Patent Grant
10151555
Impact testing is often conducted for aircraft components to test for the amount of damage caused by events, such as bird strikes, that are expected to occur during aircraft operation. For bird-strike testing of, for example, aircraft transparencies (such as the windscreen of a helicopter canopy), fuselages, or blades, an air cannon may be used to launch a bird carcass or a gelatin substitute at a selected velocity.
When firing a semi-solid projectile from an air cannon during high-speed impact testing, the projectile, although it has a diameter similar to the ID of the barrel, does not create a solid seal because of its semi-solid characteristics. This leads to the use of sabots to drive the projectile forward within the barrel, thereby forming a more reliable and repeatable seal and minimizing the deformation of the projectile as it is accelerated during firing. Such a system is shown and described in ASTM Standard F330-16, titled “Standard Test Method for Bird Impact Testing of Aerospace Transparent Enclosures.”
Current sabots are fired together with the projectile and either separate during flight or are caught at the end of the barrel with the sabot stripper. Both types of sabots are typically too damaged to be reused or not capable of multiple shots without major repairs. Also, cannons using sabot strippers require the sabot to be significantly larger than the projectile to ensure that the sabot is caught by the sabot stripper. This means that the barrel is larger than needed to house the projectile, adding unnecessary weight and size to the system. Also, the barrel may require reinforcement to accommodate the forces generated when catching a sabot at full velocity (>140 kn).
Alternative versions of sabots deform or break apart in flight, such as expanding cup, base, spindle, and ring sabots. However, in order to maintain the level of accuracy needed for impact testing in aviation (typically required to be within 1″ of the target), projectiles are fired from a minimum required distance, and this is often approximately 5 feet from the target. This distance between the end of the barrel and the target is too short for a sabot to reliably come apart and clear the target during flight.
In this disclosure, reference may be made to the spatial relationships between various components and to the spatial orientation of various aspects of components as the devices are depicted in the attached drawings. However, as will be recognized by those skilled in the art after a complete reading of this disclosure, the devices, members, apparatuses, etc. described herein may be positioned in any desired orientation. Thus, the use of terms such as “above,” “below,” “upper,” “lower,” or other like terms to describe a spatial relationship between various components or to describe the spatial orientation of aspects of such components should be understood to describe a relative relationship between the components or a spatial orientation of aspects of such components, respectively, as the device described herein may be oriented in any desired direction.
This disclosure divulges an air cannon having a sabot system that retains the sabot near the muzzle after firing and eliminates the need for a sabot stripper. This allows for using a sabot with an outer diameter that is approximately the same size as the projectile and for firing the cannon at minimum distances from the target. This sabot is not damaged during use, allowing the sabot to be reused for multiple shots.
Air cannon 35 comprises a cylindrical, smooth-bore barrel 37 having a muzzle 39 at a forward end and a removable breech plug 41 installed at a rear end. Breech plug 41 is attached to a rear end of barrel 37 in any manner that permits breech plug 41 to be easily installed and removed from barrel 37. This configuration permits breech loading of barrel 37 from the rear, though barrel 37 may alternatively be loaded through muzzle 39. A pipe 43 is in fluid communication with barrel 37 and is connected to a pressurized air source (not shown) for providing air pressure during operation of cannon 35.
As shown in the figures and in detail in the cross-section view of
Sabot 45 is driven forward in barrel 37 by pressurized air communicated through pipe 43 and accumulated in a chamber 55, which is formed between a rear face 57 of sabot 45 and breech plug 41. A forward face 59 of sabot 45 is configured to engage a rear portion of projectile 47, and the pressurized air in chamber 55 acts on rear face 57 to force sabot 45 and projectile 47 forward together toward and through muzzle 39 for launching projectile 47 toward a target. Forward face 59 preferably has a cup shape for engaging projectile 47, though face 59 may be flat or have another shape. Sabot 45 has a length sufficient to minimize yawing of sabot 45 within barrel 37, and the preferred minimum ratio of length to diameter is 0.75.
If air cannon 35 is used to fire projectile 47 without sabot 45, upsetting (deformation) of the rear end of projectile 47 causes obturation of barrel 37 and an undesirable amount of friction between projectile 47 and bore 51. As with gas checks used on bullets, sabot 45 provides for the necessary obturation without the upsetting of the material at the rear of projectile 47. Preliminary testing of cannon 35 has shown that the use of sabot 45 provides a 5-8% muzzle velocity increase for the same air pressure, which means that cannon 35 can generate the required muzzle velocity for impact tests using less air pressure.
To allow air cannon 35 to be operated without a sabot stripper and in close proximity to a target, a sabot system utilizes a cord 61 to limit the forward travel of sabot 45 relative to barrel 37. Cord 61 is preferably attached at one end to rear face 57 of sabot 45 and preferably attached at the other end to a fixed location relative to barrel 37. In the sabot system shown, a rear end of cord 61 is attached to a spool 63 that is rotatable relative to barrel 37 about an axis 65 perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of barrel 37. When using spool 63, cord 61 is wound onto spool 63 before firing, and forward motion of sabot 45 through barrel 37 causes cord 61 to unwind from spool 63 by rotating spool 63 about axis 65.
