Patent Grant
7799213
The present invention relates to methods and compositions for separating emulsions of hydrocarbons and water, and more particularly relates, in one embodiment, to methods and compositions for transferring reactive phosphorus species to an aqueous phase in an emulsion breaking process.
In an oil refinery, the desalting of crude oil has been practiced for many years. The crude is usually contaminated from several sources, including, but not necessarily limited to:
Desalting is necessary prior to further processing to remove these compounds and other inorganic materials that would otherwise cause fouling and deposits in downstream heat exchanger equipment and/or form corrosive salts detrimental to crude oil processing equipment. Further, these phosphorus compounds and metals can act as poisons for the catalysts used in downstream refinery units. Effective crude oil desalting can help minimize the effects of these contaminants on the crude unit and downstream operations. Proper desalter operations provide the following benefits to the refiner:
Desalting is the resolution of the natural emulsion of water that accompanies the crude oil by creating another emulsion in which about 5 percent relative wash water is dispersed into the oil using a mix valve. The emulsion mix is directed into a desalter vessel containing a parallel series of electrically charged plates. Under this arrangement, the oil and water emulsion is exposed to the applied electrical field. An induced dipole is formed on each water droplet within the emulsion that causes electrostatic attraction and coalescence of the water droplets into larger and larger droplets. Eventually, the emulsion resolves into two separate phases—the oil phase (top layer) and the water phase (bottom layer). The streams of desalted crude oil and effluent water are separately discharged from the desalter.
The entire desalting process is a continuous flow procedure as opposed to a batch process. Normally, chemical additives are injected before the mix valve to help resolve the oil/water emulsion in addition to the use of electrostatic coalescence. These additives effectively allow small water droplets to more easily coalesce by lowering the oil/water interfacial tension.
Crude oil that contains a high percent of particulate solids can complicate the desalting process. The particulate solids, by nature, would prefer to transfer to the water phase. However, much of the solids in a crude oil from a field exists in tight water-in-oil emulsions. That is, oil-wetted solids in high concentration in the crude may help form tight oil and water emulsions that are difficult to resolve. These tight emulsions are often referred to as “rag” and may exist as a layer between the separated oil and water phases. The rag layer inside the desalter vessel may grow to such an extent that some of it will be inadvertently discharged with the water phase. This is a problem for the waste water treatment plant since the rag layer still contains a high percentage of unresolved emulsified oil.
As mentioned, much of the solids encountered during crude oil desalting consists commonly as particulates such as iron oxide, iron sulfide, sand, clay and even phosphorus-containing compounds, etc. Other metals that are desirably removed include, but are not necessarily limited to, calcium, zinc, silicon, nickel, sodium, potassium, and the like, and typically a number of these metals are present. Some of the materials may be present in a soluble form, and some may require modification through reaction such as hydrolysis or neutralization to become soluble. The metals may be present in inorganic or organic forms. In addition to complicating the desalter operation, phosphorus and other contaminants are of particular concern to further downstream processing. This includes the coking operation since iron and other metals remaining in the processed hydrocarbon yields a lower grade of coke. Removing the metals from the crude oil early in the hydrocarbon processing stages is desired to eventually yield high quality coke as well as to limit corrosion and fouling processing problems.
Several treatment approaches have been made to reduce total contaminant levels and these all center on the removal of contaminants at the desalter unit. Normally, the desalter only removes water soluble inorganic salts such as sodium or potassium chlorides. Some crude oils contain water insoluble forms of phosphorus, which are soluble or dispersed as fine particulate matter in the oil but not in water.
Additionally, many refineries in Canada and the northern US have experienced fouling of tower trays with deposits that have been analyzed to contain phosphorus. In one non-limiting theory, the source of these phosphorus deposits may be gel compounds used in oil well stimulation.
