Patent Application
20080197322
This invention relates to additives to polymer matrices that can serve as an optical storage media.
In three-dimensional optical storage, the medium is generally an organic material, which contains chromophores (the molecular data storage component) embedded in a matrix (see WO 01/73,769 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,862). Photochromic media consists of chromophores which upon appropriate photochemical excitation, undergo a change of state (e.g. isomerization). Such a change of the chromophore's state permits the inscription (“writing”) of data. The matrix, which may be polymeric (as described in WO 03/070,689) provides the required mechanical properties to the media, and ideally should be essentially inert and not interfere with the optical processes in a negative way. However, the sensitivity of the medium to storage and retrieval of data is nonetheless influenced by the properties of the matrix. Any photochemical process is to some extent dependant on its microenvironment, for example through a solvatochromic effect in a simple case. In optical data storage, however, the effect of the microenvironment is even greater. For a chromophore to switch between the two forms that represent different data states, it must undergo a chemical transformation, which may require a volume of reaction to permit a reaction transition state. The volume of reaction means that the rate of reaction (and consequently the sensitivity of the media) is highly dependant on the free volume and viscosity of the microenvironment of the chromophore. Likewise, the existence of a reaction transition state suggests that the rate of reaction can be highly dependant on the chemical composition of the microenvironment because of interactions between the transition state and the microenvironment which may lower or raise the transition state energy.
While the polymer matrix could potentially be modified in order to optimize the rate of reaction for the data writing process in an optical media, this can be detrimental to the lifetime of the data itself. In a matrix that generally eases the conversion of one form of the data storage chromophore into the other, such conversion can also occur spontaneously, or during data retrieval which may also involve the photochemical excitation of the chromophore. Ideally, the microenvironment of the chromophore should therefore be engineered not only to optimize the rate of chromophore conversion during the writing of data, but also to minimize it during the storage of the media and the readout of data.
The present invention provides polymer matrices intended for use as chromophoric optical media, particularly for data storage, where the matrices comprise the polymer bearing the active chromophoric groups together with aromatic additives. It was found in accordance with the invention that such additives increase the sensitivity of the chromophoric groups to undergoing an irradiation induced changes in their state, e.g. a switch between cis and trans configurations, between spiropyran and merocyanine forms, between the “open” and “closed” forms of diarylethenes and fulgides, or between the two forms of phenoxynaphthacene quinines, and hence an increase in their sensitivity to the inscription (“writing”) of the data. This is likely achieved through changes in the microenvironment of the chromophoric groups induced by said additives.
Thus, the present invention is directed to a polymer matrix (e.g., acrylic) comprising active chromophoric groups and aromatic compounds (additives) selected from phenyl substituted compounds having one or more substituents independently selected from:
(i) halogen:
(ii) C1-4-alkyl esters of carboxylic acid or their amide;
(iii) —OR, —SR or —C(═O)R, R being an C1-6-alkyl group;
(iv) —O—(CH2)n—O—C(═O)C(X)═CH2, wherein n is independently 1-6; and
(v) the group —O—C(═O)C(X)═CH2—,
wherein X is CH3 or H.
The active chromophoric groups in the matrices of the invention may be pendant groups on the polymeric backbone or may be co-monomers such that the polymer is a co-polymer comprising a polymerizable active chromophore monomer co-polymerized with a monomer.
The substituted phenyl compounds may be doped additives (namely added to the polymer matrix as free compounds) or may be substituents on monomers or co-monomers that are used for production of the matrix. The terms “additive” will be used herein to refer to such compounds both as free compounds or as such substituents.
In some embodiments, the additives (aromatic compounds) are doped.
The substituted phenyl compounds are preferably selected from:
Preferably, the polymer is a (meth)acylate-based polymer wherein the active chromophoric groups are stilbene derivatives of the following formula (I):
Ar1C(R1)═C(R2)Ar2 (1)
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 are phenyl groups, optionally independently substituted with one or more groups selected from —C1-6alkyls, —OC1-6alkyl, —SC1-6alkyl; and, —C1-6alkylOH, thiols and their salts, NR′R″, R′ and R″ being independently selected from hydrogen or C1-6alkyl; R1 and R2 are substituents selected from —(CH2)nCN, n being 0, 1 or 2, halide, carboxylic acid and their esters, or a nitro compound of the general formula —(CH2)nNO2, n being 0, 1 or 2.
