Patent Application
20090228390
The present invention is related to a computer-based system for facilitating the trading of tradable objects, and more particular, relates to a computer-based system for hosting a collection of one or more electronic exchanges.
At one time, there were only open-outcry exchanges where traders, or more specifically buyers and sellers, would come together to trade in person. With the advent of electronic trading, traders may participate at their client devices from remote distances by communicating over physical networks with electronic exchanges that automatically match bids and offers.
In particular, subscribing traders are connected to an exchange's electronic trading platform by way of a communication link and through an application program interface to facilitate real-time electronic messaging between themselves and the exchange. The electronic trading platform includes at least one electronic market, which is at the heart of the trading system for a particular market and handles the matching of bids and offers placed by the subscribing traders for that market. The electronic messaging includes market information that is sent from the electronic market to the traders. Once the traders receive market information, it may be displayed to them on their trading screens. Upon viewing the information, traders can take certain actions including the actions of sending buy or sell orders to the electronic market, adjusting existing orders, deleting orders, or otherwise managing orders. Traders may also use software tools on their client devices to automate these and additional actions.
To set up an electronic exchange, one must generally get approval from a particular regulating commission. For example, in the field of futures, approval must come from the governmental authority known as the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). An exchange may list one or more tradable objects, but approval for each tradable object must be given by the CFTC. Examples of registered exchanges with the CFTC in the Chicago, Ill. area includes the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) and Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), just to name a few.
In addition, the CFTC provides a list of the approved tradable objects for the CBOT and CME. As used herein, the term “tradable objects,” refers simply to anything that can be traded with a quantity and/or price. It includes, but is not limited to, all types of tradable objects such as financial products, which can include, for example, stocks, options, bonds, futures, currency, and warrants, as well as funds, derivatives and collections of the foregoing, and all types of commodities, such as grains, energy, and metals. The tradable object may be “real,” such as products that are listed by an exchange for trading, or “synthetic,” such as a combination of real products that is created by the user. A tradable object could actually be a combination of other tradable object, such as a class of tradable objects.
Getting approval for an electronic exchange is one obstacle; however actually implementing a successful electronic exchange is another. For example, one must purchase or lease space to house the computer equipment. Then, computer equipment must be acquired such as servers, gateways, workstations, and so forth to run the exchange. Once traders are willing and interested in trading at the exchange, connections must be made from the traders to the exchange. This might entail setting up gateways to the traders so that they can receive market data feeds and so that the exchange can receive bids and offers. And when the exchange is up and running, it needs continuous support to maintain a robust trading environment. Even if an exchange already has such equipment to offer additional tradable objects, the equipment may age or become obsolete, requiring expensive replacement by better and faster computers.
Also, the exchange's tradable objects must be publicized to attract traders. Even with the best computer equipment and support, if traders are not there to trade then the exchange can die a premature death. Therefore, exchanges often strive to attract traders to increase volumes of their tradable objects, keeping in mind most exchanges only make money when trading occurs. This is particularly difficult for upstart exchanges or newcomers looking to list their tradable objects, for example.
Therefore, what is needed is an improved way of trading. In particular, a new way to list tradable objects so that traders and exchanges may both benefit.
Many aspects of the present embodiments may be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating example embodiments.
According to the preferred embodiments, an aggregated trading system is described herein for hosting a collection of one or more independently registered electronic exchanges. In the preferred embodiment, the collection of electronic exchanges may be made up of separately designated exchanges under one or more authorizing and regulating bodies. Each electronic exchange preferably lists at least one tradable object for trading amongst buyers and sellers, also referred to herein as traders. Preferably, the aggregated trading system receives from traders bids to purchase and offers to sell a tradable object listed at one of the electronic exchanges. Then, the aggregated trading system automatically directs the bids and offers to the appropriate exchange where the bids and offers may be automatically matched in the corresponding market.
