Patent Application
20140335255
The present invention relates to aerated food products with improved foam stability. The products of the invention are characterized by the presence of protein aggregates in the form of mixtures of different types of aggregates. In particular the protein aggregates comprise fibrils together with another structure of protein aggregates, preferably worm-like aggregates, spherical aggregates or mixtures thereof. The use of those mixtures of aggregates to enhance foam stability as well as a process for preparing such aerated food products are also part of the invention.
Stability against coarsening, drainage and phase separation is a major problem for many aerated food products, for example frozen aerated food products such as ice cream, in particular when it is desired to avoid the use of synthetic emulsifiers.
Proteins have been used as agents to stabilize aerated food products, where they can act as emulsifiers, surface active agents and/or bulking agents to stabilize emulsions and foams. When using proteins as stabilizing agents, a problem is to have products that combine nutritional value, sufficient foam stability and good texture.
Protein modification resulting in some level of aggregation has also been described as a way to improve the functionality of proteins in foamed products. Numerous processes leading to different types and levels of aggregation can therefore be found in the prior art.
EP 1839492 describes for example the preparation of whey protein micelles or spherical agglomerates of denatured whey protein as well as their use in food preparation. The document describes the energetically favourable configuration of these aggregates which provides good stability of these structures in a hydrophilic environment. However, the foaming properties of those aggregates are limited.
Another form of protein aggregates is described in WO 2004/049819 which relates to a method for improving the functional properties of globular proteins providing at least partial aggregation of the proteins in the form of fibrils. The use of such protein fibrils in the preparation of food stuffs, such as dairy products, for example (aerated) desserts, yogurts, flans, in bakery or confectionary applications, such as frappe, meringue, marshmallows, in cream liqueurs or in beverage foamers, such as cappuccino foamers is also described. The use of fibrils is described as thickening agent, foaming agent, viscosity enhancing agent and/or gelling agent.
However, the production of those fibrils is high in energy and cost due to the prolonged heating time and temperature.
Therefore, there is still a need to provide good foam stability of aerated products at a reasonable price while not compromising on the quality of the product.
The present invention proposes a solution consisting in using mixtures of protein aggregates comprising fibrils associated with another structure of protein aggregate, preferably worm-like aggregates and/or spherical aggregates to improve the foam stability of aerated food products.
In a first aspect, the present invention pertains to an aerated food product comprising from 0.5 to 10 wt %, preferably from 2 to 6 wt % of proteins at least partially aggregated, wherein the aggregated proteins comprise fibrils and at least one other form of aggregates preferably selected from worm-like aggregates, spherical aggregates and mixtures thereof.
The present invention further relates to the use of mixtures of protein aggregates comprising fibrils with at least one other form of protein aggregates preferably selected from worm-like aggregates, spherical aggregates and mixtures thereof to enhance foam stability of aerated food products.
A process for the preparation of an aerated food product comprising the steps of preparing an ingredient mix and contacting it with a mixture of protein aggregates comprising fibrils associated with another form of aggregates, preferably worm-like aggregates and/or spherical aggregates, then incorporating air into the mix to provide an aerated foam with an overrun comprised between 20 and 600% and finally optionally processing said foam to a ready-to-eat end product is also an object of the invention.
An alternative process comprising the steps of preparing a mixture of protein aggregates comprising fibrils associated with another form of aggregates, preferably worm-like aggregates and/or spherical aggregates, aerating said mixtures and then contacting it with an ingredient mix before optionally processing the obtained foam to a ready-to-eat product is also an object of the invention.
Unless otherwise specified, percentages given correspond to percentages by weight of the end product.
Surprisingly it has now been found by the applicant that mixtures combining different types of protein aggregates and more particularly associating fibrils with at least one other form of protein aggregates chosen preferably from worm-like aggregates and/or spherical aggregates were acting synergistically leading to excellent foam stability in aerated products. The solution proposed by the invention advantageously allows using low amounts of fibrils which are expensive raw materials and partially replacing them by other types of aggregates while not compromising on the product quality. It has therefore been found that lower amounts of protein fibrils than what was known heretofore could be used and combined with other protein aggregates to provide similar or even better properties to the aerated products containing them.