C1-6alkyls may be straight or branched alkyls preferably a methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl as well as pentyl groups; the nitrile is preferably a —CN group and the nitro compound is preferably an —NO2 group.
A polymerizable active chromophore monomer useful in accordance with the invention is preferably a compound of the following formula (II):
Ar1(R1)C═C(R2)Ar2-M (II)
wherein Ar1 Ar2, R1 and R2 are as defined above and M is a polymerizable monomeric moiety. Specific example of M are acrylic monomers such as methylmethacrylate (MMA) and methylacrylate (MA) derivatives.
Exemplary photochromic-modified monomers are those of the following formula (III):
wherein X is an alkyl, such as a methyl or hydrogen; n is an integer between 1 and 6; Y is hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl moiety having 1 to 8 carbon atoms optionally substituted with halogens.
Particular examples are polymerizable active chromophore monomers of the following formula (IV) and (V) (also referred to herein as “eMMA” and “eAA”, respectively):
The active chromophoric groups as well as said additives are typically bound to monomeric groups and thereby become bound to the polymeric matrix. The monomeric group is preferably a group that it compatible for copolymerization with (meth)acrylates, for example acrylate, alkylacrylate, styrene or maleimide. A specific example is methylmethacrylate (MMA) or methylacrylate (MA). Such a polymer typically comprises between 5 and 50 wt % of chromophoric groups, 0-65% MMA and 10-50 wt % of a phenyl substituted compound.
The invention is further directed to a photochromic medium for data storage comprising a matrix comprising active chromophoric groups and said additives.
The invention is yet further directed to a 3-dimensional optical data storage comprising a photochromic medium comprising a matrix with active chromophoric groups and with said additives.
The invention is vet further directed to a method for facilitating the inscription of data in a 3-dimensional optical data storage and decreasing loss of data upon storage or subsequent reading of the data, comprising use of a photochromic medium comprising a matrix with active chromophoric groups and with said additives
In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the photochromic medium is prepared with a high concentration of the active chromophoric groups. The photochromic medium according to one embodiment being characterized in that the active chromophore is included in the polymeric substance at a concentration greater than 10% (wt %). The non linear positive increase in writing sensitivity with increased concentration of active chromophores is termed cooperativity. Such cooperativity is described in co-pending, co-owned application entitled “Improved disks for data storage”. The addition of the above-mentioned additives causes an enhancement of the cooperativity.
In order to understand the invention and to see how it may be carried out in practice, a preferred embodiment will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
As mentioned above, the present invention provides a chromophoric optical medium, where the medium is a polymeric medium preferably based on acrylic or acrylic-compatible monomers, e.g. (alkyl)acrylates, styrenes, and maleimides, the polymer matrix comprising active chromophoric groups and said additives, being substituted phenyl compounds. The photochromic media consists of chromophores which upon a photochemical excitation undergo a change of state (e.g. isomerization). Such a change may give rise to the inscription (or erasure) of data. The additives induce changes in the microenvironment of the chromophoric groups and increase their sensitivity to the inscription of the data. It was found that the substituted phenyl additives increase the sensitivity of photochromic optical media to data writing, substantially without causing loss in data stability and substantially without having a significant effect on the solubility of chromophores.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, the substituted phenyl additives appear to ease the “writing” of the data by a neighboring effect, where neighboring substituted phenyl additives affect the active chromophore increasing the rate of “writing”. The microenvironment of the chromophoric active groups may be visualized as surrounded by appropriate substituted phenyl additives easing and aiding molecular freedom of movement. The photochromic medium is a polymer where the active chromophoric groups are either part of the polymer backbone or are bonded as pendant groups. The substituted phenyl additives may be part of the polymers backbone or are uniformly distributed within the polymer matrix.
The substituted phenyl additives are substituted by substituents selected from halogens, such F, Cl, Br, I; C1-4 alkyl esters of carboxylic acid or their amides; —OR, —SR or —C(═O)R, R being, an C1-6 alkyl group; the group —O—(CH2)n—O—C(═O)C(X)═CH2 where X is CH3 or H and n is independently 1-6, or the group-O—C(═O)C(X)═CH2 or their mixtures. The halogens are preferably Cl, Br or I. The alkyl esters of the carboxylic acids which may be fluorinated are preferably methyl, ethyl or propyl groups. X is preferably a methyl group and n is preferably 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
Such a microenvironment gives the polymer chains appropriate mobility and an appropriate polarity. The added substituted phenyl additives may have some interaction with the chromophores, which are groups that have Hildebrand solubility parameters close to that of the chromophore, and consequently may have some interaction with the chromophores on the basis of their compatibility. The added substituted phenyl groups are “spacious” groups that produce disturbance in the matrix when they move. Appropriate mobility or freedom of movement is a result of additive-aided disturbance in the otherwise movement-resistant local environment when a moiety moves.