According to another aspect of the preferred embodiments, computer software that resides at the aggregated trading system may be used to take actions in one or more markets on behalf of a trader using preprogrammed trading instructions. In other words, now that more than one electronic exchange can be hosted by the aggregated trading system, it is also possible to efficiently integrate trading at markets listed at each of the various exchanges. For instance, a trader might want to trade tradable objects listed at two different electronic exchanges, both of which are hosted by the aggregated trading system. Using this feature, the trader can provide trading instructions in advance to the aggregated trading system (or some component preferably residing within the trading system) that include actions to be taken when certain conditions occur in the markets. Then, when the stated condition occurs, the aggregated trading system will take action per the programmed trading instructions. For instance, when something happens in the first market based on the trading instructions, the aggregated trading system may take an action in the second market, and vice-versa. This intarexchange-trading feature opens up numerous possibilities in providing a trader-friendly environment while facilitating the trading of tradable objects such that traders and electronic exchanges can both benefit.
According to yet another aspect of the preferred embodiments, the aggregated trading system may communicate with one or more external electronic exchanges, and more specifically, with matching engines that are external to the preferred system. This feature allows the aggregated trading system to act on behalf of a trader using preprogrammed trading instructions with other exchanges that are external to the system. Moreover, this feature allows the aggregated trading system to forward any actions taken from the trader to the external electronic exchange. For instance, a trader might wish to trade a tradable object that is hosted at the aggregated trading system and a tradable object that is hosted at an external electronic exchange. Using this interexchange-trading feature, the trader may simply connect to only the aggregated trading system, and still, the trader may trade at both electronic exchanges, if so desired.
A private corporation, public corporation, partnership, an individual, or some other body, collectively referred to herein as an entity, may have a tradable object to trade. The present embodiments may be used by any entity to facilitate trading of a tradable object. Examples of such entities are given below to illustrate the kinds of situations where the aggregated trading system may be of particular use. Of course, these examples are not meant to limit those who may use the present embodiments in any way.
According to one example, an individual (call him “John” for ease of illustration) might have come up with a new tradable object and wishes to list the object for trade, but does not know how to do it. John could simply lease or rent space at the aggregated trading system to list his tradable object. John could assist in the development of the matching engine used to match the incoming bids and offers for his tradable object, or alternatively, someone associated with the aggregated trading system may develop the algorithms for him. Once John's matching system is up and running, he has the potential to reach a large amount of traders already connected to the aggregated trading system to trade his tradable object.
According to another example, an exchange might have additional tradable objects that it wishes to add to its offerings. However, the exchange does not want the extra expense in capital to support the new tradable objects. As a result, the exchange could lease or rent space at the aggregated trading system to list the additional tradable objects. If so desired, the trading of the tradable object could even be set up to make the trader believe that he or she is trading at the actual exchange and not at the aggregated trading system. Then, with this sort of transparency to the trader, the trader could simply log onto the exchange and trade the tradable object, even though the matching engine for the tradable object is actually hosted at a location different than the exchange.
According to yet another example, an exchange might want to add redundancy to their exchange's computer system. For instance, the exchange could use the aggregated trading system as a backup to the exchange's own matching engines in case the exchange experiences downtime. An exchange could experience downtime during servicing to the matching engines, or if an outside computer virus hits the exchange's network, or a software bug is found in the exchange's computer system. Regardless of how the downtime occurs, once the exchange goes down (or parts of it), the traders may be immediately transported to trade the very same tradable objects at the aggregated trading system.
According to another example, a newly registered exchange might want to start it's business as an electronic exchange. Without the expense associated with building an electronic exchange from scratch, the new exchange could simply obtain space at the aggregated trading system to offer it's new tradable objects. Once the new exchange becomes a success, and if it is desired, it can eventually build up its resources to construct its own electronic exchange.
According to another example, a corporation may wish to acquire capital by issuing shares to investors. Transfer of ownership in the corporation may be accomplished by buying and selling shares of the stock, for example. The corporation may use a matching engine at the aggregated trading system to facilitate the trading of its stock. The corporation may also wish to hedge risk through the use of the aggregated trading system.
The above examples are provided to illustrate some situations where the aggregated trading system may be of particular use. One advantage, among many, of the aggregated trading system is that each of the entities illustrated above may list their tradable objects at the same aggregated trading system which preferably has distribution to a large number of traders. Then, each entity has instant access to the large number of traders. Other systems, methods, features, and advantages of the preferred embodiments will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following drawings and description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features, and advantages included within the description be within the scope of the present invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims.
