Patent Application
20080113937
The present invention relates to a preventive/remedy for obesity and diabetes, and the like.
Recently, incidence of lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity and diabetes is steadily on the rise among Japanese due to lack of exercise in addition to excessive energy intake (an increase in intake of fat and sucrose) resulted from westernized eating habit. Under such social circumstances, taking measures to prevent and ameliorate obesity and diabetes is of great importance.
For preventing and ameliorating obesity and diabetes, a typical method suggested by nutritionists is to ingest low-calorie diets or low-fat diets. In recent years, it was reported that each of water-insoluble dietary fibers such as wheat bran, water-soluble dietary fibers such as indigestible dextrin, and resistant starches such as high amylose starch has promoting action of fat excretion (for example, see Non-Patent Document 1), inhibitory action of glucose absorption (for example, see Non-Patent Document 2), reducing action of blood triglyceride (for example, see Non-Patent Document 3), or ameliorating action of glucose resistance (for example, see non-Patent Documents 4, 5, and 6). It is believed that they are effective in prevention and amelioration of obesity as well as prevention and amelioration of diabetes.
It is also believed that a sudden increase in blood lipid levels after meals promotes fat accumulation. Hence, for preventing and ameliorating obesity, an approach to suppress hyperlipidemia (an increase in blood triglyceride) after meals is also of great importance. In recent years, as safe and effective fat absorption inhibitors, xanthan gum, propylene glycol alginate (for example, see Patent-Document 1), and chitosan (for example, see Patent Document 2) were reported.
The above low-calorie diets or low-fat diets can be transiently effective to a small extent in weight loss. However, ingredients composing those diets have simple flavors, so that after a long while people who have been eating them start rejecting them, resulting in difficulty in ingesting such diets for a long period. Also, in order that ingredients such as the above conventional water-insoluble dietary fibers, water-soluble dietary fibers, and resistant starches provide the above physiological effects, they should be ingested in high doses and over a long period. Also, even when such physiological effects were obtained, suppression of obesity was not confirmed. In addition, when foods and beverages were made by adding such ingredients, appearance and texture such as taste, crunchiness, and smoothness, which were expected originally from such foods and beverages, were compromised in many cases. Therefore, there were problems in that it was difficult to contain them in sufficient amounts in foods; application areas were limited; and further, it was difficult to keep ingesting such foods and beverages over a long period.
Acetylated starch is superior in freeze-thaw stability and transparency, and thus utilized in areas such as frozen noodles for improving texture and stability and frozen omelets for preventing the separation of water content (for example, see Non-Patent Document 7). Starch octenyl succinate is a starch wherein an emulsifying ability is added, and such starch has two functions, i.e., emulsification and emulsion stabilization (for example, see Non-Patent Document 7), and is used as an additive in shampoos, cosmetics such as powders, and the like.
However, it has not been noted so far that the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate is effective in preventing and ameliorating lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity and diabetes.
[Non-Patent Document 1] Am J Clin Nutr 1978 31 (10 Suppl): 521-529
[Non-Patent Document 2] Endocrine Journal 1992 68 (6): 623-35
[Non-Patent Document 3] Am J Clin Nutr 1989 49 (2): 337-44
[Non-Patent Document 4] Acta Paediatr Hung 1985 26 (1): 75-7
[Non-Patent Document 5] J Endocrinol 1995 144 (3): 533-8
[Non-Patent Document 6] Am J Clin Nutr 1989 49 (2): 337-44
[Non-Patent Document 7] Toyoharu Takahashi, “Denpun Seihin No Chishiki” (in Japanese) (Translation: “Knowledge on Starch Products”), Saiwai Shobo, pp 112 & 132
[Patent Document 1] JP-A-H05-186356
[Patent Document 2] JP-A-H03-290170
The present invention relates to a preventive/remedy for obesity, an agent for suppressing fat accumulation in internal organs, an agent for suppressing blood glucose level increase, and a preventive/remedy for diabetes, wherein the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate is an active ingredient.
The present invention also relates to use of the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate for preparing a preventive/remedy for obesity, an agent for suppressing fat accumulation in internal organs, an agent for suppressing blood glucose level increase, or a preventive/remedy for diabetes.