According to a first aspect, the invention therefore pertains to an aerated food product, comprising from 0.5 to 10 wt %, preferably from 2 to 6 wt % of proteins at least partially aggregated, wherein the aggregated proteins comprise fibrils and at least one other form of protein aggregates preferably selected from the group consisting of worm-like aggregates, spherical aggregates and mixtures thereof.
In the framework of the invention “fibrils” are meant to designate aggregates obtainable by heating a protein solution containing from 0.1 to 5% of globular protein for 30 min to 48 hours at 60° C. to 120° C. and a pH below 2.5. According to a particular embodiment, once cooled, the pH of the obtained fibrils solution is adjusted to between 6 and 7 to facilitate further processing of the solution with an ingredient mix.
Preferably, the fibrils are obtainable by heating a protein solution containing from 2 to 4% of the globular protein. Preferably, the protein solution is heated from from 1 to 10 hours.
For example, the protein solution is heated at a temperature of from 80° C. to 98° C.
In particular the protein solution is heated at a pH below 2. Preferably the pH is above 1.
When reference is made to the pH in the text, it refers to a value measured at room temperature.
Protein fibrils are semi-flexible aggregates which can be also characterized by a contour length or total length varying from 500 nm to 10 microns right after the heat treatment or from 50 nm to several microns in the final product after the fibrils have been sheared and cut down into shorter ones. The fibrils may also be characterized by their cross section which is around 4-10 nm. On the other hand, the aspect ratio (length/cross section) is dependent on the contour length (the cross section being more or less monodisperse). For the longest fibrils, it can be more than 2500, for the shortest ones, it can be around 10.
In the framework of the invention “spherical protein aggregates” are meant to designate aggregates obtainable by heating a protein solution containing from 0.5 to 12 wt % of globular proteins for 15 min at 85° C. and a pH of 5.8 to 6.2 in the absence of divalent cations such as Ca2+ in the dispersion. Such aggregates are described for instance in EP 1839492, the content of which is here-with included by reference. Spherical protein aggregates can further be characterised by their mean diameter which can be determined using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The mean diameter of spherical aggregates is typically smaller than 1 micron, preferably between 100 nm and 900 nm, more preferably between 100-770 nm, most preferably between 200 and 400 nm.
In the framework of the invention “worm-like protein aggregates” are meant to designate aggregates which are obtainable by heating a protein solution containing from 0.5 to 12 wt % of globular proteins for 15 min at 85° C. and a pH of 7 in the absence of salt in the dispersion. These types of aggregates have been described in Mahmoudi et al. 2007. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55, 3104-3111, the content of which is here-included by reference.
The different types of aggregates described in the present invention are identifiable and doubtless recognisable in end products through microscopic images.
Preferably in the aerated food product of the invention, at least 75% of added protein is present in the form of mixtures of aggregates as defined above. According to a particular embodiment, the product comprises from 0.1 to 4 wt % of mixtures of protein aggregates as defined above.
Preferably, the mixtures of aggregates include 25% of protein fibrils, more preferably 50%.
According to a particular embodiment, the aerated product of the invention comprises a mixture of protein fibrils and spherical aggregates.
According to another embodiment, the aerated product of the invention comprises a mixture of protein fibrils and worm-like aggregates.
According to a third embodiment, the aerated product of the invention comprises a mixture of protein fibrils, spherical aggregates and worm-like aggregates.
The protein aggregates from the products of the invention are preferably made from a globular protein selected from whey proteins, egg albumins, blood proteins, soy proteins, wheat proteins, potato proteins, pea proteins, lupin proteins and canola proteins. More preferably, the protein aggregates are made from beta-lactoglobulin.
The food products of the invention are characterised by their degree of aeration or overrun, typically comprised between 20% and 600%. The overrun is defined as following:
Particular overrun ranges are preferred depending on the specific food product, and well known by a skilled person in the art. For example, for a frozen confectionery product, the overrun is typically comprised between 20% and 250%, preferably between 50% and 150%.
Examples of aerated food products according to the invention are frozen confectionery products, dessert mousses, dairy products, fermented dairy products, soups, sauces, mayonnaise and beverages, dressings, liquid dairy products, creams, imitation creams, concentrated milks, condensed milk, non-dairy creams, toppings, chilled dairy, confectionery filling, candies, dough, batter, pet food and milk froth.