The added substituted phenyl groups are doped additives or are co-monomers, thus forming eventually part of the polymeric matrix. In the case of doped additives, these compounds are simply added to the composition. Compounds suitable for doping must have a low volatility so that the resulting media is stable with low migration and evaporation, or crystallization of the added groups. The polymer backbone may be engineered by substituting the polymerizable groups attached to the chromophore and/or other co-monomers with other polymerizable groups compatible with the polymer, such as acrylate or methacrylate. The structures of the added substituted phenyl groups maximize writing performance without lowering of chromophore solubility.
Accordingly, disks were prepared by the bulk copolymerization of MMA at 60° C. with 10 wt % of the chromophore-bound monomer “eMMA” (formula (IV) below) and dilauryl peroxide (2 wt %) as an initiator. (It is possible to replace the eMMA of formula (IV) with the “eAA”, of formula (V)
Various substituted phenyl groups were also included in the mixture in order to demonstrate their ability to enhance the data storage properties of the media. Data storage and retrieval were tested by measuring:
The values reported are relative to a regular sample that does not posses any additive.
The data measured for disks with and without certain additives are presented in Table 1. While large values are good for (ii), small numbers are good for (i) and (iii).
It is clear that relative to the disk containing no additives, the chlorinated aromatic compound and the ester of the aromatic diacid reduce the writing power, have no or a small positive effect on the signal strength, and have little effect on the data stability. It was found that the ester could easily be introduced into a disk at 20 wt % concentration, and the chlorinated compound at more than 30 wt % concentration. In contrast, the nonaromatic amide has a negative effect on all three parameters: it requires the highest writing power, produces the least signal, and has the most volatile data. Thus, as explained, the incorporation of the additives give improved results in lower required power and higher signal strength. However, such incorporation may give rise to various problems associated with the presence of additives in polymers. The option of using the substituted phenyl groups as covalently linked to the polymer matrix renders them unable to migrate. Such a use enables selectivity and specificity where the added groups can be selectively used in the appropriate part of a polymer. In case the substituted phenyl additive is a co-monomer to the polymer, it is structurally represented as (VI),
P—X—Ar—Rn (VI)
where P is a polymerizable group (e.g. MMA, MA (methacrylate)) intended for radical or anionic polymerization, X being the spacer —O(CY2)n, Y being independently H, C1-4alkyl, halogen or aryl, preferably H or C1-4alkyl; n being 0-8, preferably, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; Ar—Rn is the substituted phenyl compound according to the present invention (Rn being the one or more substituents as described above).
In particular, the polymerizable group may have the following structures:
Specific compounds are (VII)-(XIX) given in Table 2.
In order to demonstrate the efficacy of the additives, disks with (XII), (XIII) and some other additives, as well as disks with out the additives were synthesized. The power required to write data marks in each sample were measured (a low number is preferable). These results are given in Table 3 in decreasing order of sensitivity.
One may observe that, generally speaking, samples containing a larger amount of eMMA require lower writing powers. However, looking within the set of disks with each concentration of eMMA it is clear that additives in accordance with the invention improve the properties of the medium. All the disks containing the additives of interest perform better than the comparable disks containing no additives. It is seen that additives which are not substituted phenyl groups do not give rise to improvement in disk properties.
In order to further demonstrate the efficacy of several of the compounds at slightly different power and duration of irradiation, disks with and without the substituted phenyl groups were synthesized. The power required to write data marks in each sample were measured (a low number is preferable). These results are given in Table 4. Generally, a chromophoric medium containing 20 wt % chromophore, 65% MMA and 15% a substituted phenyl group were prepared. The number of laser pulses (60 ns, 4.8 W) required to create a data mark (5% modulation) was recorded for each prepared chromophoric medium, along with the relative rate at which data is destroyed during reading (“graying”). The results are given in Table 4.
