Patent Grant
11333288
The present invention relates to an aerogel laminate and a thermal insulation material.
Recently, requirements for comfortability of living spaces and energy saving have been increasing; for this reason, the shapes of target objects required for thermal insulation properties tend to become complex, and the spaces for disposing thermal insulation materials tend to be reduced. For this reason, a thermal insulation material having not only enhanced thermal insulation performance but also a lower thickness has been required.
As an attempt for an enhancement in thermal insulation performance of a thermal insulation material using a foamed resin, for example, a plate-like foamed body containing at least one layer of metal thin film on the surface and/or the inside of a polypropylene-based resin foamed body has been proposed in Patent Literature 1.
Moreover, cryogenic substances such as liquid nitrogen and liquid helium are stored in containers having a double-walled structure composed of an internal container and an external container; the space between the internal container and the external container is in vacuum, and is filled with a thermal insulation material. As a thermal insulation material filled into such a vacuum space, for example, a laminated thermal insulation material in which a reflective film having a metal layer formed on one or both surfaces of a polyimide film and a net-like spacer composed of plastic yarns are laminated is disclosed in Patent Literature 2.
Patent Literature 1: JP 2001-179866 A
Patent Literature 2: JP 09-109323 A
However, in the case of the thermal insulation material using a resin foamed body, the foamed body needs to be thick to obtain good thermal insulation performance; a reduction in thickness of the thermal insulation layer is difficult. Moreover, the thermal insulation materials used in the fields of cryogenic techniques and superconductive techniques needing the cryogenic substances have been required for a further enhancement in thermal insulation performance while the thickness is reduced.
The present invention has been made in consideration of the circumstances above, and an object of the present invention is to provide an aerogel laminate having superior thermal insulation properties and enabling a reduction in thickness, and a thermal insulation material including the aerogel laminate.
The inventors diligently studied in order to achieve the objects, and as the result found that that an aerogel laminate having at least one structure prepared by laminating an aerogel layer and a specific support in the thickness direction has high thermal insulation performance, and enables a reduction in thickness, and has completed the present invention.
Namely, the present invention provides an aerogel laminate having a structure in which an aerogel layer and a support having a heat ray reflective function or a heat ray absorbing function are laminated.
The above aerogel layer may be a layer containing an aerogel having a structure derived from polysiloxane. Thereby, the thickness of the aerogel layer can be reduced, and an effect of enhancing the thermal insulation properties of the aerogel laminate is more readily developed.
Moreover, the above aerogel layer may be a layer prepared by drying a wet gel formed from a sol containing at least one selected from the group consisting of polysiloxane compounds having a reactive group in the molecule and hydrolysis products of the polysiloxane compounds. The aerogel laminate thus obtained has a superior balance between the thermal insulation properties and the flexibility.
Furthermore, the above aerogel layer may be a layer prepared by drying a wet gel formed from a sol containing silica particles. Thereby, higher thermal insulation properties and flexibility can be attained.
The average primary particle diameter of the above silica particles can be 1 nm or more and 500 nm or less. Thereby, the thermal insulation properties and the flexibility are more readily enhanced.
The above support can have a layer composed of a material containing at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon graphite, aluminum, magnesium, silver, titanium, carbon black, metal sulfates, and antimony compounds. Furthermore, if the support is an aluminum foil, an aluminum deposited film, a silver deposited film or an antimony oxide containing film, higher thermal insulation properties can be attained.
Moreover, the present invention can provide a thermal insulation material including the aerogel laminate described above. Such a thermal insulation material has high handling properties, and can develop high thermal insulation performance while the thickness is reduced.
According to the present invention, an aerogel laminate having high thermal insulation properties and enabling a reduction in thickness can be provided. A thermal insulation material having such an aerogel laminate has high handling properties, and can develop high thermal insulation performance while the thickness is reduced.
An Embodiment of the present invention will be described below in detail occasionally with reference to a drawing, provided that the present invention be not limited to the following Embodiment.
[Aerogel Laminate]
The aerogel laminate according to the Embodiment has a structure in which an aerogel layer and a support having a heat ray reflective function or a heat ray absorbing function are laminated. High thermal insulation properties can be developed by laminating the aerogel layer on the above support. The aerogel layer has high pliability, which enables the aerogel formed into a sheet, which was conventionally difficult with respect to handling properties; such an aerogel can be integrated with the support; for this reason, in the case where the aerogel laminate is used as a thermal insulation material, the thickness of the thermal insulation layer can be reduced. The support having a heat ray reflective function or a heat ray absorbing function, which is a non-aerogel layer, functions as a radiating body, and can play a role in blocking external heat. Moreover, in the case where a plurality of aerogel laminates are layered, the aerogel layer having high thermal insulation properties is interposed between a support and another support, which are non-aerogel layers; for this reason, heat conduction caused by contact of the non-aerogel layers can be suppressed.
By disposing a multi-layered structure in which the aerogel layer 1 and the support 2 are laminated, high thermal insulation performance which cannot be obtained in a single-layer aerogel laminate can be developed.
<Aerogel Layer>
The aerogel layer according to the Embodiment is composed of an aerogel. In a narrow sense, a dried gel obtained by a supercritical drying method from a wet gel is called as aerogel, a dried gel obtained by drying at the atmospheric pressure therefrom is called as xerogel, and a dried gel obtained by freeze-drying therefrom is called as cryogel, however in this Embodiment a low density dried gel obtained from a wet gel without using the above drying techniques is called as aerogel. In other words, aerogel in the Embodiment means aerogel in a broad sense, namely “Gel comprised of a microporous solid in which the dispersed phase is a gas”. Generally the inside of an aerogel is configured as a networked microstructure, having a cluster structure in which approx. 2 to 20-nm aerogel particles are bonded together. There are pores in a size less than 100 nm among skeletons formed by the clusters to constitute a three-dimensional microporous structure. In this regard, an aerogel according to the Embodiment is a silica aerogel containing silica as a main component. Examples of a silica aerogel include a so-called organic-inorganic hybridized silica aerogel, in which an organic group such as a methyl group, or an organic chain is introduced. The aerogel layer may be a layer containing an aerogel having a structure derived from polysiloxane.
Examples of the aerogel according to the Embodiment include the following modes. By using these modes, it is easy to obtain an aerogel having high thermal insulation properties and high flexibility and enabling formation of a thin film. It should be noted that use of each of these modes is not always intended to obtain an aerogel specified in the Embodiment. By using each of the modes, an aerogel having thermal insulation properties and flexibility and enabling formation of a thin film according to each of the modes can be obtained.
(First Mode)
An aerogel according to the Embodiment may have a structure expressed by the following Formula (1).
In Formula (1), R1 and R2 each independently represent an alkyl group or an aryl group, R3 and R4 each independently represent an alkylene group. Examples of an aryl group include a phenyl group, and a substituted phenyl group. Examples of a substituent of a substituted phenyl group include an alkyl group, a vinyl group, a mercapto group, an amino group, a nitro group, and a cyano group.
When the structure is introduced into the skeleton of an aerogel, an aerogel, which has a low thermal conductivity coefficient, and is flexible, may be obtained. From such a viewpoint, in Formula (1), R1 and R2 may be each independently a C1 to C6 alkyl group or a phenyl group. The alkyl group may be a methyl group. Moreover, in Formula (1), R3 and R4 may be each independently a C1 to C6 alkylene group. The alkylene group may be an ethylene group or a propylene group.
(Second Mode)
The aerogel according to the Embodiment is an aerogel having a ladder structure comprising a strut and a bridge, and may be an aerogel in which a bridge has a structure represented by the following Formula (2). When such a ladder structure is introduced into the skeleton of the aerogel, the heat resistance and the mechanical strength can be improved. In this regard, a “ladder structure” in the Embodiment is one having 2 struts and bridges connecting the struts together (one with a so-called “ladder” shape). In the present mode, the skeleton of an aerogel may be configured with a ladder structure, or an aerogel may have a ladder structure only partly.
In Formula (2), R6 and R7 each independently represent an alkyl group or an aryl group, and b represents an integer of 1 to 50. Examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group, and a substituted phenyl group. Examples of a substituent of a substituted phenyl group include an alkyl group, a vinyl group, a mercapto group, an amino group, a nitro group, and a cyano group. Further, in Formula (2), in a case where b is an integer of 2 or higher, 2 or more R6 may be respectively the same or different, and similarly 2 or more R7 may be respectively the same or different.
When the structure is introduced into the skeleton of an aerogel, an aerogel having flexibility superior to, for example, an aerogel having a structure originated from a conventional ladder-form silsesquioxane (namely that having a structure expressed by the following Formula (X)) is obtained. In this regard, the structure of a bridge in an aerogel having a structure originated from a conventional ladder-form silsesquioxane is —O— as shown in the following Formula (X), however in an aerogel according to the Embodiment the structure of a bridge is a structure expressed by the Formula (2) (polysiloxane structure).
In Formula (X), R represents a hydroxy group, an alkyl group, or an aryl group.
Although there is no particular restriction on the structure to become a strut and the chain length thereof as well as the interval between the structures to become bridges, a ladder structure may have a structure expressed by the following Formula (3) from the viewpoint of improvement of heat resistance and mechanical strength.
