Patent Application
20090050144
Nasal respiratory devices have been well-described in the following US patent applications, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/298,640 (titled “NASAL RESPIRATORY DEVICES”) filed Dec. 8, 2005; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/298,339 (titled “RESPIRATORY DEVICES”) filed Dec. 8, 2005; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/298,362 (titled “METHODS OF TREATING RESPIRATORY DISORDERS”) filed Dec. 8, 2005.
These patent applications generally describe nasal respiratory devices and methods for treating a variety of medical conditions through the use of such devices. These medical conditions include, but are not limited to, snoring, sleep apnea (obstructive, central, complex and mixed), Cheyne Stokes breathing, UARS, COPD, hypertension, asthma, GERD, heart failure, and other respiratory and sleep conditions. Such nasal respiratory devices may passively induce positive end-expiratory pressure (“PEEP”) or expiratory positive airway pressure (“EPAP”), and are adapted to be removably secured in communication with a nasal cavity. These devices act passively because they do not actively apply positive airflow, but instead regulate the subject's normal breathing, typically using one or more valves to inhibit expiration more than inspiration.
For example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/759,916 describes passive nasal devices such as that shown in
The layered adhesive nasal devices previously described may be used in communication with one nostril (“single nostril” devices) or both nostrils (“whole-nose” devices). Whole-nose nasal device may be particularly useful, at least because they may be easily applied, have highly predictable expiratory and inspiratory resistances, and are less likely to be affected by nasal cycling, a phenomena in which vasculature in each nasal passage becomes more engorged and then less engorged, leading to variations in each nostril's air flow. The respiratory devices described herein provide additional variations and features of whole-nose nasal devices that may be removably secured at least partly over, at least partly around and/or at least partially within a subject's nose or nostrils. It would be beneficial to provide additional nasal devices (and methods of manufacturing and using such devices), that may be used to passively regulate airflow through both of a subject's nostrils. Such whole-nose nasal devices are described in greater detail and shown in examples below.
Whole-nose nasal respiratory devices and methods of making and using whole-nose nasal respiratory devices are described and illustrated herein. These devices are typically configured to be adhesively secured to a subject so that they engage both of the subject's nostrils and allow airflow from both nostrils to communicate with an airflow resistor. The airflow resistor is configured so that it inhibits exhalation through the nostrils more than it inhibits inhalation through the nostrils.
For example, described herein are whole-nose nasal respiratory devices having an airflow resistor configured to inhibit exhalation through both nostrils more than inhalation through both nostrils and an adhesive holdfast configured to secure the device in communication with both of a subject's nostrils. The airflow resistor may be a flap valve or a plurality of flap valves. For example, the airflow resistor may include a flap valve layer with multiple flaps that is adjacent to a flap valve limiter layer. The flap valve limiter layer may be a mesh or screen that prevents or limits the flap valve from opening during expiration. For example, the airflow resistor may comprise multiple small flaps extending across the surface of a flap valve layer. One variation may be referred to as a “fish scale” embodiment, in which the flaps resemble fish scales. Other flap shapes may be used, including but not limited to triangular, rectangular, semi-circular shapes, etc.
The airflow resistor (which may include multiple valves) typically communicates with both nostrils. In some variations the device may include a passageway communicating with both nasal openings and the airflow resistor. The airflow resistor may be configured as a surface (e.g., layer) that extends substantially across both of the subject's nostrils (and between them) when worn.
The adhesive holdfast is generally configured to secure the nasal device in communication with the subject's nose. In general, the nasal device is adhesively secured across both of the subject's nostril openings. For example, the adhesive holdfast may be configured to secure the device over both of the subject's nostrils so that the airflow resistor is positioned outside of the subject's nostrils. In some variations a portion of the nasal device may extend into one or both of the subject's nostrils. For example, an aligner (e.g., an alignment protrusion) or centering protrusion may be included to help apply the device, and may be used to help position it. In other variations, the device does not extend into the subject's nose.
The adhesive holdfast may be a substantially flat layer. For example, the adhesive holdfast may be a substantially flat and flexible substrate that includes a biocompatible adhesive. The substantially flat adhesive holdfast typically has a thickness that is much less than the width and height (and surface area) of the device. In some variations the adhesive holdfast surrounds the airflow resistor, so that it can seal against the subject's nostrils and allow airflow through the nostrils to pass through the airflow resistor. The adhesive holdfast may be adapted to conform to the area around a subject's nostril openings. For example, the adhesive holdfast may have an elongate length in the outer perimeter that includes a narrower region (e.g., a recessed, concave or curved region of the outer perimeter) so that the adhesive holdfast may secure to the upper lip region. In one variation, the holdfast is configured as an elongated strip surrounding the airflow resistor. In some variations the adhesive holdfast is an elongate rectangular shape, with the airflow resistor in the center of the device. In some variations, the adhesive holdfast has a two-lobed (e.g., Figure “8”) shaped perimeter.
Any of the nasal devices described herein may include one or more openings or leak pathways that are open to airflow during both exhalation and inhalation. For example, the opening may be a hole or passage through the airflow resistor and/or the adhesive holdfast that is always open. In some variations, more than one opening is present. The size and/or position of the opening may be chosen so that the resistance to expiration and/or the resistance to inspiration falls within a predetermined range, as described in greater detail below.
