Patent Application
20050053483
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an air compressor for compressing air to be used by a pneumatic tool such as a pneumatic nailer and a method for controlling the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
An air compressor applied for the operation of pneumatic tools is generally designed so that as a motor rotates a crankshaft in the main body of the air compressor, a piston served by the crankshaft reciprocates within a cylinder according to the rotation speed of the crankshaft and compresses air supplied via an intake valve. Thereafter, the compressed air is discharged from the main body of the air compressor, through an air release valve and a pipe, to an air tank for storage. The compressed air stored in this tank can then be applied for the operation of pneumatic tools used for nailing.
Since air compressors are frequently employed outdoors, such as at construction sites or in locations whereat houses are constructed close together, the present inventors, based on various perspectives, determined that improvements were advisable. Thus, we performed research to evaluate the performance of air compressors under actual prevailing encountered in various situations, and as a result, to delineate the user requests and technical problems we encountered during our research, we decided to use the following categories.
(1) Noise Reduction
Since an air compressor includes a mechanism for converting the rotation of a motor into the reciprocal movement of a piston in a cylinder, the generation of considerable noise can not be avoided. Further, since a nailer that uses air compressed by an air compressor also generates noise while in operation, there is considerable noise pollution, and physical discomfort, in an area surrounding a construction site whereat both air compressors and pneumatic nailers are being employed. Thus, when such equipment is to be used early in the morning or late in the evening at locations whereat houses are constructed close together, the request for maximum noise reduction is expressed especially strong.
(2) Increased Power and Efficiency
Locations whereat air compressors are employed are not always in satisfactory power supply environments; on the contrary, air compressors are frequency used in environments wherein sufficiently high voltages can not be obtained because long cords, stretched from other locations, are employed to supply power, or in environments wherein a large volume of the compressed air is used because multiple tools are in use at the same time.
Therefore, occasionally, high power cannot be output by an air compressor, and when, for example, nailers are employed while the power output is insufficient, a so-called shallow nail holding phenomenon can occur and nails can not be set well in the material being processed.
Usually, air is stored in the air compressor air tank at a pressure of from 26 to 30 kg/cm2, and during a period wherein no tools are being employed, air leakage can not be avoided. Thus, dependant on the air usage, a reduction in efficiency occurs.
(3) Improvement in Size Reduction and Portability
While some of the air compressors are used for pneumatic tools are of a stationary type, most air compressors are portable, and can be carried to and employed at construction sites. Therefore, a need has been expressed for minimum sized air compressors for which the portability is excellent. Thus, for compressed air generators, and drive portions therefor, complicated structures should be avoided, and to the extent possible, deterioration of portability should be prevented.
(4) Extension of Service Life
The service life of air compressors for supporting pneumatic tools is shorter than the service life of compressors used for refrigerators and air conditioners. This is understandable, when the severe environmental conditions under which air compressors are used are taken into account. However, longer service life is still demanded that can be attained by restricting, to the extent possible, load fluctuation, or by preventing the unnecessary compression of air.
(5) Suppression of Temperature Rise
Due to the reciprocal movement of a piston in a cylinder and the current flowing to a motor that indirectly drives the piston, an increase in the temperature within an air compressor is unavoidable. However, as the temperature in the air compressor is increased, loss is also increased, and the attainment of high efficiency is prevented. Therefore, a strong demand also exists for the suppression, as quickly as possible, of a rise in the temperature within an air compressor.
In JP-A-2002-228233, a technique is disclosed whereby an uncomfortable sensation is reduced by suppressing a difference in the noise that is generated during the continuous operation of an indoor fan motor for an air conditioner.
In JP-B-6-63505, an air compressor is disclosed wherein, in accordance with a pressure change state wherein, because of a reduction in the pressure in a tank, the air compressor begins a loaded operation, the operating mode in the standby state, following the increase in the pressure, is changed to a intermittent operating mode or a continuous operating mode.
The present invention is provided to furnish solutions especially noise reduction and increased power and efficiency.
An object of the present invention is to provide an air compressor that is rotated at low speed, thereby reducing the noise produced, when only a small amount of air is required to operate the pneumatic tool, and that is immediately shifted to fast rotation, to prevent the occurrence of a shortage of power, when a considerable amount of air is required, within a short period of time, to continuously drive, for example, concrete nails or large diameter wood nails.