In Formula (3), R5, R6, R7 and R8 each independently represent an alkyl group or an aryl group, a and c each independently represent an integer of 1 to 3000, and b represents an integer of 1 to 50. In this case, examples of an aryl group include a phenyl group, and a substituted phenyl group. Examples of a substituent of a substituted phenyl group include an alkyl group, a vinyl group, a mercapto group, an amino group, a nitro group, and a cyano group. Further, in Formula (3), in a case where b is an integer of 2 or higher, 2 or more R6 may be respectively the same or different, and similarly 2 or more R7 may be respectively the same or different. Further, in Formula (3), in a case where a is an integer of 2 or higher, 2 or more R5 may be respectively the same or different, and similarly in a case where c is an integer of 2 or higher, 2 or more R8 may be respectively the same or different.
In Formulas (2) and (3), R5, R6, R7 and R8 (provided that R5 and R8 are limited to Formula (3)) each independently may be, for example, a C1 to C6 alkyl group, or a phenyl group from the viewpoint of achieving superior flexibility. The alkyl group may be a methyl group. In Formula (3), a and c may be each independently 6 to 2000, or may be also 10 to 1000. In Formulas (2) and (3), b may be 2 to 30, or may be also 5 to 20.
(Third Mode)
The aerogel according to the Embodiment may be obtained by drying a wet gel formed from a sol containing at least one selected from the group consisting of polysiloxane compounds having a reactive group in the molecule and hydrolysis products of the polysiloxane compounds (hereinafter, these are may be occasionally called collectively as “polysiloxane compounds and the like”). Namely, the aerogel layer may be composed of a layer prepared by drying a wet gel formed from a sol containing at least one selected from the group consisting of polysiloxane compounds having a reactive group in the molecule and hydrolysis products of the polysiloxane compounds. It should be noted that the aerogel described above may also be obtained by drying a wet gel formed from a sol containing at least one selected from the group consisting of polysiloxane compounds having a reactive group in the molecule and hydrolysis products of the polysiloxane compounds. The aerogel layer according to the Embodiment may be a layer prepared by drying a wet gel derived from a sol containing at least one selected from the group consisting of polysiloxane compounds having a reactive group in the molecule and hydrolysis products of the polysiloxane compounds. The aerogel according to the Embodiment can have a three-dimensional network structure derived from the above sol.
Examples of the reactive group having a polysiloxane compound include, but should not be particularly limited to, an alkoxy group, a silanol group, a hydroxyalkyl group, an epoxy group, a polyether group, a mercapto group, a carboxyl group, and a phenol group. Polysiloxane compounds having any of the reactive groups may be used singly, or in a combination of 2 or more thereof. From the viewpoint of enhancing the flexibility of the aerogel, examples of the reactive group include an alkoxy group, a silanol group, a hydroxyalkyl group, and a polyether group; furthermore, from the viewpoint of enhancing the compatibility of the sol, examples thereof include an alkoxy group and a hydroxyalkyl group. From the viewpoint of enhancement of the reactivity of a polysiloxane compound and reduction of the thermal conductivity coefficient of an aerogel, the carbon number of an alkoxy group and a hydroxyalkyl group may be 1 to 6, however from the viewpoint of improving further the flexibility of an aerogel it may be also 2 to 4.
Examples of a polysiloxane compound having a hydroxyalkyl group in the molecule include those having a structure expressed by the following Formula (4). A structure expressed by the above Formula (1) may be introduced in the skeleton of an aerogel by using a polysiloxane compound having a structure expressed by the following Formula (4).
In Formula (4), R9 represents a hydroxyalkyl group, R10 represents an alkylene group, R11 and R12 each independently represent an alkyl group or an aryl group, and n represents an integer of 1 to 50. In this case, examples of an aryl group include a phenyl group, and a substituted phenyl group. Examples of a substituent of the substituted phenyl group include an alkyl group, a vinyl group, a mercapto group, an amino group, a nitro group, and a cyano group. Further, in Formula (4), 2 R9 may be respectively the same or different, and similarly 2 R10 may be respectively the same or different. Further, in Formula (4), 2 or more R11 may be respectively the same or different, and similarly 2 or more R12 may be respectively the same or different.
When a wet gel generated from a sol containing any of polysiloxane compounds and the like having the above structure is used, an aerogel which has a low thermal conductivity coefficient and is flexible can be obtained further easily. From such a viewpoint, examples of R9 in Formula (4) include C1 to C6 hydroxyalkyl groups; and examples thereof specifically include a hydroxyethyl group and a hydroxypropyl group. Examples of R10 in Formula (4) include C1 to C6 alkylene groups; and examples thereof specifically include an ethylene group and a propylene group. In Formula (4), R11 and R12 may be each independently a C1 to C6 alkyl group or a phenyl group. The alkyl group may be a methyl group. In Formula (4), n may be 2 to 30, or may be also 5 to 20.
For a polysiloxane compound having a structure expressed by Formula (4), a commercial product may be used, and examples thereof include compounds, such as X-22-160AS, KF-6001, KF-6002, and KF-6003 (all produced by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), and compounds, such as XF42-B0970, and Fluid OFOH 702-4% (all produced by Momentive Performance Materials Inc.).
Examples of a polysiloxane compound having an alkoxy group in the molecule include those having a structure expressed by the following Formula (5). A ladder structure having a bridge expressed by the above Formula (2) may be introduced in the skeleton of an aerogel by using a polysiloxane compound having a structure expressed by the following Formula (5).
In Formula (5), R14 represents an alkyl group or an alkoxy group, R15 and R16 each independently represent an alkoxy group, R17 and R18 each independently represent an alkyl group or an aryl group, and m represents an integer of 1 to 50. In this case, examples of an aryl group include a phenyl group, and a substituted phenyl group. Examples of a substituent of a substituted phenyl group include an alkyl group, a vinyl group, a mercapto group, an amino group, a nitro group, and a cyano group. Meanwhile, in Formula (5), 2 R14 may be respectively the same or different, 2 R15 may be respectively the same or different, and similarly 2 R16 may be respectively the same or different. Further, in Formula (5), in a case where m is an integer of 2 or higher, 2 or more R17 may be respectively the same or different, and similarly 2 or more R18 may be respectively the same or different.
When a wet gel generated from a sol containing any of polysiloxane compounds and the like having the above structure is used, an aerogel which has a low thermal conductivity coefficient and is flexible can be obtained further easily. From such a viewpoint, examples of R14 in Formula (5) include C1 to C6 alkyl groups and C1 to C6 alkoxy groups; and examples thereof specifically include a methyl group, a methoxy group and an ethoxy group. In Formula (5), R15 and R16 may be each independently a C1 to C6 alkoxy group. Examples of the alkoxy group include a methoxy group and an ethoxy group. In Formula (5), R17 and R18 may be each independently a C1 to C6 alkyl group or a phenyl group. The alkyl group may be a methyl group. In Formula (5), m may be 2 to 30, or may be also 5 to 20.
A polysiloxane compound having a structure expressed by Formula (5) may be obtained for example referring appropriately to production methods reported in JP 2000-26609 A, JP 2012-233110 A, etc.
Since an alkoxy group is hydrolyzable, it is possible that a polysiloxane compound having an alkoxy group in the molecule exists in a sol as a hydrolysis product, therefore a polysiloxane compound having an alkoxy group in the molecule and a hydrolysis product thereof may coexist. Further, in a polysiloxane compound having an alkoxy group in the molecule, all of the alkoxy groups in the molecule may be hydrolyzed, or only part of them may be hydrolyzed.
These polysiloxane compounds having a reactive group in the molecule and hydrolysis products of the polysiloxane compounds may be used singly or in combinations of 2 or more.
When the aerogel according to the Embodiment is produced, sol containing polysiloxane compounds and the like described above, can further contain at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon compounds having a hydrolyzable functional group in the molecule and hydrolysis products of the silicon compounds (hereinafter, these are may be occasionally called collectively as “silicon compounds and the like”). The number of silicon atoms in the molecule of the silicon compound can be 1 or 2.
Examples of the silicon compounds having a hydrolyzable functional group in the molecule include, but should not be particularly limited to, alkyl silicon alkoxides. Among these alkyl silicon alkoxides, the number of the hydrolyzable functional groups may be 3 or less from the viewpoint of improvement of water resistance. Examples of the alkyl silicon alkoxides include methyltrimethoxysilane, methyldimethoxysilane, and ethyltrimethoxysilane.
Further, vinyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, N-phenyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, etc., which are silicon compounds having 3 or less hydrolyzable functional groups as well as a reactive group in the molecule, may be also used.
Further, bis(trimethoxysilyl)methane, bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane, bis(trimethoxysilyl)hexane, etc., which are silicon compounds having 3 or less hydrolyzable functional groups at a molecular terminal, may be also used.
The silicon compounds may be used singly, or in a combination of 2 or more thereof.
(Fourth Mode)
The aerogel according to the Embodiment may be obtained by drying a wet gel formed from a sol containing silica particles. Namely, the aerogel layer may be composed of a layer prepared by drying a wet gel formed from a sol containing silica particles. The aerogel layer is a layer in which the silica particles are formed into a composite. It should be noted that the aerogels described above may also be obtained by drying a wet gel formed from a sol containing silica particles as described above.
The aerogel containing silica particles according to the Embodiment can have a structure represented by the following Formula (6).
In Formula (6), R19 represents an alkyl group. Examples of the alkyl group include a C1 to C6 alkyl group, and examples thereof specifically include a methyl group.
The aerogel containing silica particles according to the Embodiment may have a structure expressed by the following Formula (7).
In Formula (7), R20 and R21 each independently represent an alkyl group. Examples of the alkyl group include a C1 to C6 alkyl group, and examples thereof specifically include a methyl group.
The aerogel containing silica particles according to the Embodiment may have a structure expressed by the following Formula (8).