It would thus be desirable to develop a composition and method employing it that would cause most or all of reactive phosphorus species in the crude oil to transfer from the oil phase in a desalter operation, with little or no oil carryunder in the aqueous phase. Nonyl phenol resins have been used as desalting additives in the past, but these materials have come under suspicion as possible hormonal mimics and are ineffective by themselves of removing metals such as calcium or iron.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a composition and method of using it that would transfer a large part of the reactive phosphorus species in the crude oil to the aqueous phase in a desalter operation.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a composition and method for transferring reactive phosphorus species from a hydrocarbon into an aqueous phase in an emulsion breaking operation without causing oil undercarry into the aqueous phase.
In carrying out these and other objects of the invention, there is provided, in one form, a method of transferring at least a portion of one or more reactive phosphorus species from a hydrocarbon phase to a water phase involving adding to an emulsion of hydrocarbon and water, an effective amount of a composition to transfer the reactive phosphorus species from a hydrocarbon phase to a water phase containing at least one water-soluble hydroxyacid. The water-soluble hydroxyacid may be glycolic acid, gluconic acid, C2-C4 alpha-hydroxy acids, poly-hydroxy carboxylic acids, thioglycolic acid, chloroacetic acid, polymeric forms of the above hydroxyacids, poly-glycolic esters, glycolate ethers, and ammonium salt and alkali metal salts of these hydroxyacids, and mixtures thereof. The emulsion is then resolved into hydrocarbon phase and an aqueous phase, where at least a portion of the reactive phosphorus species have been transferred to the aqueous phase. This is accomplished by converting the water insoluble salt such as calcium naphthenate into a water soluble salt such as calcium glycolate.
In another non-limiting embodiment of the invention, there is provided a composition for transferring at least a portion of one or more reactive phosphorus species from a hydrocarbon phase to a water phase that includes a water-soluble hydroxyacid (as defined above, including the salts thereof), and a mineral acid.
There is provided in another non-limiting embodiment of the invention a composition for transferring at least a portion of reactive phosphorus species from a hydrocarbon phase to a water phase that includes a water-soluble hydroxyacid (as defined above, including the salts thereof) and at least one additional component that may be a hydrocarbon solvent, a corrosion inhibitor, a demulsifier, a scale inhibitor, metal chelants, wetting agents and mixtures thereof.
In still another non-limiting embodiment of the invention, there is provided a treated hydrocarbon emulsion that includes a hydrocarbon phase, a water phase, and a composition for transferring at least a portion of one or more reactive phosphorus species from the hydrocarbon phase to the water phase comprising a water-soluble hydroxyacid (as defined above, including the salts thereof).
The FIGURE is a graph of various amines and ammonia partitioning across desalters as a function of pH.
The inventors have discovered that the addition of glycolic acid (hydroxy-acetic acid) and other water-soluble hydroxyacids to a crude oil can significantly reduce the amount of calcium and other metals and/or amines as well as reactive phosphorus species in the hydrocarbon when it is run through a desalter in a refinery. The inventors have compared the “normal” desalting on a reference crude oil containing higher than normal amounts of calcium and found minimal calcium removal. The addition of glycolic acid in levels of up to a 5:1 ratio with calcium, results in much lower metals and/or amine content of the desalted oil. The levels of metals other than calcium such as iron, zinc, silicon, nickel, sodium and potassium are also reduced. The removal of particulate iron in the form of iron oxide, iron sulfide, etc. is a specific, non-limiting embodiment of the invention. By “removing” the metals and/or amines or reactive phosphorus species from the hydrocarbon or crude is meant any and all partitioning, sequestering, separating, transferring, eliminating, dividing, removing, of one or more metal or phosphorus species from the hydrocarbon or crude to any extent.
It has been discovered that the phosphorus-containing salts that form fouling deposits on the trays of refineries may be made by mixing alkyl phosphate esters with aluminum-containing compounds. The reaction forms a three-dimensional structure that is a basis of the gels used in oil well stimulation.