To achieve this objective, according to a first aspect of the present invention, an air compressor includes a tank unit storing a compressed air used by a pneumatic tool, a compressed air generator which generates the compressed air and supplies the compressed air to the tank unit, a motor driving the compressed air generator, a drive portion including the motor, a controller portion controlling the drive portion and a pressure sensor detecting an air pressure of the compressed air in the tank unit, characterized in that the controller portion controls a rotation speed of the motor at multiple levels based on a detection signal P1 of the pressure sensor, a first differential signal which is a differential value d(P1)/dt of the detection signal P1, and a second differential signal which is a differential value d(P2)/dt of a detection signal P2 obtained by removing a pulsatory element from the detection signal P1.
According to a second aspect of the invention, the controller portion controls a rotation speed of the motor at multiple levels based on a detection signal P1 of the pressure sensor, a first differential signal which is a differential value d(P1)/dt of the detection signal P1, and a second differential signal obtained by supplying the first differential signal to a low-pass filter.
According to a third aspect of the invention, the air compressor further includes a temperature sensor detecting a temperature of the motor, characterized in that the controller portion controls the rotation speed of the motor at multiple levels in accordance with a detection signal of the temperature sensor, the detection signal P1 of the pressure sensor and the first and the second differential signals.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention, the air compressor further includes a sensor detecting a power voltage and a load current of the drive portion, characterized in that the controller portion controls the rotation speed of the motor in accordance with a detection signal of the sensor which detects the power voltage and the load current of the drive portion, the detection signal P1 of the pressure sensor and the first and the second differential signals.
The air compressor of the invention prepares multiple levels for the rotation speed of a motor, and controls the rotation speed based on two differential values: the differential value output by the pressure sensor of the pressure tank and the differential value of a signal obtained by removing a ripple from the output of the pressure sensor. Therefore, when the air compressor is in the standby state and the only air consumption is the result of natural air leakage, or when only a small amount of air is required because a tool such as a small air tacker is being used, the motor can be rotated at a lower speed and the noise can be reduced.
When it is predicted that a large amount of air is consumed in a short period of time, e.g., that continuous driving of nails is performed using a large nailer, the rotation speed of the motor is shifted immediately to the high speed, and a reduction in the pressure in the air tank can be suppressed. Therefore, for the continuous driving of nails having a large diameter for concrete or wood, the frequency at which the shallow nail holding phenomenon occurs can be reduced. Further, even when there is a temporary occurrence of this phenomenon, the period affected is extremely shortened.
In addition, when a large ripple in the pressure in the air tank and a high occurrence frequency are detected, and when the motor is shifted to the high rotation speed, theprevious rotation speed is maintained at least for a predetermined period (e.g., five seconds). Therefore, frequent switching of the rotation speed of the motor within a short period of time can be avoided, and provision of an uncomfortable sensation can be suppressed.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be described in detail.
As is shown in a conceptual diagram in
(1) Tank Unit 10
As is shown in
Generally, a plurality of compressed output ports 18 and 19 are provided for the air tank 10A, and in this embodiment, the feed pipe 18 is used to feed low-pressure compressed air and the feed pipe 19 is used to feed high-pressure compressed air. The present invention, however, is not limited to this example.
The low-pressure compressed output port 18 is connected through a pressure reducing valve 12 to a low pressure coupler 14. For the pressure reducing valve 12, the maximum pressure for the compressed air is determined on the output side, regardless of the air pressure on the input side. In this embodiment, the designated maximum pressure is a predetermined value ranging from 7 to 10 kg/cm2. Therefore, regardless of the air pressure in the air tank 10A, the air pressure for the compressed air obtained at the output side of the pressure reducing valve 12 is equal to or lower than the maximum pressure.
The compressed air output at the pressure reducing valve 12 is supplied, through the low pressure coupler 14, to a low pressure pneumatic tool 51 shown in
The high-pressure compressed output port 19 is connected through a pressure reducing valve 13 to a high pressure coupler 15. For the pressure reducing valve 13, the maximum pressure for the compressed air is determined on the output side, regardless of the air pressure on the input side. In this embodiment, the designated maximum pressure is a predetermined value ranging of 10 to 30 kg/cm2. Therefore, the air pressure for the compressed air obtained at the output side of the pressure reducing valve 13 is equal to or lower than the maximum pressure. The compressed air output at the pressure reducing valve 13 is supplied, through the high pressure coupler 15, to a high pressure pneumatic tool 52 shown in
A low pressure gauge 16 and a high pressure gauge 17 are respectively attached to the pressure reducing valves 12 and 13 for monitoring the pressure of the compressed air at the output sides of the pressure reducing valves 12 and 13. In this embodiment, the low pressure coupler 14 and the high pressure coupler 15 vary in size and are not compatible, so as to prevent the high pressure pneumatic tool 52 from being connected to the low pressure coupler 14 and the low pressure pneumatic tool 51 from being connected to the high pressure coupler 15. This configuration was previously disclosed in JP-A-4-296505, submitted by the inventor of the present invention.