The present invention also relates to a method for preventing and ameliorating obesity, a method for suppressing fat accumulation in internal organs, a method for suppressing blood glucose level increase, or a method for preventing and ameliorating diabetes, wherein the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate is administered or ingested.
The present invention further relates to a food for preventing and ameliorating obesity, a food for suppressing fat accumulation in internal organs, a food for suppressing blood glucose level increase, or a food for preventing and ameliorating diabetes, wherein the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate is included.
The present invention relates to providing raw materials for foods, pharmaceuticals, and the like, wherein the raw materials are not only effective in preventing and ameliorating various lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity and hyperlipidemia, safe, and applicable in wide areas, but also less deteriorative to texture.
The present inventors have been exploring for raw materials that have physical properties different from those of the conventional dietary fibers, such as resistant starches, cellulose, and indigestible dextrin and are also effective in suppressing progression of obesity and diabetes and ameliorating such diseases, and finally they have discovered that acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate, exhibiting in a small ingesting amount various physiological actions such as obesity-suppressing action, is useful as a raw material for foods and pharmaceuticals that is effective in preventing and ameliorating lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity and diabetes.
The preventive/remedy for obesity and the like of the present invention can be effective in prevention and amelioration of the development of various lifestyle-related diseases, for example, in prevention and amelioration of obesity, prevention and amelioration of hyperlipidemia, prevention of cardiac diseases such as cardiac failure, prevention of thrombosis, prevention of colonic cancer or rectal cancer, and hence can be advantageously used as foods, pharmaceuticals, and the like. In particular, the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate, which is an active ingredient thereof, is derived from starch, and hence it is safe for humans. The acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate is also easily gelatinized, and hence it is applicable in a wide range of foods and beverages and when it is added to a specially designated food for promoting better health or the like, it will compromise the original texture thereof only at a minimal level.
The acetylated starch in accordance with the present invention can be obtained by acetylating starch or processed starch by an ordinary method. Specifically, the acetylated starch can be obtained by reacting acetic anhydride or vinyl acetate on starch.
Commercially available acetylated starches such as Z-700 (derived from tapioca, acetylated, available from Nippon Starch Chemical), MT-01B (derived from tapioca, acetylated, available from Nihon Shokuhin Kako), ADIX-H (derived from waxy corn, acetylated, available from Nihon Shokuhin Kako), and Mapusu #449 (derived from waxy corn, acetylated, available from Nihon Shokuhin Kako) can also be used.
The starch octenyl succinate can be obtained by modifying starch or processed starch with octenyl succinate by an ordinary method. Specifically, the starch can be obtained by reacting octenyl succinic anhydride on starch.
Commercially available products such as Amycol Nyuka (derived from tapioca, modified with octenyl succinate, available from Nippon Starch Chemical) can also be used.
Starches as starting materials include, for example, waxy corn starch, corn starch, wheat starch, rice starch, glutinous rice starch, potato starch, sweet potato starch, tapioca starch, and sago starch. Preferably, the amylopectin content in such starch is 70% by weight or more, preferably 75 to 100%, and more preferably 90 to 100%, so that a gelatinized solution of such starch is highly transparent; when such starch is applied in foods and beverages, the appearance thereof is not compromised; and such starch is applicable in wide areas. Among them, waxy corn starch and tapioca starch are preferred as starting material starches.
The “acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate” in accordance with the present invention also includes acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate obtained by combining other processes with the above process. Processes that can be combined include esterification of acetic acid, phosphoric acid, etc., etherization such as carboxymethyl etherization of hydroxypropyl group or the like, cross-linking by use of an ordinary cross-linking agent such as a trimetaphosphate, a hexametaphosphate, phosphorus oxychloride, adipic acid, and epichlorohydrin, oxidation, acid treatment, bleaching, steam treatment, heat treatment, and enzymatic treatment. The above processes may be used solely or in combination of two or more. Among them, esterification is preferred, and phosphorylation, in particular, cross-linking by a phosphate is more preferred. As for the degree of phosphorylation, the bound phosphorus content may be from 0.0001 to 2%, preferably from 0.0001 to 0.5%, and more preferably from 0.0001 to 0.2%, in view of better texture and the like.
