As media outlets proliferate and viewing audiences become more fragmented, advertisers, such as television advertisers, are having greater difficulty capturing and holding viewer attention. Consequently, it is more critical than ever that advertisements be creative and reach beyond a traditional linear format.
The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements. Also, the following detailed description does not limit the invention.
Implementations described herein may provide systems and/or methods that may provide viewers advance notice regarding upcoming advertising. The systems and/or methods may enable viewers to opt in or opt out of particular advertisements in advance, or in near-real time, and thereby tailor the types of advertising they view. As described further herein, indicators for advertisements may be presented to a viewer in advance of a program break period (e.g., a commercial break). The indicators may represent, for example, a default selection and sequence of upcoming advertising. The viewer may select, exchange, and/or arrange the indicators to achieve a desired advertisement sequence for the upcoming break period. In an exemplary implementation, the viewer input for the advertisement selection may be tracked and used by advertisers to identify group preferences and provide more sophisticated targeted advertising.
Advertisement sequence window 130 may be presented during the presentation of program content 120 and in advance of an advertising break. Advertisement sequence window 130 may include an advertisement indicator 135 for each advertising timeslot within an upcoming advertising break. Advertisement sequence window 130 may provide an indication of scheduled advertisers for each timeslot of a forthcoming advertising break. In one implementation, advertisement indicators 135 may include a logo, an image, text, and/or another indicator of advertisers associated with each scheduled advertisement. In another implementation, advertisement indicators 135 may include static or dynamic thumbnails of the scheduled advertisements. According to implementations herein, some or all advertising timeslots within a scheduled advertising break may be filled according to viewer selections from a group of available advertisements. For example, a user may interact (e.g., via a remote control) with advertisement sequence window 130 to select different advertisement indicators 135 and/or to alter the sequence of advertisement indicators 135.
As used herein, the term “video client” may refer to any media processing device that may receive multimedia content over a network, and may provide such multimedia content to an attached video display device (such as a television or computer monitor). A “subscription multimedia service,” as used herein, may refer to television, telephone, networking and/or other multimedia services provided to customers over a closed distribution network, such as cable, optical fiber, satellite, or virtual private networks. Also, as used herein, the terms “user,” “viewer,” “subscriber,” and “customer” may refer interchangeably to a person who interacts with, orders, uploads, listens to, or plays multimedia content over a subscription multimedia service.
For simplicity, one content server 205, one content delivery system 210, one user profile database 215, one data center 220, one campaign manager 222, one data logger 224, one linear advertising content database 230, one interactive advertising content database 235, one set of advertising sources 240, one linear program content database 250, one interactive program content database 255, one set of content sources 260, one video client 270, one video display device 275, one remote control 280, one local gateway 285, and one access network 290 have been illustrated in
Content server 205 may include one or more devices for providing content/information to video client 270 and/or video display device 275 in accordance with requests that are issued from video client 270. Examples of content server 205 may include a headend device that provides pay-per-view (PPV) events, a video-on-demand (VOD) device or another device that provides multimedia content upon request, an advertising server that provides advertising associated with multimedia content, and/or a program guide information server that provides information related to multimedia content available to video client 270. Content server 205 may communicate with a variety of other components within network 200, such as devices within content delivery system 210, linear advertising content database 230, interactive advertising content database 235, linear program content database 250, and interactive program content database 255 to provide requested multimedia services to customers. In one implementation, content server 205 may retrieve advertising content that has been specifically requested by video client 270 based on advertising schedules provided to video client 270. While shown as a single server device in
Content delivery system 210 may include one or more devices to deliver broadcast and other multimedia content to video client 270. In general, content delivery system 210 may provide control over (e.g., via access network 290) television services for devices, such as video clients 270, video display devices 275, and/or other network connectivity devices (e.g., personal computers, not shown) provided at the customer's premises. Content delivery system 210 may include, for example, video hub offices (VHOs), databases, gateways, servers, network switches, and/or routers that may be connected by wired and/or wireless connections. Content delivery system 210 may serve as a link between a video client 270 and content server 205 to enable delivery of on-demand multimedia content, advertising, applications, etc. For example, content delivery system 210 may facilitate communications between content server 205 and video client 270 via access network 290. In one implementation, content delivery system 210 may combine broadcast programming content with advertising content (retrieved, e.g., from content server 205) to provide a combined linear content/advertising stream to video client 270. In some implementations, content delivery system 210 may also collect information from video clients 270 that may be used, for example, to generate user profiles.