In Formula (8), R22 represents an alkylene group. Examples of the alkylene group include a C1 to C10 alkylene group, and examples thereof specifically include an ethylene group, and a hexylene group.
The silica particles can be used without limitation in particular, and examples thereof include amorphous silica particles. Examples of the amorphous silica particles include fused silica particles, fumed silica particles, and colloidal silica particles. Among these, colloidal silica particles have high monodispersity to readily suppress the aggregation thereof in the sol.
The shapes of the silica particles are not particularly limited; examples thereof include spherical, cocoon shaped, and associated form. Among these, by using spherical particles as the silica particles, the aggregation thereof in the sol is readily suppressed. The average primary particle diameter of the silica particles can be 1 nm or more, may be 5 nm or more, or may be 10 nm or more because appropriate strength is readily given to the aerogel and an aerogel superior in resistance to contraction during drying is obtained more easily. On the other hand, the average primary particle diameter of the silica particles can be 500 nm or less, may be 300 nm or less, or may be 250 nm or less because the solid heat conduction of the silica particles is readily suppressed and an aerogel having high thermal insulation properties is readily obtained. Namely, the average primary particle diameter of the silica particles can be 1 to 500 nm, may be 5 to 300 nm, or may be 10 to 250 nm.
An average primary particle diameter of a silica particle of the Embodiment may be obtained by observing directly a cross-section of an aerogel layer using a scanning electron microscope (hereinafter abbreviated as “SEM”). For example, an individual particle diameter of a silica particle may be obtained from a three-dimensional network skeleton based on the diameter of a cross-section thereof. The term “diameter” referred to above means a diameter of a cross-section of a skeleton configuring a three-dimensional network skeleton, wherein the cross-section is deemed as a circle. In this regard, the diameter of a cross-section deemed as a circle means the diameter of a circle having the same area as the area of a cross-section. In determining an average particle diameter, the circle diameters of 100 particles are measured and averaged.
Moreover, the average particle diameter can be measured from the silica particles as a raw material before the aerogel layer is formed. For example, a biaxial average primary particle diameter may be determined from the results of observation of optional 20 particles using a SEM as follows. Namely, taking a colloidal silica particle, which is ordinarily dispersed in water at a solid concentration of 5 to 40 mass %, as an example, a wafer with a pattern wiring is cut to a 2 cm square chip, the chip is dipped in a dispersion of a colloidal silica particle for approx. 30 sec, then rinsed with pure water for approx. 30 sec and dried by a nitrogen blow. Thereafter the chip is mounted on a sample stage for SEM observation, and a silica particle is observed at a magnification of 100000× by applying an acceleration voltage of 10 kV, and an image is recorded. From the obtained image, 20 silica particles are randomly selected, and an average of the particle diameters of the particles is defined as the average particle diameter. In this case if a selected silica particle has a shape as shown in
(Other Modes)
The aerogel layer according to the Embodiment may be composed of a layer containing an aerogel having a structure derived from polysiloxane. Examples of the structure derived from polysiloxane include a structure represented by the above Formula (1), (2), (3), (6), (7) or (8). Accordingly, the aerogel according to the Embodiment may have at least one among the structures represented by the above formulae (6), (7), and (8) without containing silica particles.
Because an aerogel superior in resistance to contraction during drying is obtained more easily, the number of silanol groups per 1 g of silica particles can be 10×1018/g or more, may be 50×1018/g or more, or may be 100×1018/g or more. On the other hand, because a homogeneous aerogel is readily obtained, the number of silanol groups per 1 g of silica particles can be 1000×1018/g or less, may be 800×1018/g or less, or may be 700×1018/g or less. Namely, the number of silanol groups per 1 g of silica particles can be 10×1018 to 1000×1018/g, may be 50×1018 to 800×1018/g, or may be 100×1018 to 700×1018/g.
The content of the polysiloxane compound and the hydrolysis product of the polysiloxane compound contained in the above sol can be 5 parts by mass or more, and may be 10 parts by mass or more relative to the total amount of 100 parts by mass of the sol because good reactivity is more readily obtained; the content can be 50 parts by mass or less, and may be 30 parts by mass or less because good compatibility is more readily obtained. Namely, the content of the polysiloxane compound and the hydrolysis product of the polysiloxane compound can be 5 to 50 parts by mass, or may be 10 to 30 parts by mass relative to the total amount of 100 parts by mass of the sol.
Moreover, in the case where the above sol further contains silicon compounds and the like, the total sum of the content of polysiloxane compounds and the like and that of silicon compounds and the like can be 5 parts by mass or more, and may be 10 parts by mass or more relative to the total amount of 100 parts by mass of the sol because good reactivity is more readily obtained, and can be 50 parts by mass or less, and may be 30 parts by mass or less because good compatibility is more readily obtained. Namely, the total sum of the content of polysiloxane compounds and the like and that of silicon compounds and the like can be 5 to 50 parts by mass, and may be 10 to 30 parts by mass. At this time, the ratio of the content of polysiloxane compounds and the like to the content of the hydrolysis product of silicon compounds and the like can be 1:0.5 to 1:4, and may be 1:1 to 1:2. Better compatibility is more readily obtained if the ratio of the contents of the compounds is 1:0.5 or more; moreover, the contraction of the gel is more readily suppressed if the ratio is 1:4 or less.
Because appropriate strength is readily given to the aerogel and an aerogel superior in resistance to contraction during drying is obtained more easily, the content of the silica particles contained in the above sol can be 1 part by mass or more, and may be 4 parts by mass or more relative to the total amount of 100 parts by mass of the sol. On the other hand, because the solid heat conduction of the silica particles is readily suppressed and an aerogel having high thermal insulation properties is readily obtained, the content of the silica particles contained in the above sol can be 20 parts by mass or less, and may be 15 parts by mass or less. Namely, the content of the silica particles can be 1 to 20 parts by mass, and may be 4 to 15 parts by mass relative to the total amount of 100 parts by mass of the sol.
Because good thermal insulation properties are readily obtained, the thickness of the aerogel layer can be 1 μm or more, may be 10 μm or more, or may be 30 μm or more. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of a reduction in thickness, the thickness of the aerogel layer can be 200 μm or less, may be 100 μm or less, or may be 80 μm or less. Namely, the thickness of the aerogel layer can be 1 to 200 μm, may be 10 to 100 μm, or may be 30 to 80 μm.
From the viewpoint of obtaining higher strength and flexibility, the density at 25° C. of the aerogel layer can be 0.05 g/cm3 or more, may be 0.1 g/cm3 or more, or may be 0.2 g/cm3 or more. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of obtaining higher thermal insulation properties, the density at 25° C. of the aerogel layer can be 0.3 g/cm3 or less, may be 0.25 g/cm3 or less, or may be 0.2 g/cm3 or less. Namely, the density at 25° C. of the aerogel layer can be 0.05 to 0.3 g/cm3, may be 0.1 to 0.25 g/cm3, or may be 0.1 to 0.2 g/cm3.
From the viewpoint of obtaining higher thermal insulation properties, the porosity at 25° C. of the aerogel layer can be 85% or more, or may be 87% or more; from the viewpoint of obtaining higher strength and flexibility, the porosity at 25° C. of the aerogel layer can be 95% or less, or may be 93% or less. Namely, the porosity at 25° C. of the aerogel layer can be 85 to 95%, or may be 87 to 93%.
The density and porosity of the aerogel layer can be measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry according to DIN66133. As a measurement apparatus, AutoPore IV9520 (made by SHIMADZU Corporation, product name) can be used, for example.
<Support Having Heat Ray Reflective Function or Heat Ray Absorbing Function>
The support according to the Embodiment has at least one layer which is a non-aerogel layer and has a heat ray reflective function or a heat ray absorbing function. The heat ray reflective function refers to a function in which reflection of light at about 800 to 3000 nm in the near-infrared or infrared region, for example, is larger than absorption and transmission of the light. In contrast, the heat ray absorbing function refers to a function in which absorption of light at about 800 to 3000 nm in the near-infrared or infrared region, for example, is larger than reflection and transmission of the light. Here, the reflection of light includes scattering of light.
The configuration of the support is not particularly limited, and may be a single layer or a multi-layer. The support is composed of at least one of a layer having a heat ray reflective function and a layer having a heat ray absorbing function, and may be composed of only the layer having a heat ray reflective function or only the layer having a heat ray absorbing function. Moreover, the support may be a laminate of the layer having a heat ray reflective function and the layer having a heat ray absorbing function. Furthermore, the support may be a laminate of the heat ray reflective function or layer having a heat ray absorbing function and a layer not having a heat ray reflective function or a heat ray absorbing function. In this case, the layer having a heat ray reflective function or a heat ray absorbing function may be formed one or both surfaces of the layer not having the heat ray reflective function or the heat ray absorbing function. The shape of the support can be a film shape because it can give light-weightness to the aerogel laminate.
The layer having a heat ray reflective function can contain a heat ray-reflective material. The heat ray-reflective material is not particularly limited as long as it is a material reflecting light in the near-infrared or infrared region. Examples of the heat ray-reflective material include aluminum; aluminum compounds such as aluminum oxide; zinc compounds such as zinc aluminate; magnesium compounds such as hydrotalcite; silver compounds of silver and the like; titanium; titanium compounds such as titanium oxide and strontium titanate; copper; copper compounds such as bronze; stainless steel; nickel; tin; microballoons such as Shirasuballoons; and ceramic balloons. These may be used along or in combination.