As the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate in accordance with the present invention, gelatinized acetylated starch or gelatinized starch octenyl succinate wherein the above acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate is gelatinized by heating in water and the like can also be used. Herein, typical conditions for the heat treatment in water are, for example, that the above starch is suspended in distilled water or the like at the final concentration of from 4 to 60% by weight, which is then autoclaved at from 110 to 130° C. for from 10 to 20 min.
As for the degree of acetylation of the acetylated starch, the acetyl value (the number of acetyl groups per glucose anhydride residue in a starch) is preferably from 0.001 to 1, more preferably from 0.005 to 0.5, and still more preferably from 0.01 to 0.1.
As the degree of modification with octenyl succinate, the octenyl succinate value (the number of octenyl succinate groups per glucose anhydride residue in a starch) is preferably from 0.001 to 1, more preferably from 0.005 to 0.5, and still more preferably from 0.01 to 0.1.
The above acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate can be prepared by simple steps from starch relatively at a low cost and the resulting product is of high purity. The safety level of the above acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate is also high. When used in various foods and beverages, pharmaceuticals, pet foods, or the like, the above acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate gives more natural texture than the conventional dietary fibers or resistant starch. In addition, the above acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate is resistant to freezing, so that advantageously defrosting does not readily cause deterioration thereof.
Moreover, as described in the Examples in the later paragraphs, first, the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate has the action of suppressing obesity, by which body weight and fat built up in internal organs are significantly reduced, and hence can be effective, for example, in prevention of hyperlipidemia, prevention of cardiac diseases such as cardiac failure, prevention of thrombosis, and prevention of hypertension, those ailments being caused by obesity. Second, the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate has the action of suppressing hyperglycemia after meals, that is, a sudden increase in blood glucose level after meals, as well as the action of suppressing an increase in stationary blood glucose levels, and hence can be effective, for example, in prevention of diabetes and related various complications such as cataract, periodontitis, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy.
Accordingly, the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate in accordance with the present invention can be a raw material for foods or pharmaceuticals for humans or animals, serving as a preventive/remedy for obesity, an agent for suppressing fat accumulation in internal organs, an agent for suppressing blood glucose level increase, and a preventive/remedy for diabetes (hereinafter referred to as the preventive/remedy for obesity and the like).
As for the preventive/remedy for obesity and the like in accordance with the present invention, one or more types of the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate per se can be solely administered to a human or an animal, and also can be ingested by the addition thereof to various foods and beverages, pharmaceuticals, pet foods, and the like. Applicable foods include foods for promoting beauty, foods for sick people, and specially designated foods for promoting better health, the conceptual targets thereof being physiological functions such as suppression of body fat accumulation and suppression of blood glucose level increase. Applicable pharmaceutical preparations include, for example, oral solid preparations such as tablets and granules, liquids for internal use, and oral liquid preparations such as syrup.
Furthermore, when an oral solid preparation is formed, an excipient, and optionally a binder, a disintegrator, a lubricant, a coloring agent, a flavoring agent, odor modifier, etc., are added to the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate in accordance with the present invention, and then tablets, coated tablets, granule, powder, capsules, or the like can be formed by the conventional method. Moreover, when an oral liquid preparation is formed, a flavoring agent, a buffer, a stabilizer, a flavoring agent, etc., are added, and then a liquid preparation for internal use, syrup, elixir, or the like can be formed by the conventional method.
The amount of the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate to be added in each of the above preparations is generally from 5 to 100% by weight, preferably from 20 to 100% by weight, and more preferably from 30 to 100% by weight.
The dosage (the effective ingesting amount) of the preventive/remedy for obesity and the like in accordance with the present invention is preferably 0.01 g/kg body weight per day or more, more preferably 0.1 g/kg body weight per day or more, and still more preferably 0.4 g/kg body weight per day or more.
The action of suppressing obesity and the action of suppressing blood glucose level increase exhibited by the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate
A tapioca starch and a waxy corn starch were obtained from National Starch and Chemical. As acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate, commercially available Amycol Nyuka (derived from tapioca, modified with octenyl succinate, from Nippon Starch Chemical), Z-700 (derived from tapioca, acetylated, from Nippon Starch Chemical), ADIX-H (derived from waxy corn, acetylated, from Nihon Shokuhin Kako), and Mapusu #449 (derived from waxy corn, acetylated, from Nihon Shokuhin Kako) were used.