User profile database 215 may include one or more devices for storing data for video client 270 or groups of video clients that may be used to provide targeted advertising. For example, advertisements may be assigned a unique advertising identifier that may be cross-referenced to particular demographics, interests, or other indicators that may be obtained from a user profiles. Advertisers may classify particular advertising content to identify demographic groups, common interests, and/or other information that can be used in determining particular video clients 270 (or groups of video clients) to which to direct the advertising content. Content delivery system 210 may retrieve user profile information from user profile database 215 and retrieve advertising content from content server 205 that has been classified to correspond to the user profile tendencies.
Data center 220 may include one or more devices that are capable of collecting data and performing statistical analysis on user activity of video client 270 and other video clients. Data center 220 may combine related data into groups of accounts based on, for example, pattern analysis and correlation. In implementations described herein, data center 220 may include campaign manger 222 and data logger 224.
Campaign manager 222 may include one or more server devices, or other types of computation or communication devices, that gather, process, search, and/or provide information in a manner described herein. Campaign manager 222 may receive notifications of user activity from video client 270 and may determine appropriate responses to the user activity. In one implementation, campaign manager 222 may access a dynamic set of advertising campaign rules, user profile information, and/or prevailing environmental/contextual metrics (e.g., time of day, program being viewed, etc.) that may be used to supplement advertising selected by a viewer. For example, campaign manager may identify viewer incentives (e.g., coupons, rebates, price reductions, etc.) when video client 270 indicates that a viewer has selected a particular advertisement or a particular category of advertisements.
Data logger 224 may include one or more devices that maintain a selection history (such as user selections/sequences of advertisements based on interactions with advertisement sequence window 130) of video client 270. In one implementation, data logger 224 may include a database of exemplary fields, such as a video client identifier, a user account identifier (e.g., for a particular user of a video client), a date field, a time field, one or more advertisement code(s) fields, and/or a program identification field (e.g., the current program at the time an advertisement sequence was selected). Data logger 224 may include multiple databases stored locally at data center 220 and/or stored at one or more different and possibly remote locations. Data logger 224 may group customers' selection histories, for example, by individual users, user groups, product type, etc. Information from data logger 224 may be retrieved by a backend server (or another server device) within, for example, content delivery system 210 to monitor advertising data, such as viewer response rates, revenue, etc.
Linear advertising content database 230 may include one or more devices that receive and maintain linear advertising content from advertising sources 240. Linear advertising content may include, for example, advertising content that may be inserted within a break in linear programming (e.g., a conventional commercial break in broadcast programming). Interactive advertising content database 235 may include one or more devices that receive and maintain interactive advertising content from advertising sources 240. Interactive advertising content may include, for example, non-linear advertising that may be presented, for example, based directly or indirectly on user input to video client 270. Non-liner advertising may include, for example, interactive applications, widgets, and/or other multimedia that may not be time-restricted.
Advertising sources 240 may include one or more server devices, or other types of computation or communication devices, that gather, process, search, and/or provide information in a manner described herein. Advertising sources 240 may provide linear and interactive advertising content to linear advertising content database 230 and/or interactive advertising content database 235. In an exemplary implementation, advertising sources 240 may be controlled by one or more different devices than the device that controls linear advertising content database 230 and/or interactive advertising content database 235 (e.g., the subscription multimedia service provider).
Linear program content database 250 and interactive program content database 255 may each include one or more devices that receive and maintain linear program content and interactive program content, respectively, from content sources 260. Linear program content may include, for example, video-on-demand programming. Interactive program content may include non-linear programming that may be selected and/or controlled by a user, such as interactive applications, games, etc.
Content sources 260 may include one or more server devices, or other types of computation or communication devices, that gather, process, search, and/or provide information in a manner described herein. Content sources 260 may provide linear and interactive program content to linear program content database 250 and/or interactive program content database 255. In an exemplary implementation, content sources 260 may be controlled by one or more different devices than the device that controls linear program content database 250 and/or interactive program content database 255 (e.g., the subscription multimedia service provider).