The whole-nose nasal devices described herein typically have a resistance to expiration that is greater than the resistance to inspiration. In general, the whole-nose nasal devices described herein may have a resistance to expiration that is between about 1 and about 250 cm H2O/L/sec. In some variations, the resistance to expiration is between about 5 and about 250 cm H2O/L/sec. The whole-nose nasal devices described herein may have a very low resistance to inspiration. For example, the resistance to inspiration may be between about 0.01 and about 5 cm H2O/L/sec.
Any of the nasal devices described herein may also include one or more of: a protective cover for holdfast, tabs for gripping/applying the device, a guide (e.g., aligner) to aid in applying the device, a spacer component for spacing the device (and particularly the airflow resistor) from nose, and a frame or support/stiffening member.
A protective cover may be a paper, plastic, or other material that may at least partially cover the adhesive of the holdfast to protect it until the device is applied to a subject. The protective cover may be multiple pieces that may be removed all at once, or in multiple steps. In some variations the protective cover is removed by unpeeling it from the adhesive.
The device may also include one or more tabs and/or grips for grasping the device to help apply or remove the device from the subject's nose. A tab may also help secure the device. For example, the tab may be configured as a portion (particularly an edge region) of the adhesive holdfast that does not include an adhesive on the side of the device that will adhere to the subject's face. The tab or grip region may extend from the perimeter of the device. The tab may be removable after the device is secured to the subject, or it may be part of the device that is not removable. More than one tab (e.g., one on either side of the device) may be present. In some variations the tab or grip extends from the holdfast and is removable after the device is applied to the subject.
As mentioned above, a guide or aligner may be used to align the device with the subject's nose or nasal openings. In general the whole-nose nasal devices described herein may not require an aligner because the airflow resistor and/or any passageway in which the airflow resistor is located is sufficiently large so that precise alignment is unnecessary. For example, the airflow resistor may be an airflow resistor layer that is elongate, and extends longer than the distance between the right and left alar regions of the nose (i.e., the base of the nose having the nostril openings).
In some variations, a spacing or spacer component (“spacer”) for spacing the device from the nasal openings may also be included. For example, a spacer may be a protrusion or bridge region that extends from the nasal device to space the nasal device (and particularly the airflow resistor) from the nose or nasal openings of the nose. The spacer may be configured to contact the edge of the nose (i.e., alar region or the columella region between the nostrils). The spacer may also include an adhesive, or may be non-adhesive.
Any of the devices described herein may also optionally include a frame or support/stiffening member. The frame (which may also be referred to as a support member) may be particularly useful for very thin or very flexible holdfast regions. For example, the support member may help prevent the edges of the adhesive holdfast region from folding back on themselves during application. The frame may be made of a material that is also flexible, but is either thicker or otherwise results in a stiffer assembly than the adhesive holdfast alone. The support frame may also be configured to help secure the device to the subject. For example, the support frame may be shaped similar to the subject's nasal region. The support frame may be removable (e.g., after the device has been applied to the subject), or it may be left on as part of the nasal device.
In some variations, the device may include a rim or rim body forming a passageway which is regulated by the airflow resistor. The rim may be formed of a separate material, or it may be formed by the structures of the holdfast and/or the airflow resistor(s). For example, the rim may be present along or near the inner periphery of the adhesive holdfast and provide structural support and surround and/or define the passageway. This rim may be formed from other layers of the adhesive device that when combined, provide a rim structure. Alternatively, the rim may be a separate component that is added to the device. In some cases, the rim facilitates the attachment of a sensor, such as a nasal cannula, thermistor, thermocouple or other device that provides information about the device and/or the subject wearing the device. The rim can be flexible or rigid, and can be completely or partly circumferential. Thus, a rim may include the portion of the device that surrounds the passageway and/or resistor and provides structural support to protect the passageway. In some variations the rim is formed of two or more portions that are connected together. For example, a rim body may be formed of an upper and lower rim body that are joined together. The holdfast may be secured between the two, and the airflow resistor may be aligned within the passageway of the rim body.
Also described herein are whole-nose nasal respiratory devices including: an airflow resistor configured to communicate with both nostrils and to inhibit exhalation through both nostrils more than inhalation through both nostrils; a flexible, elongate adhesive holdfast surrounding the airflow resistor and configured to secure the airflow resistor in communication with both of the subject's nostrils; a frame in communication with an outer edge of the adhesive holdfast, wherein the frame is configured to support the adhesive holdfast; and an opening through the device that is open to allow airflow through the device during both exhalation and inhalation.
In some variations, the whole-nose nasal respiratory devices comprise: a flexible, elongate holdfast layer having a non-rectangular outer perimeter and comprising a biocompatible adhesive; a flap valve layer comprising a plurality of flap valves, wherein the flap valve layer is at least partially surrounded by the elongate holdfast substrate layer; a flap valve limiter layer adjacent to the flap valve layer and configured to limit the opening of the flap valves so that the device inhibits exhalation more than inhalation through both nostrils; wherein the whole-nose nasal respiratory device is configured to be substantially flat and flexible, and is further configured to be worn in communication with both of the subject's nostrils. The outer perimeter may include a recessed region. The non-rectangular outer perimeter may be curved and may include lobes. For example, the perimeter may have two symmetric lobes. In some variations the non-rectangular outer perimeter is lentiform (biconvex).