The above starch was suspended in distilled water at the final concentration of 50% by weight, which then was autoclaved at 120° C. for 15 min. (steam treatment) followed by freeze-drying to prepare the gelatinized test starch.
Mice were divided into groups, in which each group consisted of 10 mice (C57BL/6J, males, 6 weeks old). The animal diets were prepared by adding each of the gelatinized starches according to the compositions shown in Table 1. The mice were fed with the above diets. After 15-week feeding, the mice were put away after the blood samples were collected, and the blood glucose level and the fat weight of the internal organs were measured. In Table 2, the mouse bodyweight after 15-week feeding as well as the fat weight of the internal organs and the blood glucose level after 15-week feeding are shown.
The results shown in Table 2 show that the mice that ingested the diet wherein 5% of the acetylated starch or the starch octenyl succinate (derived from tapioca) was added thereto showed significantly lower body weight and fat weight of the internal organs than the mouse that ingested the diet wherein the corresponding starting material starch was added thereto, thereby indicating the effect of suppressing obesity.
Further, the mice that ingested the high-fat diet wherein 5% of tapioca starch or waxy corn starch was added thereto showed a higher stationary blood glucose level than the mice that ingested the low-fat diet. However, it is shown that the mice that ingested the high-fat diet wherein 5% of the tapioca starch or the waxy corn starch that was acetylated or modified with octenyl succinate was added thereto showed a lower stationary blood glucose level than the mice that ingested the diet wherein the corresponding starting material starch (derived from tapioca or waxy corn) was added thereto, thereby indicating the effect of suppressing blood glucose level increase.
The action of suppressing blood glucose level increase after meals exhibited by the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate
A tapioca starch and a waxy corn starch were obtained from National Starch and Chemical. As acetylated starch, Z-700 (derived from tapioca, from Nippon Starch Chemical), MT-01B (derived from tapioca, from Nihon Shokuhin Kako), ADIX-H (derived from waxy corn, from Nihon Shokuhin Kako), Mapusu #306 (derived from waxy corn, from Nihon Shokuhin Kako), and Mapusu #449 (derived from waxy corn, from Nihon Shokuhin Kako) were used, and as starch octenyl succinate, Amycol Nyuka (derived from tapioca, from Nippon Starch Chemical) was used.
The above starch (1 g) suspended in 15 mL of distilled water was autoclaved at 120° C. for 15 min. (steam treatment), which was allowed to stand to cool down to room temperature.
To the pre-treated starch solution, an alpha-amylase solution, a pepsin solution, a pancreatin solution, and an amyloglucosidase solution were added in this order, and the level of glucose liberated at the end was measured (by Glucose Test Wako, from Wako Pure Chemical).
The above starch was suspended in distilled water at the final concentration of 5% by mass, which then was autoclaved at 120° C. for 15 min. (steam treatment). The steam treated solution was allowed to stand to cool down to room temperature.
Each group consisted of 6 mice (C57BL/6J, males, 6 weeks old). The above treated starch solution was orally administered to the mice at a dose of 2 mg starch/g body weight. After 0, 30, 60, and 120 min. of administration, the blood samples were collected from the tail vein and the blood glucose level was measured by a compact blood glucose monitoring system (Accu-Chek Comfort from Roche Diagnostics). A blood glucose level increase after the meal was expressed by a percentage of absorption, wherein the area under the blood glucose level curve 2 hrs. after the oral administration of the starting material starch corresponds to 100.
In Table 3, for each of the test starches, the liberated glucose level and the glucose level increase after the meal are shown.
The results shown in Table 3 show that the liberated glucose level was significantly lower for the acetylated starch or starch octenyl succinate (derived from tapioca or waxy corn) than for the starting material starch. The blood glucose level increase in the mice to which the acetylated starch (derived from tapioca or waxy corn) was orally administered was also significantly smaller than in the mice to which the corresponding starting material starch was orally administered, thereby indicating the effect of suppressing blood glucose level increase after meals.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004-262492 | Sep 2004 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP05/16402 | 9/7/2005 | WO | 00 | 3/8/2007 |