Video client 270 may include any device capable of receiving, transmitting and/or processing information to and/or from access network 290. In one implementation, video client 270 may be a closed device (e.g., including a hardware/software configuration that is not accessible to the general public). Video client 270 may provide video signals to video display device 275. Examples of video client 270 may include a set-top box, a computer, a cable card, and a portable electronic device. Video client 270 may receive a television signal from gateway 285, may convert the signal to a form usable by video display device 275, and may transmit the signal to video display device 275 for display. Video client 270 may further allow a user to provide user input for interactive television applications (e.g., to navigate menu displays, such as advertisement sequence window 130, and/or select menu items) and to alter the programming provided to video display device 275 based on a signal (e.g., a channel up or channel down signal) received from, for example, remote control 280. In one implementation, video client 270 may support interfaces, such as advertisement sequence window 130, using Enhanced TV Binary Interchange Format (EBIF). Video client 270 may also send data to a backend server (e.g., content server 205, campaign manager 222, and/or a device within content delivery system 210) via access network 290. In an exemplary implementation, video client 270 may also include an integrated digital video recorder (DVR) or other memory device that may enable video client 270 to store advertising content for later retrieval/presentation to a user based on, for example, user interactions with advertisement sequence window 130). In some implementations, video client 270 may be incorporated within video display device 275.
Video display device 275 may include a digital or analog display via which a user may view multimedia content (including, for example, conventional programming, interactive displays, and/or advertising). Video display device 275 may refer to any device that can receive and display multimedia content delivered over access network 290 and/or through video client 270 for perception by users. Video display device 275 may include technologies, such as cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), light-emitting diode (LED) displays, plasma displays, etc.
Remote control 280 may include a range of devices including function specific keys, number keys, and/or a full-text key pad. A user may interact with video client 270 using a keypad that is part of remote control 280, and signals representing key depressions may be transmitted to video client 270 via an infrared transmission or another type of transmission. Remote control 280 may allow a user to navigate a program guide, select channels or programs for viewing, adjust display characteristics, and/or perform other interactive functions related to viewing multimedia-type content provided over a network. In one implementation, video client 270 may allow a user to select advertisements from an advance listing of potential advertisements by using remote control 280. For example, arrow keys and a “Select” button on remote control 280 may be used to highlight and select indicators for particular advertisements. As another example, remote control 280 may include an “A,” a “B,” and a “C” shortcut button, where pressing each button may toggle between selected indicators and/or timeslots.
Local gateway 285 may include a network device that provides an interface from access network 290 to video clients 270 and/or other network connectivity devices (not shown). For example, when telecommunication services are provided to a customer's premises via an optical fiber, gateway 285 may include an optical network terminal (ONT) that connects to the optical fiber. The ONT may convert between signals appropriate for video display device 275 and signals appropriate for transmission over optical fiber. For example, the ONT may include a coaxial cable connection that leads to video display device 275 or video client 270. The ONT may also include an Ethernet output port that connects to a personal computer or a voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) telephone and/or a standard telephone port for connecting to a standard telephone. Gateway 285 may include one of a number of possible gateway devices, including a satellite antenna and receiver, a coaxial cable connection, an ONT, or a broadband access for Internet Protocol TV (IPTV). The satellite antenna and receiver may provide an interface for television services broadcast from satellites. The coaxial cable connection may provide an interface for television services connected to a customer via coaxial cables. The ONT may provide an interface for an optical fiber connection. The broadband IPTV access may generally include any device that provides broadband access over which television service may be provided.
Access network 290 may include a video signaling and distribution network and system that permit transfer of data between backend servers and video clients 270. Additionally, access network 290 may include, among other things, a firewall, a filtering mechanism, a proxy, and/or network address translation mechanisms. Access network 290 may include, for example, a single network, such as a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a telephone network (e.g., a public switched telephone network (PSTN) or a wireless network), the Internet, a satellite network, etc., or a combination of networks. Access network 290 may provide customers with multimedia content provided, for example, by content server 205 and/or content delivery system 210.