Also described herein are whole-nose nasal respiratory devices that include an airflow resistor configured to inhibit exhalation through both nostrils more than inhalation through both nostrils, a flexible, adhesive holdfast surrounding the airflow resistor and configured to secure the airflow resistor in communication with both of the subject's nostrils; and an opening through the device that is open to allow airflow through the device during both exhalation and inhalation. As mentioned, the airflow resistor may include a flap valve layer adjacent to a flap valve limiter layer. Similarly, the adhesive holdfast may include a substrate layer and a biocompatible adhesive. In some variations, the adhesive holdfast is substantially flat and elongate. For example, the holdfast may have an outer perimeter that is curved (“C” shaped, “8” shaped, etc.). In some variations, the outer perimeter of the adhesive holdfast includes an inwardly curving region near the midline of the device.
Also described herein are whole-nose nasal respiratory devices including an elongate holdfast substrate layer comprising a biocompatible adhesive, a flap valve layer comprising at least one flap valve (wherein the flap valve layer is at least partially surrounded by the elongate holdfast substrate layer), a flap valve limiter layer adjacent to the flap valve layer and configured to limit the opening of the flap valve(s) (for example preventing opening of the valve in the direction away from the subject's nose) so that the device inhibits exhalation more than inhalation through both nostrils. The whole-nose nasal respiratory device is typically substantially flat and flexible, and is further configured to be worn in communication with both of the subject's nostrils. In some variations, the device also includes one or more openings (leak pathways) that are open during both inspiration and expiration.
Also described herein are methods of applying a whole-nose nasal respiratory device, including the steps of: removing a protective covering layer from at least part of a whole-nose nasal respiratory device, wherein the whole-nose nasal respiratory device comprises an airflow resistor configured to inhibit exhalation through both nostrils more than inhalation through both nostrils and an adhesive holdfast configured to secure the device in communication with both of a subject's nostrils; and adhesively securing the holdfast of the nasal respiratory device at least partly over both of a subject's nostrils.
The step of adhesively securing the nasal respiratory device may include sealing the adhesive holdfast of the nasal respiratory device to or around the subject's nose or skin. The step of removing the protective layer comprises unpeeling the protective layer from the whole-nose respiratory device.
In some variations of the methods of applying a whole-nose nasal respiratory device, the method includes the steps of: removing a protective covering layer from at least part of a whole-nose nasal respiratory device, wherein the whole-nose nasal respiratory device comprises an airflow resistor configured to inhibit exhalation through both nostrils more than inhalation through both nostrils and an adhesive holdfast layer configured to secure the device in communication with both of a subject's nostrils, aligning the whole-nose nasal respiratory device with the subjects nose so that a recessed region on the outer perimeter of the holdfast layer aligns with the space between the subject's nostrils; and adhesively securing the holdfast of the nasal respiratory device at least partly over both of a subject's nostrils.
All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
o show variations of flap valve airflow resistors that may be used with whole-nose nasal devices.
Described herein are whole-nose adhesive nasal respiratory devices generally including an airflow resistor and an adhesive holdfast that is configured to secure the device in fluid communication both of a subject's nostrils. Whole-nose nasal respiratory devices may be used to regulate a subject's respiration. For example, the device may create positive airway pressure (“PAP”), including positive end expiratory pressure (“PEEP”) or expiratory positive airway pressure (“EPAP”) during respiration in a subject wearing the device. The adhesive respiratory devices and methods described herein may be useful to treat a variety of medical conditions, and may also be useful for non-therapeutic purposes. The devices and methods described herein are not limited to the particular embodiments described. Variations of the particular embodiments described may be made and still fall within the scope of the disclosure. Examples and particular embodiments described are not intended to be limiting.
As used herein, a whole-nose nasal device may be configured to fit across, partly across, at least partly within, in, over one and/or both of a subject's nostrils. These whole-nose nasal devices may be referred to herein as “adhesive nasal devices.” Layered nasal devices are of particular interest, and are described more fully below. Layered adhesive nasal devices may include two or more layers. For example, a layered nasal device may include an adhesive holdfast layer and an airflow resistor layer. These layers may be composed of separate layers, and these layers may be separated by other layers, or they may be adjacent. The adhesive holdfast layer may be itself formed of layers (optionally: a substrate layer, a protective covering layer, an adhesive layer, etc), and thus may be referred to as a layered adhesive holdfast. Similarly, the airflow resistor may be formed of multiple layers (optionally: a flap valve layer, a valve limiter layer, etc.), and thus may be referred to as a layered airflow resistor. In some variations, the layered adhesive holdfast and the layered airflow resistor share one or more layers. For example, the flap valves layer and the adhesive substrate layer may be the same layer, in which the leaflets of the flap valve layer are cut from the substrate layer material. As used herein, a “layer” may be generally planar geometry (e.g., flat), although it may have a thickness, which may be uniform or non-uniform in section.
As used in this specification, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The following descriptions include various design parameters or goals, and methods and devices which fit the design parameters or goals. The devices and methods described herein (and recited by any claims) are not limited to any particular theory of operation.
In general, the whole-nose nasal devices described herein include a holdfast region (or layer) and at least one airflow resistor. As will be apparent from the figures, many of these devices may be removed (removable) and applied by a user without special tools. In some variations, a subject may use an applicator to apply the device (e.g., to help align it).
