Patent Grant
7487097
The present invention relates to audio source coding systems but the same methods could also be applied in many other technical fields. Different techniques that are useful for audio coding systems using parametric representations of stereo properties are introduced.
The present invention relates to parametric coding of the stereo image of an audio signal. Typical parameters used for describing stereo image properties are inter-channel intensity difference (IID), inter-channel time difference (ITD), and inter-channel coherence (IC). In order to re-construct the stereo image based on these parameters, a method is required that can re-construct the correct level of correlation between the two channels, according to the IC parameter. This is accomplished by a de-correlation method.
There are a couple of methods available for creation of decorrelated signals. Ideally, a linear time invariant (LTI) function with all-pass frequency response is desired. One obvious method for achieving this is by using a constant delay. However, using a delay, or any other LTI all-pass functions, will result in non-all-pass response after adding the non-processed signal. In the case of a delay, the result will be a typical comb-filter. The comb-filter often gives an undesirable “metallic” sound that, even if the stereo widening effect can be efficient, reduces much naturalness of the original.
Frequency domain methods for generating a de-correlated signal by adding a random sequence to the IID values along the frequency axis, where different sequences are used for the different audio channels, are also known from prior art. One problem with frequency domain decorrelation by the random sequence modifications is the introduction of pre-echoes. Subjective tests have shown that for non-stationary signals, pre-echoes are by far more annoying than post-echoes, which is also well supported by established psycho acoustical principles. This problem could be reduced by dynamically adapting transform sizes to the signal characteristics in terms of transient content. However, switching transform sizes is always a hard (i.e., binary) decision that affects the full signal bandwidth and that can be difficult to accomplish in a robust manner.
United States patent application publication US 2003/0219130 A1 discloses a coherence-based audio coding and synthesis. In particular, an auditory scene is synthesized from a mono audio signal by modifying, for each critical band, an auditory scene parameter such as an inter-aural level difference (ILD) and/or an inter-aural time difference (ITD) for each subband within the critical band, where the modification is based on an average estimated coherence for the critical band. The coherence-based modification produces auditory scenes having object widths, which more accurately match the widths of the objects in the original input auditory scene. Stereo parameters are the well-known BCC parameters, wherein BCC stands for binaural cue coding. When generating two different decorrelated output channels, frequency coefficients as obtained by a discrete Fourier transform are grouped together in a single critical band. Based on the inter-channel coherence measure, weighting factors are multiplied by a pseudo-random sequence which is preferably chosen such that the variance is approximately constant for all critical bands, and the average is “0” within each critical band. The same sequence is applied to the spectral coefficients of each different frame.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a decoding concept for parametrically encoded multi-channel signals or an encoding concept for generating such signals which result in a good audio quality and a good coding efficiency.
In accordance with a first aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for generating a decorrelation signal using an input signal, having: means for providing a plurality of subband signals, wherein a subband signal includes a sequence of at least two subband samples, the sequence of the subband samples representing a bandwidth of the subband signal, which is smaller than a bandwidth of the input signal, wherein the means is operative to provide a subband signal such that when the input signal includes a block having a predetermined number of input samples, the number of subband samples in a subband signal is smaller than the number of input samples; and means for filtering each subband signal using a reverberation filter to obtain a plurality of reverberated subband signals, wherein a plurality of reverberated subband signals together represent the decorrelation signal.
In accordance with a second aspect, the present invention provides a multi-channel decoder for decoding a mono signal and an associated inter-channel coherence measure, the inter-channel coherence measure representing a coherence between a plurality of original channels, the mono signal being derived from the plurality of original channels, having: a generator for generating a decorrelation signal from the mono signal as mentioned above; a mixer for mixing the mono signal and the decorrelation signal in accordance with a first mixing mode to obtain a first decoded output signal and in accordance with a second mixing mode to obtain a second decoded output signal, wherein the mixer is operative to determine the first mixing mode and the second mixing mode based on the inter-channel coherence measure.