Trading system 100 may include an exchange interface 102, an exchange switch 104, and one or more electronic exchanges generally indicated as 106. Trading system 100 preferably communicates with client devices generally indicated as 108 via exchange interface 102. In particular, exchange interface 102 may receive bids to purchase and offers to sell a tradable object listed at a particular electronic exchange. The exchange interface 102 is electronically coupled to the exchange switch 104 that in turn directs the bids or offers to the appropriate electronic exchange 106.
Client devices 108 preferably communicate with trading system 100 over one or more communication links generally indicated as 112. Communication links 112 may include direct communications lines, network connections, or a combination of the two. Examples of a direct communications line include digital communications lines provided by a common carrier such as a T-carrier (for example, T1, T2, T3, and so on), Digital Subscriber Line technology (DSL and its variations), cable modem technology, or direct satellite technology, to name a few. Direct communications lines may link the client devices 108 to trading system 100, or the communications lines may link the client devices 108 to points of access including gateways and routers (not shown for sake of clarity) that are then coupled to trading system 100. Network connections might include a local area network (LAN) and/or a wide area network (WAN). An example of a WAN is the Internet, which is a worldwide collection of networks and gateways that use the TCP/IP suite of protocols to communicate with one another. Regardless of the technology used in linking client devices 108 to trading system 100, it should be noted that client devices 108 may be local to trading system 100 such as physically located in the same room or building, or alternatively, client devices 108 may be remote to trading system 100 such that they are located in different buildings, different cities, or in different parts of the world.
Client devices 108 may be computing devices that provide an interface for traders to trade at one or more markets listed with one, some, or all of electronic exchanges 112 (and external electronic exchanges shown in
The trading system 100 may also communicate with other systems to facilitate the trading of tradable objects. For example, according to some types of trading, a clearing organization is required to settle trades and regulate delivery. According to this example, each electronic exchange may be connected to external clearing organization using techniques known in the art. Alternatively, one or more separate clearing components may be added to the trading system 100 to perform the function of a clearing organization(s) or to communicate with an external clearing organization (not shown in the drawing). In another example, which is described later in this application, system 100 may communicate with other electronic exchanges, and more specifically, matching engines that are located external to trading system 100.
The aggregated trading system 100 further includes an exchange switch 104 that automatically directs the bids and offers to the appropriate electronic exchange 106. Exchange switch 104 may be electronically coupled to exchange interface 102 over data bus 108. Preferably, data bus 108 is an internal bus that is configured in parallel for speed, or alternatively, a data bus configured in series may be used. Preferably, bids and offers are contained in a message format which includes a destination address or an equivalent that may be used by the exchange switch 104 to determine its heading. Then, upon receiving a bid message or an offer message, for instance, the exchange switch 104 may parse the message to determine which exchange to route the bid or offer message.
Alternatively, exchange interface 102, exchange switch 104, and electronic exchanges 106 may be coupled by software means in addition to or in place of data bus 108 and/or data bus 110, which is described more below. According to this alternative embodiment, messages or parameters within the messages may be passed between the interface 102, switch 104, and exchanges 106 by other known mechanisms such as passed by reference, passed by address, or pass by value.
The aggregate trading system 100 further includes one or more electronic exchanges generally designated as 106 in
It should be noted that additional electronic exchanges (matching engines) may be added to the trading system 100 as desired. Adding additional electronic exchanges may be accomplished by installing the appropriate software applications into memory or hard storage for execution. Such application programs may include a disk-based installation, or setup, program that does most of the work of preparing the program to work with the aggregated trading system, for example. The software program can check for devices attached to the system 100, request the user to choose from sets of options, create a place for the program on the hard disk, and/or modify system startup files as necessary. To remove electronic exchanges, each software application may be uninstalled. Applications may have built-in uninstall utilities, and in other cases a separate uninstall program can be used.
As shown in
Referring to
Preferably, trading system 100 further includes data line 114 that is used to carry order book information from the electronic exchanges 106 to exchange interface 102. In particular, data line 114 preferably couples each of electronic exchanges 106 with exchange interface 102 to carry order book information from the electronic exchanges 106 to exchange interface 102. Additionally, data line 114 may carry other useful information such as the last traded price, the last traded quantity, the settlement price, open prices, close prices, and so forth. Data line 114 may represent one or more internal busses to accommodate a desirable output bandwidth from the electronic exchanges 106 to exchange interface 102. Furthermore, traders may access order book information for each electronic exchange 106 at exchange interface 102 through the same communication link that they use to send bids and offers. It should be noted that the present embodiments are not limited to sending order book information through exchange interface 102, but rather a separate software component may be used to output such information to client devices 108.