In addition to the airflow resistor and the holdfast, any of the whole-nose nasal devices described herein may also include one or more of: a protective cover for the adhesive holdfast, an opening or leak pathway, tabs and/or grips to apply the whole-nose nasal device, an aligner for aligning the device, a spacing or spacer component (“spacer”), and a frame or support/stiffening member. These features are described briefly below, and illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
In operation, a whole-nose nasal device is applied so that the airflow resistor is placed in communication with both of a subject's nostrils to modify the flow of air through the subject's nose. Thus, the respiratory devices are configured so that airflow from both nostrils is received by the airflow resistor. In variations having multiple airflow resistors (or in which the airflow resistor includes multiple valves), each airflow resistor receives airflow from both nostrils. For example, the airflow from each nostril may be combined prior to contacting the airflow resistor. Thus, in some variations the devices include a passageway that is configured to communicate with both nostrils before reaching the airflow resistor(s).
The airflow resistor typically modifies the flow of air through the nose in at least one direction. In most variations of the devices described herein, the airflow resistor is configured to resist airflow through the device in one direction more than it resists airflow in the opposite direction. For example, an airflow resistor may occlude airflow during exhalation more than inhalation. Resistance to inhalation may be increased minimally, negligibly, or not at all. Examples of airflow resistors are described below, but any appropriate airflow resistor may be used. For example, airflow resistors may be valves for regulating airflow (e.g., flap valves, hinge-less valves, balloon valves, stepper valves, ball valves, etc.) or the like. In the examples shown in the figures and described herein, the airflow resistor is typically a flap valve having one or more flaps or leaflets that move to regulate flow through the resistor. The airflow resistor may also include a valve limiter, such as a flap valve limiter. A valve limiter (e.g., flap valve limiter) restricts the ability of a valve to open in one or more directions. As described in more detail below, the flap valve limiter may prevent the valve from substantially opening in one direction (e.g., expiration) or may allow some degree of opening or partial opening, but not complete opening
Any of the nasal devices described herein may also include one or more openings, which may also be referred to as leak pathways, through which air can pass when the valve is otherwise closed. The leak pathway may be separate from the airflow resistor, or it may be part of the airflow resistor (e.g., passing through a region of the flap valve, etc.). In some variations, the airflow resistor is configured so that a leak pathway is formed when the valve is closed. For example, the flap(s) of the flap valve may not completely seal when the valve is closed, thus providing an intentional or unintentional leak path. A leak pathway may pass through any appropriate region of the device, including the holdfast region.
A whole-nose nasal device may be configured to treat snoring, or sleep disordered breathing such as sleep apnea, as described briefly above. For example, a subject may apply a whole-nose adhesive respiratory device to his nose by exposing the adhesive on the holdfast of the device (e.g., by removing a protective cover material from an adhesive region of the holdfast) and applying gentle pressure to adhere the device around the nostrils. In this way, the device may be seated around the nasal orifice and form at least a partial seal between the nostrils and the device so that the majority of flow into and out of the nostrils passes through the device and/or airflow resistor. Once the device is applied to the subject's nose, respiration through the nostrils may be regulated. In some variations, the adhesive nasal device is configured so that there is only nominal resistance through the nasal device during inhalation (e.g., less than about 0.1 cm H2O/L/sec, less than about 0.5 cm H2O/L/sec, less than about 1 cm H2O/L/sec, and less than about 5 cm H2O/L/sec), but increased resistance to airflow during exhalation (e.g., greater than about 1 cm H2O/L/sec, greater than about 5 cm H2O/L/sec, greater than about 10 cm H2O/L/sec, and greater than about 20 cm H2O/L/sec, greater than about 50 cm H2O/L/sec, etc.). In some variations the airflow resistor may have an upper limit on the expiratory resistance. For example, the expiratory resistance may be between about 1 and about 250 cm H2O/L/sec, or between about 2 and about 100 cm H2O/L/sec, etc. The resistance to inspiration and/or expiration may be determined based on the configuration of the airflow resistor and/or any leak pathway(s). A subject wearing the device may still breathe predominantly though the nose (and the nasal device) during exhalation, but may also breathe at least partly through the mouth.
It may also be beneficial for a subject to wear a whole-nose nasal respiratory device when sleeping. Described below are variations of whole-nose nasal devices (including layered nasal devices) that may be comfortably worn and secured in or over the subject's nose so that the subject may sleep. In some variations, a grip (e.g., a tab, handle, strap, or other additional interface region) may be included to help secure the device to the subject's, and may additionally or alternatively be helpful in positioning or manipulating (e.g., gripping) the device, particularly when it is being applied. This additional interface region may be formed of the same material as the adhesive holdfast region, or it may be a separate region, as described in more detail below.
In some embodiments, one or more components of the device is impregnated with, contains, or is coated with, one or more compounds that may be inhaled during use. The presence of airflow, heat or other conditions may facilitate the release of the compound into the inhaled air or surrounding tissues. The compound may be herbal (such as menthol or lavender), chemical or pharmaceutical (such as an antihistamine or anti-asthma drug). Depending on the compound, the user might experience a pleasant aroma (which may soothe or promote sleep or activity) or medical benefits, such as promoting nasal decongestion or asthma relief. The compound may be inhaled during all or at least a portion of the time the user is wearing the device. The compounds may be used as part of treatment of a sleep apnea, snoring, or may find use in other embodiments for other medical conditions.