In accordance with a third aspect, the present invention provides a method of generating a decorrelation signal using an input signal, having: providing a plurality of subband signals, wherein a subband signal includes a sequence of at least two subband samples, the sequence of the subband samples representing a bandwidth of the subband signal, which is smaller than a bandwidth of the input signal, wherein the step of providing is performed such that when the input signal includes a block having a predetermined number of input samples, the number of subband samples in a subband signal is smaller than the number of input samples; and filtering each subband signal using a reverberation filter to obtain a plurality of reverberated subband signals, wherein a plurality of reverberated subband signals together represent the decorrelation signal.
In accordance with a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a method of multi-channel decoding for decoding a mono signal and an associated inter-channel coherence measure, the inter-channel coherence measure representing a coherence between a plurality of original channels, the mono signal being derived from the plurality of original channels, having: generating a decorrelation signal from the mono signal in accordance with the above-mentioned method; mixing the mono signal and the decorrelation signal in accordance with a first mixing mode to obtain a first decoded output signal and in accordance with a second mixing mode to obtain a second decoded output signal, wherein the mixer is operative to determine the first mixing mode and the second mixing mode based on the inter-channel coherence measure.
In accordance with a fifth aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for encoding a stereo signal to obtain a mono output signal and a stereo parameter set, having: means for calculating the mono signal by combining a left and a right channel of the stereo signals; means for generating a first stereo parameter set using a portion of the left channel and a portion of the right channel, the portion starting at a first time border; means for determining a validity of the first stereo parameter set for subsequent portions of the left channel and the right channel, wherein the means for determining is operative to: generate second time border, and activate the means for generating, when it is determined that the stereo parameter set is not valid anymore so that a second stereo parameter set for portions of the left and right signals starting at the second time border is generated; and means for outputting the mono signal and the first stereo parameter set and the first time border associated with the first parameter set, and the second stereo parameter set and the second time border associated with the second stereo parameter set.
In accordance with a sixth aspect, the present invention provides a method of encoding a stereo signal to obtain a mono output signal and a stereo parameter set, having: calculating the mono signal by combining a left and a right channel of the stereo signals; generating a first stereo parameter set using a portion of the left channel and a portion of the right channel, the portion starting at a first time border; determining a validity of the first stereo parameter set for subsequent portions of the left channel and the right channel, by generating a second time border, and conducting the step of generating, when it is determined that the stereo parameter set is not valid anymore so that a second stereo parameter set for portions of the left and right signals starting at the second time border is generated; and outputting the mono signal and the first stereo parameter set and the first time border associated with the first parameter set, and the second stereo parameter set and the second time border associated with the second stereo parameter set.
In accordance with a seventh aspect, the present invention provides a computer program having a computer-readable code for carrying out one of the above-mentioned methods, when running on a computer.
The present invention is based on the finding that, on the decoding side, a good decorrelation signal for generating a first and a second channel of a multi-channel signal based on the input mono signal is obtained, when a reverberation filter is used, which introduces an integer or preferably a fractional delay into the input signal. Importantly, this reverberation filter is not applied to the whole input signal. Instead, several reverberation filters are applied to several subbands of the original input signal, i.e., the mono signal so that the reverberation filtering using the reverberation filters is not applied in a time domain or in the frequency domain, i.e., in the domain which is reached, when a Fourier transform is applied. Inventively, the reverberation filtering using reverberation filters for the subbands is individually performed in the subband domain.
A subband signal includes a sequence of at least two subband samples, the sequence of the subband samples representing a bandwidth of the subband signal, which is smaller than the bandwidth of the input signal. Naturally, the frequency bandwidth of a subband signal is higher than a frequency bandwidth attributed to a frequency coefficient obtained by Fourier transform. The subband signals are preferably generated by means of a filterbank having for example 32 or 64 filterbank channels, while an FFT would have, for the same example, 1.024 or 2.048 frequency coefficients, i.e., frequency channels.
The subband signals can be subband signals obtained by subband-filtering a block of samples of the input signal. Alternatively, the subband filterbank can also be applied continuously without a block wise processing. For the present invention, however, block wise processing is preferred.
Since the reverberation filtering is not applied to the whole signal, but is applied subband-wise, a “metallic” sound caused by comb-filtering is avoided.