Among these, from the viewpoint of readily reducing the thermal conductivity and having low cost and high handling properties, a material containing aluminum, magnesium, silver or titanium can be used as the heat ray-reflective material.
The layer having a heat ray reflective function may be composed of a metal foil such as an aluminum foil or a copper foil. Moreover, the layer having a heat ray reflective function may be a resin film produced by kneading an aluminum paste or titanium oxide with a resin such as polyolefin, polyester, polycarbonate or polyimide. Furthermore, the layer having a heat ray reflective function may be a deposition film in which aluminum or silver is deposited on a resin film of polyolefin, polyester, polycarbonate, polyimide, or the like by physical deposition such as sputtering or vacuum deposition or chemical deposition.
The layer having a heat ray absorbing function can contain a heat ray-absorbing material. The heat ray-absorbing material is not particularly limited as long as it is a substance which absorbs light in the near-infrared or infrared region. Examples of the heat ray-absorbing material include carbon powders such as carbon graphite, and carbon black; metal sulfates such as barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, calcium sulfate, mercallite (KHSO4), halotrichite, alunite, and jarosite; antimony compounds such as antimony trioxide; metal oxides such as tin oxide, indium oxide, indium oxide tin, zinc oxide, and anhydrous zinc antimonate oxide; ammonium-based, urea-based, iminium-based, aminium-based, cyanine-based, polymethine-based, anthraquinone-based, dithiol-based, copper ion-based, phenylenediamine-based, phthalocyanine-based, benzotriazole-based, benzophenone-based, oxanilide-based, cyanoacrylate-based, or benzotriazole-based dyes or pigments. Examples of carbon graphite include flake graphite, amorphous graphite, and artificial graphite.
Among these, a material containing carbon graphite, carbon black, a metal sulfate, or an antimony compound can be used as the heat ray-absorbing material from the viewpoint of readily reducing the thermal conductivity and having low cost and high handling properties. From the viewpoint of further reducing the thermal conductivity, the layer having a heat ray absorbing function may be a resin film produced by kneading carbon black, antimony oxide, or barium sulfate.
From the viewpoint of further enhancing the thermal insulation properties, the support can have a layer composed of a material containing at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon graphite, aluminum, magnesium, silver, titanium, carbon black, metal sulfates, and antimony compounds. From the viewpoint of having high handling properties and enhancing the thermal insulation properties, the support may be an aluminum foil, an aluminum deposited film, a silver deposited film, or an antimony oxide containing film.
The support may have a resin layer for the purpose of an enhancement in adhesiveness with the aerogel layer or protection. Examples of the material forming the resin layer include urethane resins, polyester resins, acrylic resins, and phenol resins. These resin layers may be a single layer or may be a multi-layer.
The surface of the support on which the aerogel layer is not laminated may be subjected to a releasing treatment.
The thickness of the support is not particularly limited; from the viewpoint of the handling properties, the thickness can be 3 μm or more, may be 5 μm or more, or may be 7 μm or more. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of enhancing the thermal insulation properties, the thickness of the support can be 100 μm or less, may be 80 μM or less, or may be 50 μm or less. Namely, the thickness of the support can be 3 to 100 μm, may be 5 to 80 μm, or may be 7 to 50 μm.
<Method of Producing Aerogel Laminate>
The method of producing the aerogel laminate according to the Embodiment is not particularly limited, and the aerogel laminate according to the Embodiment can be produced by the following method, for example.
Namely, the aerogel laminate according to the Embodiment can be produced by a production method mainly including a step of preparing a sol of producing a sol for forming an aerogel, an applying step of applying the sol obtained in the step of preparing a sol to a support having a heat ray reflective function or a heat ray absorbing function, and drying the sol to form an aerogel layer, an aging step of aging the aerogel layer obtained in the applying step, a step of washing the aged aerogel layer and performing solvent exchange, and a drying step of drying the aerogel layer washed and subjected to solvent exchange (when necessary). The sol in the Embodiment refers to a state before a gelation reaction occurs where silicon compounds and the like described above, polysiloxane compounds and the like in some cases, and the silica particles are dissolved or dispersed in a solvent.
Each step in a method for producing an aerogel laminate according to the Embodiment will be described below.
(Step of Preparing Sol)
The step of preparing a sol is a step of mixing the silicon compound described above with a solvent containing the polysiloxane compound and/or silica particles in some cases to perform a hydrolysis reaction, and performing a sol gel reaction to obtain a semi-gelated sol coating solution. In this step, an acid catalyst may be further added in a solvent for promoting the hydrolysis reaction. Further, a surfactant, a thermally hydrolyzable compound, etc. may be also added in a solvent as disclosed in JP 5250900 B. Furthermore, a base catalyst may be added to promote the gelation reaction. The silica particles may be contained in the sol from the viewpoint of reducing the time taken in this step, and the applying step and the aging step described later to reduce the heating and drying temperatures.
The solvent is not particularly limited in the applying step described later as long as good coating properties are obtained; for example, water, or a mixed solution of water and alcohol can be used. Examples of an alcohol include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol, n-butanol, 2-butanol, and t-butanol. Among these, water can be used because the surface tension is high and the volatility is low.
Examples of an acid catalyst include an inorganic acid, such as hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, hypophosphorous acid, bromic acid, chloric acid, chlorous acid, and hypochlorous acid; an acidic phosphate, such as acidic aluminum phosphate, acidic magnesium phosphate, and acidic zinc phosphate; and an organic carboxylic acid, such as acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, adipic acid, and azelaic acid. Among them, as an acid catalyst for further improving the water resistance of an obtained aerogel layer, an organic carboxylic acid can be used, specific examples of the organic carboxylic acid include acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid or malonic acid, and the organic carboxylic acid may be acetic acid. They may be used singly, or in a combination of 2 or more thereof.
When an acid catalyst is used, a hydrolysis reaction of a silicon compound and a polysiloxane compound is promoted, and a sol may be obtained in a shorter time.
The addition amount of an acid catalyst with respect to the total amount of a silicon compound and a polysiloxane compound as 100 parts by mass may be 0.001 to 0.1 part by mass.
As a surfactant a nonionic surfactant, an ionic surfactant, etc. may be used. The surfactants may be used singly, or in a combination of 2 or more thereof.
As a nonionic surfactant, for example, one comprising a hydrophilic moiety such as polyoxyethylene and a hydrophobic moiety composed mainly of an alkyl group, or one comprising a hydrophilic moiety such as polyoxypropylene may be used. Examples of one comprising a hydrophilic moiety such as polyoxyethylene and a hydrophobic moiety composed mainly of an alkyl group include polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether, and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether. Examples of one comprising a hydrophilic moiety such as polyoxypropylene include polyoxypropylene alkyl ether, and a block copolymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene.
As an ionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, and the like can be used. Examples of the cationic surfactant include cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride. Examples of an anionic surfactant include sodium dodecyl sulfonate. Examples of an amphoteric surfactant include an amino acid surfactant, a betaine surfactant, and an amine oxide surfactant. Examples of an amino acid surfactant include acylglutamic acid. Examples of a betaine surfactant include lauryldimethylamino acetic acid betaine, and stearyldimethylaminoacetic acid betaine. Examples of an amine oxide surfactant include lauryldimethylamine oxide.
It is conceived that such a surfactant acts to suppress phase separation by reducing a difference in a chemical affinity between a solvent in a reaction system and a growing siloxane polymer in an applying step described below.
Although the addition amount of a surfactant depends on the type of a surfactant, and the type and amount of a silicon compound and a polysiloxane compound, it may be for example 1 to 100 parts by mass with respect to the total amount of a silicon compound and a polysiloxane compound as 100 parts by mass, and may be also 5 to 60 parts by mass.
It is conceived that a thermally hydrolyzable compound generates a base catalyst by thermal hydrolysis to make a reaction solution basic, thereby promoting a sol-gel reaction. Therefore, there is no particular restriction on the thermally hydrolyzable compound, insofar as it is a compound able to make a reaction solution basic after hydrolysis, and examples thereof include urea; an acid amide, such as formamide, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetamide, N-methylacetamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide; and a cyclic nitrogen compound, such as hexamethylenetetramine. Among them, especially urea is apt to achieve the above promotion effect.
There is no particular restriction on the addition amount of a thermally hydrolyzable compound, insofar as it is an amount sufficient to promote thoroughly a sol-gel reaction. For example, when urea is used as a thermally hydrolyzable compound, its addition amount may be 1 to 200 parts by mass with respect to the total amount of a silicon compound and a polysiloxane compound as 100 parts by mass, and may be also 2 to 150 parts by mass. When the addition amount is 1 part by mass or more, excellent reactivity may be obtained more easily, and when the same is 200 parts by mass or less, precipitation of a crystal and decrease in a gel density may be suppressed more easily.
Hydrolysis in a step of preparing a sol may be carried out, for example, in a temperature environment of 20 to 60° C. for 10 min to 24 hours, or may be carried out in a temperature environment of 50 to 60° C. for 5 min to 8 hours, subject to the type and quantity of a silicon compound, a polysiloxane compound, a silica particle, an acid catalyst, a surfactant, or the like in a mixture liquid. By this means, hydrolyzable functional groups in a silicon compound or a polysiloxane compound are hydrolyzed adequately, so that a hydrolysis product of a silicon compound or a hydrolysis product of a polysiloxane compound can be obtained more surely.