Addition of hydroxyacids such as glycolic acid will help in the hydrolysis of phosphate ester gelling compounds since esters are known to be hydrolyzed by acid catalysts and/or species. This reaction is further promoted by temperatures above about 180° F. (about 82° C.), alternatively about 200° F. (about 93° C). Thus, the addition of glycolic acid and the like into desalter wash water and heating above about 212° F. (about 100° C.) should promote the hydrolysis of phosphate esters and the like. Once hydrolyzed, the phosphate should be water soluble and can be removed in the desalter effluent water.
In particular, and not wishing to be limited to any particular theory, since the gel-forming compounds are alkyl phosphate esters, it is believed that contacting the crude oil or other hydrocarbon containing them with water acidified with a hydroxyacid, e.g. glycolic acid, at a temperature of from about 180° F. (about 82° C.) to about 350° F. (about 177° C.) will hydrolyze the ester bonds and/or extract aluminum away from the phosphorus. The resulting molecules will be phosphate or phosphoric acid which will dissolve in the wash water and/or organic alcohols that dissolve in oil or water depending on their molecular weight and polarity. Thus, the phosphorus will be removed from the hydrocarbon and reduce downstream fouling.
Being an aqueous additive, the glycolic acid is typically added to the wash water in the desalter. This improves distribution of the acid in the oil although addition to the aqueous phase should not be viewed as a requirement for the composition of the invention to work.
The composition and method of the invention will be valuable to produce high quality (i.e., high purity) coke from crude that may originally have contained high concentrations of metals and/or amines and solids and/or reactive phosphorus species, including iron-based solids. Further, the invention advances the technology by removing inorganic material from the crude oil without discharging any oil or emulsion to the waste treatment plant.
In this invention, it will be understood that the metals include, but are not necessarily limited to, those of Groups IA, IIA, VB, VIIB, VII, IIB, IVA and VA of the Periodic Table (CAS version). In another non-limiting embodiment, the metals include, but are not necessarily limited to calcium, iron, zinc, silicon, nickel, sodium, potassium, vanadium, mercury, manganese, barium, zinc, aluminum, copper, phosphorus, and combinations thereof. It is realized that phosphorus is not strictly a metal, but phosphorus compounds and species are nevertheless removed by this process. In particular, nickel and vanadium are known poisons for catalysts used in fluid catalytic cracking units (FCCUs) downstream.
The amines removed in accordance with the method of this invention may include, but are not necessarily limited to, monoethanolamine (MEA); diethanolamine (DEA); triethanolamine (TEA); N-methylethanolamine; N,N-dimethylethanolamine (DMEA); morpholine; N-methyl morpholine; ethylenediamine (EDA); methoxypropylamine (MOPA); N-ethyl morpholine (EMO); N-methyl ethanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine and combinations thereof.
In one embodiment of the invention, the composition of the invention includes a water-soluble hydroxy acid. Hydroxy acids are defined herein as not including or exclusive of acetic acid. Acetic acid has sometimes been used to remove metals as well, but it has a high oil solubility and tends to stay with the hydrocarbon coming from the desalter. The acidity of the acetic acid can then cause corrosion problems in the crude unit. The water-soluble hydroxy acids are much more water-soluble and will not partition as much into the crude oil, thus reducing downstream concerns. They are also less volatile and do not distill into the crude unit overhead system where they can increase corrosion rates when combined with the water usually present at this location.