Attached to the air tank 10A, to detect the pressure of the compressed air stored therein, is a pressure sensor 11 that transmits to the controller portion 40 a detection signal that is used to control a motor, which will be described later. Further, attached to a part of the air tank 10A is a safety valve 10B that, to ensure a safe operation, releases the part of stored air when an abnormal air pressure within the air tank 10A is detected.
(2) Compressed Air Generator 20
The compressed air generator 20 is a well known one. In the compressed air generator 20, to supply compressed air, a piston, reciprocating within a cylinder, compresses air that enters the cylinder through an air intake valve. Disclosed in JP-A-11-280653, is a mechanism that uses a pinion, provided at the distal end of a rotor shaft, and a gear that engages the pinion, to convert the rotation of a motor into the rotation of an output shaft that serves the reciprocating piston.
As the piston reciprocates in the cylinder, air is sucked in through the intake valve located in the cylinder head and compressed. When a predetermined pressure is reached, the compressed air is released through an air outlet valve provided in the cylinder head and is supplied to the air tank 10A through the pipe 21 in
(3) Drive Portion 30
The drive portion 30 generates a driving force for the reciprocation of the piston, and includes for this purpose, as is shown in
Furthermore, the power supply circuit 31 includes a voltage detector 311 for detecting voltages at both ends of the power source 310, and a current detector 312 for detecting a load current. Signals output by the detectors 311 and 312 are transmitted to the controller portion 40, which will be described later. The detectors 311 and 312 are used to control the motor 33 at a super-high speed rotation within an extremely short period in a range wherein the breaker switch (not shown) of the power source 310 is not opened. Although the controller portion 40 is related to the acquisition of a constant voltage by the constant voltage circuit 314, since the structure of the constant voltage circuit 314 is well known, no detailed explanation for it will be given.
The motor drive circuit 32 includes switching transistors 321 to 326, for employing a direct-current voltage to generate pulse voltages having three phases, a U phase, a V phase and a W phase. The ON/OFF states of the transistors 321 to 326 are controlled by the controller portion 40, and a rotation speed N of the motor 33 is controlled by adjusting the frequency of a pulse signal transmitted to the transistors 321 to 326.
As an example, the rotation speed N of the motor 33 is set at multiple levels times an integer n of a reference value N, e.g., settings for 0 rpm, 1200 rpm, 2400 rpm and 3600 rpm. The motor 33 is rotated at a rotation speed selected from these levels.
Diodes are connected in parallel to the switching transistors 321 to 326 to prevent their destruction due to a counter electromotive force generated by a stator 33A of the motor 33.
The motor 33 includes the stator 33A and a rotor 33B. Provided for the stator 33A are Windings 331, 332 and 333, which have a U phase, a V phase and a W phase. A rotating magnetic field is induced when a current is flowing through these windings 331 to 333.
In this embodiment, the rotor 33B is a permanent magnet, and is rotated by the rotating magnetic field that is induced when a current is flowing through the windings 331 to 333 for the stator 33A. A force produced by the rotation of the rotor 33B serves as a driving force for the reciprocation of the piston in the compressed air generator 20 (
The motor 33 also includes a temperature detector 334 for detecting the temperatures of the windings 331 to 333 for the stator 33A, and outputting detection signals to the controller portion 40. As needed, a rotation speed detector 335 is also provided for the motor 33 to detect the rotation speed of the rotor 33B, and to output detection signals to the controller portion 40.
(4) Controller Portion 40
As is shown in
A detection signal P1 output by the pressure sensor 11 and the detection signals for the voltage detector 311, the current detector 312 and the temperature detector 334 are transmitted to the CPU 41 across interface circuits (hereafter abbreviated as I/F circuits) 44 and 45.
In this embodiment, the detection signal P1 for the pressure sensor 11 is transmitted to the differentiator 46 and the low-pass filter 47, and an output P2, by the low-pass filter 47, is transmitted to the differentiator 48. An output d(P1)/dt, for the differentiator 46, and an output d(P2)/dt, for the differentiator 48, are transmitted to the CPU 41 with the detection signal P1.