However, in a case where a thermally hydrolyzable compound is added into a solvent, the temperature environment of a step of preparing a sol may be adjusted to a temperature at which hydrolysis of the thermally hydrolyzable compound is suppressed and gelation of a sol is suppressed. Such a temperature is optional insofar as hydrolysis of a thermally hydrolyzable compound is suppressed at the temperature. For example, in a case where urea is used as a thermally hydrolyzable compound, the temperature environment of a step of preparing a sol may be 0 to 40° C., or also 10 to 30° C.
Examples of a base catalyst include an alkali metal hydroxide, such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and cesium hydroxide; an ammonium compound, such as ammonium hydroxide, ammonium fluoride, ammonium chloride, and ammonium bromide; a basic sodium phosphate salt, such as sodium metaphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, and sodium polyphosphate; an aliphatic amine, such as allylamine, diallylamine, triallylamine, isopropylamine, diisopropylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, 3-ethoxypropylamine, diisobutylamine, 3-(diethylamino)propylamine, di-2-ethylhexylamine, 3-(dibutylamino)propylamine, tetramethylethylenediamine, t-butylamine, sec-butylamine, propylamine, 3-(methylamino)propylamine, 3-(dimethylamino)propylamine, 3-methoxyamine, dimethylethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine; and a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, such as morpholine, N-methylmorpholine, 2-methylmorpholine, piperazine and its derivative, piperidine and its derivative, and imidazole and its derivative. Among them, ammonium hydroxide (ammonia water) is superior, because it has high volatility so that it hardly remains in an aerogel layer after drying to impair the water resistance, and further because it is economical. The base catalyst may be used singly, or in a combination of 2 or more thereof.
By using a base catalyst, a dehydration condensation reaction and/or a dealcoholization condensation reaction, of any of silicon compounds and the like, polysiloxane compounds and the like, and a silica particle in a sol may be promoted such that gelation of the sol is performed in a shorter time. Especially ammonia is highly volatile and hardly remains in an aerogel layer, therefore when ammonia is used as a base catalyst, an aerogel layer with improved water resistance may be obtained.
The addition amount of a base catalyst may be 0.5 to 5 parts by mass, or may be also 1 to 4 parts by mass with respect to the total amount of silicon compounds and polysiloxane compounds as 100 parts by mass. When the addition amount of a base catalyst is 0.5 part by mass or more, gelation can be carried out in a shorter time, and when it is 5 parts by mass or less, decrease in water resistance may be further suppressed.
The sol needs to be in a semi-gelated state in the sol gel reaction of the step of preparing a sol for the purpose of obtaining good coating properties in the applying step described later. It is preferred that this reaction be performed in a tightly closed container such that the solvent and the base catalyst do not volatilize. Although the gelation temperature varies according to the types and the amounts of the silicon compound, the polysiloxane compound, the silica particles, the acid catalyst, the surfactant, base catalyst, and the like in the sol, the gelation temperature can be 30 to 90° C., and may be 40 to 80° C. If the gelation temperature is controlled to be 30° C. or more, the gelation can be performed in a shorter time, and if the gelation temperature is controlled to be 90° C. or less, rapid gelation can be suppressed.
Although the time for the sol gel reaction varies according to the gelation temperature, the gelation time can be shortened compared to the sol used in conventional aerogels in the case where the silica particles are contained in the sol in the Embodiment. This reason is inferred as follows: the silanol groups and/or reactive groups in silicon compounds and the like and polysiloxane compounds and the like in the sol form hydrogen bonds and/or chemical bonds with the silanol groups in the silica particles. The gelation time can be 10 to 360 minutes, and may be 20 to 180 minutes. By controlling the gelation time to be 10 minutes or more, the viscosity of the sol is enhanced to readily obtaining good applicability in the applying step described later, and by controlling the gelation time to be 360 minutes or less, the complete gelation of the sol is suppressed to readily obtain the adhesiveness to the support, which is a non-aerogel layer.
(Applying Step)
The applying step is a step of applying the semi-gelated sol coating solution obtained in the above step of preparing a sol to a support to form an aerogel layer. Specifically, by applying the above sol coating solution to the support, and drying sol coating solution, the sol coating solution is gelated to form an aerogel layer on the surface of the support. It is desirable that the adhesive force of the aerogel layer to the support be ensured. The aerogel laminate according to the Embodiment can be wound into a roll to be stored.
As an applicator, a die coater, a comma coater, a bar coater, a kiss coater, a roll coater, or the like can be used, and is appropriately used according to the thickness of the aerogel layer. The coating after the sol coating solution is applied can be dried by heating or the like.
The drying of the sol coating solution after applied to the support can be performed on the condition such that the moisture content of the aerogel layer after drying is 10% by mass or more, and the drying may be performed on, for example, the condition such that the moisture content of the aerogel layer after drying is 50% by mass or more. If the moisture content of the aerogel layer is controlled to be 10% by mass, the adhesiveness to the support is readily obtained.
Although the drying temperature varies according to the moisture content and/or the amount of the organic solvent in the sol coating solution and the boiling point of the organic solvent, the drying temperature can be 50 to 150° C., for example, and may be 60 to 120° C. By controlling the drying temperature to be 50° C. or more, the gelation can be performed in a shorter time, and by controlling the drying temperature to be 150° C. or less, the adhesiveness to the support is readily obtained.
Although the drying time varies according to the drying temperature, the drying time can be 0.2 to 10 minutes, for example, and may be 0.5 to 8 minutes. By controlling the drying time to be 0.2 minutes or more, the aerogel layer is readily formed, and by controlling the drying time to be 10 minutes or less, the adhesiveness to the support is readily obtained. The above drying condition can be appropriately set preliminarily by a simple test.
Moreover, a separator can be further laminated on the surface of the aerogel layer opposite to the support. By laminating the separator, the transfer of the above aerogel surface to the rear surface of the support when the aerogel laminate is wound into a roll can be prevented. In the case where the separator is laminated, in the applying step, for example, the separator may be laminated after the sol coating solution is applied, or may be laminated after the coating formed of the sol coating solution is dried. Examples of the separator include resin films composed of resins such as polyolefin, polyester, polycarbonate, and polyimide, metal foils such as copper foil and aluminum foil, and releasing paper. Among these, a resin film can be used from the viewpoint of keeping the moisture content of the aerogel layer high, if the separator is laminated after the sol coating solution is applied. The separator may be subjected to a releasing treatment such as a matting treatment or a corona treatment.
(Aging Step)
The aging step is a step of aging the aerogel layer, which is formed by the above applying step, through heating. In this step, from the viewpoint of suppressing a reduction in the adhesiveness of the aerogel layer to the support, it is preferred that the aerogel layer be aged such that the moisture content of the aerogel layer be 10% by mass or more, and it is more preferred that the aerogel layer be aged such that the moisture content of the aerogel layer be 50% by mass or more. The aging method is not particularly limited as long as the above range is satisfied; examples thereof include a method of aging an aerogel laminate in a sealed atmosphere, and a method of aging using a thermo-hygrostat which can suppress a reduction in moisture content caused by heating.
The aging temperature can be 40 to 90° C., for example, and may be 50 to 80° C. By controlling the aging temperature to be 40° C. or more, the aging time can be shortened, and by controlling the aging temperature to be 90° C. or less, a reduction in the moisture content can be suppressed.
The aging time can be 1 to 48 hours, for example, and may be 3 to 24 hours. By controlling the aging time to be one hour or more, high thermal insulation properties can be obtained, and by controlling the aging time to be 48 hours or less, high adhesiveness to the support can be obtained.
(Step of Washing and Solvent Exchange)
The washing and solvent exchange step has a step of washing the aerogel laminate obtained in the above aging step (washing step) and a step of exchanging the solvent for a solvent suitable for the drying step described later (solvent exchange step). The method of washing and solvent exchange is not particularly limited. Although the washing and solvent exchange step can be implemented in the form of performing only the solvent exchange step without performing the step of washing the aerogel laminate, the aerogel layer after aging may be washed from the viewpoint of reducing impurities such as unreacted substances and by-products in the aerogel layer to enable production of an aerogel laminate having higher purity.
In the washing step, it is preferred that the aerogel layer in the aerogel laminate obtained in the above aging step be repeatedly washed using water or an organic solvent.
As an organic solvent, various organic solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, acetonitrile, hexane, toluene, diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetic acid and formic acid, may be used. The organic solvents may be used singly, or in a combination of 2 or more thereof.
In a solvent exchange step described below, a low surface tension solvent may be used for suppressing contraction of an aerogel layer by drying. However, a low surface tension solvent has in general extremely low mutual solubility with water. Therefore, when a low surface tension solvent is used in a solvent exchange step, it is preferred that the organic solvent used in a washing step is a hydrophilic organic solvent having high mutual solubility with respect to both water and the low surface tension solvent. In this regard, a hydrophilic organic solvent used in a washing step can perform a function of preliminary exchange for a solvent exchange step. For this reason, among these organic solvents described above, hydrophilic organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone can be used; furthermore, methanol, ethanol or methyl ethyl ketone may be used from the viewpoint of economy.
The amount of water or an organic solvent used in a washing step can be an amount enough to exchange the solvent in the aerogel layer, and to wash; the solvent can be used in an amount 3 to 10 times the volume of the aerogel layer. Washing may be repeated until the water content in an aerogel layer after washing reaches 10 mass % or less.
The temperature in a washing step may be not higher than the boiling point of a solvent used for washing, and for example in a case where methanol is used, it may be between approx. 30 and 60° C.