Preferably, the aerated food product according to the invention is selected from indulgent dairy foams such as mousse desserts, aerated confectionery products such as meringues, and frozen confectioneries such as ice cream, sorbet, mellorine, frozen yoghurt, milk ice, slush, frozen beverage, milk shake or frozen dessert.
Combining the protein aggregates in these applications not only provides good foaming and foam stability but also advantageously allows optimizing the food product final appearance and texture as shown in the examples below.
In the particular case of frozen confectioneries it has been found that in addition to the above-mentioned advantages the combination of different types of protein aggregates also compensates the low amount of fibrils by preventing or reducing the coarsening of the air microstructure of frozen confections usually observed after heat shock and responsible for deteriorating the texture of said products. The frozen confectioneries comprising the mixtures of the invention therefore have good heat shock stability. What is meant by heat shock stability is the ability of a product subjected to several cycles of temperature variations to maintain its microstructure i.e. to avoid coarsening of the air microstructure. The applicant has found that when subjected to heat shock, the frozen confections comprising the combination of aggregates described above show reduced coarsening compared to ice cream not containing the above-mentioned protein aggregates and in addition show equal slowing down of air microstructure coarsening processes using protein fibrils alone. The advantage of the present invention is that a large part (up to 70%) of protein fibrils can be replaced by other economically more attractive protein aggregates while keeping all other advantages.
This effect can be characterized e.g. by X-ray tomography (ref: R. Mousavi et al., Imaging food freezing using X-ray microtomography, International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2007, 42, 714-727.)
According to a particular embodiment, the aerated product of the invention consists in a frozen confectionery product comprising from 1.5 to 15% milk solids non fat (MSNF), up to 20% fat, from 5 to 30% of a sweetening agent, up to 3% of a stabilizer system and from 0.1 to 4% of protein fibrils in the form of a mixture of rod-like proteins associated with another form of protein aggregates, preferably worm-like proteins and/or spherical proteins.
The milk solids non fat used in the frozen confection of the invention may be powdered or concentrated defatted sweet whey for example. They may also include powdered or concentrated skim milk. MSNF may also be derived from a commercial mixture of milk powder and modified whey proteins.
Preferably, the product of the invention comprises from 0.5 to 20% fat, and preferably from 6 to 14% fat. The fat may be obtained from a vegetal source, such as e.g. palm, coconut, soybean, rapeseed, olive, palm kernel oil, hydrogenated coconut oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, palm olein and their mixtures. The fat may also be obtained from an animal source, preferably milk (cream) butter fat and/or its fractions.
The product then comprises from 5 to 30% of a sweetening agent. By “sweetening agent” it is to be understood a mixture of ingredients which imparts sweetness to the final product. These include sucrose, glucose, fructose, natural sugars like cane sugar, beet sugar, molasses, other plant derived nutritive sweeteners, and non-nutritive high intensity sweeteners.
The product comprises a stabilizer system in an amount of preferably from 0.1 to 3%. By stabilizer system is meant at least one emulsifier and/or stabilizer. Suitable stabilisers include carob flour, guar flour, alginates, carboxymethylcellulose, xanthan, carrageenan, locust bean gum, gelatine and starches. Any food grade emulsifier typically used in ice confection could be used. Natural emulsifiers are preferred and include for example egg yolk.
According to another embodiment, the aerated food product of the invention consists in an indulgent dairy foam such as a mousse.
According to another embodiment, the aerated food product of the invention consists in a confectionery aerated product such as a meringue or a confectionery filling.
In another aspect, the invention pertains to a process for the preparation of an aerated food product which comprises as a first step contacting an ingredient mix typically used for the preparation of the food product, with a mixture of protein aggregates comprising fibrils together with another form of aggregates, preferably worm-like aggregates and/or spherical aggregate. Air is then incorporated into the mix to provide a foam with an overrun comprised between 20 and 600%. The foam is finally optionally processed to provide a ready-to-eat food product.
An alternative process comprising the steps of preparing a mixture of protein aggregates comprising fibrils associated with another form of aggregates, preferably worm-like aggregates and/or spherical aggregates, aerating said mixtures and then contacting it with an ingredient mix before optionally processing the obtained foam to a ready-to-eat product is also an object of the invention.