According to the preferred embodiments, order book information may include the inside market, which is generally the current lowest sell price (sometimes referred to as the best ask) and the current highest buy price (sometimes referred to as the best bid). Order book information may also include market depth, which generally refers to quantities available in the market at the certain buy price levels and sell price levels. Of course, the number of price levels or market depth provided to a trader may depend on the electronic exchange. In addition, order book information might also include the open price, settlement price, net change, volume, last traded price, the last traded quantity, and order fill information. The present embodiments are not limited to the type of order book information provided.
The electronic exchange 106 further includes a market switch 302 that automatically directs the bids and offers to the appropriate market for a tradable object 304, 306, 308 having matching engines 310, 312, 314, respectively. Market switch 302 may be electronically coupled to market interface 300 over data bus 316. Preferably, data bus 316 is an internal bus that is configured in parallel for speed, or alternatively, a data bus configured in series may be used. Preferably, bids and offers are contained in a message format which includes a destination address or an equivalent that may be used by the market switch 302 to determine its heading. Then, upon receiving a bid message or an offer message, for instance, the market switch 302 may parse the message to determine which tradable object to route the bid or offer message.
Alternatively, market interface 300, market switch 302, and tradable objects 304, 306, and 308 may be coupled by software means in addition to or in place of data bus 316 and/or 318. According to this alternative embodiment, messages or parameters within the messages may be passed between the interface 300, switch 302, and tradable objects 304, 306, and 308 by other mechanisms such as passed by reference, passed by address, or pass by value.
According to the preferred embodiments, the “electronic exchange 1” may include one or more tradable objects that may be installed or uninstalled. Market switch 302 may be electronically coupled to tradable objects 304, 306, and 308 by a second data bus 318. Included with second data bus 318 may be a bus enumerator 320 which operates as a device driver to locate tradable objects 304, 306, and 308 and assigns a unique identification code to each tradable object. Other ways of communicating between the market switch 302 and tradable objects 304, 306, and 308 may be used.
In the preferred embodiments, each tradable object is an authorized object for trading. For instance, each tradable object may be registered by an authorizing body (e.g., the same authorizing body that exchanges are registered under). As shown in
Each tradable objects 304, 306, and 308 may have a unique matching engine 310, 312, 314 associated with it. The matching engine preferably performs the function of automatically matching the incoming bids and offers to resting orders in the order book. Each matching engine may be uniquely designed for the particular tradable object. In addition, each matching engine may run independently from the other matching engines. In other words, matching engine 310 may run independently of matching engine 312 and not be aware of the matches made by matching engine 312. Alternatively, the matching engines may be integrated with one another to allow for integrated matching algorithms (e.g., spread trading multiple tradable objects). For example, matching engine 310 may be made aware of the orders processed by matching engine 312. Then, the two matching engines 310, 312 may perform functions that are interrelated with each other.
As shown in
In particular, the internal exchange interface 414 may be used to interface with one or more internal electronic exchanges indicated as 412. This feature is useful to perform actions at other markets with the electronic exchanges on behalf of the traders, and may be used for placing an order in a market, changing an existing order, or deleting an existing order by a electronic market at an exchange on behalf of a trader.
For example, programmed instructions may be stored at the internal exchange interface 414 and can be executed to take actions in one of the various exchanges 412. That way, various trading strategies may be implemented such as cross-exchange or cross-market spreads. Instructions may be received from traders, or alternatively, they may be downloaded from a user administrator of the preferred system, for example. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/628,631, entitled “System and Method for Improved Electronic Trading,” filed on Jul. 28, 2002, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference, describes a system and method for an exchange to act based on a market event on behalf of a trader. The system and method in the incorporated application may be used by the trading system 400 to facilitate interexchange trading.
According to the preferred embodiments, the external exchange interface 500 may be used to interface with one or more external electronic exchanges 502, 504, 506. An external electronic exchange is an exchange that operates outside of the trading system 400. This feature is useful to perform actions at outside exchanges on behalf of the traders, and may be used for placing an order in a market, changing an existing order, or deleting an existing order by an electronic market at an exchange on behalf of a trader. As mentioned above, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/628,631, entitled “System and Method for Improved Electronic Trading,” describes a system and method for an exchange to act based on a market event on behalf of a trader. The system and method in the incorporated application may be used by the trading system 400 to facilitate interexchange trading.