In one preferred, non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the water-soluble hydroxyacid is selected from the group consisting of glycolic acid, C1-C4 alpha-hydroxy acids, poly-hydroxy carboxylic acids, thioglycolic acid, chloroacetic acid, polymeric forms of the above hydroxyacids, glycolate ethers, poly-glycolic esters, and mixtures thereof. While thioglycolic acid and chloroacetic acid are not strictly speaking hydroxyacids, they are functional equivalents thereof. For the purposes of this invention, they are defined as hydroxyacids. The alpha substituent on the C1-C4 alpha-hydroxy acids may be any C1-C4 straight or branched alkyl group. In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the alpha substituent may be C2-C4 straight or branched alkyl group and lactic acid is not included. Gluconic acid, CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH, is a non-limiting but preferred polymer or oligomer of glycolic acid. The glycolate ethers may have the formula:
where n ranges from 1-10. The glycolate esters may have a formula:
where n is as above. Thioglycolic acid and the ethers of glycolic acid may have the added benefits of a higher boiling point, and possibly increased water solubility. A higher boiling point means the additive will not distill into the distillate fractions in the crude unit and cause corrosion or product quality concerns. The higher water solubility also favors removal of the additive from the crude in the desalter and reduces the amount that may reach the downstream processing units.
In particular, the definition of water-soluble hydroxyacids includes ammonium salt and alkali metal salts (e.g. sodium and potassium salts, etc.) of these hydroxyacids alone or in combination with the other water-soluble hydroxyacids mentioned. Such salts would be formed in the desalter wash water as the system's pH was adjusted with pH adjusters such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia, and the like.
In another non-limiting embodiment the water-soluble hydroxyacids do not include citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid, and lactic acid. In yet another non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the definition of water-soluble hydroxyacids does not include organic acid anhydrides, particularly acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, stearic, phthalic and benzoic anhydrides.
In yet another non-limiting embodiment of the invention, glycolic acid and gluconic acid may be used to remove calcium and amines, and phosphorus-containing species and thioglycolic acid may be used for iron removal, from crude oil or another hydrocarbon phase.
It is expected that the water-soluble hydroxyacids will be used together with other additives including, but not necessarily limited to, corrosion inhibitors, demulsifiers, pH adjusters, metal chelants, scale inhibitors, hydrocarbon solvents, and mixtures thereof, in a commercial process. Metal chelants are compounds that complex with metals to form chelates. In particular, mineral acids may be used since metal removal is best accomplished at an acidic pH. The use of combinations of water-soluble hydroxyacids, particularly glycolic acid or gluconic acid, and mineral acids may give the best economics in a commercial application. Suitable mineral acids for use in conjunction with the water-soluble hydroxyacids of this invention include, but are not necessarily limited to, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, phosphorous acid, and mixtures thereof. As noted, in one embodiment of the invention, the method of this invention is practiced in a refinery desalting process that involves washing the crude emulsion with wash water. In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the amount of mineral acid used may be sufficient to lower the pH of the wash water to 6 or below. As noted below, in some embodiments of the invention, it may be necessary or preferred to lower the pH of the wash water to 5 or below, alternatively to 4 or below. The water-soluble hydroxyacids (and salts thereof) are expected to be useful over a wide pH range, although in some situations it may be necessary or desirable to adjust the pH to achieve the desired contaminant transfer or separation.
It will be appreciated that the necessary, effective or desired proportions of the hydroxyacid and/or the mineral acid will be difficult to predict in advance, since these proportions or dosages are dependent upon a number of factors, including, but not necessarily limited to, the nature of the hydrocarbon, the concentration of metal species, phosphorus species and/or amine to be removed, the temperature and pressure conditions of method, the particular hydroxyacid and mineral acid used, etc. In general, the more of a species, such as calcium, there is to be removed, the more of the reactive acid that must be added. Since many undesirable species are affected, a successful metal or phosphorus removal process may require more reactive acid on a stoichiometric basis than would be indicated by the concentration of only the target species. It may therefore be insufficient to only just add enough acid to get the pH below 6. Nevertheless, in order to give some sense of the proportions that may be used, in one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the composition may comprise down to about 1 wt. % water-soluble hydroxy-acid; and up to about 20 wt. % mineral acid, preferably from about 1 to about 100 wt. % water-soluble hydroxyacid; and from about 1 to about 20 wt. % mineral acid, and most preferably from about 25 to about 85 wt. % water-soluble hydroxyacid; and from about 15 to about 75 wt. % mineral acid. In some non-limiting embodiments of the invention, the mineral acid is optional and may be omitted. In some non-limiting embodiments there may be limits to the amount of mineral acid added. In some cases it has been found that using mineral acid only, the breaking of the emulsion is made more difficult. In other non-restrictive cases, there may be danger of forming scales such as calcium phosphate or calcium sulfate with the use of mineral acids.
