This application is related to another patent application identified by Attorney docket number 210-1050PCT. Both are subject to assignment to Carrier Corporation and each is being filed on an even date herewith.
The present invention is related to air-conditioning systems, and more particularly to an algorithm to optimize the free cooling mode related to controllers and systems driving hydronic products such as water terminals and, air handling units.
Usually, commercial building hydronic air-conditioning systems are made of one or more chillers or heat pumps that produce cooling and/or heating water, several water terminals, also referred to as fan coil units, and one or more air handling units that supply fresh air to the building through a duct network in order to maintain a minimum Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) for the comfort of building occupants. Some of these air handlers are energy recovery ventilation systems.
In normal operation, coolant fluid, usually cooling and/or heating water, possibly having additives, is distributed through a pipe network from the air handling units to the local zone water terminals where it is circulated within a local zone temperature adjusting coil. Additionally, the air handling unit performs IAQ functions such as purification, filtration, or fresh air flow management. With the appropriate coolant fluid at the water terminal, its fan pushes air through its coil to condition it as needed to provide personalized local comfort such as cooling, accomplished by passing cool coolant fluid through the coil, or heating, accomplished by passing heated coolant fluid through the coil.
Usually there is one water terminal per working zone, for example, an office space, meeting room, or washroom, with each having their own local water terminal and water terminal controller. Typically, a water terminal controller is connected to a local user interface that allows for temperature selection and fan speed control. Many local zone temperature controllers are capable of being connected to a building air-conditioning system communication network enabling multiple components of the entire building air-conditioning system to communicate with each other or be monitored or controlled by a building management system that is also connected to the building air-conditioning communication network.
In usual operation, the outside air is aspirated by the air handling unit, then filtered and thermally treated (cooled or heated depending on the need) by its coil where the coolant fluid is circulated. The coil is equipped with a proportional coolant flow valve that opens or closes the coolant fluid pipe and therefore enables or disables the heat transfer. After treatment in the air handling unit, the “fresh” supply air is blown through a network of ducts to all the local zone water terminals through fresh air dampers that control the fresh airflow, usually depending on the demand. The water terminals control their own proportional coolant flow valve to provide the demanded comfort inside the controlled zone.
The outside air is conditioned in the air handler units to a level where each water terminal will have the capacity to condition it locally as needed to provide the air-conditioning required by the zone user. If the local water terminal does not have the capacity to meet the requirements of the zone, their controls open their local fresh air damper to receive the air in the ductwork that was pre-conditioned by the air handling unit. However, this control scheme does not take advantage of information relating to the condition of the outside air to create energy savings.
Other systems in use do not have an air handler but simply have a fan and a filter to provide fresh air flow into the building. Therefore, there is no thermal pre-treatment of the fresh air, and the water terminals control the temperature of their zones using the outside fresh air as needed without regard for the outside air temperature.
This is problematic because achievement of the desired zone temperature may be beyond the capacity of the water terminal because the outside air temperature is largely different than the zone setpoint and opening the fresh air damper may result in a change in zone temperature that is even further away from the setpoint.
In advanced technology water terminals such as demand control ventilation systems, the exact amount of fresh air needed to maintain a minimum IAQ is determined by a system that senses the level of carbon dioxide and its dilution in the zone. Typically, the carbon dioxide detection system includes a carbon dioxide sensor that communicates with a carbon dioxide controller which deduces presence or absence of humans in the zone. Based on this dilution level and the minimum IAQ, the aperture of the fresh air intake damper is adjusted to reduce the carbon dioxide level in the zone. In some cases, the resultant air flow information is returned to the local water terminal controller or to a building management system which might control a system through a physical communication bus or other remote communication technology.
While most systems use the local water terminal controller to control the air temperature, and the carbon dioxide system to control the carbon dioxide dilution in the zone by actuating their fresh air dampers, they do not employ additional sensors or controls to optimize the system by making full use of the combined information relating to the carbon dioxide dilution and outside air conditions.
An air-conditioning system control scheme is provided for implementation in local water terminals of a building air conditioning system wherein each water terminal can receive a command from a building management system to run in a variety of modes to achieve energy savings and increased water terminal cooling capacity. These modes are dependent on the temperature of the outside air measurement provided to the building management system, the local zone temperature setpoints, and the human occupancy of the air-conditioned zone.
Where the outside air is of a temperature to entirely satisfy the air-conditioning demand of the zone with no thermal pre-treatment of the air by the air handling unit, the zone is said to be in free cooling mode. There are two modes within which to run free cooling. One is when the air-conditioned zone is occupied by humans, and the other is when the air-conditioned zone is not occupied by humans.