In some versions, the device is used with an active agent. In some versions, the active agent comprises a drug. An active agent (e.g., a medicament) or other compound can be placed in or on the device to deliver the active agent into the mouth, tongue, hard and soft palates, sinuses, nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, vocal cords, larynx, airways, lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, air sacs, or any tissues that are exposed to inspiratory or expiratory airflow. In some cases, the active agent may be embedded or impregnated in the device or components of the device. In some cases the active agent is a coating. An active agent may comprise any compound that is in some way useful or desirable for the patient. For example, the active agent may be any odorant, including: menthol, phenol, eucalyptus, or any agent that provides a fragrance in the inspired air. Alternatively, an active agent may comprise a drug with beneficial effects, such as beneficial vasculature effects. For example, an active agent may comprise a drug that affects the blood vessels (oxymetazoline or any other vasoactive compound), nasopharynx, airways or lungs (albuterol, steroids, or other bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation compounds). An active agent may comprise, for example, an antibiotic or a steroid. The above list of active agents is not meant to be limiting.
Whole-nose nasal devices as described herein may be preferred when compared to single-nostril nasal devices such as those illustrated in
The whole-nose nasal devices described herein are typically flexible (i.e., bendable) devices. Overall, the devices may have an elongate, flattened appearance and may be applied across both of a subject's nostrils. The device maybe configured to secure around the subject's nasal openings (e.g., to the outer surface of the subject's nose and/or the apron of the upper lip, etc.). In some variations the device may also project into the nostrils; in other variations the device does not project into the nostrils.
The overall shape of the device shown in
The exemplary devices shown in
Any appropriate airflow resistor may be used as part of the adhesive nasal devices described herein. The airflow resistors described herein typically restrict airflow in one direction more than they restrict airflow in the opposite direction. An airflow resistor typically occludes airflow during exhalation more than inhalation. Examples of airflow resistors may be found in published U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/298,640, titled “NASAL RESPIRATORY DEVICES” (filed Dec. 8, 2005), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In some embodiments, the pressures created by the airflow resistor during exhalation may be between 0.01 and 100 cm of H2O measured at a flow rate of 100 ml/sec (e.g., 0.1 cm H2O/L/sec and 1000 cm H2O/L/sec). The whole-nose nasal device may be configured so that the overall resistance to exhalation through the device is between about 5 and about 250 cm H2O/L/sec. The resistance to inhalation for the whole-nose nasal devices is always less than the resistance to exhalation, and is typically between about 0.1 cm H2O/L/sec and about 5 cm H2O/L/sec. The resistance to inhalation and the resistance to exhalation for the whole-nose nasal device may be set based on the configuration of the airflow resistor and the configuration of any leak pathways. A leak pathway is typically an opening through the device that is open during both exhalation and inhalation. The resistance to the airflow resistor may be adjusted by one or more leak pathways so that the overall resistance (airflow resistance) of the device is within the desired range.
In some variations of the adhesive devices described herein adapted to be used to treat snoring, the airflow resistor creates a resistance to exhalation that is relatively low. For example, the resistance to exhalation may be between about 0.5 cm of H2O/L/sec and about 100 cm H2O/L/sec, or between about 20 cm H2O/L/sec and about 80 cm H2O/L/sec, or between about 30 cm H2O/L/sec and about 80 cm H2O/L/sec, or about 40 cm H2O/L/sec.
Valve-type airflow resistors are particularly suitable. In particular, valves that may be used include flap valves (having one or more flaps or leaflets), hingeless valves, stopper-type valves, membrane-type valves, ball valves, balloon-type valves, and the like. This list is not intended to be exhaustive, and other types of selective airflow resistors may be used. Moreover, multiple airflow resistors may also be used, which may include combinations of different types of airflow resistors. Flap valves are of particular interest. An airflow resistor configured as a flap valve typically includes one or more hinged or flexible flaps (or leaves) that is movably secured so that the flap may open when air flows in one direction, and close when air flows in the opposite direction, or when air is not flowing. The opening and closing of the flap may allow air to flow across the valve, and thereby regulate airflow through the device. In operation, the flap portion of the flap valve can thus selectively occlude airflow in one direction more than in other directions.
In some variations, the airflow resistor is positioned within a passageway. The passageway typically communicates with both nasal openings, so that airflow from both nostrils communicates with the airflow resistor.
Valves configured for PEEP (positive end expiratory pressure) may also be used with any of the devices described herein. For example, a valve may be configured to have a non-zero threshold pressure for opening during expiration so that the valve is closed during expiration when the pressure across the valve is below the threshold pressure for opening during expiration, but the valve opens during expiration when the valve exceeds the threshold pressure for opening during expiration.
In some variations, an airflow resistor for use in an adhesive respiratory device includes a flap valve and a flap valve limiter that limits the movement of the flap valve. For example, a flap valve may be a flexible material (e.g., silicone or a flexible polymer) that can bend or flex to create an opening for airflow during inspiration (in a first direction). The flap valve may be prevented from opening for airflow during exhalation (in a second direction) by a flap valve limiter. Thus, a flap valve limiter may be a structure having a flap valve engagement surface (such as a bar, post, mesh, matrix or webbing, etc.) that limits the flap valve from opening in the second direction. In some variations, the flap valve limiter is a tether or hinge that is connected to the flap and prevents it from substantially extending beyond a predetermined position. Other flap valve limiters may be configured as valve supports (e.g., cross-bars) that prevent the valve from collapsing when air flows in one direction through the passageway. The airflow limiter may also include a valve seal region (e.g., a rim or ridge or other structural support) against which the flap may be seated or abut when the valve is “closed.”