The additive blend of this invention is injected into the wash water before the mix valve in neat form or diluted with water, alcohol or similar solvent suitable to keep all additive components in solution. The amount of solvent used may range from about 10 to about 95 wt. %, based on the total composition, preferably from about 20 to about 10 wt. %.
The concentration of the additive blend composition of this invention to be used in the crude oil to be effective is very difficult to predict in advance since it depends on multiple, interrelated factors including, but not limited to, the composition of the crude, the desalting conditions (temperature, pressure, etc.), the flow rate of the crude and its residence time in the desalter, among others. Nevertheless, for the purposes of non-limiting illustration, the proportion of the active water-soluble hydroxyacid that may be used in the crude (not including any solvent or mineral acid) may range from about 1 to about 10,000 ppm-w, alternatively from about 1 to about 2000 ppm-w, and in another non-limiting embodiment from about 10 to about 500 ppm-w and will depend on the concentration of metal species to be removed. In the treatment of slop oil to remove metal species with the methods and compositions herein, it may be necessary to use very high dosages on the order of about 1 to about 10 wt %. It is anticipated that in some non-restrictive embodiments, the compositions and methods herein may be applied to waste oils such as lubricating oils and crankcase oils, in other non-limiting embodiments. The organic hydroxy acid reacts stoichiometrically with the organo metal and/or amine species to be removed. Thus an equivalent amount of organic hydroxy acid must be added compared to the concentration of metal species to be removed. A slight excess of the acid will ensure that the reaction goes to completion. In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the amount of water-soluble hydroxyacid is stoichiometric with the amount of metals and/or amines present, or greater than stoichiometric. For economic reasons the refinery may chose to leave some of the metal, phosphorus and/or amine species in the crude at an acceptably low level of contamination of hydrocarbon. In those cases the treatment level of the hydroxy acids can be correspondingly reduced.
It is most preferred, of course, that in the practice of this invention there be no oil carryunder in the aqueous phase, and that at least oil carryunder is minimized. Further, while it is preferred that all of the metals, phosphorus species and/or amines transfer to the aqueous phase, in one non-limiting theory of the invention, some of the metals and/or amines may be transferred from the oil phase into the rag. This proportion of metals and/or amines is then removed when the rag is cleaned out.
It is also most preferred, of course, that in the practice of this invention all of the metals, phosphorus species and/or amines transfer to the aqueous phase. In another non-limiting embodiment of the invention, 25% or less metal, phosphorus species and/or amine is present in the hydrocarbon phase after desalting, preferably 20% or less metal, phosphorus species and/or amine remains, most preferably only 10% or less remains. In some cases the refinery may chose to leave higher percentages of metal, phosphorus species and/or amine contaminants in the crude if the detrimental effects are judged to be economically acceptable.
The invention will be illustrated further with reference to the following Examples, which are not intended to limit the invention, but instead illuminate it further.
The following Electrostatic Desalting Dehydration Apparatus (EDDA) Test Method was employed to screen possible blend compositions. The EDDA is a laboratory test device to simulate the desalting process.
After completing the EDDA test, use a glass syringe and cannula (long, wide bore needle), to withdraw two 20 ml aliquots of the EDDA desalted crude oil. Abstract the oil at a level in the EDDA tube that is at 25 ml and 70 ml below the surface of the oil. The two samples (top cut and bottom cut) are each analyzed for calcium concentration by whatever appropriate method (wet ash or microwave digestion, acidification, dilution, AA or ICP analysis). A similar procedure would be used to generate oil and water samples that could be analyzed by ion chromatography for other contaminants such as amine salts and reactive phosphorus species.