To suppress contraction of the aerogel layer in the drying step described later, the solvent contained in the washed aerogel layer is exchanged for a predetermined exchange solvent in the solvent exchange step. In this case, the exchange efficiency may be enhanced by raising the temperature. Specific examples of an exchange solvent, in a case where drying is performed in a step of drying at the atmospheric pressure and at a temperature less than a critical point of a solvent used for drying, include a low surface tension solvent described below. On the other hand, in the case where supercritical drying is performed, ethanol, methanol, 2-propanol, dichlorodifluoromethane or carbon dioxide may be used singly or in combinations of 2 or more as the exchange solvent, for example.
Examples of a low surface tension solvent include those having a surface tension of 30 mN/m or less at 20° C. The surface tension may be also 25 mN/m or less, or even 20 mN/m or less. Examples of a low surface tension solvent include an aliphatic hydrocarbon, such as pentane (15.5), hexane (18.4), heptane (20.2), octane (21.7), 2-methylpentane (17.4), 3-methylpentane (18.1), 2-methylhexane (19.3), cyclopentane (22.6), cyclohexane (25.2), and 1-pentene (16.0); an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as benzene (28.9), toluene (28.5), in-xylene (28.7), and p-xylene (28.3); a halogenated hydrocarbon, such as dichloromethane (27.9), chloroform (27.2), carbon tetrachloride (26.9), 1-chloropropane (21.8), and 2-chloropropane (18.1); an ether, such as ethyl ether (17.1), propyl ether (20.5), isopropyl ether (17.7), butyl ethyl ether (20.8), and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (24.6); a ketone, such as acetone (23.3), methyl ethyl ketone (24.6), methyl propyl ketone (25.1), and diethyl ketone (25.3); and an ester, such as methyl acetate (24.8), ethyl acetate (23.8), propyl acetate (24.3), isopropyl acetate (21.2), isobutyl acetate (23.7), and ethyl butyrate (24.6). A number in parentheses means a surface tension at 20° C. in unit [mN/m]. Among them, an aliphatic hydrocarbon (such as hexane and heptane) has a low surface tension, and is superior in work environmental property. Further, when a hydrophilic organic solvent, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and 1,2-dimethoxyethane, among the above solvents is used, it may have also a function of an organic solvent for the washing step. Further, among the above solvents, those with a boiling point at a normal pressure of 100° C. or less may be also used, because drying in a step of drying described below is easy. The solvents may be used singly, or in a combination of 2 or more thereof.
The amount of the solvent used in the solvent exchange step can be an amount such that the solvent in the washed aerogel layer can be sufficiently exchanged, and the solvent can be used in an amount 3 to 10 times the volume of the aerogel layer.
The temperature in a solvent exchange step may be not higher than the boiling point of a solvent used for exchange, and for example in a case where heptane is used, it may be between approx. 30 and 60° C.
In the Embodiment, in the case where the silica particles are contained in the sol, the solvent exchange step is not always essential as described above. A mechanism is conjectured as follows. According to the Embodiment a silica particle functions as a support for a three-dimensional network skeleton of the aerogel, and as a result, the skeleton is supported such that contraction of a gel in a step of drying is suppressed. Consequently, it is conceivable that a gel can be subjected to a step of drying as it is without exchanging a solvent used for washing. As described above, a step of washing and solvent exchange through a step of drying may be simplified according to the Embodiment.
Moreover, in the case where the separator is laminated in the applying step, from the viewpoint of enhancing the washing and solvent exchange efficiency of the aerogel layer, the separator may be removed before the washing step, and may be again laminated after the solvent exchange step.
(Step of Drying)
In a step of drying, an aerogel layer subjected to washing and (according to need) solvent exchange as described above is dried. Thereby, the final aerogel laminate can be obtained.
The drying method is not particularly limited, and known normal pressure drying, supercritical drying, or freeze-drying can be used; among these, normal pressure drying or supercritical drying can be used from the viewpoint of readily producing an aerogel layer having low density. Also, from the viewpoint that production at a low cost is possible, normal pressure drying may be applied. “Normal pressure” in the Embodiment means 0.1 MPa (atmospheric pressure).
The aerogel laminate according to the Embodiment can be obtained by drying the aerogel layer subjected to washing and (when necessary) solvent exchange at a temperature less than the critical point of the solvent used in drying under atmospheric pressure. Although the drying temperature varies according to the type of the exchanged solvent (the solvent used in washing in the case where solvent exchange is not performed) or the heat resistance of the support, the drying temperature can be 60 to 180° C., and may be 90 to 150° C. Although the drying time varies according to the volume of the aerogel layer and the drying temperature, the drying time can be 2 to 48 hours. In the Embodiment, the drying can be accelerated by applying pressure in a range not inhibiting the productivity.
Moreover, pre-drying may be performed before the drying step in the aerogel laminate according to the Embodiment from the viewpoint of enhancing the drying efficiency in normal pressure drying. The pre-drying method is not particularly limited. The pre-drying temperature can be 60 to 180° C., and may be 90 to 150° C. Moreover, the pre-drying time can be 1 to 30 minutes. The aerogel laminate obtained by such pre-drying can be further dried in the drying step.
In the case where the separator is laminated in the washing and solvent exchange step, from the viewpoint of drying efficiency and transportation efficiency, the separator can be removed before pre-drying, and be again laminated after pre-drying. Moreover, in the case where the washing and solvent exchange step to the drying step are continuously performed, the separator can be removed before the washing step, and be again laminated after pre-drying.
An aerogel laminate according to the Embodiment may be obtained also by conducting supercritical drying on an aerogel laminate subjected to washing, and (according to need) solvent exchange. Supercritical drying may be conducted by a publicly known technique. Examples of a method for supercritical drying include a method by which a solvent is removed at a temperature and a pressure not lower than the critical point of a solvent contained in an aerogel layer. Alternatively, examples of a method for supercritical drying include a method by which an aerogel layer is immersed in liquefied carbon dioxide for example under conditions of approx. 20 to 25° C., and 5 to 20 MPa to exchange all or part of the solvent contained in an aerogel layer for carbon dioxide having a lower critical point than that of the solvent, and then carbon dioxide alone, or a mixture of carbon dioxide and the solvent is removed.
[Thermal Insulation Material]
The thermal insulation material according to the Embodiment includes at least one of the aerogel laminates described above, and has high thermal insulation properties and high flexibility. The aerogel laminate obtained by the above method of producing an aerogel laminate can be used as a thermal insulation material as it is (or processed into a predetermined shape as needed). The thermal insulation material may be a thermal insulation material in which a plurality of the aerogel laminate are laminated.
The aerogel laminate according to the Embodiment has at least one structure in which the aerogel layer and the support having a heat ray reflective function or a heat ray absorbing function are laminated in the thickness direction. Because the formation of the aerogel into a thin film, which has difficulty in handling properties in the related art, is enabled, the aerogel laminate according to the Embodiment can be used as a thermal insulation material having high thermal insulation properties and high flexibility, and a reduction in thickness of the thermal insulation material can be attained.
Because of such advantages, the aerogel laminate according to the Embodiment can be used in applications as a thermal insulation material in the cryogenic field (superconductivity, cryogenic container, and the like), in the universe field, the building field, the automobile field, household electrical appliances, the semiconductor field, and industrial facilities, etc. Moreover, the aerogel laminate according to the Embodiment can be used, besides applications as a thermal insulation material, as a water-repellant sheet, a sound absorbing sheet, a deadening sheet, and a catalyst carrying sheet.
Next, the present invention will be described in more detail by way of Examples below, but these Examples will not be limiting the present invention.
[Sol Coating Solution 1]
As silicon compounds, 60.0 parts by mass of methyltrimethoxysilane (made by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., product name: LS-530, hereinafter, abbreviated to “MTMS”) and 40.0 parts by mass of dimethyldimethoxysilane (made by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., product name: LS-520, hereinafter, abbreviated to “DMDMS”), 120.0 parts by mass of water, and 80.0 parts by mass of methanol were mixed, and 0.10 parts by mass of acetic acid as an acid catalyst was added thereto to be reacted at 25° C. for 2 hours. To this, 40.0 parts by mass of 5% aqueous ammonia as a base catalyst was added, and a sol gel reaction was performed at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain Sol coating solution 1.
[Aerogel Laminate 1]
Sol coating solution 1 described above was applied to a double-sided aluminum deposited PET film measuring 1000 mm (length)×500 mm (width)×12 μm (thickness) (made by Hitachi AIC Inc., product name: VM-PET) as a support using a film applicator (made by TESTER SANGYO CO., LTD., product name: PI-1210) such that the thickness after gelation was 40 μm, and was dried at 60° C. for 6 minutes to obtain an aerogel laminate having a gel-like aerogel layer. Subsequently, the aerogel laminate obtained was placed in a tightly closed container, and was aged at 60° C. for 8 hours.
Next, the aged aerogel laminate was immersed in 2000 mL of water, and was washed over 30 minutes; then, the aged aerogel laminate was immersed in 2000 mL of methanol, and was washed at 60° C. over 30 minutes. This washing operation was performed twice while methanol was replaced with new one. Furthermore, the washed aerogel laminate was immersed in 2000 mL of methyl ethyl ketone, and solvent exchange was performed at 60° C. over 30 minutes. This solvent exchange operation was performed twice while methyl ethyl ketone was replaced with new one. The aerogel laminate subjected to washing and solvent exchange was dried under normal pressure at 120° C. for 6 hours to obtain Aerogel laminate 1 having structures represented by the above formulae (6) and (7).