The flap of a flap valve may be made of a flexible material, or a hinged stiff material. In some variations, the flap comprises a thin sheet of flexible material that is shaped to fit across an opening and at least partially occlude airflow through the opening when the flap is closed. The flap may be shaped so that it does not occlude airflow through one or more leak pathways.
As mentioned above, one or more leak pathways may be included as part of the adhesive respiratory device. A leak pathway typically allows air to flow through the passageway even when the valve is closed. Thus a minimum basal level of airflow may be permitted through the passageway regardless of the state of the airflow resistor. In some variations, the leak pathway is a hole or un-occluded passage. A leak pathway may be a part of any region of the nasal respiratory device. For example a leak pathway may be part of the airflow resistor, part of the holdfast (or some combination thereof). In some embodiments, the leak pathway arises from an intentional lack of perfect sealing or abutment of various components of the device (e.g., between leaflets of a flap valve, etc) or with the subject's skin. A nasal respiratory device may be configured to have multiple leak pathways.
The flap valve limiter layer shown in
A flap valve limiter may be formed of any appropriate material. For example, the flap valve limiter may be formed of a flexible mesh of nylon or other fibrous materials. As briefly mentioned above, the valve limiter may be made of any appropriate air permeable material and may have any appropriate airflow permeable shape. Although it may be beneficial to include materials that are flexible (e.g., nylon mesh), in some variations, it may be beneficial to use materials that are relatively stiff. Exemplary meshes may include: molded polypropylene plastic mesh (e.g., 0.0140″ thickness), precision woven nylon mesh (31.2 openings per inch×31.2 openings per inch), precision woven nylon mesh (80×80), precision woven polypropylene mesh (69×69), filter mesh, precision woven nylon mesh (198×198), PTFE diamond mesh, precision woven polyester mesh (109×109), precision woven polyester mesh (45.7×45.7), etc.
In some variations, the flap valves or the flap valve limiter (or both) are coated with a material to increase or decrease friction between the two layers (e.g., to prevent the flap leaflets from sticking to each other and/or to the flap valve limiter). In some variations of the airflow resistor, the flap layer (forming the flap valves) is positioned immediately adjacent to a layer forming the flap valve limiter, as shown in
As mentioned, any appropriate type of airflow resistor may be used, including airflow resistors that are not layered. For example,
Returning now to the airflow resistor shown in
A flap valve layer may be made of any appropriate material. For example, the flap valve layer may be made of polymeric materials, rubber (natural and synthetic), paper, fabric, or the like. Materials that may be used to form the flap valve layer include: latex, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylate, styrene-butadiene copolymer, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-acrylate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymer, nylon, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polychloroprene, polybutadiene, thermoplastic polyimide, polyacetal, polyphenylene sulfide, polycarbonate, thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic resins, thermosetting resins, natural rubbers, synthetic rubbers (such as a chloroprene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, and ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer copolymer, silicone rubbers, fluoride rubbers, and acrylic rubbers), elastomers (such as a soft urethane, water-blown polyurethane), and thermosetting resins (such as a hard urethane, phenolic resins, and a melamine resins), and injection moldable materials such as polyether block amide (e.g., PEBAX®), and the like.
A flap valve layer may be made by cutting, molding, or otherwise forming a flap valve leaflet (or a plurality of flap valve leaflets) to from a layer of material having flap valve leaflets. In one variation, a layer of material (e.g., silicone, polyurethane, etc.) is die-cut to form the flap valve leaflets as part of a flap valve layer. Other methods of cutting may be used to form the valve or each valve leaflets, including laser cutting, jet cutting, or the like. In some variations, the flap valve is formed by molding. For example, the flap valve may be formed by thermoforming, injection molding, or the like. In some variations, the flap is made out of silicone or thermoplastic urethane. For example, the flap may be a thin and flexible piece of silicone. This flap may be any appropriate thickness that allows it to be flexible (e.g., to move from the open and closed positions). For example, the flap may comprise silicone that is between 0.0001 and 0.1 inches thick. In some embodiments, the silicone is approximately 0.002 inches thick. The flap valve layer may have variable thicknesses or comprise multiple layers, which may provide reinforcement or structural support for the valve layer.
In some variations the flap valve layer and the adjacent valve limiting layer are adhered together so that the non-flap portions of the flap valve layer adhere to the valve limiting layer.
The second island of double-sided adhesive 917 shown in
The whole-nose nasal devices described herein may typically include an adhesive holdfast for securing the device to the subject. The adhesive holdfast may include one or more adhesive surfaces that are suitable for use against a subject's body (e.g., skin and/or nasal cavity). Thus, the adhesive holdfast may include a biocompatible adhesive. The adhesive holdfast may facilitate the positioning and securing of the device in a desired location with respect to the subject's nose. An adhesive holdfast may be configured to secure the device to any appropriate region of the subject's nose, nasal passage, or nasal cavity. Typically the whole-nose nasal device is secured around both of the subject's nostrils.