It is seen that in all cases the additives reduce the number of pulses required to write data. However, in the case of XI (which is not an additive according to the present invention) this is accompanied by a significant increase in the “graving” rate. This demonstrates a general softening of the chromophore's microenvironment, leading to generally faster isomerization. The case of XIX is markedly different. In this case the sensitivity to writing is increased (even more than it is for XI), but the “graying” rate is actually decreased. In other words, isomerization is faster than the reference during “writing” and slower than the reference during “reading”. This phenomenon can be likely explained as the consequence of micronenvironment-induced effects. This additive is bulky, causing the polymer to be hard so that the “graying” rate is low. However, upon the intense irradiation of the “writing” laser, the bulk and stiffness of this monomer allow the matrix to transmit movements such that isomerization becomes much faster.
In
Turning to
In general, compounds of formulae (XII) and (XIII) can be synthesized by the Williamson reaction of 3-bromopropyl methacrylate with 5-hydroxy-diethylisophthalate (for (XII)) or 3,4-dichlorophenol (for (XIII)). Other examples may also be synthesized by the Williamson reaction or the reaction of the relevant phenol with a carboxylic acid anhydride. For example, 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl methacrylate is synthesized in 70% yield by the slow addition of 50 mL triethylamine to a mixture of 50 g 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 50 ml acetone and 50 mL methacrylic anhydride. The acetone is removed under vacuum, 200 mL of petroleum ether is added, then the solution is Filtered through 5 mm silica gel and left at −20 C for the product to crystallize. The product is collected by filtration.
To a double jacket 3 liter reactor, equipped with a mechanical stirrer and condenser, 3,4-dichlorophenol (40 g), 3-bromopropyl methacrylate (56 g), potassium carbonate (336 g) and MeCN (1500 g) were introduced. Argon was bubbled while stirring for 15 min., then the reactor was heated to reflux under argon for 3 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, then the filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. 1 liter petroleum ether was added, the solution become cloudy, then filtration and evaporation of the petrol ether by evaporator led to a white solid. The solid was washed twice with 100 ml H2O:CH3OH (1:2) then dried under vacuum to yield 31 g of product in a purity of 98.3%. The washed solid was dissolved in 100 ml of CHCl3:petroleum ether (80:20) and filtered through 35 g silica (70-370 mesh). The silica was then washed with an additional 200 ml CHCl3:petroleum ether (80:20). Evaporation of the combined solvents led to a 30 g of product (99.3% pure). The petroleum ether phase from the first washing was evaporated and the resulting liquid was filtrated through silica gel to produce another 24 g of product.
3-bromopropyl methacrylate and the appropriate phenol are reacted according to the following procedure: The phenol (1 mol) is dissolved in MeCN (300 mL), then anhydrous potassium carbonate (2 mol) and 3-bromopropyl methacrylate (1.1 mol) are added. The stirring mixture is heated to reflux for 4 hours, then the MeCN is removed by distillation. After cooling, petroleum ether (500 mL) is added to the resulting slurry, which is then filtered through a plug of 5 mm silica gel. The solids are washed with a further 500 mL of petroleum ether, then the combined petroleum ether fractions are gradually cooled until the product crystallizes (−20 to −50° C., depending on the compound). The product is collected by filtration, then is dried under vacuum to give an analytically pure compound at 50-90% yield.
Methacrylic anhydride and the appropriate phenol are reacted according to the following procedure: The phenol (1 mol) is dissolved in a mixture of acetone (150 mL) and methacrylic anhydride (1.2 mol). Triethylamine (1.1 mol) is added at ambient temperature over 15 minutes, then the reaction is allowed to stand for 15 minutes. The acetone is remove by vacuum distillation and petroleum ether (300 mL) is added. The resulting mixture is extracted with (i) 300 mL water, (ii) 300 mL 0.5 M NaOH, (iii) 300 mL brine, and is then dried over magnesium sulfate. The solution is then filtered through a plug of 5 mm silica gel and the solid is washed with petroleum ether (300 mL). The combined petroleum ether fractions are gradually cooled until the product crystallizes (0 to −50° C., depending on the compound). The product is collected by filtration, then is dried under vacuum to give an analytically pure compound at 50-90% yield.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60700794 | Jul 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/IL2006/000054 | Jan 2006 | US |
| Child | 12017614 | US |