In implementations described herein, video client 270 may receive an advertising schedule, a list of available advertisements, and program content from content delivery system 210. The program content may include breaks for advertising. Based on the advertising schedule, video client 270 may present to the viewer a list of scheduled advertisements for an upcoming break. Video client 270 may also present an interactive menu (e.g., advertisement sequence window 130) and allow the viewer to alter the list of scheduled advertisement by selecting from a group of advertisements available for the break timeslot. In one implementation, video client 270 may pre-fetch some or all advertisements (e.g., from content server 205) that are available for selection in the upcoming break and store the advertisements in local memory. In another implementation, video client 270 may retrieve some or all of the selected (or default) advertisements in real time from content server 205/content delivery system 210. The advertisements selected by the viewer may then be presented during the next break in the program content. Video client 270 may also provide notifications of viewer selections to data center 220 via access network 290. As described further herein, the notifications of viewer selections may be used by data center 220 (or other components of the subscription multimedia service) to determine supplemental advertising for the viewer.
Control unit 310 may include one or more processors, microprocessors, or another type of processing logic that interprets and executes instructions. Among other functions, control unit 310 may execute instructions to present indictors of upcoming advertisements and receive viewer input to alter the scheduled list of advertisements. Control unit 310 may also collect and store viewer input associated with television programming/advertising. Control unit 310 may execute instructions to send viewer input to another device, such as campaign manager 222. Control unit 310 may also receive information and/or instructions from other devices, such as campaign manager 222 and/or content delivery system 210.
Memory 320 may include one or more dynamic or static storage devices that may store information and instructions for execution by control unit 310. For example, memory 320 may include a storage component, such as a random access memory (RAM), a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a static random access memory (SRAM), a synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), a ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM), a read only memory (ROM), a programmable read only memory (PROM), an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), and/or a flash memory. In one implementation, memory 320 may store a viewer activity log to send at a later point in time, such as when requested by campaign manager 222.
Display 330 may include any component capable of providing visual information. For example, in one implementation, display 330 may be a light emitting diode (LED) or a liquid crystal display (LCD). In another implementation, display 330 may use another display technology, such as a dot matrix display, etc. Display 330 may display, for example, text (such as a time, a date or a channel selection), images, and/or video information. Display 330 may be an optional component.
Network connection 340 may include any transceiver-like mechanism that enables video client 270 to communicate with other devices and/or systems, such as content server 205 and/or campaign manager 222. For example, network connection 340 may include an Ethernet interface, an optical interface, a coaxial interface, a radio interface, or the like. Network connection 340 may allow for wired and/or wireless communication. Network connection 340 may be configured to connect video client 270 to a packet-based IP network.
Input/output devices 350 may generally include user input devices such as external buttons, and output devices, such as LED indicators. With input/output devices 350, a user may generally interact with video client 270. In some implementations, input/output devices 350 may be implemented via a remote control (e.g., remote control 280). Bus 360 may provide an interface through which components of video client 270 can communicate with one another.
As will be described in detail below, video client 270 may perform certain operations relating to displaying information and communicating viewer activities to a server, such as campaign manager 222. Video client 270 may perform these operations in response to control unit 310 executing software instructions contained in a computer-readable medium, such as memory 320. A computer-readable medium may be defined as a physical or logical memory device. A logical memory device may refer to memory space within a single, physical memory device or spread across multiple, physical memory devices. The software instructions may be read into memory 320 from another computer-readable medium or from another device. The software instructions contained in memory 320 may cause control unit 310 to perform processes that will be described later. Alternatively, hardwired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement processes described herein. Thus, implementations described herein are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
Although
Bus 410 may include a path that permits communication among the components of device 400. Processing unit 420 may include one or more processors, microprocessors, or other types of processing units, such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), etc., that may interpret and execute instructions.
Main memory 430 may include a RAM or another type of dynamic storage device that stores information and instructions for execution by processing unit 420. ROM 440 may include a ROM device or another type of static storage device that may store static information and instructions for use by processing unit 420. Storage device 450 may include a magnetic and/or optical recording medium and its corresponding drive. In one implementation, storage device may include a database. Storage device 450 may store viewer transaction history for particular video clients 270 or all video clients 270 associated with a subscription multimedia service provider.