Where the outside air is of a temperature to partially satisfy the air-conditioning demand of the zone with no thermal pre-treatment of the air by the air handling unit, the zone is said to be in pre-free cooling mode. Pre-free cooling mode is only available when the zone is unoccupied.
In one embodiment, a new water terminal control scheme achieves energy savings and free cooling of a building zone by accepting a command from a building management system to run in the free cooling mode.
In another embodiment, a new water terminal control scheme achieves energy savings and pre-free cooling of a building zone by accepting a command from a building management system to run in the pre-free cooling mode.
For a further understanding of these and other objects of the invention, reference will be made to the following detailed description of the invention which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawing, where:
Referring initially to
The air handling unit 60, is illustrated with a direction of outside air flow 72, coming into it from outdoors, and a direction of air exiting the air handling unit 60, as air flow 73, to the building 64. Outside air flow 72, entering the air handling unit 60, passes over an outside air temperature sensor 76, then through an air handling unit filter 78, at least one air handling unit fan 80, an air handling unit temperature adjusting coil 92, and finally over an air handling unit supply air temperature sensor 84.
An air handling unit supply side proportional coolant fluid flow valve 94, is disposed in the piping that the supplies the air handling unit supply coolant fluid 95, to the supply side of the air handling unit air temperature adjusting coil 92. The temperature of the air handling unit supply coolant fluid 95, is monitored by an air handling unit supply coolant fluid temperature sensor 96. The temperature of the air handling unit return coolant fluid 98, from the air handling unit air temperature adjusting coil 92, is monitored by an air handling unit return coolant fluid temperature sensor 97.
Also shown is an air handling unit controller 111, which runs an air handling unit control algorithm 110, that communicates with a building management system 54, through a building air-conditioning system communication network 112. The building air-conditioning system communication network 112, can be hard wired or wireless, and may or may not include a building management system.
As shown in
The water terminal controller 51, that executes the water terminal control algorithm 50, contains a microprocessor having a clock speed of at least 16 MHz, internal RAM memory of at least 3.84 Kbytes, internal FLASH memory of at least 128 Kbytes, internal E2 memory of at least 1 K Byte, a built in A/D converter of at least 10 bits with a 1 LSB error, and a watchdog that is on chip hardware.
Local zone water terminal 10, provide air-conditioning for a zone 14, in the air conditioned building 64. In this example, where the air handler unit controller 111, the building management system 54, and the water terminal controller 51, are all communicating on the building air-conditioning system communication network 112, any data input by a building management system user or collected by any sensor on any of these components can be communicated to any of the other components according to their need for the data.
Turning now to the lower portion of
A supply side proportional coolant fluid flow valve 34 is disposed in the piping that the supplies the supply coolant fluid 35 to the supply side of the air temperature adjusting coil 32. The temperature of the supply coolant fluid 35 is monitored by a supply coolant fluid temperature sensor 36. The temperature of the return coolant fluid 38, from the air temperature adjusting coil 32 is monitored by a return coolant fluid temperature sensor 37.
Free Cooling is a air-conditioning system control scheme wherein energy savings are achieved by reducing the speeds of the local water terminal cooling fans 20, and disabling the thermal pre-treatment functions of the air handling units 60, to allow outside air 72, to pass directly through the air handlers 60, the building fresh air duct network 113, and fresh air damper 21, of the local water terminal 10, that can locally condition the air with only minor temperature adjustments as necessary to provide the desired air-conditioning to the zone 14.
Turning now to
Most clearly relevant is the Free Cooling Enable Signal 200, to the water terminal controller 51, from a building management system 54, that continuously monitors the signal provided by the outside air temperature sensor 76. If the building management system determines that free cooling will be effective, it will enable the Free Cooling Enable Signal 200, in the water terminal controller 51. The next signal depicted in the block diagram is the Occupancy Status Signal 202 of the zone 14. This is sensed by a local carbon dioxide sensor 26, and communicated to the water terminal controller 51, by the carbon dioxide controller 25. The Occupancy Status Signal 202, is used to determine the mode, occupied or unoccupied, of free cooling to run when a Free Cooling Enable Signal 200, is received by the water terminal controller 51.
The next signal to the water terminal controller 51, is a user programmable Temperature Error Threshold Signal 204. Finally, there is a Local Temperature Error Point Signal 210, which is the resultant value of the combination in symbolic sigma block 207, that combines the values of the zone temperature 206, and the zone setpoint 208.
The Heating System Enable Variable 201, is controlled outside the new water terminal control algorithm 50, and is directly based on the Free Cooling Enable Signal 200. If the Free Cooling Enable Signal 200, is enabled by the building management system 54, the Heating System Enable Mode 201, is disabled. Additionally, if the Free Cooling Enable Signal 200, is enabled by the building management system 54, the Proportional Coolant Fluid Valve Percent Opening signal 214, is simply generated by the Local Temperature Error Point Signal 210, after it passes through the PI block 212, for conditioning thereby placing the valve in a simple proportional-integral control loop depending on the zone local temperature error.