In general, the adhesive holdfast is configured to be applied predominantly to the outside of the nose (e.g., the skin). In some versions, the holdfast may also form a seal between the respiratory device and the nose, so air exchanged between the outside of the patient and the nostril must pass through the respiratory device. In some versions, the holdfast seals the device in communication with the nose completely, so that all air through the nostril (or nostrils) must be exchanged through the device. In some versions, the holdfast seal is incomplete, so that only some of the air exchanged between the patient and the external environment passes through the device. As used herein, “air” may be air from environment external to the patient, or it may be any respiratory gas (e.g., pure or mixed oxygen, CO2, heliox, or other gas mixtures provided to the user).
The adhesive holdfast may be flexible so that it conforms to the surface of the subject's skin, which may be relatively irregularly shaped, and may include hair and the like. In some variations, the adhesive holdfast is made of a material that permits the passage of water vapor, liquid water, sweat and/or oil, which may enhance comfort. The adhesive holdfast may also include a texture or patterned relief surface to enhance bonding to the subject's nose region.
The adhesive holdfast may be made of layers. Thus, the adhesive holdfast may be referred to as a layered holdfast (or layered adhesive holdfast) For example, the adhesive holdfast may include a substrate layer to which a biocompatible adhesive is applied. The substrate is typically a flat (predominantly 2-sided) material that is flexible. An adhesive may be present on at least one surface of the substrate, allowing it to adhere to the subject's nasal region. In some variations, the substrate layer is itself adhesive without needing an additional adhesive. An additional protective cover may also be removably attached to the adhesive of the adhesive layer. The protective cover may allow the device (and particularly the adhesive holdfast) to be manipulated without inadvertently sticking the device to the fingers or other parts of the body and it may also prevent contamination of the adhesive. The liner may be a removable paper or other film that can be peeled off or otherwise removed to expose the adhesive. In some variations, the adhesive of the adhesive holdfast is activatable. For example, the adhesive becomes ‘sticky’ only after exposure to an activator (e.g., water, air, light, etc.). In some variations, an adhesive could be applied to the nose in a liquid form first, than the device is applied.
In some variations, a protective cover is not used. As already mentioned, in some variations, the substrate and adhesive are a single layer, so that the substrate comprises an adhesive material, or a material that can be activated to become adhesive. The adhesive holdfast may comprise any appropriate material. For example, the adhesive substrate may be a biocompatible material such as silicone, polyethylene, or polyethylene foam. Other appropriate biocompatible materials may include some of the materials previously described, such as biocompatible polymers and/or elastomers. Suitable biocompatible polymers may include materials such as: a homopolymer and copolymers of vinyl acetate (such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and polyvinylchloride copolymers), a homopolymer and copolymers of acrylates (such as polypropylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylmethacrylate, polymethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylene dimethacrylate and hydroxymethyl methacrylate, and the like), polyvinylpyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, polyacrylonitrile butadiene, polyamides, fluoropolymers (such as polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinyl fluoride), a homopolymer and copolymers of styrene acrylonitrile, cellulose acetate, a homopolymer and copolymers of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polymethylpentene, polysulfones polyimides, polyisobutylene, polymethylstyrene and other similar compounds known to those skilled in the art. Structurally, the substrate may be a film, foil, woven, non-woven, foam, or tissue material (e.g., poluelofin non-woven materials, polyurethane woven materials, polyethylene foams, polyurethane foams, polyurethane film, etc.).
In variations in which an adhesive is applied to the substrate, the adhesive may comprise a medical grade adhesive such as a hydrocolloid or an acrylic. Medical grade adhesives may include foamed adhesives, acrylic co-polymer adhesives, porous acrylics, synthetic rubber-based adhesives, silicone adhesive formulations (e.g., silicone gel adhesive), and absorbent hydrocolloids and hydrogels.
In some variations, the adhesive is a structural adhesive. For example, the adhesive may adhere based on van der Walls forces. U.S. Pat. No. 7,011,723, U.S. Pat. No. 6,872,439, U.S. Pat. No. 6,737,160, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,175,723 describe structures whose shape and dimension provide adhesive force. These patents are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The whole-nose nasal devices described herein typically do not separate the airflow from the nostrils, but instead allow airflow from both nostrils communicate with a single airflow resistor (although multiple airflow resistors may be used). Thus, the holdfast region may include only a single opening for the airflow resistor.
For example,
The holdfast region may also include one or more tabs or grips that may help a subject apply the device. For example,
In general, the adhesive holdfast may comprise any appropriate shape that allows the airflow resistor to be positioned with respect to one or both nasal passages so that some (or most) of the airflow through the nasal passages must pass through the adhesive nasal device. In some variations, the adhesive holdfast attaches to the nose (or nasal passage) and forms a partial or complete seal therewith, thereby channeling airflow into or out of the nasal passageway through the device, and also securing the device in position.
It is not necessary that the entire adhesive holdfast region include an adhesive, although many of the substantially flat holdfast regions described in the preceding figures may have a biocompatible adhesive over much of the skin-contacting surface (which may be covered by a protective cover that can be at least partially removed later). In some variations only a subset of the holdfast region (including the outer layer) includes an adhesive. For example, a peripheral region may be adhesive-free (or may have had the adhesive weakened or removed), to help with applying/removing the devices (i.e., the region beneath any tabs or grips may not include an adhesive).