Instead of using the differentiator 48, the output of the differentiator 46 may be supplied to the low-pass filter 47, as is shown in
[Embodiment]
First, an initial setup is performed at step 101, and N2=2400 rpm is set as the rotation speed N for the motor 33. Then, at step 102, data for the rotation speeds employed for controlling the air compressor of the invention is stored. In this embodiment, since the rotation speed N of the motor 33 is controlled to four levels, N0 (=0 rpm), N1 (1200 rpm), N2 (2400 rpm) and N3 (3600 rpm), the values N0, N1, N2 and N3 are stored in appropriate areas in the RAM 42. More levels can be easily provided for the rotation speed of the motor 33, but at least three levels are preferable.
Following this, at step 103, the pressure P1, of the compressed air in the air tank 10A, is measured and stored. At step 104, when a large ripple occurs in the pressure P1, a counter CNT1 for counting the number of ripples is reset to zero. Then, at step 106, a check is performed to determine whether the measured pressure P1 is greater than 30 kg/cm2. When the decision at step 106 is affirmative (YES), program control is shifted to step 105 and the rotation speed N of the motor 33 is set to N0 (0 rpm). That is, in this embodiment, the pressure maintained in the air tank 10A is 26 to 30 kg/cm2, and when the internal tank pressure exceeds 30 kg/cm2, the rotation of the motor 33 is halted.
When the decision at step 106 is negative (NO), program control advances to step 107, and the internal tank pressure P1 and the differential value d(P1)/dt (referred to as a first differential value) are read and stored. At step 108, a check is performed to determine whether the first differential value d(P1)/dt is smaller than a first reference value=−1. When the absolute value of the first differential value is greater, it means that the pressure has been greatly changed over a short period of time, i.e., that there is a large a ripple. By employing this process, a check is performed that determines whether a large pneumatic tool connected to the air tank 10A is currently being employed for an operation that consumes a large amount of air in a short period of time. In this embodiment, −1 is set as the predetermined value.
When ripple, although large, occur less frequently, a great amount of air is not always consumed over a long period of time. Therefore, at step 109, ripples are counted and the count value is updated, and at step 110, a check is performed to determine whether the count value CNT1 is three or greater. When the decision at step 110 is affirmative (YES), program control is shifted to step 124. And when the decision at step 110 is negative (NO), at step 111, a check is performed to determine whether a predetermined period of time, i.e., five seconds, has elapsed. When the decision at step 111 is negative (NO), program control returns to step 106. That is, when three large ripples are detected before the predetermined period of time (five seconds) has elapsed, it is determined, based on the size of the ripples and their frequency, that a large pneumatic tool is currently being employed for an operation like continuous nail driving. Program control thereafter advances to step 124.
At step 124, the voltage (V) at the power source 310 for the power supply circuit 31 (
When the voltage at the power source 310 is equal to or higher than 90 V, program control advances to step 126, where a load current I, flowing through the power supply circuit 31, is detected by the current detector 312. At step 127, a check is performed to determine whether the detected current I is greater than a predetermined value, which, in this embodiment, is 30 A. When the decision at step 127 is affirmative (YES), it is assumed that were the current rotation speed N of the motor 33 increased, the temperature T of the winding for the motor 33 would rise excessively, or the breaker switch of the power source 310 would be opened. In this case, program control is also shifted to step 131, and the rotation speed for the motor 33 is maintained at N2 (=2400 rpm).
When the decision at step 127 is negative (NO), program control advances to step 128, and the winding temperature T for the stator 331 of the motor 33 is measured. At step 129, a check is performed to determine whether the winding temperature T is higher than a predetermined temperature, which in this embodiment is 120° C. Further, although in this embodiment the temperature T of the winding for the motor 33 is measured, the temperature at another portion may be measured. When the temperature T of the motor winding is equal to or higher than 120° C., and the rotation speed of the motor 33 is further increased, the temperature T of the motor 33 will rise drastically and hinder the running of the motor 33. In addition, because of the excessive rise in the temperature T, considerable deterioration in the compressed air generation efficiency of the compressed air generator 20 will occur. Therefore, when the decision at step 129 is affirmative (YES), program control is also shifted to step 131, and the rotation speed N of the motor 33 is maintained as N2 (=2400 rpm). When the decision at step 129 is negative (NO), program control advances to step 130 and the rotation speed N of the motor 33 is set to N3 (=3600 rpm).
At step 132, a check is performed to determine whether the pressure P1 in the air tank 10A is greater than 30 kg/cm2. When the decision at step 132 is affirmative (YES), program control returns to step 105 and the motor 33 is halted. When the decision at step 132 is negative (NO), at step 133, a check is performed to determine whether five seconds have elapsed. When the decision at step 133 is affirmative (YES), program control is shifted to step 102. Through the processes performed at steps 132 and 133, the same rotation speed is maintained for the motor 33 for five seconds because an uncomfortable sensation is provided when the rotation speed is frequently changed.