The crude oil used was from an African country that has a high calcium content.
From the data presented above it may be seen that the water-soluble hydroxyacid used (glycolic acid) effectively removed or transferred a variety of metals from the oil phase to the water phase. The inventive method was particularly effective on the high content metals such as calcium and potassium.
Tables III-VI provide additional data showing the transfer of various metals from a hydrocarbon phase to a water phase using the water-soluble hydroxy-acids of the invention. The various components are defined as follows (all proportions are volume percents):
Examples 84-110 were conducted using the same EDDA Test Method and analytical method described above. All of the tests were conducted on the same sample of crude oil. This sample of western Canadian crude oil was from a refinery experiencing severing fouling with phosphorus-based deposits. The EDDA tests were run at 100° C. for all of the tests and 5.5% wash water was used in each test. After the crude oil was treated and processed in the EDDA, the effluent water was collected and sent for analysis to determine the ion content in solution by ICP. The oil samples were ashed using microwave digestion and the resulting aqueous solution was analyzed by ICP. The various compositions tested are given in Table VII.
In these Examples, all samples were processed in the EDDA to simulate a desalting process. The first sample, Example 84, had no emulsion breaker of acid added, but was desalted. The rest of the samples except the wash water (Example 93) were treated with metals removal chemistry in addition to an emulsion breaker to help resolve the emulsion. In this study, Additive G at 20 ppm (Example 85) and in the other Examples 86, 89 and 90 effectively removed Ca and Fe from the crude oil. The treatment also reduced P content by about 25%.
In these Examples it may be seen that only 10 ppm of Additive G was required to remove most of the Ca and Fe. Again, the P seems to be reduced by about 25%.
These Examples give the metals and phosphorus content of desalted crude and effluent water treated at several dosages (10, 15, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm based on the crude) for Additive G. The wash water rate for all Examples was 5.5%, and the mix ΔP for all Examples was 12 psig. Most species were removed to the same extent at all dosages. Most of the Na, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Ba were removed at 10 ppm and higher. The Ni and V levels did not seem to be affected by the treatment. The Si was the only element to be more efficiently removed at higher treatment dosages. The P was removed to about 25-30% at the various dosages.
In one non-limiting theory, it may be that not all phosphorus species are the same. There may be more than one kind of phosphorus species present, and these treatments may only be removing some of them. It may be that at higher temperatures the additives herein will be more efficient at removing P compounds. Desalters typically run at about 125 to about 150° C., whereas the EDDA tests were run at 100° C.
The FIGURE presents a graph showing the partitioning across desalters of various amines and ammonia as a function of pH. The addition of water-soluble hydroxyacids of this invention such as glycolic and gluconic acid to the desalter wash water at the use rates specified herein will reduce the water's pH to the range of about 3-6.5.
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof, and has been demonstrated as effective in transferring metals, e.g. calcium, potassium, phosphorus, etc., and/or amines from crude oil to the aqueous phase in bench scale desalting testing, as non-limiting examples. However, it will be evident that various modifications and changes can be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. Accordingly, the specification is to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. For example, specific water-soluble hydroxyacids, and combinations thereof with other mineral acids, other than those specifically exemplified or mentioned, or in different proportions, falling within the claimed parameters, but not specifically identified or tried in a particular application to transfer metals and/or amines into the aqueous phase, are within the scope of this invention. Similarly, it is expected that the inventive compositions will find utility as metal and phosphorus transfer compositions for other fluids besides crude oil emulsions.
This application is a continuation-in-part application from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/649,921 filed Aug. 27, 2003, which issued Mar. 3, 2009, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,497,943, that claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/407,139 filed Aug. 30, 2002.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10649921 | Aug 2003 | US |
| Child | 11177060 | US |