In some variations, the adhesive nasal devices described herein are adapted to fit different users having a diversity of sizes and shapes, particularly the shapes and sizes of their noses. As already described, the devices, including particularly the adhesive holdfast region, may be configured so that it is adaptable to different nose shapes. For example, the holdfast region may be flexible. In some variations, the holdfast region may extend into a nostril, rather than just adhering around it. For example, the adhesive holdfast may include a region that projects into the nostril, and can be secured at least partly against the walls of the nostril. In some variations, the internally-projecting regions may comprise a compressible material (e.g., a foam or the like) so that they may be secured within the nasal passages. In some variations, the inwardly-projecting portion (e.g., a guide or alignment region) of the nasal device may be smaller than the nasal opening, and does not necessarily contact the sides of the subject's nasal passage.
As mentioned above, any of the whole-nose nasal devices described herein may also include one or more removable liners. For example, a removable liner may cover the adhesive until the device is ready to be applied. A removable liner may be a removable liner layer. The removable liner may be made of any appropriate material that may be released from the adhesive. For example, the liner material may comprise Kraft paper. In some variations, the liner material comprises polyethylene film, or polyethylene coated paper (e.g. Kraft paper). The liner may be any of the other materials described herein.
In general, any of the materials commonly used in the manufacture of bandages (particularly disposable bandages such as Band-Aids™), ostomy kits, and wound care products may be used in any or all components of devices described herein. An adhesive layer (or an adhesive holdfast layer) may be formed in any appropriate method, particularly those described herein. For example, an adhesive layer may be formed by cutting (stamping, die cutting, laser cutting, etc.) the adhesive substrate, biocompatible adhesive, and protective cover into the desired shape. Multiple steps may be used to form the adhesive layer. For example, the adhesive layer may be formed by cutting (or otherwise forming) the outer perimeter, then by cutting (or otherwise forming) an inner opening.
The example shown in
The whole-nose nasal device shown in
In the example shown in
In some variations the protective backing or protective layer may be used as a tab or grip that can help position the device on the subject's nose. For example,
In
For example, the outermost layer of the airflow resistor is the flap valve limiter layer 1905, an example of which is shown in
In operation, the whole-nose nasal devices described herein may be applied to the subject's nose so that both nostrils are in communication with the airflow resistor. The airflow resistor can then modify the flow of air through the nose by increasing the resistance to exhalation more than the resistance to inhalation. As described above, these devices may be used to treat respiratory or related disorders such as sleep apneas, snoring, or the like. As a method of treating, the devices may be applied and adhesively secured so that the airflow resistor is in communication with airflow through both nostrils. The subject may then be allowed to breathe normally while wearing the device. Treatment may be during sleep (e.g., for snoring). In some variations, measurements of respiration, airflow, and/or sleep cycles may be performed while the subject is wearing the device, which may be useful to titrate or monitor treatment.
A subject may apply the device to his or her own nose. For example, a whole-nose device may be first removed from clean or sterile packaging. The devices described herein may be sized (e.g., child/adult, small, medium, large, etc.), or one-size-fits-all. Placement of a whole-nose nasal device may be done in front of a mirror or can be done without looking at a mirror. A device having an adhesive holdfast with a protective cover may be prepared for application by first removing the protective cover. The device may then be applied over the nostrils by gently pushing the adhesive holdfast against the nostril to secure the airflow resistor in communication with the nostrils. After placement of the nasal device, the user may test whether an adequate seal has been created or has been maintained between the adhesive holdfast and the nostrils through a variety of methods. On exhalation, for example, it may be clear to the user whether a good seal has been created between the device and his nasal cavity based on the feel. Alternatively, the user can use his finger to plug or occlude the leak pathway. If there is an adequate seal between the device and the user's skin while the leak pathway is occluded, expiration will be very prolonged. In general, the whole-nose device may be removed by peeling the adhesive holdfast away from the nostril. If a good seal has not been formed, the device may be removed and reapplied, or a new device may be applied.
The flexible device generally covers the subject's nostrils by wrapping around the nose in the region over the nostrils, as shown.
For example,
In some variations the spacer may also maintain the device (e.g., the airflow resistor region of the device, or a portion of the airflow resistor) from the nasal openings. For example, a spacer may prop the device against the septal region of the nose, spacing the inner surface of the device (e.g., the flap valve layer) from the septum, nasal opening, or edge of the nostrils.
Any of the devices described herein may be fabricated using any appropriate technique, including continuous or batch manufacturing techniques. For example,
While the methods and devices have been described in some detail here by way of illustration and example, such illustration and example is for purposes of clarity of understanding only. It will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings herein that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application claims the benefit as a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/298,339, filed Dec. 8, 2005 (titled “RESPIRATORY DEVICES”), which claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/634,715, filed on Dec. 8, 2004. This application also claims priority as a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/759,916, filed on Jun. 7, 2007 (titled “Layered Nasal Devices”). This application also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/037,180 filed Mar. 17, 2008. All of these patent and pending applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60634715 | Dec 2004 | US | |
| 61037180 | Mar 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11298339 | Dec 2005 | US |
| Child | 12141875 | US | |
| Parent | 11759916 | Jun 2007 | US |
| Child | 11298339 | US |