When the decision at step 110 is negative (NO), i.e., when the ratio of the pressure change in the air tank 10A for a short period is smaller than a predetermined value, program control advances to step 111 and a check is performed to determine whether five seconds have elapsed.
When the decision at step 111 is negative (NO), program control returns to step 106. And when the decision at step 111 is affirmative (YES), program control advances to step 112, and the differential value d(P2)/dt (referred to as a second differential value) for a pressure change signal P2, which is obtained by using the low-pass filter 47 to remove the ripples from the detection signal P1 through, is calculated and stored in the RAM 42.
At step 113, a rotation speed shift determination table is selected. Four types of rotation speed shift determination tables, shown in
Referring to
When the second differential value d(P2)/dt is negative, it means that the consumption of compressed air exceeds the supply of compressed air to the air tank 10A, and the current rotation speed N2 (=2400 rpm) of the motor 33 is changed to the higher rotation speed N3 (=3600 rpm). Especially when the pneumatic tools 51 and 52 (
When the second differential value d(P2)/dt is within the range +0.1 to +0.15 kg/cm2/sec, it means that the amount of compressed air in the air tank 10A is gradually increasing. Thus, when the internal tank pressure P is 10 kg/cm2 or greater, the motor 33 continues to be rotated at N2, and then, is changed to N3 when the pressure P drops below 10 kg/cm2. When the second differential value d(P2)/dt is increased to +0.15 to +0.3 kg/cm2/sec, it is predicted that the internal tank pressure P is rapidly increasing. Therefore, when the pressure P in the air tank 10A is 10 kg/cm2 or greater, the rotation speed of the motor 33 is lowered from the current level N2 to N1.
In this explanation, the rotation speed N2 at which the motor 33 is currently running is changed to N0, N3 and N1. When the current rotation speed is N3, N1 or N0, the speed is shifted in accordance with different patterns shown in
Referring again to
When it is ascertained at steps 116 to 121 that the breaker switch will not be opened and the temperature T of the motor 33 will not be raised excessively when the rotation speed N of the motor 33 is changed to the maximum speed of 3600 rpm, program control advances to step 122 and the motor speed is set to N=N3 (=3600 rpm) . When the condition at step 117, 119 or 121 is not satisfied, program control is shifted to step 123 and the rotation speed N of the motor 33 is maintained at N2.
That is, in this invention, when the negative value of the first differential valued (P1)/dt is large and the occurrence frequency is high, or when the negative value of the second differential value d(P2)/dt is large, it is predicted that the consumption of compressed air will be increased, and the rotation speed N of the motor 33 is increased until it reaches the higher level rotation speed N3. However, when a large load has already been imposed on the motor 33, and this causes the breaker switch to open or produces an excessive rise in the temperature T of the motor winding, the rotation speed N2 is maintained as the rotation speed N of the motor 33.
The operation of the air compressor of the invention will now be described while referring to
In
In
In
In
According to the curve (a1), up to time t=0, the pressure P1 in the air tank 10A is 29 kg/cm2, compressed air is not being consumed, and the motor 33 is halted. When continuous nail driving using a nailer, for example, is started at time t=0, a large amount of air is consumed, and the internal tank pressure pulsates and drops sharply. After t=five seconds has elapsed, the second differential value, i.e., d(P2)/dt, is read. Since this value d(P2)/dt is −1.7 in
In
According to the curve (b1) in
According to the curve (b1′), as well as the curve (b1), up to time t=0, the pressure P in the air tank 10A is 26 kg/cm2 or smaller, compressed air is not consumed, and the motor 33 is rotated at the intermediate rotation speed N2=2400 rpm. When continuous nail driving has been started at t=0, as also shown by the curve (b1), the pressure P in the air tank 10A pulsates and is reduced. However, while referring to
The preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described; however, the present invention can be variously and easily modified without changing the basic idea of the invention, and these modifications are also included in the scope of the invention. For example, in the embodiment, the motor is shifted to a high rotation speed when the first differential value d(P1)/dt for the detection signal P1 of the pressure in the air tank 10A has equaled or has been smaller than the predetermined reference value (−1.0 kg/cm2/sec) three times in five seconds. However, the time values five seconds, three times and (−1.0 kg/cm2/sec) are merely examples, and different ones can be employed as needed. Further, the present invention can also be easily modified so that these values are changed to arbitrary values, rather than fixed.
The air compressor of the present invention is mainly employed for pneumatic tools such as pneumatic nailers.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| P2003-317880 | Sep 2003 | JP | national |