In cases, in which a sample period between two subsequent subband samples of the subband is too large for a good sound impression at the decoder end, it is preferred to use fractional delays in a reverberation filter such as a delay between 0.1 and 0.9 and preferably 0.2 to 0.8 of the sampling period of the subband signal. It is noted that in case of critical sampling, and when 64 subband signals are generated using a filterbank having 64 filterbank channels, the sampling period in a subband signal is 64 times larger than the sampling period of the original input signal.
It is to be noted here that the delays are an integral part of the filtering process used in the reverberation device. The output signal constitutes of a multitude of delayed versions of the input signal. It is preferred to delay signals by fractions of the subband sampling period, in order to achieve a good reverberation device in the subband domain.
In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the delay, and preferably the fractional delay introduced by each reverberation filter in each subband is equal for all subbands. Nevertheless, the filter coefficients are different for each subbands. It is preferred to use IIR filters. Depending on the actual situation, fractional delay and the filter coefficients for the different filters can be determined empirically using listening tests.
The subbands filtered by the set of reverberation filters constitute a decorrelation signal which is to be mixed with the original input signal, i.e., the mono signal to obtain a decoded left channel and decoded right channel. This mixing of a decorrelation signal with the original signal is performed based on an inter-channel coherence parameter transmitted together with the parametrically encoded signal. To obtain different left and right channels, i.e., different first and second channels, mixing of the decorrelation signal with a mono signal to obtain the first output channel is different from mixing the decorrelation signal with the mono signal to obtain the second output channel.
To obtain higher efficiency on the encoding side, multi-channel encoding is performed using an adaptive determination of the stereo parameter set. To this end, an encoder includes, in addition to a means for calculating the mono signal and in addition to a means for generating a stereo parameter set, a means for determining a validity of stereo parameter sets for subsequent portions of the left an right channels. Preferably, the means for determining is operative to activate the means for generating, when it is determined that the stereo parameter set is not valid anymore so that a second stereo parameter set is calculated for portions of the left and right channels starting at a second time border. This second time border is also determined by the means for determining a validity.
The encoded output signal then includes the mono signal, a first stereo parameter set and a first time border associated with the first parameter set and the second stereo parameter set and the second time border associated with the second stereo parameter set. On the decoding side, the decoder will use a valid stereo parameter set until a new time border is reached. When this new time border is reached, the decoding operations are performed using the new stereo parameter set.
Compared to prior art methods, which did a block wise processing and, therefore, a block wise determination of stereo parameter sets, the inventive adaptive determination of stereo parameter sets for different encoder-side determined time borders provides a high coding efficiency on the one hand end and a high coding quality on the other hand. This is due to the fact that for relatively stationary signals, the same stereo parameter set can be used for many blocks of the samples of the mono signal without introducing audible errors. On the other hand, when non-stationary signals are concerned, the inventive adaptive stereo parameter determination provides an improved time resolution so that each signal portion has its optimum stereo parameter set.
The present invention provides a solution to the prior art problems by using a reverberation unit as a de-correlator implemented with fractional delay lines in a filterbank, and using adaptive level adjustment of the de-correlated reverberated signal.
Subsequently, several aspects of the present invention are outlined.
One aspect of the invention is a method for delaying a signal by: filtering a real-valued time domain signal through the analysis part of complex filterbank; modifying the complex-valued subband signals obtained from the filtering; and filtering the modified complex-valued subband signals through the synthesis part of the filterbank; and taking the real part of the complex-valued time domain output signal, where the output signal is the sum of the signals obtained from the synthesis filtering.
Another aspect of the invention is a method for modifying the complex valued subband signals by filtering each complex-valued subband signal with a complex valued finite impulse response filter where the finite impulse response filter for subband number n is given by a discrete time Fourier transform of the form
where the parameter τ=T/L, and where the synthesis filter bank has L subbands and the desired delay is T measured in output signal sample units.