Water terminal control algorithm 50, takes the aforementioned signals and logically processes them to yield a Fresh Air Damper and Cooling Fan signal 217, which is separately conditioned through PI block 218, to generate an Air Damper Percent Opening Signal 220, and through PI block 222, to generate a Cooling Fan Percent Speed Signal 224. When free cooling mode is enabled, the fresh air damper 21, will be fully opened to intake as much air from the air handling unit 60, as possible.
If in the occupied mode, the speed of the water terminal cooling fans 20, is minimized. In unoccupied mode, the speed of the water terminal cooling fans 20, is also minimized unless the Zone Temperature 206, is greater than the user programmable Temperature Error Threshold Signal 204, at which point the speed of the water terminal cooling fans 20, will be set to an automatic mode to until the local water terminal 10, reduces the zone temperature 206, to a point below the user programmable Temperature Error Threshold Signal 204.
Turning the
While various Occupied Mode Zone Setpoints 302, and Occupied Mode Deadbands 308, may be selected based on a particular application, the calculation and determination of resultant control points by the control algorithm remains the same.
In
Within the Occupied Mode Deadband 308, is a control point that implements a 0.2 degree Celsius Occupied Mode Deadband Hysteresis Control Point 310. This value is calculated using the Occupied Mode Zone Setpoint 302, plus one half of the Occupied Mode Deadband 306, minus 0.2 degrees Celsius.
When the zone temperature 206, is being reduced to any temperature below the Occupied Mode Hysteresis Control Point 310, or is being increased to the Occupied Mode Upper Satisfied Temperature Point 312, which is calculated by adding the zone setpoint 302, plus the deadband 308 plus 1 degree Celsius, to the Occupied Mode Upper Satisfied Temperature Limit 312, in this case 22 degrees Celsius, the control algorithm 50, determines that the occupied mode cooling demand is satisfied. In all other instances, the control algorithm 50, determines that the system is in cooling demand mode.
Turning the
While various Unoccupied Mode Zone Setpoints 402, and Unoccupied Mode Deadbands 408, may be selected based on a particular application, the calculations and determination of resultant control points by the control algorithm remains the same.
In
Within the Unoccupied Mode Deadband 408, is a control point that implements a 0.2 degree Celsius lower Unoccupied Mode Deadband Hysteresis Control Point 410. This value is calculated by adding 0.2 degrees Celsius to the Unoccupied Mode Zone Setpoint 402.
Also within the Unoccupied Mode Deadband 408, is an Unoccupied Mode Upper Deadband Hysteresis Control Point 411, that is calculated by adding the zone setpoint 402, plus one half of the Unoccupied Mode Upper Deadband Temperature Limit 406, and subtracting 0.2 degrees Celsius for a result, in this case, of 24.8 degrees Celsius.
When the zone temperature 206, is being reduced to any temperature below the Unoccupied Mode Upper Hysteresis Control Point 411, or is being increased to the Unoccupied Mode Upper Deadband Temperature Limit 406, the control algorithm 50, determines that the cooling demand is satisfied. In all other instances, the control algorithm 50, determines that the system is in cooling demand mode.
As noted above, in unoccupied mode, the speed of the water terminal cooling fans 20, are minimized unless the zone temperature 206, is above the programmable Temperature Error Threshold Signal 204, at which point the speed of the water terminal cooling fans 20, will be set to an automatic mode to allow them to reduce the zone temperature 206, below the programmable Temperature Error Threshold Signal 204.
Pre-Free Cooling, used in the unoccupied mode, is an air-conditioning control scheme where the desired fresh air 73, for cooling a zone 14, is lower than the outside air 72, temperature, zone temperature 206, is higher than the outside air 72, so pushing non-conditioned outside air 72, into the system can still yield significant building temperature reduction without having to use the air-conditioning component of the air handling unit 60. This will be effective until the outside air 72, brings the building to as low a temperature as possible, equal to the outside temperature, at which point the air-conditioning components of the air handling unit 60, and water terminals 10, will need to be activated to finish the cooling to the desired zone temperature setpoint 208.
Much in the same way as Free Cooling and Pre-Free Cooling are implemented using outside air, Free-Heating is contemplated a variation of these aforementioned air-conditioning control schemes.
While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred mode as illustrated in the drawing, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that various changes in detail may be effected therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCT/US06/49628 | 12/29/2006 | WO | 00 | 11/24/2009 |