modify the vehicle's stock ECM or carburetor and thus the present invention can obtain EPA approvals with greater ease and less cost. The flexible fuel control system can be used to inexpensively convert a wide variety of Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) systems like; Direct Injection (DI), Multi-Port Injection (MPI) and Throttle Body Injection (TBI). The present invention can also be used to convert a pre-existing vehicle that originally used a carburetor.
Referring to
The heart of an EFI system is the Engine Control Module (ECM) 10. The ECM 10 typically contains a microcontroller that receives information from a variety of sensors such to control the operation of the engine. The ECM 10 controls the operation of the engine by controlling the timing of the firing of the Spark Plug(s) 130 and by metering the consumption of fuel via the Fuel Injector(s) 100. The ECM also controls other aspects primarily related to the engine's exhaust emissions. Other important parts of the system are the Fuel Pump 55 that moves fuel from the gas tank (not shown) to the engine (not shown). The Battery 20 is used to provide electrical power needed to start the engine. The Ignition Switch 30 is used to control the starting and stopping of the engine. Most EFI fuel systems use a Fuel Pressure Regulator or Sensor 190 to maintain system fuel pressure. The fuel systems are typically either return style and thus have a return fuel line to the tank or they are returnless (deadhead) style where the fuel is not returned to the gas tank.
The ECM 10 receives signals from a variety of engine sensors. Typical sensors are: Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sensor 40, Knock Sensor 25, Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor 65, Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) 75, Manifold Air Temperature (MAT) Sensor 85, Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensor 115, Exhaust Gas Oxygen (O2) Sensor 110, and the Crankshaft Sensor 90. Two other sensors shown in
With ever tightening emissions standards through the 1970s and 1980s, EFI systems gained in popularity. One reason for this was the EFI systems ability to maximize the efficiencies of the Catalytic Converter 180. The Catalytic Converter 180 was first introduced in the US in 1975. EFI systems built in automobiles since 1996 additionally have On Board Diagnostics (OBD) 60. OBD 60 enables service centers an expedient way to check the operation of the components in the EFI system. Service technicians connect their diagnostic equipment to OBD via the Test Connector 50. OBD is an important feature to aid with the regulation of exhaust pollution as motor vehicle ages.
In
In some vehicle platforms with EFI it may be necessary to replace the OEM fuel injectors with larger capacity injectors, as higher concentrations of alternate fuels in the fuel mixture require a greater amount of fuel injected per mass of air. It is also possible that other components in the fuel system may need to be replaced. For example, the EFI Fuel Pump 55 and the fuel lines (not shown) may need to be replaced either for capacity or compatibility reasons.
The most desirable feature of flexible fuel control system of the present invention is that the system does not interfere with any of the engine's original sensors or emission control devices including OBD 60. This is important for two major reasons. One reason is the ease of EPA approval for the installation of the conversion system and the other is the lack of redundancy among component use. In total these translate into an inexpensive conversion for the consumer.
The conversion of a carburetor system into a system that is fuel flexible can be accomplished in several different ways. One method is to remove the carburetor and install a complete EFI system with flexible fuel capability. The result of this modification is shown in
In the same spirit as the conversion shown in
If a significant percentage of alternate fuel is present, the Carburetor 160 will no longer be able to maintain a proper air to fuel ratio for combustion. The Flexible Fuel Electronic Control Unit 150 will sense the presence of the alternate fuel and/or its associated lean mixture and then compensate by adding fuel into the combustion process via the Fuel Injector 100. It is envisioned that the Fuel Injector 100 will typically be placed either in the air stream prior to the air entering the Carburetor 160 or be placed under the Carburetor 160 similar to the method in which Nitrous Oxide is introduced into racing engines. As a result the Carburetor 160 and the Fuel Injector 100 will work together to provide the proper amount of fuel required by the engine.
Although not shown in
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention herein described are merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the invention. Reference herein to details of the illustrated embodiments is not intended to limit the scope of the claims, which themselves recite those features regarded as essential to the invention.
This application claims an invention which was disclosed in Provisional Application No. 60/674,435, filed Apr. 25, 2005. The benefit under 35 USC § 119(e) of the United States provisional application is hereby claimed, and the aforementioned application is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60674435 | Apr 2005 | US |