Another aspect of the invention is a method for modifying the complex valued subband signals by filtering where the filter Gτ(ω) approximately satisfies Vτ(ω)Gτ(ω)+Vτ(ω+π)Gτ(ω+π)=1, where Vτ(ω) is the discrete time Fourier transform of the sequence
and p(l) is the prototype filter of said complex filterbank and A is an appropriate real normalization factor.
Another aspect of the invention is a method for modifying the complex valued subband signals by filtering where the filter Gτ(ω) satisfies Gτ(−ω)=Gτ(ω+π)* such that even indexed impulse response samples are real valued and odd indexed impulse response samples are purely imaginary valued.
Another aspect of the invention is a method for coding of stereo properties of an input signal, by at an encoder, calculate time grid parameters describing the location in time for each stereo parameter set, where the number of stereo parameter sets are arbitrary, and at a decoder, applying parametric stereo synthesis according to that time grid.
Another aspect of the invention is a method for coding of stereo properties of an input signal, where the time localisation for the first stereo parameter set is, in the case of where a time cue for the stereo parameter set coincides with the beginning of a frame, signalled explicitly instead of signalling the time pointer.
Another aspect of the invention is a method for generation of stereo decorrelation for parametric stereo reconstruction, by at a decoder, applying an artificial reverberation process to synthesise the side signal.
Another aspect of the invention is a method for generation of stereo decorrelation for parametric stereo reconstruction by, at the decoder, the reverberation process is made within a complex modulated filterbank using phase delay adjustment in each filter bank channel.
Another aspect of the invention is a method for generation of stereo decorrelation for parametric stereo reconstruction by, at the decoder, the reverberation process utilises a detector designed for finding signals where the reverberation tail could be unwanted and let the reverberation tail be attenuated or removed.
The present invention will now be described by way of illustrative examples, not limiting the scope or spirit of the invention, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
The below-described embodiments are merely illustrative for the principles of the present invention for parametric stereo coding. It is understood that modifications and variations of the arrangements and the details described herein will be apparent to others skilled in the art. It is the intent, therefore, to be limited only by the scope of the impending patent claims and not by the specific details presented by way of description and explanation of the embodiments herein.
Delaying a signal by a fraction of a sample can be achieved by several prior art interpolation methods. However, special cases arises when the original signal is available as oversampled complex valued samples. Performing fractional delay in the qmf bank by only applying phase delay by a factor for, each qmf channel corresponding to a constant time delay, results in severe artefacts.
This can efficiently be avoided by using a compensation filter according to a novel approach allowing high quality approximations to arbitrary delays in any complex-exponential-modulated filterbank. A detailed description follows below.
A Continuous Time Model
For ease of computations a complex exponential modulated L-band filterbank will be modelled here by a continuous time windowed transform using the synthesis waveforms
un,k(t)=v(t−k)exp[iπ(n+½)(t−k+θ)], (1)
where n,k are integers with n≧0 and θ is a fixed phase term. Results for discrete-time signals are obtain by suitable sampling of the t-variable with spacing 1/L. It is assumed that the real valued window v(t) is chosen such that for real valued signals x(t) it holds to very high precision that
where * denotes complex conjugation. It is also assumed that v(t) is essentially band limited to the frequency interval [−π,π]. Consider the modification of each frequency band n by filtering the discrete time analysis samples cn(k) with a filter with impulse response hn(k),
Then the modified synthesis
can be computed in the frequency domain to be
ŷ(ω)=H(ω){circumflex over (x)}(ω), (6)
where {circumflex over (f)}(ω) denotes Fourier transforms of f(t) and
Here,
is the discrete time Fourier transform of the filter applied in frequency band n for n≧0 and
Hn(ω)=H−1−n(−ω)* for n<0 (8)
Observe here that the special case Hn(ω)=1 leads to H(ω)=1 in (7) due to the special design of the window v(t). Another case of interest is Hn(ω)=exp(−iω) which gives H(ω)=exp(−iω), so that y(t)=x(t−1).