Input device 460 may include a mechanism that permits an operator to input information to device 400, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a pen, voice recognition and/or biometric mechanisms, a touch-screen interface, etc. Output device 470 may include a mechanism that outputs information to the operator, including a display, a printer, a speaker, etc. Communication interface 480 may include any transceiver-like mechanism that enables device 400 to communicate with other devices and/or systems, such as video client 270.
As will be described in detail below, device 400 may perform certain operations associated with providing transactional advertising for a subscription television service. Device 400 may perform these and other operations in response to processing unit 420 executing software instructions contained in a computer-readable medium, such as main memory 430. The software instructions may be read into main memory 430 from another computer-readable medium, such as storage device 450, or from another device via communication interface 480. The software instructions contained in main memory 430 may cause processing unit 420 to perform processes that will be described later. Alternatively, hardwired circuitry may be used in place of, or in combination with, software instructions to implement processes consistent with exemplary implementations. Thus, implementations described herein are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
Although
As further shown in
Using information from advertising maps 510, video client 270 may present to a viewer a list of scheduled advertisements for an upcoming break. Video client 270 may present (e.g., via video display device 275) the list of scheduled advertisements within an interactive menu (e.g., advertisement sequence window 130 or another menu format) that accepts user input to allow the viewer to alter the list of scheduled advertisements by selecting from a group of advertisements available for the upcoming break. Thus, video client 270 may receive a user advertisement selection input 520 via, for example, a remote control 280.
Based on user advertisement selection input 520, video client 270 may identify the user advertisement selections and associate the user selection with an identification code for the selected advertisements. Video client 270 may send a request 530 for the selected advertising content to content server 205 via content delivery system 210. Request 530 may include a request for the viewer's selected advertisements, which may include linear and/or interactive advertisements for presentation to the viewer.
In response to request 530 for advertising content, content server 205 may retrieve the requested advertising content 540 (e.g., from linear advertising content database 230 and/or interactive advertising content database 235) and provide the requested advertising content 540 to video client 270 via content delivery system 210. In one implementation, video client 270 may pre-fetch the selected advertising content 540 (e.g., via request 530) and store advertising content 540 locally (e.g., within memory 320) for retrieval at a subsequent break in program content.
Based on user advertisement selection input 520, video client 270 may also compile user selection information 550 to send to data center 220. User selection information 550 may include, for example, advertisement identification codes for the selected advertisements along with a video client identifier, a user account identifier, a date/time, and other contextual information that may be beneficial for monitoring viewer preferences and tailoring future advertising schemes.
Data center 220 may receive user selection information 550 and process the information in real time and/or at a later time. For example, campaign manager 222 within data center 220 may access a dynamic set of advertising campaign rules, user profile information, and/or prevailing environmental/contextual metrics (e.g., time of day, program being viewed, etc.) that may be used to supplement advertising selected by the viewer. Campaign manager 222 may also send the selection data to another location, such as data logger 224, for storage and later analysis.
Data center 220 may identify supplemental advertising information 560, such as viewer incentives (e.g., coupons, rebates, price reductions, etc.), based on the particular advertisement selected and/or the selection context. Data center 220 may provide supplemental advertising information 560 to video client 270. For example, campaign manager 222 may instruct video client 270 to pull additional advertising media (e.g., an interactive advertisement) from content server 205 for presentation to the viewer.
Although
Program content section 610 may include a display of linear or interactive program content that may include breaks in the program for advertisements. Program content section 610 may include, for example, a scaled portion of display 600 to accommodate advance advertising menu 620 or the full area of display 600 with advance advertising menu 620 overlaid thereon.
Advance advertising menu 620 may include thumbnails 630, an advertisement information section 640, and menu controls 650. In one implementation, advance advertising menu 620 may be automatically presented at a particular time interval (e.g., 60 seconds) before a scheduled program break. In other implementations, advance advertising menu 620 may be displayed at the request of a viewer (e.g., via a signal from remote control 280) or may be displayed whenever an advance advertisement mode is activated for video client 270.