It should be noted that alternative fixed locations for attachment of cord 61 may be used. For example, cord 61 may be attached to breech plug 41 or to a boss (not shown) formed or installed within a rear portion of barrel 37, though the latter configuration might interfere with loading sabot 45 and projectile 47 from the rear of barrel 37. Also, cord 61 may alternatively be coiled behind sabot 45 or wound onto a fixed spool that allows for cord 61 to be pulled from the fixed spool during firing.
Cord 61 is preferably formed from a strong, flexible, and resilient material (such as, for example, nylon parachute cord) that can withstand the force exerted on cord 61 as sabot 45 is decelerated when reaching the maximum length of cord 61. This maximum length is selected to allow sabot 45 to exit muzzle 39 while driving projectile 47 and then to be suspended by a portion 67 of cord 61 outside of barrel 37. The length of cord 61 requires cord 61 to be coiled, folded, or otherwise collected rearward of sabot 45 prior to firing of cannon 35. Cord 61 may alternatively be formed from a highly elastic material, though any tension formed in cord 61 prior to exit of sabot 45 from barrel 37 will oppose the acceleration of projectile 47 and must be accounted for to achieve the desired test velocity.
Breech loading of air cannon 35 is accomplished by removing breech plug 41 from the rear end of barrel 37 and inserting projectile 47. In the firing position, projectile 47 is located forward of pipe 43. After projectile 47 is loaded into barrel 37, sabot 45 is placed behind projectile 47 with rear face 57 facing toward breech plug 41. If cord 61 is unattached at either end, one end of cord 61 is attached to rear face 57 of sabot 45 (preferably prior to insertion of sabot 45), and the other end is attached to spool 63 and wound onto spool 63 before installing breech plug 41 in the rear end of barrel 37.
During firing of air cannon 35, air is released from the pressure tank and through pipe 43 to chamber 55. The pressurized air then propels sabot 45 and projectile 47 forward within barrel 37, accelerating sabot 45 and projectile 47 together to a selected velocity as they exit muzzle 39. Sabot 45 is propelled forward in barrel 37, and cord 61 is unwound from spool 63 as spool 63 rotates on axis 65. As sabot 45 exits barrel 37, cord 61 becomes taut, decelerating sabot 45 and separating sabot 45 from projectile 47. Projectile 47 then travels toward the target, and sabot 45 is suspended near muzzle 39 on portion 67 of cord 61. To reset cannon 35 for another firing, breech plug 41 is removed from barrel 37, and cord 61 is freed from attachment to spool 63, plug 41, or barrel 37. Sabot 45 and cord 61 can then be removed from barrel 37, and the breech loading process can be repeated as described above.
Alternatively, air cannon 35 may be muzzle loaded, with sabot 45 and then projectile 47 being inserted into barrel 37 through muzzle 39. During muzzle loading, the end of cord 61 is preferably already attached to breech plug 41 or barrel 37.
It should be noted that barrel shapes other than cylindrical may be used, and some or all of the associated components may have the same shape as that of the barrel or have alternative shapes.
Also, it should be noted that a sabot according to this disclosure can be used in applications other than impact testing. For example, T-shirt cannons use compressed air to launch the shirts. If no sabot is used, the distances traveled by the shirts can vary significantly based on the seal the shirt creates within the barrel. A T-shirt cannon utilizing a sabot according to this disclosure would allow the cannon to have consistent results while preventing additional projectiles from leaving the cannon and potentially injuring a person toward whom the T-shirt is fired. Muzzle loading of such a cannon might allow for more rapidly repeated shots.
At least one embodiment is disclosed, and variations, combinations, and/or modifications of the embodiment(s) and/or features of the embodiment(s) made by a person having ordinary skill in the art are within the scope of this disclosure. Alternative embodiments that result from combining, integrating, and/or omitting features of the embodiment(s) are also within the scope of this disclosure. Where numerical ranges or limitations are expressly stated, such express ranges or limitations should be understood to include iterative ranges or limitations of like magnitude falling within the expressly stated ranges or limitations (e.g., from about 1 to about 10 includes, 2, 3, 4, etc.; greater than 0.10 includes 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, etc.). For example, whenever a numerical range with a lower limit, Rl, and an upper limit, Ru, is disclosed, any number falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, the following numbers within the range are specifically disclosed: R=Rl+k*(Ru−Rl), wherein k is a variable ranging from 1 percent to 100 percent with a 1 percent increment, i.e., k is 1 percent, 2 percent, 3 percent, 4 percent, 5 percent, . . . 50 percent, 51 percent, 52 percent, . . . , 95 percent, 96 percent, 95 percent, 98 percent, 99 percent, or 100 percent. Moreover, any numerical range defined by two R numbers as defined in the above is also specifically disclosed. Use of the term “optionally” with respect to any element of a claim means that the element is required, or alternatively, the element is not required, both alternatives being within the scope of the claim. Use of broader terms such as comprises, includes, and having should be understood to provide support for narrower terms such as consisting of, consisting essentially of, and comprised substantially of. Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited by the description set out above but is defined by the claims that follow, that scope including all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims. Each and every claim is incorporated as further disclosure into the specification and the claims are embodiment(s) of the present invention. Also, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” and “A and/or B and/or C” should each be interpreted to include only A, only B, only C, or any combination of A, B, and C.
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| Entry |
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| ASTM International, “Standard Test Method for Bird Impact Testing of Aerospace Transparent Enclosures”, Designation: F330-16; West Conshohocken, PA; Nov. 17, 2016; 5 pages. |