It should be noted that the internal exchange interface 414 in
The aggregate trading system 600 further includes an exchange switch 604 that automatically directs the bids and offers to the appropriate matching engines generally indicated as 606. Exchange switch 604 may be electronically coupled (via software calls or a data bus, for instance) to exchange interface 602. Then, upon receiving a bid message or an offer message, in one instance, the exchange switch 604 may parse the message to determine which matching engine 606 to route the bid or offer message. An entity may own one or more of the matching engines 606.
An electronic trading system is described herein for hosting a collection of one or more electronic exchanges, in which, an entity may lease or purchase, for example, virtual space in the aggregated trading system. So, for example, if an entity has a registered tradable object, then using the preferred system, he or she may list the object to trade at the aggregated trading system. As a result, traders who are already connected to the aggregated trading system, may also trade this entity's tradable object.
Of course, there are many advantages and features of the aggregate trading system. Some example advantages and features are described herein, and other advantages of the system will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the drawings and description contained herein. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features, and advantages be included within the description.
One advantage is that an entity with registered tradable objects can host one or more markets on a trading system that generally has a larger trader draw than if the individual attempted to become a stand-alone exchange. For instance, the aggregated trading system may have a large number of traders already connected through a sophisticated structure of networks. Through these networks, traders may have access to all of the various exchanges that are hosted by the present system including small exchanges.
Another advantage is that because an existing structure is in place, extra expense normally associated with setting up and implementing an exchange to attract the necessary volume may already be set in place by the aggregated trading system. With that said, software and/or hardware used to run the matching engine for the newly registered tradable object may be simply installed at the aggregated trading system. That way, for example, a newly registered tradable object may be put into the market faster using the present system than by starting a new exchange or building upon an old exchange.
Yet, another advantage is that because a collection of markets is assembled together, the trader has a choice among a variety of tradable objects to trade. Preferably, without unnecessary complications, a trader may quickly trade one, some, or all of the tradable objects listed at the aggregated trading system.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described herein. It is to be understood, of course, that changes and modifications may be made in the embodiments without departing from the true scope of the present invention, as defined by the appended claims. The present embodiment preferably includes logic to implement the described methods in software modules as a set of computer executable software instructions. A processor may execute the software modules and may be programmed by those of skill in the art to provide the described functionality.
The software may be represented as a sequence of binary bits maintained on a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium may include magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile or (e.g., Random Access memory (“RAM”)) non-volatile firmware (e.g., Read Only Memory (“ROM”)) storage system readable by the processor. The memory locations where data bits are maintained also include physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to the stored data bits. The software instructions may be executed as data bits by the processor with a memory system causing a transformation of the electrical signal representation, and the maintenance of data bits at memory locations in the memory system to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the unit's operation. The executable software code may implement, for example, the methods as described above.
It should be understood that the programs, processes, methods and apparatus described herein are not related or limited to any particular type of computer or network apparatus (hardware or software), unless indicated otherwise. Various types of general purpose or specialized computer apparatus or computing device may be used with or perform operations in accordance with the teachings described herein.
It should further be understood that a hardware embodiment might take a variety of different forms. The hardware may be implemented as an integrated circuit with custom gate arrays or an application specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”). The embodiment may also be implemented with discrete hardware components and circuitry. In particular, it is understood that the logic structures and method steps may be implemented in dedicated hardware such as an ASIC, or as program instructions carried out by a microprocessor or other computing device. It should also be understood that each electronic exchange or matching engine may be implemented in hardware and may be rack-mounted, so that adding/removing a matching engine can be simply accomplished by sliding a component into or out of the rack, for example.
The claims should not be read as limited to the described order of elements unless stated to that effect. In addition, use of the term “means” in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112, paragraph 6, and any claim without the word “means” is not so intended. Therefore, all embodiments that come within the scope and spirit of the following claims and equivalents thereto are claimed as the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11415863 | May 2006 | US |
| Child | 12471083 | US | |
| Parent | 10702288 | Nov 2003 | US |
| Child | 11415863 | US |