Thumbnails 630 may include static or dynamic presentations of advertisements that are currently scheduled, for example, during the next program content break. The number of thumbnails may correspond to the number of advertising timeslots in the upcoming break, such that each thumbnail represents a particular timeslot. Thus, while three thumbnails 630 are shown in
Advertisement information section 640 may include information (e.g., metadata) regarding a particular advertisement and/or thumbnail 630 that may be currently highlighted by a viewer. For example, using an “A” shortcut button on remote control 280 may cause the thumbnail 630 corresponding to timeslot “A” to be highlighted, as shown in
Menu controls 650 may include, for example, command icons that may be selected to alter the presentation of advance advertising menu 620. Menu controls 650 may include options to close, reduce, or enlarge the size of advance advertising menu 620. In other implementations, menu controls 650 may also include options to alter the presentation format of advance advertising menu 620. For example, video client 270 may include multiple menu formats for presenting advance notice and selecting advertisements so that a viewer may select a preferred menu format. Exemplary menu formats may include advertisement sequence window 130, advance advertisement menu 620, and other menu presentations disclosed herein.
Although
Referring to
Referring to
Timeslot identifier 810 may include an indication of the sequence (e.g., first, second, third, etc.) for each timeslot column 800 within a programming break and/or instructions for navigating to/within each timeslot column 800. For example, in the configuration of
Advertisement indicators 820 may include static or dynamic thumbnails of advertisements, a logo, an image, text, and/or another indicator of an advertiser associated with a scheduled advertisement. In the exemplary implementation of
Although
Process 900 may include receiving advertising schedules (block 910). For example, as described above in connection with
Advertising indicators may be presented in advance of a programming break (block 920). For example, as described above in connection with
Returning to
The scheduled advertisements may be presented to the user during the programming break (block 950). For example, video client 270 may cause video display device 275 to present, during the next programming break, the advertisements previously selected by the viewer.
Metrics regarding the user selection may be recorded (block 960). For example, as described above in connection with
Supplemental advertising information based on the user input for the advertisement schedule may be received (block 970). For example, as described above in connection with
Advertisement selection menu 1020 may be presented during a programming break and may include a selectable image/option to advance to a next advertisement. In one implementation, advertisement selection menu 1020 may also include an indication of an advertiser associated with the next available advertisement by including an advertising indicator (e.g., advertising indicator 135). Viewer input to advertisement selection menu 1020 may trigger video client 270 to retrieve a next available advertisement as indicated by, for example, advertising map 510. In one implementation, video client 270 may provide a request for advertising content (e.g., request 530) each time a viewer provides input to advertisement selection menu 1020. In another implementation, video client may pre-fetch, from content server 205, advertising content for all available advertisement options in advance of a particular programming break. With such real time selection one viewer can, for example, spend a 45-second break passively watching three 15-second default advertisements, while another viewer using the advanced advertisement notice feature on a different video client 270/video display device 275 may spend the same 45-second break actively skimming a second or two of a large number of available advertisements.
Implementations described herein may provide systems and/or methods that receive an advertising map over a subscription multimedia network, where the advertising map includes a schedule of default advertisements during a programming break and indications of available alternate advertisements. The systems and/or methods also present to a user, on a display, indicators for the schedule of default advertisements and receive user input to alter the schedule of default advertisements. The systems and/or methods further retrieve advertising content for the altered schedule and present, on the display and during the programming break, the advertising content for the altered schedule.
The foregoing description provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the implementations to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of systems and/or methods disclosed herein.
For example, while a series of blocks has been described with regard to the flowchart of
It will be apparent that exemplary aspects, as described above, may be implemented in many different forms of software, firmware, and hardware in the implementations illustrated in the figures. The actual software code or specialized control hardware used to implement these aspects should not be construed as limiting. Thus, the operation and behavior of the aspects were described without reference to the specific software code—it being understood that software and control hardware could be designed to implement the aspects based on the description herein.
Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the invention. In fact, many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification.
No element, block, or instruction used in the present application should be construed as critical or essential to the invention unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the article “a” is intended to include one or more items. Where only one item is intended, the term “one” or similar language is used. Further, the phrase “based on,” as used herein is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise.
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