The Proposed Solution
In order to achieve a delay of size τ, such that y(t)=x(t−τ), the problem is to design filters Hn(ω) for n≧0 such that
H(ω)=exp(−iτω), (9)
where H(ω) is given by (7) and (8). The particular solution proposed here is to apply the filters
Here Gτ(−ω)=Gτ(ω+π)* implies consistency with (8) for all n. Insertion of (10) into the right hand side of (7) yields
H(ω)=exp(−iωτ)[Vτ(ω)Gτ(ω)+Vτ(ω+π)Gτ(ω+π)] (11)
where
Elementary computations show that Vτ(ω) is the discrete time Fourier transform of
Very good approximations to the perfect delay can be obtained by solving the linear system
Vτ(ω)Gτ(ω)+Vτ(ω+π)Gτ(ω+π)=1 (13)
in the least squares sense with a FIR filter
In terms of filter coefficients, the equation (13) can be written
where δ[k]=1 for k=0 and δ[k]=0 for k≠0.
In the case of a discrete time L-band filter bank with prototype filter p(k), the obtained delay in sample units is Lτ and the computation (12) is replaced by
where T is the integer closest to Lτ. Here p(k) is extended by zeros outside its support. For a finite length prototype filter, only finitely many vτ(k) are different from zero, and (14) is system of linear equations. The number of unknowns gτ(k) is typically chosen to be a small number. For good QMF filter bank designs, 3-4 taps already give very good delay performance. Moreover, the dependence of the filter taps gτ(k) on the delay parameter τ can often be modelled successfully by low order polynomials.
Signalling Adaptive Time Grid for Stereo Parameters
Parametric stereo systems always leads to compromises in terms of limited time or frequency resolution in order to minimise conveyed data. It is however well known from psycho-acoustics that some spatial cues can be more important than others, which leads to the possibility to discard the less important cues. Hence, the time resolution does not have to be constant. Great gain in bitrate could be achieved by letting the time grid synchronise with the spatial cues. It can easily be done by sending a variable number of parameter sets for each data frame that corresponds to a time segment of fixed size. In order to synchronise the parameter sets with corresponding spatial cues, additional time grid data describing the location in time for each parameter set has to be sent. The resolution of those time pointers could be chosen to be quite low to keep the total amount of data minimised. A special case where a time cue for a parameter set coincides with the beginning of a frame could be signalled explicitly to avoid sending that time pointer.
The apparatus for encoding a stereo signal to obtain a mono output signal and the stereo parameter set includes the means for calculating the mono signal by combining a left and a right channel of the stereo signals by weighted addition. Additionally, a means 403 are generating a first stereo parameter set using a portion of the left channel and a portion of the right channel, the portions starting at a first time border is connected to the means for determining the validity of the first stereo parameter set for subsequent portions of the left channel and the right channel.
The means for determining is collectively formed by the means 402 and 401 in
Particularly, the means for determining is operative to generate a second time border and to activate the means for generating, when it is determined that this first stereo parameter set is not valid anymore so that a second stereo parameter set for portions of the left and right channels starting at the second time border is generated.
Not shown in
Data frame 1: The time segment corresponding to parameter set 1 starts at the beginning of data frame 1 since no other time border information is present in this data frame.
Data frame 2: Two time borders are present in this data frame. The time segment corresponding to parameter set 2 starts at the first time border in this data frame. The time segment corresponding to parameter set 3 starts at the second time border in this data frame.
Data frame 3: One time border is present in this data frame. The time segment corresponding to parameter set 4 starts at the time border in this data frame.
Data frame 4: One time border is present in this data frame. This time border coincides with the start border of the data frame 4 and does not have to be signalled since this is handled by the default case. Hence, this time border signal can be removed. The time segment corresponding to parameter set 5 starts at the beginning of data frame 4, even without signalling this time border.
Using Artificial Reverberation as Decorrelation Method for Parametric Stereo Reconstruction
One vital part of making the stereo synthesis in a parametric stereo system is to decrease the coherence between the left and right channel in order to create wideness of the stereo image. It can be done by adding a filtered version of the original mono signal to the side signal, where the side and mono signal is defined by:
mono=(left+right)/2, and
side=(left−right)/2, respectively.