[Sol Coating Solution 2]
200.0 parts by mass of water, 0.10 parts by mass of acetic acid as an acid catalyst, 20.0 parts by mass of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide bromide (made by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., hereinafter, abbreviated to “CTAB”) as a cationic surfactant, and 120.0 parts by mass of urea as a thermally hydrolyzable compound were mixed, and 60.0 parts by mass of MTMS and 40.0 parts by mass of DMDMS as silicon compounds were added to this to be reacted at 25° C. for 2 hours. Subsequently, a sol gel reaction was performed at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain Sol coating solution 2.
[Aerogel Laminate 2]
Aerogel laminate 2 having structures represented by the above formulae (6) and (7) was obtained using Sol coating solution 2 described above in the same manner as in Example 1.
[Sol Coating Solution 3]
200.0 parts by mass of water, 0.10 parts by mass of acetic acid as an acid catalyst, 20.0 parts by mass of CTAB as a cationic surfactant, and 120.0 parts by mass of urea as a thermally hydrolyzable compound were mixed, and 60.0 parts by mass of MTMS and 40.0 parts by mass of bistrimethoxysilylhexane (made by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., product name: KBM-3066) as silicon compounds were added to this to be reacted at 25° C. for 2 hours. Subsequently, a sol gel reaction was performed at 60° C. for 4 hours to obtain Sol coating solution 3.
[Aerogel Laminate 3]
Aerogel laminate 3 having structures represented by the above formulae (6) and (8) was obtained using Sol coating solution 3 described above in the same manner as in Example 1.
[Sol Coating Solution 4]
200.0 parts by mass of water, 0.10 parts by mass of acetic acid as an acid catalyst, 20.0 parts by mass of CTAB as a cationic surfactant, and 120.0 parts by mass of urea as a thermally hydrolyzable compound were mixed, and 60.0 parts by mass of MTMS as a silicon compound and 20.0 parts by mass of X-22-160AS (made by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., product name) as a polysiloxane compound having a structure represented by the above Formula (4) were added to this to be reacted at 25° C. for 2 hours. Subsequently, a sol gel reaction was performed at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain Sol coating solution 4.
[Aerogel Laminate 4]
Aerogel laminate 4 having structures represented by the above formulae (1) and (6) was obtained using Sol coating solution 4 described above in the same manner as in Example 1.
[Sol Coating Solution 5]
200.0 parts by mass of water, 0.10 parts by mass of acetic acid as an acid catalyst, 20.0 parts by mass of CTAB as a cationic surfactant, and 120.0 parts by mass of urea as a thermally hydrolyzable compound were mixed, and 80.0 parts by mass of MTMS as a silicon compound, and 20.0 parts by mass of a modified polysiloxane compound having two alkoxy functional groups at both ends having a structure represented by the above Formula (5) (hereinafter, referred to as “Polysiloxane compound A”) as a polysiloxane compound were added to this to be reacted at 25° C. for 2 hours. Subsequently, a sol gel reaction was performed at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain Sol coating solution 5.
“Polysiloxane compound A” described above was synthesized as follows. First, 100.0 parts by mass of dimethylpolysiloxane having silanol groups at both ends (made by Momentive Performance Materials Inc., product name: XC96-723), 181.3 parts by mass of methyltrimethoxysilane, and 0.50 parts by mass of t-butylamine were mixed in a 1-liter 3-necked flask including a stirrer, a thermometer, and a Dimroth condenser to be reacted at 30° C. for 5 hours. Subsequently, the reaction solution was heated under a reduced pressure of 1.3 kPa at 140° C. for 2 hours to remove volatile components, yielding a modified polysiloxane compound having two alkoxy functional groups at both ends (Polysiloxane compound A).
[Aerogel Laminate 5]
Aerogel laminate 5 having structures represented by the above formulae (2), (3), (6), and (7) was obtained using Sol coating solution 5 described above in the same manner as in Example 1.
200.0 parts by mass of water, 0.10 parts by mass of acetic acid as an acid catalyst, 20.0 parts by mass of CTAB as a cationic surfactant, and 120.0 parts by mass of urea as a thermally hydrolyzable compound were mixed, and 60.0 parts by mass of MTMS as a silicon compound and 40.0 parts by mass of a modified polysiloxane compound having three alkoxy functional groups at both ends having a structure represented by the above Formula (5) (hereinafter, referred to as “Polysiloxane compound B”) as a polysiloxane compound were added to this to be reacted at 25° C. for 2 hours. Subsequently, a sol gel reaction was performed at 60° C. for 2 hours to obtain Sol coating solution 6.
“Polysiloxane compound B” described above was synthesized as follows. First, 100.0 parts by mass of XC96-723, 202.6 parts by mass of tetramethoxysilane, and 0.50 parts by mass of t-butylamine were mixed in a 1-liter 3-necked flask including a stirrer, a thermometer, and a Dimroth condenser to be reacted at 30° C. for 5 hours. Subsequently, this reaction solution was heated under a reduced pressure of 1.3 kPa at 140° C. for 2 hours to remove volatile components, yielding a modified polysiloxane compound having three alkoxy functional groups at both ends (Polysiloxane compound B).
[Aerogel Laminate 6]
Aerogel laminate 6 having structures represented by the above formulae (2) and (6) was obtained using Sol coating solution 6 described above in the same manner as in Example 1.
[Sol Coating Solution 7]
100.0 parts by mass of PL-2L (made by FUSO CHEMICAL CO., LTD., product name, average primary particle diameter: 20 nm, solid content: 20% by mass) as a silica particle-containing raw material, 100.0 parts by mass of water, 0.10 parts by mass of acetic acid as an acid catalyst, 20.0 parts by mass of CTAB as a cationic surfactant, and 120.0 parts by mass of urea as a thermally hydrolyzable compound were mixed, and 60.0 parts by mass of MTMS and 40.0 parts by mass of DMDMS as silicon compounds were added to this to be reacted at 25° C. for 2 hours. Subsequently, a sol gel reaction was performed at 60° C. for 1.0 hour to obtain Sol coating solution 7.
[Aerogel Laminate 7]
Aerogel laminate 7 having structures represented by the above formulae (6) and (7) was obtained using Sol coating solution 7 described above in the same manner as in Example 1.
[Sol Coating Solution 8]
100.0 parts by mass of PL-2L as a silica particle-containing raw material, 100.0 parts by mass of water, 0.10 parts by mass of acetic acid as an acid catalyst, 20.0 parts by mass of CTAB as a cationic surfactant, and 120.0 parts by mass of urea as a thermally hydrolyzable compound were mixed, and 60.0 parts by mass of MTMS and 20.0 parts by mass of DMDMS as silicon compounds, and 20.0 parts by mass of X-22-160AS as a polysiloxane compound were added to this to be reacted at 25° C. for 2 hours. Subsequently, a sol gel reaction was performed at 60° C. for 1.0 hour to obtain Sol coating solution 8.
[Aerogel Laminate 8]
Aerogel laminate 8 having structures represented by the above formulae (1), (6), and (7) was obtained using Sol coating solution 8 described above in the same manner as in Example 1.
[Sol Coating Solution 9]
100.0 parts by mass of PL-2L as a silica particle-containing raw material, 100.0 parts by mass of water, 0.10 parts by mass of acetic acid as an acid catalyst, 20.0 parts by mass of CTAB as a cationic surfactant, and 120.0 parts by mass of urea as a thermally hydrolyzable compound were mixed, and 60.0 parts by mass of MTMS and 20.0 parts by mass of DMDMS as silicon compounds, and 20.0 parts by mass of Polysiloxane compound A as a polysiloxane compound were added to this to be reacted at 25° C. for 2 hours. Subsequently, a sol gel reaction was performed at 60° C. for 1.0 hour to obtain Sol coating solution 9.
[Aerogel Laminate 9]
Aerogel laminate 9 having structures represented by the above formulae (2), (3), (6), and (7) was obtained using Sol coating solution 9 described above in the same manner as in Example 1.
[Sol Coating Solution 10]
100.0 parts by mass of PL-2L as a silica particle-containing raw material, 100.0 parts by mass of water, 0.10 parts by mass of acetic acid as an acid catalyst, 20.0 parts by mass of CTAB as a cationic surfactant, and 120.0 parts by mass of urea as a thermally hydrolyzable compound were mixed, 60.0 parts by mass of MTMS and 20.0 parts by mass of DMDMS as silicon compounds, and 20.0 parts by mass of Polysiloxane compound B as a polysiloxane compound were added to this to be reacted 25° C. for 2 hours. Subsequently, a sol gel reaction was performed at 60° C. for 1.0 hour to obtain Sol coating solution 10.
[Aerogel Laminate 10]
Aerogel laminate 10 having structures represented by the above formulae (2), (6), and (7) was obtained using Sol coating solution 10 described above in the same manner as in Example 1.
[Sol Coating Solution 11]
143.0 parts by mass of ST-OZL-35 (made by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., product name, average primary particle diameter: 100 nm, solid content: 35% by mass) as a silica particle-containing raw material, 57.0 parts by mass of water, 0.10 parts by mass of acetic acid as an acid catalyst, 20.0 parts by mass of CTAB as a cationic surfactant, and 120.0 parts by mass of urea as a thermally hydrolyzable compound were mixed, and 60.0 parts by mass of MTMS and 20.0 parts by mass of DMDMS as silicon compounds, and 20.0 parts by mass of Polysiloxane compound A as a polysiloxane compound were added to this to be reacted at 25° C. for 2 hours. Subsequently, a sol gel reaction was performed at 60° C. for 2.0 hours to obtain Sol coating solution 11.