For example, in the case of an indulgent foam dessert such as a mousse, an aqueous foam can be formed by heating an ingredient mix typically comprising fat, milk solids non fat, a sweetening agent and stabilizers with 0.5 to 2% of the aggregate mixtures of the invention and heating said mix to a temperature in a range of 60 to 100° C., cooling down the mixture to a temperature in a range of 0 to 30° C. and aerating the mixture.
When the product of the invention consists in a meringue, to process includes combining and mixing 2 to 10% of the aggregate mixture, preferably egg white or egg white powder, sucrose, preferably icing sugar, at least one monosaccharide, and optionally cocoa powder and salt, with sufficient water to form a mixture having a moisture content of between about 18% and about 30% by mass; aerating the mixture to a density of between about 0.20 and 0.40 kg/litre and extruding the aerated mixture.
According to a particular embodiment, when the aerated food product consists in a frozen confectionery product, the process of the invention consists in mixing from 1.5 to 15% of milk solids non fat, up to 20% fat, from 5 to 30% of a sweetening agent and up to 3% of a stabilizer system. The mix is then homogenized and pasteurized. In a third step 0.1 to 4%, preferably 0.1 to 1.5% of a mixture of fibrilswith another form of aggregates is added to the mix which is then frozen while aerated.
According to another embodiment, the aggregate mixture is added to the initial mix, before homogenization and pasteurization.
Homogenization and pasteurization can be done in any order according to usual conditions known to a skilled person in the art. For example pasteurization is made at around 80 to 90° C. during 10 to 60 s. The mixture may then be cooled to around 2 to 8° C. by known means, and aged.
According to one embodiment, the mixture is then frozen at around −3° to −10° C. with steering with injection of gas so as to produce a degree of overrun of the order of 20 to 150% for example. The mixture obtained may then be further cooled by extrusion at temperature below −11° C. in a refrigerated single or twin screw extruder and hardened by freezing at around −20 to −40° C.
According to another embodiment, the mixture is quiescently frozen. By quiescent freezing, is meant subjecting a product to negative temperatures into a home freezer cabinet, or a hardening tunnel at factory or other devices where the product is kept statically at temperatures between e.g. −12° and −24° C. without any agitation or intervention.
According to a specific embodiment, the process of the invention includes the aseptic packaging of the unfrozen mix comprising the aggregate mixture to allow a further quiescent freezing, e.g. by a consumer in a home freezer.
The protein aggregates used in the process of the invention are those defined above and as here-in defined.
The present invention is further described hereinafter with reference to some embodiments shown in the accompanying figures in which:
The present invention is further illustrated by means of the following non-limiting examples.
Three different structures and sizes of aggregates were prepared according to three different processes performed independently of each other according to the following procedure:
A drop of the diluted solution (1-0.1% final wt concentration) was casted onto a carbon support film on a copper grid. The excess solution was removed after 30 seconds using a filter paper. Contrast to electrons was achieved by negative staining by adding a droplet of Phosphotungstic acid solution 1% (PTA, pH 7, Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland) onto the grid, during 15 seconds, after deposition of β-lactoglobulin aggregates solution. Any excess of staining agent was removed again by a filter paper. Electron micrographs were acquired on a CCD camera using a Philips CM100 Biotwin Transmission Electron Microscope operating at 80 kV.
All aggregates mentioned in the following examples were prepared according to Example 1.
Method: Foamscan device (Teclis, Longessaigne, France) (air sparging), foamability and foam volume stability of different aqueous solutions of aggregates foamed to about 500% overrun with the help of nitrogen were studied. A foam of 120 cm3 was made from an initial liquid volume of 20 mL, at room temperature, using a frit with a porosity of 4, and a sparging rate of 80%.
While the spherical aggregates by themselves did not foam at all, the other samples foamed. Looking at aggregates alone, protein fibrils provide the best results. But their stability is considerably reduced when their usage level is reduced by 50%. Unexpectedly, when this part of the fibrils is replaced by spherical aggregates, stability is restored. The mixture of fibrils and spherical aggregates showed the best foam stability over time. This result being superior or at least equivalent to the combined result of spherical aggregates on the one hand and fibrils on the other, it can be concluded that there is synergy.
Similar conclusions can be drawn from these mixtures. In particular the mixture of 0.05% fibrils and 0.05% worm-like aggregates showed foam stability over time comparable to that obtained with 0.1% of fibrils.
All samples foamed. The mixture of fibrils, spherical and worm-like aggregates showed the best foam stability over time.