In order to not change the timbre too much, the filter in question should preferably be of all-pass character. One successful approach is to use similar all-pass filters used for artificial reverberation processes. Artificial reverberation algorithms usually requires high time resolution to give an impulse response that is satisfactory diffuse in time. There are great advantages in basing an artificial reverberation algorithm on a complex filter bank such as the complex qmf bank. The filterbank provides excellent possibilities to let the reverberation properties be frequency selective in terms of for example reverberation equalisation, decay time, density and timbre. However, the filter bank implementations usually exchanges time resolution for higher frequency resolution which normally makes it hard to implement a reverberation process that is smooth enough in time. To deal with this problem a novel method would be to use a fractional delay approximation by only applying phase delay by a factor for, each qmf channel corresponding to a constant time delay. This primitive fractional delay method introduces severe time smearing that fortunately is very much desired in this case. The time smearing contributes to the time diffusion which is highly desirable for reverberation algorithms and gets bigger as the phase delay approaches pi/2 or −pi/2.
Artificial reverberation processes are for natural reasons processes with an infinite impulse response, and offers natural exponential decays. In [PCT/SE02/01372] it is pointed out that if a reverberation unit is used for generating a stereo signal, the reverberation decay might sometimes be unwanted after the very end of a sound. These unwanted reverb-tails can however easily be attenuated or completely removed by just altering the gain of the reverb signal. A detector designed for finding sound endings can be used for that purpose. If the reverberation unit generates artefacts at some specific signals e.g., transients, a detector for those signals can also be used for attenuating the same.
The subband signals output by the means 101 from
In the presently described embodiment of the invention, the means for modifying 103,104, 105 and 106, the subband signals, adjusts the level of the de-correlated signal and the unprocessed signal being the output of 101, by multiplying the subband signal with a gain factor, so that every sum of every pair results in a signal with the amount of de-correlated signal given by the control parameters. It should be noted that the gain factors used in the means for modifying, 103-106, are not limited to a positive value. It can also be a negative value.
The output from the means for adding subband signals 107 and 108, is input to the means for providing a time-domain signal 109 and 110. The output from 109 corresponds to the left channel of the re-constructed stereo signal, and the output from 110 corresponds to the right channel of the re-constructed stereo signal. In the here described embodiment the same decorrelator is used for both output channels, while the means for adding the de-correlated signal with the un-processed signal are separate for the two output channels. The presently described embodiment thereby ensures that the two output signals can be identical as well as completely de-correlated, dependent on the control data provided to the means for adjusting the levels of the signals, and the control data provided to the means for adding the signals.
In
It is an essential feature of the present invention that means for providing integer subband sample delay and fractional subband sample delay are provided by 203. The output of 201 is input to a means for adjusting the level of the subband signal 204, and also to a means for estimating signal characteristics of the subband signal 205. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the characteristics estimated is the transient behaviour of the subband signal. In this embodiment a detected transient is signalled to the means for adjusting the level of a subband signal 204, so that the level of the signal is reduced during transient passages. The output from 204 is the de-correlated signal input to 104 and 105 of
In
Each reverberation filter is set to a certain delay, and preferably a fractional delay, and each reverberation filter has several filter coefficients, which, as it is shown in
A multi-channel decoder is shown by
The mixer is preferably operative to mix in a subband domain based on separate inter-channel coherence measures for different subbands. In this case, the multi-channel decoder further comprises means 109 and 110 for converting the first and second decoded output signals from the subband domain in a time domain to obtain a first decoded output signal and a second decoded output signal in the time domain. Therefore, the inventive means 102 for generating a decorrelation signal and the inventive multi-channel decoder as shown in
Depending on the actual situation, the inventive device can be implemented in hardware or in software or in a firmware including hardware constituents and software constituents. When implemented in software partially or fully, the invention also is a computer program having a computer-readable code for carrying out the inventive methods when running on a computer.
While this invention has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents which fall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and compositions of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0301273 | Apr 2003 | SE | national |
This application is a continuation of copending International Application No. PCT/EP04/004607, filed Apr. 30, 2004, which designated the United States, and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/EP2004/004607 | Apr 2004 | US |
| Child | 11260659 | US |