[Aerogel Laminate 11]
Aerogel laminate 11 having structures represented by the above formulae (2), (3), (6), and (7) was obtained using Sol coating solution 11 described above in the same manner as in Example 1.
[Sol Coating Solution 12]
100.0 parts by mass of PL-20 (made by FUSO CHEMICAL CO., LTD., product name, average primary particle diameter: 200 nm, solid content: 20% by mass) as a silica particle-containing raw material, 100.0 parts by mass of water, 0.10 parts by mass of acetic acid as an acid catalyst, 20.0 parts by mass of CTAB as a cationic surfactant, and 120.0 parts by mass of urea as a thermally hydrolyzable compound were mixed, and 60.0 parts by mass of MTMS and 20.0 parts by mass of DMDMS as silicon compounds, and 20.0 parts by mass of Polysiloxane compound A as a polysiloxane compound were added to this to be reacted at 25° C. for 2 hours. Subsequently, a sol gel reaction was performed at 60° C. for 2.0 hours to obtain Sol coating solution 12.
[Aerogel Laminate 12]
Aerogel laminate 12 having structures represented by the above formulae (2), (3), (6), and (7) was obtained using Sol coating solution 12 described above in the same manner as in Example 1.
[Aerogel Laminate 13]
Aerogel laminate 13 having structures represented by the above formulae (2), (3), (6), and (7) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the support was changed to an aluminum foil measuring 1000 mm (length)×500 mm (width)×12 μm (thickness) (made by Toyo Aluminium K.K.).
[Aerogel Laminate 14]
Aerogel laminate 14 having structures represented by the above formulae (2), (3), (6) and (7) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the support was changed to a silver deposited film (made by TEIJIN FRONTIER CO., LTD., product name: REFTEL ZC05T) measuring 1000 mm (length)×500 mm (length)×55 μm (thickness).
[Aerogel Laminate 15]
Aerogel laminate 15 having structures represented by the above formulae (2), (3), (6) and (7) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the support was changed to an antimony oxide containing film (made by Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co., Ltd., product name: Raybarrier TFI-3863A) measuring 1000 mm (length)×500 mm (width)×62 μm (thickness).
[Laminated Thermal Insulation Material 1]
Laminated thermal insulation material 1 was obtained by laminating an E-glass cloth (made by NITTO BOSEKI CO., LTD.) measuring 1000 mm (length)×500 mm (width)×42 μm (thickness) (IPC specification: 1078) as a thermal insulation layer on a double-sided aluminum deposited PET film (made by Hitachi AIC Inc., product name: VM-PET) measuring 1000 mm (length)×500 mm (width)×12 μm (thickness) as a support.
[Laminated Thermal Insulation Material 2]
Laminated thermal insulation material 2 was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the support was changed to an aluminum foil (made by Toyo Aluminium K.K.) measuring 1000 mm (length)×500 mm (width)×12 μm (thickness).
[Laminated Thermal Insulation Material 3]
Laminated thermal insulation material 3 was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the support was changed to a silver deposited film (made by TEIJIN FRONTIER CO., LTD., product name: REFTEL ZC05T) measuring 1000 mm (length)×500 mm (width)×55 μm (thickness).
[Laminated Thermal Insulation Material 4]
Laminated thermal insulation material 4 was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the support was changed to an antimony oxide containing film (made by Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co., Ltd., product name: Raybarrier TFI-3863A) measuring 1000 mm (length)×500 mm (width)×62 μm (thickness).
[Laminated Thermal Insulation Material 5]
Laminated thermal insulation material 5 was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that a polyester non-woven fabric (made by HIROSE PAPER MFG CO., LTD.) measuring 1000 mm (length)×500 mm (width)×20 μm (thickness) as a thermal insulation layer was laminated.
[Evaluation]
The aerogel laminates obtained in Examples and the laminated thermal insulation materials obtained in Comparative Examples were measured and evaluated according to the following conditions.
(1) Preparation of Liquid Nitrogen Container for Evaluating Thermal Insulation Properties
The aerogel laminates and the laminated thermal insulation materials were processed into Sheet A having a size of 606 mm (length)×343 mm (width), Sheet B having a size of 612 mm (length)×362 mm (width), Sheet C having a size of 618 mm (length)×380 mm (width), Sheet D having a diameter of 105 mm, Sheet E having a diameter of 112 mm, and Sheet F having a diameter of 118 mm, respectively.
Next, as sheets for an outer periphery of a liquid nitrogen container, Sheet A10 in which 10 layers of Sheet A were laminated, Sheet B10 in which 10 layers of Sheet B were laminated, and Sheet C10 in which 10 layers of Sheet C were laminated were produced, respectively, such that supports adjacent through an aerogel layer or a thermal insulation layer were not in direct contact with each other. In the same manner as above, as upper and lower sheets for a liquid nitrogen container, Sheet D10 in which 10 layers of Sheet D were laminated, Sheet E10 in which 10 layers of Sheet E were laminated, and Sheet F10 in which 10 layers of Sheet F were laminated were produced, respectively.
A liquid nitrogen container having a height of 600 mm and a diameter of 100 mm was prepared; Sheet A10 was disposed on the side surfaces, and Sheet D10 was disposed on each of the upper and lower sides of the liquid nitrogen container; the sheets were wrapped around the liquid nitrogen container. Next, Sheet B10 was disposed on Sheet A10, Sheet E10 was disposed on Sheet D10, Sheet C10 was disposed on Sheet B10, and Sheet F10 was disposed on Sheet D10 to obtain a liquid nitrogen container for evaluating thermal insulation properties in which 30 layers of the aerogel laminate or the laminated thermal insulation material were laminated. The connection portions between the sheets on the side surfaces and the upper and lower sheets were bonded with an aluminum tape.
(2) Measurement of Thickness of Thermal Insulation Material
The total thickness D30 (mm) of the thermal insulation material 10 disposed on the outer periphery of the liquid nitrogen container 12 was calculated from the following expression:
D30=Dc/2−50.0
where Dc (mm) represents the diameter of the liquid nitrogen container after 30 layers of the aerogel laminate sheet or the laminated thermal insulation material are wrapped around the container.
(3) Thermal Insulation Performance (Heat Flux)
The thermal insulation performance was measured using the liquid nitrogen container for evaluating thermal insulation properties.
A schematic view of the thermal insulation performance tester is illustrated in
The evaporating gas mass flow rate m (kg/s) of liquid nitrogen was determined from the following expression (I).
[Expression 1]
m=ρg,T×Vg,T (1)
In the expression (I), ρg,T represents the gas density (kg/m3) at room temperature; Vg,T represents the gas flow rate (m3/s) at room temperature measured from the output of a wet flow meter 26 and the temperature inside the wet flow meter 26.
Next, the sum of the radiant heat quantity Qr (W) coming through the thermal insulation material 10 and the conductive heat Qc (W) from the neck pipe 18 connecting a flange 17 to the liquid nitrogen container 12 was determined from the following expression (II).
In the expression (II), L represents the evaporative latent heat (J/kg) of liquid nitrogen, ρg,S represents the nitrogen gas density (kg/m3) at a saturated temperature under atmospheric pressure, and ρl,S represents the liquid nitrogen density (kg/m3).
Moreover, Qc was determined from the following expression (III).
In the expression (III), the expression in the brackets ( ) represents the conductive heat of the neck pipe 18, As (m2) represents the cross-sectional area of the neck pipe 18, Lc (m) represents the length of the neck pipe 18, Th (K) represents a constant temperature, Tl (K) represents a low temperature, and λSUS (W/(m·K)) represents the thermal conductivity of stainless steel. The conductive heat of the neck pipe 18 is related with the coefficient of the efficiency ϕ because heat is lost from the surface of the neck pipe 18 due to heat conduction of evaporating gas.
The efficiency ϕ was determined from the following expression (IV).
In the expression (IV), Cp (J/(kg·K)) represents the specific heat. In this evaluation, the value of As above is 0.243×10−4 (m2), and the value of L above is 199000 (J/kg).
The heat flux q (W/m2) passing through the aerogel laminate and the laminated thermal insulation material was determined from the following expression (V). The measurement of the heat flux was performed three times, and the average value was defined as the heat flux in this evaluation.
[Expression 5]
q=Qr/Ar (V)
In the expression (V), Ar (m2) represents the surface area of the liquid nitrogen container, and the value is 0.2041 (m2).
The evaluations of the layer configurations and thermal insulation properties of the aerogel laminates obtained in the Examples and the laminated thermal insulation materials obtained in the Comparative Example are shown in Table 1.
It can be verified from Table 1 that the heat flux is small and the thermal insulation performance is high in the case where the aerogel laminates produced in Examples are used. Moreover, it can be verified that because the aerogel layer and the support are integrated in the aerogel laminates produced in Examples, deviation in the roll is barely generated and the thickness of the thermal insulation material can be reduced.
1 . . . aerogel layer, 2 . . . support, 10 . . . thermal insulation material, 11 . . . inlet, 12 . . . liquid nitrogen container, 14 . . . thermostat, 16 . . . vacuum container, 17 . . . flange, 18 . . . neck pipe, 20 . . . turbomolecular pump, 22 . . . Pirani vacuum gauge, 24 . . . ion vacuum gauge, 26 . . . wet flow meter.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015-013056 | Jan 2015 | JP | national |
This application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 15/546,763 filed Jul. 27, 2017, which is a U.S. national phase application filed under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application PCT/JP2016/052182, filed on Jan. 26, 2016, designating the United States, which claims benefit of the filing date of JP 2015-013056, filed Jan. 27, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15546763 | US | |
| Child | 16411183 | US |