The following recipes were used to prepare chocolate mousses:
Control
Chocolate was melted at 50° C. before mixing with egg yolk. Egg white was foamed using a Hobbart mixer (speed 3, 1 min 20 sec). Foam was gently incorporated into the chocolate mix. The mix is then put at 4° C. for cooling.
Examples
Chocolate was melted at 50° C. before mixing with egg yolk. A protein aggregate suspension was foamed using a Hobbart mixer (speed 3, 1 min 20 sec). Foam was gently incorporated into the chocolate mix. The mix then put at 4° C. for cooling.
Tested Samples:
The texture of the mousses were evaluated visually and using a spoon. Ref 3a) was the most compact and dry-looking mousse. Ref 3b) was a bit lighter and Ref 3c) was too liquid. Improvement in the texture was observed with all the samples illustrating the invention with a nice overall texture and nice shape provided with the spoon.
Control:
50 g white egg , 50 g sugar
Egg white (50g) and 20 g sugar were weighted in a Hobbart bowl then beat at speed 2 for 2 min. 20g sugar were added while aerating (speed 2, 2 min). The last 10 g sugar were added while aerating 10 more sec.
An icing bag was filled (tip size 18) and rosace (star) shapes were formed on a baking sheet on a tray, which were then put immediately in a preheated oven at 120° C. and baked for 2 hours.
The meringues were cooled at room temperature and kept in a dry place.
None of the reference samples (use of a single form of aggregates) gave satisfying results. While Ref 4a) had sufficient overrun, the product had a pronounced dark colour unacceptable. On the other hand, no satisfying overrun could be obtained for references 4b and 4c. The samples according to the invention were all improved compared to the references. They all showed satisfying overrun with nice visual aspect and color.
For this example three different ice creams have been produced. The first ice cream termed ‘control’ is based on a standard ice cream containing commercial whey protein ingredient. For the second ice cream ‘protein fibrils’ the native whey proteins have been replaced by protein fibrils. The third ice cream ‘aggregate mixture’ concerns the present invention and contains a mixture of three types of aggregates namely protein fibrils, worm-like aggregates and spherical aggregates.
Preparation
Five separate mixes were prepared in order to produce the three ice creams using the ingredients listed in the following tables:
Recipes:
Identical to Mix 2
Ice Cream Mix Preparation
Ice Cream Production
Heat Shock Stability Test
The air microstructure of the ice creams has been investigated with help of x-ray tomography (Scanco medical μCT 35 operated in a cold room at T=−16° C.) before and after heat shock. Two cycles of a 72 hour heat shock protocol were applied.
The ice cream samples were scanned using a custom designed high resolution desktop computerized tomography instrument (Scanco mCT 35, Scanco Medical AG, Brütisellen, Switzerland). The ice cream samples were kept at −25° C. during the 1.5 hour measurement time. A voxel and instrument resolution of 4.5 micrometers (10% Modulated Transfer Function) was used. The 3D images reconstructed from the sinograms used a Shepp & Logan filtered back-projection extended to a cone-beam geometry.
The method used to quantify the air microstructure consisted of 1) applying an anisotropic diffusion filter to the raw data (ref: P. Perona and J. Malik, Scale-Space and Edge Detection Using Anisotropic Diffusion, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 12(7):629-639, July 1990); 2) segmenting the resulting data using the local minima of the voxel gray value histogram as threshold; 3) calculating the resulting air microstructure (i.e. pore) thickness distribution in 3D using the algorithm proposed by Hildebrand and Ruegsegger (1997) (ref: Hildebrand, T. & Ruegsegger, P., A new method for the model-independent assessment of thickness in three-dimensional images, Journal of Microscopy, 1997, 185, 67-75)
The cumulative volume frequency (or also often termed cumulative size distribution based on the volume based size distribution) for the three ice creams are shown in
Sensory tests have shown that the replacement of non-aggregated proteins with at least partially aggregated proteins, wherein the aggregated proteins comprise fibrils and at least one other form of protein aggregates preferably selected from the group consisting of worm-like aggregates, spherical aggregates and mixtures thereof can be done without a significant impact on the sensory properties of ice cream.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11193165.5 | Dec 2011 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP12/72853 | 11/16/2012 | WO | 00 | 6/2/2014 |
